ARCHITECTURE DEFINTION

Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings, bridges, and
other structures to satisfy individual and communal needs. It is a complex art inasmuch as the
task of the architect is only to create the design of the exterior of the building or similar structure,
but also to do the design of its interior. This is the most useful art and prerequisite for other arts.
It is the art and method of erecting structures. It is a body or corpus of work; it is the way to
build.

Architecture

The term architecture refers to a process, a profession or documentation.

As a process, architecture is the activity of designing and constructing buildings and

other physical structures by a person or a computer, primarily to provide shelter.
As a profession, architecture is the role of those persons or machines providing
architectural services.
As for documentation, architecture defines the structure and or behavior for a building
or any kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Architects have primarily object providing object providing for the spatial and shelter
needs of people in groups of some kind (families, schools, churches, business, etc.) by the
creative organization of materials and components in a land or city-space, dealing with mass,
space, form, volume, tecture, structure light, shadow, materials, program and pragmatic
elements such as cost, construction, limitations and technology.

ETYMOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE

The word architecture comes from the Latin word architectura and from the Greek
word architectu meaning master builder from the combination of (archi) chief or leader and
(tekton) a builder or carpenter.

A good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis,
which means:

Durability. It should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.

Utility. It should be useful and function well for he people using it.
Beauty. It should delight people and raise their spirits.
Materials and Style
The three different basic materials for building that the architect should take into
consideration are the following: materials for the roof, the walls and the floors. Aesthetic appeal
and strength should also be taken into consideration.

3 Main Qualities should be given importance are:

Structure. It should determine the reaction of structure to different stresses like wind, floors,
water, movements, and the like. Consider most te quality of design.
Texture. Roughness or smoothness of the material is considered. Appropriate tools should be
used to blend with internal structure of the building.
Aspect. Refers to certain colors and outside skin after choosing the right tools. Intrinsic
qualities of materials are considered to achieve consistency in design.

There are five architectural styles recognized all over the world; such as personal, regional,
national, civilizational, and periodic.

There are different forms and types of Philippine architecture. These are the dwelling
units (multi-unit/multi-door) seen in metropolis and classified into two-storey residential units
for law middle class housing for rent); and townhouse (developed from a row house and intended
for the above middle income bracket).

The Basic Construction Types

`
KINDS OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION

Post and Lintel. It is consist of a horizontal beam called lintel and two vertical posts to
support it. It is usually found in doors and entrances.

Arch. It consists of several wedge-shaped blocks of stone called voussoirs held together
by a key stone. It serves to support other structures such as roof and to be a symbolic gateway.

Cantilever. Similar to the post and lintel, it has two vertical posts for support and a
horizontal beam with one end more extended than the other. Steel is used for this type of
architectural construction because of its tensile strength. At times, wood is also used less
frequently because of its tendency to warp, sag and rot.

Dome. A large hemispherical roof or ceiling that looks like an inverted cup. It is an
extension of the principle of the arch capable of enclosing a wide area, The Dome of the Rock
in Jerusalem is a classic example of this type of architectural construction.

Vault. An arch structure of masonry usually forming a roof or ceiling. It has several
types, namely; barrel vault, groined vault, cross vault, Welsh vault, and cloister vault.

Truss. It consists of a braced framework of beams or bars forming one or more triangles.
An assemblage of beams forming a rigid framework, it is usually used to support the roof.

Skeleton Construction. It requires the use of strong foundation which will fit to the great
weight of the floor, roof, and the partitions and usually made of concrete and steel.

MEDIUMS

The mediums used in architecture are classified into light and heavy materials.

Light material includes paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood.
The advantage of these materials is that they allow for good ventilation but their
disadvantage is that they are not resistant to fire and other natural elements.

Heavy material includes hardwood, stone, concrete (combination of cement, gravel and sand),
brick, steel, and cast iron.
These materials are not only-fire resistant but also durable and able to withstand natural
force such as earthquakes, landslides, storms, and floods.
 FIRST PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTS

1 Felix Roxas, Sr. First Filipino Architect.

2 Juan Hervas Consuting architect for the City of Manila in 1887.

3 Tomas Arguelles 1860-1952 inspector of roads and public works for Manila
Street Car Co. and Manila Railroad Co.

4 Arcadio Arellano Built a house for Gregorio Araneta on Calle Hidalgo. His
Major innovation was the old grand stairway with a sunny
zaguan with vast iron grille gate.

5 Leandro V. Locsin Architect of the circular Church of the Holy Sacrifice in UP

in 1955. National Artist for Architecture 1990.

6 Tomas Mapua Founder of Mapua Institute and designed the PGH Nurses'
Home.

7 Juan Nakpil Art deco and modernistic in his architectural style.

8 Luna de San Pedro Chief Architect of Manila from 1920-1924 who designed
he Legarda Elementary School which is an example of
French Renaissance style.

9 Fr. Roque Ruano, O.P. Designed the main building of UST.

10 Juan Arellano The first great Romantic Filipino architect.

NOTABLE ARTISTS

Local Architects

Arguellas, Carlos D.
 A contemporary of Juan Nakpil, Arguellas designed the Philamlife Building on United
Nations Avenue, considered as one of the finest buildings in Southeast Asia (Espina et al., 2004)
He design the Development Bank of the Philippines and PNB on Escolta.

Alli, Armando Dominador N.

An architect, planner, and environment consultant (APEC), he has been for more than
two decades a practitioner in technological professions, preparing Comprehensice Land Use
Plans (CLUPs), Development Master Plans (DMPs), Site Maste Plans (SMPS), transportation
system/facility plans, architectural designs for commercial, institutional, recreational, and
residential structures, and allied design work.

Antonio, Pablo S. (Jan. 25, 1902 June 14, 1975)

He is the pioneer of modern Philippine architecture. Named as the National Artist of the
Philippines in 1976 by Pres. F. Marcos. He design the Ideal Theater, Life Theater, Manila Polo
Club, and Far Eastern University Campus.

Concio, Cesar H.

Concio design Redemptorist church in Baclaran and UP Protestant Chapel.

De Guzman Arellano, Juan M. (Born April 25, 1888)

Greatly influenced by Art Deco architecture, he is best known for his Manilas
Metropolitan Theater, which was controversially modern during his time. He also designed the
Manila Post Office Bulding, the Jones Bridge, and the Executive house (1926), which now
houses the National Museum of the Philippines.

Gutierrez, Gregorio

Gutierrez design the Sta. Cruz Church.

Locsin, Leandro

Named as the National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture in 1990 by Pres. C.
Aquino. Locsin is best known for the Cultural Center of the Philippines. His other works are the
Church of the Holy Sacrifice in UP Dilimin, Quezon City, St. Andrews Church (circular),
Antipolo Church (circular), and Philippine International Convention Center.

Luis, Lira

First Filipino architect conferred with a Master of Architecture degree at the Frank Lloyd
Wright School of Architecture. An award-winning architect, design correspondent, and best sell-
selling author, she completed her first audio-book entitled FRANKly Speaking: Its the
wRIGHT Way.
Mangio, Nestor S.

An internationally famous architect, Mangio is an environmental planner, a successful eal

estate and community developer, and a world-renowned lecturer and convener in urban design
and environmental planning. He was appointed by Pre. Fidel Ramos as a director of the Bases
Conversion Development Authority, Clark Development Corporation, and Fort Bonifacio
Development Corporation.

Manosa, Francisco

Famous of his design of the Coconut Palace in Tagaytay, Francisco Manosa is the most
outspoken champion of an indigenous Filipino architecture.

Manosa, Jose

A noted Filipno architect, Jose Manosa is known for designing the San Miguel
Corportion Building. He believes that not only prominent and well-to-do families deserve the
services on architect.

Mapual, Tomas (Born on Dec. 21 1888)

One of the founder of the Mapua Institute of Technology and the first registered Filipino
architect, Mapua supervised the designing of the Philippine General Hospital on Taft Avenue and
Training School Building of Normal School.

Nakpil, Juan F.

A teacher and a civic leader, Nakpil is pioneer and innovator in Philippine artchitecture.
He reconstructed Dr, Jose Rizals house in Calamba, Laguna.

Ocampo. Fernando

Ocampo deigned the Manila Cathedral, Antipolo Cathedral, and UST Chapel.

Palacio, Genaro O.

Pacio design the San Sebastian Church.

Santos, Jr., Ildefonso P.

Known as the Father of Landscape Architecture. He is among the latest recipient of th

National Artist of the Philippines award. A designer of Majestic parks and urban spaces.

Santos-Viola, Carlos A.
 A well-known kapilya designer, Santos-Viola used to work for Juan Nakplil and
Associate. The first chapel of the Christian evangelical group Inglesia ni Cristo that he design
was the Cubao chapel, which marked the start of his long-lasting work relationship with the INC.
Despite the fact the he designed kapilyas all over the Philippines, he was a devout Catholic
throughout his entire life.

Toledo, Antonio

Toledo design the Legislative Building, Manila City Hall, and Agricultural and Finance
Building.

Foreign Architects

Avalto, Alvar (1898-1976)

A Finnish modern architect. Alto displayed on his works a carefully crafted balance of
intricate and complex forms, spaces, and elements. Among his work are Bell Tower in Kauhajol,
Municipal Hospital in Alajol, Vlipuri Library, Defense Corps Building, Helsinki University of
Technology, and Helsinki House of Culture, all in Finland, and Baker house, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Boehm, Gottfriend

A German architect, Boehm work for Rudolf Schwarz, another prominent German church
architect. Among his major work are Zublin Office Building (1985) in Stuttgart, Town Hall in
Bensberg, Municipal Building in Rheinberg, Restaurantin Bad Kreuznach, Deutsche Bank in
Luxembourg, and Public Library (2004) in Ulm, all in Germany.

Gropius, Walter (1883-1969)

A German architect, Gropius designed the Bauhaus in Dessau, Germany and Harvard
Graduate Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Historical Background of Architecture.

Architecture highly speaks of a country and its people and signifies their; lifestyle, character,
cultures and traditions, their motives and beliefs like in any other forms of art.

Egyptian Architecture (3000 - 1000 BC)

 Egyptian architecture was dependent on religion. They say that "Ka" or "vital forces" lives in
every human being, but ince the body is destroyed, the "vital forces" are also destroyed. To
preserve the "vital forces" in the body, they built pyramids together with temples.
Egyptian Architectural Style. This is described as a mammoth rectangular plan of limestone
with stopping pylons with gorge molding. It has bud and flower capitals for post-and-lintel
construction and monumental obelisks and sphinxes fronting pylons. It is relief sculpture on
walls and columns.
Examples:
Pyramid of Giza
Great pyramids of King Cheops
Pharaohs of Alexandria - 400 ft. high lighthouse that guided the sailors
Mesopotamian Architecture

The most distinguishing characteristics of the Mesopotamian, Babylonians, Chaldeans,

and Assyrians is the ziggurat. This tower is built at successive levels with one hmp leading from
one platform to the next.

Examples:

Hanging Gardens of Babylon was built in loving memory of the wife of

King Nebuchadnezzar.
The condominiums built in modern times that have have hanging gardens
on its level and its rooftop.

Greek Architecture (600-100 BC)

The architectural style of the Greek was greatly influenced by their invaders, the Dorian,
Ionian, and Aeolian tribesmen from the North.

Greek Architectural Style. This is relatively small rectangular plan of marble with
entablature of pediment, cornice, frieze and architrave.

Examples:

Parthenon Temple was built in honor of Athena Parthenos, the patron

goddess of Athens, 2500 years ago.
Artemis Temple it was built in honor of Artemis, the goddess of wild
animals.

Roman Architecture
 It was based on Greek Architecture with notable changes. Structures like civic buildings,
baths, law courts, amphitheaters, aqueduct, and bridges are as visible as the temples.

Roman Architectural Style. This is described as rectangular and circular plans of

pozzuolana and stucco. It applies the engineering principles of arch in dome on drum, barrel
molting and groin vaulting, as well as fluted, free-standing and engaged columns, and pilasters
with Greek orders.

It covers ceiling over large spaces with triangular, circular, and broken sedimentation. It
has also decorative medallions and keystone.

Examples:

Segovia Aqueduct the arch, which was made of wedge-shaped stones

and the columns are taller and thinner.
Pantheon, Rome the cement doe, wall decoration, pavement of marble
and porphyry, and the diameter of rotunda are 142 feet,
Coliseum in Rome a building the size of a modern football stadium is
where gladiators fought.

Early Christian Architecture (400 700 A.D.)

Under Emperor Constantine I, another innovation of Architecture began, and churches

were built for public worship.

Early Christian Architectural Style. This style has Roman basilica plan of center aisle,
one or two side aisle, and apse, as well as plain buttressed facade, sometimes with small round
window and compound arches.

Examples:

Roman Basilica has a clerestory from the windows, aisles between

columns, the nave between the two walls with columns, the apse which
was a semi-circular altar with an arch above it.
Santo Spirito, Florence built on 1436, the flooring of the church was
made like a cross, and there are many big columns with an arch between
two columns.

Byzantine Architecture (200 1453 A.D.)

 This type is highly used in the churches in Russia, for Mohammed Mosque and Jewish
synagogues.

Byzantine Architectural Design. This design is of Greek cross plan, walls sufaced in
patterned brick in a meander, fret , or chevron.

Examples:

The Taj Mahal of Agra was built in memory of the loving wife of the
emperor of India, Mumtaz-I-Mahal.
Borobodur Temple this pyramid-like temple is located in Java. It is
called the Forgotten Temple for it was once covered by trees and vines in
the jungle.

Romanesque Architecture (1000-2000)

This kind of architecture is the extension of the Early Christian Architecture. It has many
heavy walls with small openings and a heavy stone, roof arched or vaulted inside.

Romanesque Architectural Style. This is decribed as made up of Latin cross plan of local
stone as well as the use of round arch and buttressed barrel vaulting and groin vaulting.

Examples:

The Cathedral of Notre Dame

The Palais Benedictine the house of spirits, acts as the arts museum,
warehouse, distillery, and tourist attraction.

Gothic Architecture (1200-4000)

As the Gothic developed from the Romanesque, the buildings became larger and taller
because of the pointed arch.

Gothic Architectural Style. It is a Latin cross plan, usually a native stone and uses
soaring pointed arch and ribbed vaulting with flying buttress.

Examples:

Cathedral of Notre Dame the famous cathedral is also a Gothic style

because of its pointed arch with gargoyles. These gargoyles have have
passageway that carry the rainwater from the inside to the outside.
The Magic Kingdom this castle Walt Disney in Florida.

Renaissance Architecture (1400- 1600)

 Renaissance Architectural Style. It has rectangular plane with combined post-and-lintel
from arch form and there is balance fenestration or arrangements of doors and windows of three
stories.

Examples:

St. Peters Cathedral located in Vatican City that has a famous dome that
seems to rise towards the sky.
House of Louvre located in Paris, France. It was built by the king of
Franc to protect himself. Then a few years later, another king of France
added more buildings and turned it into a palace.

Baroque Architecture (1600 1750)

Baroque architecture is characterized primarily as a period of elaborate sculptural

ornamentation.

Baroque Architectural Style. This style has circular planes and ornamentation, Baroque
facades that are frequently added to existing buildings.

Examples:

Grand Palace is a market in Brussels, Belgium that turns into a food

market and flower market during the weekdays and turns into a bird
market during Sundays.
San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane a church in Rome that was built by
Francesco Banomini in 1635.

Modern Architecture

Three characteristics:

1. Skeleton Construction was made possible by the development of steel and

Renaissance concrete.
2. Cantiliever Construction the term Cantilever refers to ay member or unit of an
architectural design projects beyond its support. This principle is mostly seen in
bridges.
3. Geodesic Domes is inspired by the geometry of conjoined hexagon. These dome
structure are built of modules. This units are triangles of tube hole struts in frames.
This kind of architecture is seen in theatres, showroom, markets, factories, and
offices.