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Lateral Torsion Buckling
Lateral Torsion Buckling
Lateral Torsion Buckling
Abstract: Corrosion is one of the main causes of deterioration in steel structures. Loss of thickness in flanges and web of cor-
roded steel beams leads to reduction in section properties which can reduce the lateral torsional buckling capacity of the member.
In this paper, thickness loss data were compiled from four samples of corrosion damaged I-beams removed from a petro-chemical
plant. Visual examination of the four corroded beams showed that they were corroded uniformly. To improve the accuracy of the
results, a large number of measurements for surface roughness were taken for each beam, totally 770 values to obtain the average
thickness of flanges and web of each beam. The data was used to develop a corrosion decay model in order to calculate the per-
centage remaining lateral torsional buckling capacity of long and short span beams which are laterally unrestrained. To estimate
the percentage of remaining lateral torsional buckling capacity in the corroded damaged I-beams, the readily available minimum
curves for different types of universal beams in conjunction with information on the thickness loss were used. The results can be
used by practicing engineers for better estimation on the service life of deteriorated steel structures.
depending on the relative thickness loss in its various sizes of pitting corrosion was performed. They found
parts. It was shown in (Gallon et al., 1995) that the that the length, width and depth of pit corrosion have
bending failure mode governs a member in its early remarkable effects on decreasing the ultimate com-
stages and after several years of corrosion the shear pressive strength of the plate elements. Despite of the
failure mechanism becomes critical. The shear mode significant effect of pitting locations on the ultimate
also becomes critical when holes created by corrosion strength of plate elements it was found that plate
are present in the web. slenderness has a scant effect on strength reduction.
Significant developments have been made for a The effect of corrosion on the ultimate strength of
better understanding of the causes of corrosion, in steel plates subjected to in-plane compression and
enhancement of corrosion-resistance in new steel bending was investigated by Nakai et al. (2006b), a
structures, and in structural evaluation methods that series of nonlinear FE analyses was performed for
assess the safe strength in existing corroded structures. corroded plates subjected to in-plane compressive
Indeed, many of recently adapted codes specifically load and bending moments.
require corrosion protection in steel structures, espe- The nature of corrosion in various forms was
cially those structures located in severe environments. described in detail along with how corrosion affects
Such protection is provided by means of suitable al- steel structures by Rahgozar (1998) and Kulicki et al.
loying elements in the steel, protection coatings, pro- (1990). Uniform corrosion is the most common form
vision of extra thickness as a corrosion allowance, and of corrosion, which leads to a gradual thinning of
other approved means. The type and degree of corro- members (Fontana, 1987). Kayser (1988) also men-
sion protection to be provided should be indicated on tioned that uniform corrosion is the most serious form
the structural drawing (Bruneau and Zahrai, 1997). of corrosion observed on steel bridges. In the present
A number of studies were carried out to investi- study, uniform corrosion which mostly appears in
gate the ultimate strength characteristics of plate rolled beams of steel structures subjected to static
elements with pit corrosion wastage under axial loading was considered. It is assumed that it results in
compressive (Paik, 2003; Paik et al., 2003) and shear a loss of metal section leading to a reduction of the
loads (Paik et al., 2004). A series of ANSYS nonlin- load carrying capacity, and consequently a reduction
ear finite element (FE) analyses for steel plates under of the structural reliability.
axial compressive and shear loads was performed, Smith (1993) indicated that the simplest conse-
varying the degree of pit corrosion intensity and quence of corrosion is a reduction in material strength
plate geometric properties. It has been discovered and section size due to loss of material. This in turn
that for a corroded plate subjected to compressive leads to a reduction in the carrying capacity of the
loads, the smallest cross-sectional area is the domi- structure and in its member stiffness thus causing
nant parameter to represent the ultimate strength re- excessive distortion in the members. The effects of
duction characteristics due to pitting corrosion, whe- corrosion on the remaining moment and shear ca-
reas the ultimate strength of a damaged localized pacities of steel beams using minimum curves were
corrosion plate with shear loads is governed by the considered by Rahgozar (2009). He proposed a series
degree of pit corrosion intensity. of minimum curves for universal I-beams which can
Nakai et al. (2004; 2005; 2006a) employed a be used together with the information on the per-
series of actual tests and FE analyses to consider the centage loss of thickness to estimate the percentage
effect of pitting corrosion on the lateral distortional remaining capacities of corrosion damaged beams.
buckling behavior of hold frame of bulk carrier. It was Nethercot (2001) mentioned that when corroded
found that the residual ultimate structural strength beam strength is considered, lateral distortional
with pit corrosion is almost the same as that of the buckling strength and local buckling strength are
structural models whose web has the equivalent uni- important factors. The main objective of this paper is
form corrosion thickness loss. In (Ok et al., 2007) the to use the measurement data and the model developed,
effect of pit corrosion on the ultimate compressive to calculate the percentage of remaining lateral tor-
strength of plate elements was investigated. A series sional buckling capacity of long span and short span
of FE nonlinear analyses with various locations and beams that are laterally unrestrained.
Sharifi et al. / J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A (Appl Phys & Eng) 2010 11(11):887-897 889
h2
S xC S xN S xN t N w , (1f)
tN 8
0.75hw
D
where the term t N (h 2w / 8) is the plastic modulus of
Loss of material the half of the shear area.
0.25hw
3 Lateral torsional buckling capacity of
I-beams
Fig. 2 Varying thickness loss model The compression flange of an I-beam acts like a
The thickness loss of top flange, upper part of the web column and will buckle sideways if the beam is not
(0.75hw), lower part of the web (0.25hw), and bottom flange is
sufficiently stiff or the flange is not restrained later-
0.7TN, 0.25tN, 0.25tN, and 1.3TN, respectively, is the
percentage loss of thickness, F and w is the percentage loss of ally. The load at which the beam buckles can be
flange thickness and web thickness, respectively, and =F much less than that causing the full moment capacity
=2w to develop. For an idealized perfectly straight beam,
For corrosion damaged I-beams of the same there is no deformation normal to the loading plane
section size, the overall dimensions B, D and hw can until the applied moment reaches a critical value ME,
be considered as constants throughout their service less than the moment capacity. At this point the beam
life, although there will be a small reduction due to buckles by deflecting laterally and twists as shown in
corrosion. Therefore, the plastic modulus of Fig. 3. These two deformations u and v (horizontal
I-sections with equal flanges about its major axis may and vertical deformations) are interdependent, when
be given by the beam deflects laterally, the applied moment exerts
for corrosion damaged sections a component torque with a rotation () about the de-
flected longitudinal axis which causes the beam to
twist. This behavior, which is important for long unre-
h 2w
S xC = BTC ( D TC ) + tC , (1c) strained I-beams, is called lateral torsional buckling.
4
A perfectly straight beam which is loaded by
equal and opposite end moments is shown in Fig. 3.
for as-new sections The beam is simply supported at its ends so that lat-
eral deflection and twist rotation are prevented,
h 2w
S xN = BTN ( D TN ) + t N . (1d)
4 u
while the flange ends are free to rotate in horizontal the loads are applied eccentrically. The theory set out
planes. The elastic theory is used to set up equilibrium here requires modification to account for actual be-
equations that equate external disturbances to the havior. Theoretical studies and tests by Nethercot
lateral bending and torsional resistance of the beam. (1974) show that at low slenderness ratios the beam
The solution of these equations for the elastic critical achieves its full plastic moment capacity, whereas at
moment was given by Timoshenko and Gere (1961): high slenderness ratios the behavior closely ap-
proximates to that predicated by Eq. (3). At interme-
1/ 2
2 EI diate slenderness ratios the behavior is dependent on
M E = ( EI y GJ )1/ 2 1 + 2 w , (2) the buckling moment and the plastic moment of re-
L L GJ
sistance. This lateral torsional buckling behavior of a
beam as a function of slenderness is shown in Fig. 4.
where ME is the elastic critical buckling moment, E is
the modulus of elasticity, Iy is the minor axis moment 1.25
of inertia, EIy is the minor axis flexural rigidity, G is Plastic capacity Elastic buckling curve
1.00
the shear modulus of elasticity, J is the polar moment
of inertia, GJ is the torsional rigidity, EIw is the 0.75
M/MP
warping rigidity of the beam, and L is the beam length.
Eq. (2) shows that the resistance to buckling depends 0.50
on the geometric mean of the flexural resistance
Lower bound curve
(2EIy/L2) and the torsional resistance (GJ+2EIw/L2). 0.25
v = 1+ , (6b)
20 x
In theoretical analysis, the beam was assumed to
be geometrically perfect, i.e., had no imperfections = LE / ry , (6c)
due to lack of straightness, and no residual stresses
due to the manufacturing process. In reality, beams MP
Sx = , (6d)
have initial curvature, twist, and residual stresses, and py
892 Sharifi et al. / J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A (Appl Phys & Eng) 2010 11(11):887-897
A
1/ 2 Perry coefficient and is defined by
x = 0.566hs , (6e)
J
LT = 0.007(LT LO ), for rolled sections, (13)
ry2 = I y / A, (6f)
LT = 2 b LO , for welded sections, (14)
where u is the buckled shape, v is the slenderness
where b is a constant.
factor, hs is the distance between flange shear centers,
The theoretical solution applies to a beam sub-
LE is the effective length, ry is the minor axis radius of
jected to a uniform moment. In other cases where the
gyration, Sx is the plastic section modulus, A is the
moment varies, the tendency to buckling is reduced. If
cross-section area, and x is the torsional index. The
the load is applied to the top flange and can move
equation for elastic critical buckling moment can be
sideways, it is destabilizing, and buckling occurs at
given as
lower loads than that if the load were applied at the
centroid or to the bottom flange. It is therefore nec-
2 ES x
ME = . (7) essary to modify the above approach to allow for
( uv) 2 loading along the span of the beam either in the form
of distributed loading or in the form of point loading;
Using Eqs. (5) and (7) we can obtain: and to allow for the effects of support conditions
where, for example, twisting may occur. The prob-
LT = uv. (8) lems of non-uniform moments and varying end con-
ditions can be solved using BS 5950 (1985).
To deal with the intermediate slenderness cases
between elastic buckling (ME) and full plastic mo-
ment (MP), a Perry-Robertson approach is used in 4 Assessment methods for lateral torsional
BS 5950 (1985) and the buckling resistance moment, buckling capacity
Mb, is given as the least square root of the following
equation: Loss of thickness in the flanges and web leads to
a reduction in section properties of steel beams which
( M P M b )( M E M b ) = LT M E M b , (9) in turn leads to a reduction in lateral torsional buck-
ling capacity. Lateral torsional buckling is a critical
where LT is a coefficient to allow for initial imper- failure mode mainly for long and short span beams
fections and residual stresses. that are laterally unrestrained. Several geometric pa-
The least square root of Eq. (9), Mb, is given by rameters, such as the beam length, end conditions,
plastic modulus, lateral stiffness, torsional properties,
M b = B (B2 M E M P )1/ 2 , (10) and warping resistance of the section influence the
where lateral torsional buckling capacity of beams. In this
M P + (LT + 1) M E study, the corroded model proposed by Sarveswaran
B = . (11) et al. (1998), and the theory given in the previous
2
section were used for the evaluation of remaining
Note that buckling does not occur at values of lateral torsional buckling capacity of corrosion dam-
(MP/ME)1/2 of less than 0.4, thus a limiting equivalent aged ordinary beams.
slenderness ratio, LO, is defined by Trahair et al. 4.1 Bending strength of a beam
(2001):
A simplified equation for bending strength, pb, is
1/ 2 derived to verify the influence of the factors such as
2 E
LO = 0.4 the equivalent slenderness, LT, material properties, py,
p
. (12)
y and modulus of elasticity, E. The following ap-
proximations given by Trahair et al. (2001) were used
The imperfection coefficient, LT, called the together with Eq. (10) to obtain Eq. (15):
Sharifi et al. / J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A (Appl Phys & Eng) 2010 11(11):887-897 893
2 E
2 E
1/ 2
0.007 2 E
1.022 E LT + LT + 1 0.0028
p
2 2
py py
M y
pb = b , (15)
Sx 1/ 2
2
2 0.007 E
2
E
2 E
2 E 2
2
LT + LT + 1 0.0028
LT
py py py py
v = 1+ , (17)
20 ry x
1/ 2
2 E ry
= 0.408
p u
LE(crit) . (18)
y
where T is the flange thickness.
The validity of Eq. (15) is evaluated for various The above equation may be rewritten as
values of LT and compared with data given in BS
5950 (1985) as shown in Fig. 5 for different values of 1/ 2
LE(crit) u 2 E
design strength, such as 275 and 355 N/mm2. It was = 0.408 = k1 ,
p
(19)
found that Eq. (15) differs from BS 5950 (1985) by ry y
only 5.0% to +6.5%.
4.1.1 Critical effective length for the maximum where k1 is a constant for a given py.
bending strength It follows from Eq. (19) that
400 LT = k1 1 + . (21)
py=275 N/mm2, Eq. (15) 20 ux
2
py=275 N/mm , BS 5950 (1985)
Bending strength (N/mm2)
4.1.2 Constant slenderness factor strength is an important factor on the lateral torsional
buckling capacity of beams. To verify the effect of
In a case where the slenderness factor, , and the
design strength on the remaining lateral torsional
design strength of the beams are constant:
buckling capacity (RLTBC) of corrosion damaged
beams, a universal beam which is classified in BS
LE
= = k2 , (22) standard steel profiles based on the serial sizes and
ry mass per meter from UB1 until UB67, was used.
UB60 (25414643, where 254146 is the serial
where k2 is a constant. Combining Eqs. (17) and (22) sizes in mm and 43 is the mass per meter in kg) was
together with Eq. (16) gives selected to verify the effect of design strength on the
remaining lateral buckling capacity using the afore-
1/ 4 mentioned proposed corroded model. The beam was
1 k
2
LT = uk2 1 + 2 . (23) analyzed for four values of design strength (245, 275,
20 x
355 and 450.0 N/mm2). The length and the resistance
conditions were assumed to be the same in all cases.
Therefore, for beams which have constant slen- Results of the analyses are given in Fig. 6.
derness factor and design strength, using Eqs. (15)
and (23) it can be said that the torsional index, x, and py=245 N/mm2
the buckling parameter, u, are the critical factors that 92 py=275 N/mm2
py=355 N/mm2
govern the bending strength of such beams. Note that 82 py=450 N/mm2
RLTBC (%)
length.
62
4.1.3 Constant LE/D
52
0 10 20 30 40 50
LE
= k3 , (24) LFT (%)
D 54
Expanded view
where k3 is a constant.
RLTBC (%)
approximations:
52
x D / T , and B = 4.4ry , 49 50
LFT (%)
then
1/ 4 Fig. 6 Effect of design strength on the RLTBC of a cor-
4.4k3 1 4.4k3
2
rosion damaged beam (UB60)
LT =u 1 + . (25)
( B / D) 20 2(b / T )
It can be seen that the remaining lateral torsional
capacity of a member is reduced due to the loss in
Using Eqs. (15) and (25), it can be obtained that the thickness. The lateral torsional buckling capacity
buckling parameter, u, and the ratios of b/T and B/D decreases at a considerable rate with the loss of flange
are the critical factors that govern the buckling thickness. The reduction in lateral torsional capacity
strength of beams with constant LE/E and py. of the beam is almost linearly proportional to the
4.2 Effect of design strength on the remaining section loss in this case. Therefore, the later torsional
lateral torsional buckling capacity buckling is the critical failure mode at the early stages
of corrosion for the decay modeling beams.
The simplified equation obtained for the bending Also it is evident from Fig. 6 that the variation in
strength of a beam (Eq. (15)) shows that the design the RTLBC curves for different values of design
Sharifi et al. / J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A (Appl Phys & Eng) 2010 11(11):887-897 895
RLTBC (%)
that the above results are true for beams of any span. 80 UB60
Therefore, the effect of design strength on the RLTBC
70
not need to be considered when developing minimum
curves for the RLTBC of corrosion damaged beams. 60
Any value for the design strength may be used when
50
developing minimum curves. 0 10 20 30 40 50
LFT (%)
4.3 Short span beams with critical effective length
No. Section x
A family of sections with varying thickness loss UB43 40614046 38.8
was analyzed to study the RLTBC of corrosion UB10 762267197 33.2
UB20 610229140 30.5
damaged short span beams. The effective length of UB29 45719198 25.8
the beams was taken as the critical effective length. UB60 25414643 21.1
RLTBC was calculated based on the buckling resis- Fig. 8 Behavior of RLTBC of short span beams from five
tance moment (Mb) of the beams. The details of the families
sections and results of the analyses are given in Fig. 7.
100
It can be seen from Fig. 8 that the beam with the
UB38
UB37
lowest value of torsional index, x (UB60) gives the
90 UB36 minimum curve for the RLTBC in a whole range of
RLTBC (%)
UB35
80 UB34
beams with critical effective length. The variation in
the RLTBC curves of beams with the maximum and
70
minimum values of x is quite small (less than 3%
60 when the thickness loss is 50%).
span beams with LE/D=30. The results for five beams minimum curves were developed for the RLTBC of
and the details of the sections are given in Fig. 10. ordinary beams in terms of their length. Using the
100 results, minimum curves were obtained and are given
90
UB6 in Fig. 11 for the following cases: (1) Short span
UB5
80 UB4 beams with LE(crit); (2) Long span beams with LE/ry=
UB3
200; (3) Long span beams with LE/D=30.
RLTBC (%)
70
60 100
50
40 80
30
RLTBC (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
LFT (%)
70 UB34
long span beams may be used to estimate the RLTBC
60 of intermediate span beams by interpolation. The
50 variation in the minimum curves for the RLTBC of
40 long span ordinary beams is approximately 12%
30 when the loss of thickness in the flange is 50%
0 10 20 30 40 50
LFT (%)
(Fig. 11).
No. Section b/T
UB66 203133289 6.97
UB43 406140253 6.36 6 Conclusions
UB7 838292224 5.48
UB17 610305201 4.96
UB34 457152201 4.06 Assessment of the remaining capacity of corro-
sion damaged steel structures such as the lateral tor-
Fig. 10 Behavior of RLTBC of long span beams from five
families
sional buckling requires only information on the
thickness loss of the elements. Therefore, analysis of
It is evident from Fig. 10 that the beam that has corrosion effects can be undertaken using percentage
the lowest value of b/T ratio (UB34) gives the mini- loss of thickness in the elements. The varying thick-
mum curve for the RLTBC for the whole range of the ness loss of corrosion damaged model, which was
long span beams with LE/D=30. It can also be seen developed, based on the details of a large number of
that the variation in the percentage remaining capaci- measurements (770 points on each beam) is suffi-
ties of beams with maximum and minimum values of ciently comprehensive to be used in analyzing the
b/T ratio is small (less than 7% when the thickness effect of corrosion in steel beams.
loss is 50%). The proposed assessment method, which gives
the remaining lateral torsional capacity of any I-beam
5 Minimum curves manufactured in the UK can be used for an assess-
ment of corrosion damaged steel beams. The pro-
As the effective length is the major factor that posed assessment method can help to make a rea-
governs the bending strength of ordinary beams, sonably accurate decision regarding the future of
Sharifi et al. / J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A (Appl Phys & Eng) 2010 11(11):887-897 897
corrosion damaged members and will avoid inap- pitting corrosion on strength of web plates subjected to
propriate actions being taken (e.g., premature plant patch loading. Thin-Walled Structures, 44(1):10-19.
[doi:10.1016/j.tws.2005.09.004]
closures). It is believed that this method together with Nakai, T., Matsushita, H., Yamamoto, N., 2006b. Effect of
improvements to visual assessment procedures will pitting corrosion on the ultimate strength of steel plates
be beneficial in terms of cost and safety. subjected to in-plane compression and bending. Journal
of Marine Science and Technology, 11(1):52-64. [doi:10.
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