1

1.
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Prokaryote cell
Eukaryote cell , ,

1. Cell wall
2. Cell membrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Nucleus
(Cell Theory)
- Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann
1.


2.
3. (

2.
2.1. (Cell Wall)
.................................................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................................
........................................................................
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2.2. (Cell Membrane Plasma Membrane)

60% 40%

(Channel)
(Carrier) (Receptor)

2.3. (protoplasm)


2.3.1 (Cytoplasm)


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RER

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(Ribosome)

2 subunit
eukaryote

eukaryote
80S (60S+40S)
prokaryote 70S (50S+30S)

(golgi complex)
Exocytosis

(lysosome)
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(vacuole)

(mitochondria)
(ATP)
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(chloroplast)

(Photosynthesis)
thylakoid membrane
lamella pigment
granum
granum grana
.........................................................................

(Centriole)

spindle fiber


microtubule
microtubule
9+0
2
centrosome
fungi
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(cytoskeleton)

2.3.2 (Nucleus)



1. (Nuclear membrane)
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2. Chromatin and Condensed Chromosome Structure

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.....................................

.........................

1.
Passive transport
- Simple Diffusion



(protein channel protein
pore) (Na+K+Cl+)
- Facilitated Diffusion
(protein carrier)



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- Osmosis


3
Hypotonic solution ()
Isotonic solution ()
Hypertonic solution ()
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(Osmotic pressure)

(Turgor pressure)
Plasmolysis

Plasmoplysis

Active transport
- ATP
Sodium potassium pump

2.

Bulk transport
- Exocytosis golgi body
versicle
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- Endocytosis pinocytosis (cell drinking),

Phagocytosis (cell eating) receptor mediated endocytosis
( Receptor )

3.
3
1. ......................................................................
2. ............................................................
3. ....................................................................
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1.
..................................................................
...........................
2
2

,
1 20
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2. (Cell Cycle)

(interphase)


3 G1, S G2

4
(prophase)


(metaphase)

(anaphase)

(telophase)


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(cytokinesis)

2
2 I II
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I 4

- I (Prophase I)
(synapsis)
Homologous Chromosome 2
bivalent
4 tetrad
Non-sister chromatid
Crossing over

- I (Metaphase I)
Spindle fiber Homologous Chromosome
metaphase plate
- I (Anaphase I)
Spindle fiber Homologous Chromosome

Sister chromatid
- I (Telophase I)
Homologous Chromosome

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II I 4
II II II II
2 4

- Mitosis
-
- Sister chromatid
Anaphase II

3.

Zygote

(Clavage)

(Cell
Differentation)


3
(Organogenesis)
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4.
mitochondria
RNA
(Apoptosis)

Macrophage


(free radical)

Progeria
Wemer syndrome
1 4
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