Giao Trinh Ket Cau Thep-Pham Ba Loc, Huynh Minh Son PDF

AI HOC A NNG
Trng ai hoc Bach Khoa

Khoa Xy dng Dn dung & Cng nghip
Gvc. Ths. Pham Ba Lc, Ths. Huynh Minh Sn
Giao trnh:
KT CU THEP
2004 - 2005
Muc luc:
Chng m u: Kt cu thep dung trong Xy dng. Trang 3
Chng 1: Nhng tnh cht c ban cua thep xy dng. Trang 7
Chng 2: Lin kt. Trang 27
Chng 3: Dm thep. Trang 55
Chng 4: Ct va thanh nen ung tm. Trang 78
Chng 5: Dan Thep. Trang 89
2
Chng m u:
KT CU THEP DUNG TRONG

XY DNG
[1.V tr mn hoc Kt cu Thep:
- Kt cu thep quan trong bi no c s dung rng rai trong xy dng hin ai,
lam b phn chu lc trong cng trnh, khng ch trong xy dng dn dung va cng
nghip ma con ca trong cac nganh cu ng, thuy li, thuy in...
- Nm trong h thng cac mn hoc kt cu cua chng trnh nh: B tng ct thep,
kt cu gach a, kt cu g...mn hoc kt cu thep cn thit cho moi ky s, can b ky
thut trong cac nganh xy dng, trang b cho ho nhng kin thc c ban thit k, thi
cng, sa cha bao dng kt cu, cng trnh co lin quan n kt cu thep.
- Vic kt hp, vn dung ung n va y u cac kin thc cua mt s mn hoc
khac nh: Sc bn vt liu, c hoc kt cu, vt liu xy dng, kin truc dn dung, kin
truc cng nghip... cung nh nu co s lin h so sanh vi phng phap nghin cu,
tnh toan cac loai kt cu khac se giup cho qua trnh hoc tp nghin cu mn hoc thun
li, at kt qua.
[2.S lc lch s phat trin KC Thep:

- Kt cu kim loai c tim ra sm nht Trung Quc, song so vi kt cu g,
gach a, kt cu thep ra i mun hn va gp nhiu kho khn do ky thut ch tao kim
loai con han ch. Chu u, mai n th ky 17, mi co kt cu bng gang..
- Bc sang thi ky phat trin cua chu ngha t ban, cung vi s phat trin cua
cng thng nghip va giao thng vn tai, ky thut luyn kim va gia cng kim loai bt
u phat trin tao iu kin cho kt cu gang, thep phat trin nhanh. T th ky 17,
nhiu cng trnh xy dng bng gang thep ra i nh: mai nha cung in va n th
Nga (Th ky 17), cu bng gang u tin Chu u nhp dai 30m Anh nm 1776-
1779... n u th ky 19,nhiu nha xng bng st nh hnh nhp kha ln (15, 16,
34m) ra i vi hnh thc lin kt a bit dung inh tan.
- n gia th ky 19,cac phng phap luyn thep mi ra i: Phng phap -
Bu-Np (Nga - 1853), Phng phap Bet-sme (Anh - 1856), phng phap Mac-tanh
(Phap -1865)... T o kt cu thep bt u phat trin manh me. Nm 1885, N.B -nac-
t tm ra phng phap hanh h quang in dung in cc bng than va n nm
1888, N. G.Sla-via-Np a ra phng phap han in bng in cc kim loai... Kt cu
thep dung lin kt han phat trin va tr nn ph bin. Bn canh o, ly thuyt tnh toan
cung at nhng tin b ln: .I.Giu-rap-xki (1822-1891) nghin cu va a ra ly lun
tnh dan co thanh xin, P.S. Da-xin-ski nghin cu phng phap tnh toan cu kin chu
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nen... Cung vi s phat trin cua ky thut luyn kim va ch tao c kh, kt cu thep dn
dn ap ng yu cu nha cng nghip, oi hoi cn truc ln, sn phn xng bng
khung cng...
- T nhng nm 50 tr v sau, Lin X (cu), trng phai kt cu thep ra i va
phat trin theo 3 nguyn tc: Tit kim thep, giam cng ch tao va nng cao tc thi
cng cng trnh kt cu thep. Nh o a at c nhng thanh tu ln trong vic
thng nht hoa va tiu chun hoa kt cu da trn h mdun thng nht, at ch tiu
kinh t cao. Lin X cung la nc u tin nghin cu va ap dung phng phap tnh
theo trang thai gioi han, hp ly hn va tit kim vt liu thep. Trn c s nhng u
im ni bt cua vt liu va kt cu thep, nhng thanh tu cua no tip tuc phat huy tac
dung to ln trong xy dng va cng nghip nh nhng dang vt liu thep tt hn (thep
hp kim nhe va bn hn), hnh thc kt cu n gian, hp ly cung vi phng phap thi
cng nhanh va tin tin.
-Vit Nam vi tim nng to ln v nguyn liu qung st a sm xy dng nha

may gang thep (Thai Nguyn), hoc hoi va vn dung nhng tin b v kt cu thep cua
Lin X va th gii vao iu kin cua mnh, nh o cung at c nhng kt qua ang
khch l trong vic s dung kt cu thep, a va ang ap ng nhng yu cu cua s
nghip cng nghip hoa, hin ai hoa t nc.
[3.c im Kt Cu Thep:
1.u im:
- Kt cu an toan nht v:
* Kha nng chu lc ln: Cng vt liu thep ln nht.
Thep CT3: RK,N,U = 2100kg/cm2; RC = 1300 kg/cm2, REM= 3200 kg/cm2
* tin cy cao: Cu truc thun nht, vt liu an hi-deo phu hp vi gia thit
tnh toan va kt cu thep lam vic phu hp vi ly thuyt tnh toan.
- Kt cu nhe nht: Giam tai trong nhng vn am bao yu cu chu lc. c
trng bi h s:
c= J/R ( J: Trong lng ring vt liu; R: Cng vt liu )
Thep c= 3,7.10- 4 m-1;
G c= 4,5.10- 4 m-1;
B tng c= 2,4.10- 3 m-1 .
(Mt v keo thep nhp 18m nng 1,5 tn so vi v keo cung kch thc b tng ct thep
nng 8 tn).
- at trnh cng nghip hoa cao trong san xut ch tao, dng lp: San xut hang
loat cu kin ring le, giam thi gian san xut va thi cng, giam gia thanh, phu hp san
xut cng nghip.
- Thi cng nhanh: Thun tin, c ng trong vn chuyn, lp rap.
- Co tnh kn: Khng thm nc, kh phu hp cho cac cng trnh b cha kh,
cht long...
2.Nhc im:
- D han g: Tn nhiu chi ph bao v trong qua trnh s dung.
Khc phuc:
-Chon hnh thc cu tao han ch khe ranh, ch lom v d ong cht bn,
hi nc lam thep chong g ;
-Chon loai sn va cng ngh sn phu hp;
-Trang kim loai hoc dung thep hp kim khi cn...
- Tnh phong hoa kem: nhit 500y600oC, thep chuyn deo va mt kha nng
chu lc.
Khc phuc: Tao lp bao v kt cu thep bng vt liu kho chay nh: B tng,
gm, sn phong hoa...
[4.Pham vi s dung KC Thep:

Thng thng, kt cu thep c s dung khi cng trnh ln (nhp, chiu cao
hay tai trong ln...) hay cng trnh co yu cu s dung c bit (oi hoi kn, nhe, cng
trnh tam...).
Pham vi s dung nh sau:
- Khung nha cng nghip:
* Rt nng: Nhp l t 24m hoc H t 15m hoc Q t 50 tn va co chn ng.
* Rt nhe: Nhp ld 15m hoc Q d 5 tn.
- Cng trnh cng cng : Chu yu la nhp ln l t 30y40m ma kt cu BTCT khng
thch ng (Nha trin lam, v keo nha thi u; ga may bay... )
- Cu ng st, ng b:
- Kt cu ct, thap tru: Thap truyn hnh, thap dan khoan...
- Kt cu ban: B cha cht long, kh, vo lo cao, ng dn ng knh ln...
- Kt cu di ng: Ca van, ca cng, cac loai cu truc co trong lng ban thn
khng ln nn rt phu hp tnh cht thep.
[5.Nhng yu cu c ban i vi KC Thep:

1.Yu cu s dung:
- Thoa man yu cu chu lc quy nh bi iu kin s dung : Kt cu phai an toan:
u bn, cng va n nh.
- Thoa man yu cu kin truc: Thoa man dy chuyn cng nng, hnh thc gon,
ep, hai hoa va cn i, thoa man yu cu thng gio chiu sang...
- am bao bn lu cua cng trnh: Bao v kt cu chng g, chng chay, thun
tin khi bao dng, am bao nin han s dung...
2.Yu cu kinh t:
-Tit kim thep: Ga thanh vt liu thep cao nn cn cn nhc giai phap kt cu,
cn thit mi s dung vt liu thep. Chon hnh thc va cu tao kt cu hp ly. Dung
phng phap tnh thch hp...
-Tit kim thi gian thit k, cng ch tao, vn chuyn, cu lp : Lp rap nhanh chong,
thun tin, cac mi ni hin trng n gian...gop phn ha gia thanh.
3.Yu cu in hnh hoa kt cu thep:

- Theo nhiu mc : in hnh hoa cu kin (xa g, dm ,dan...) ; in hnh hoa
kt cu (khung nha, ct in, b cha, nhp cu...).
- Muc ch: Tranh thit k lp lai, chon c nhiu dang kt cu ti u v vt liu
va gia thanh. Ch tao s lng ln cu kin, s dung c thit b chuyn dung, tng
nng sut, giam thi gian ch tao. S dung thit b dng lp chuyn dung, tin li,
nhanh chong hoan thin qua trnh dng lp.
Chng 1:
NHNG TNH CHT C

BAN CUA THEP XY DNG
[1.Thep xy dng:
T qung (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) luyn trong lo di tac dung to c gang (%C > 1,7%),
tip tuc luyn va kh bt C trong gang se c thep (%C < 1,7%). Cn c vao ham
lng C% phn bit gang va thep. Vt liu chu yu lam kt cu thep la thep than
(thep C) va thep hp kim thp, ngoai ra i khi con dung gang uc lam gi ta hoc
hp kim nhm (rt han ch v gia thanh cao) .
1.1.Phn loai thep xy dng

1.Theo thanh phn hoa hoc:
Da vao ham lng C% trong thep va cac thanh phn khac:
- Thep C : ( %C< 1,7% ) chia ra lam 3 loai:
* Thep C thp ( %C < 0,22%): Deo, mm va d han. Thep xy dng la thep
C thp.
* Thep C va (0,22 < %C < 0,6 %): Cng cao hn nhng don
* Thep C cao ( 0,6% < %C< 1,7% ).
- Thep hp kim: Co thm cac thanh phn kim loai khac: Cr,Ni,Mn... cai thin
tnh cht thep. Thep hp kim thp co ham lng cac kim loai < 2,5%.
2.Theo phng phap luyn:
Co 2 loai
- Thep lo quay (Lo Bessmer, Thomas): Dung tch ln 50-60 tn/me; thi gian luyn
nhanh 10-20 phut/lo. Kho khng ch va iu chnh thanh phn, khng loai ht tap cht
co hai, cu truc khng thun nht nn cht lng thp , khng dung lam kt cu chu
tai trong nng , tai trong ng.
- Thep lo bng (Lo Martin): Dung tch nho hn 30y35 tn/me,thi gian luyn lu
8y12h/lo. Co th khng ch va iu chnh thanh phn, u thi gian kh ht tap cht,
cu truc thun nht nn cht lng cao, dung lam kt cu chu lc.Tuy nhin, nng sut
thp, gia thanh cao.
Khc phuc:Luyn bng lo thi xy cht lng tng ng lo bng, gia thanh
thp hn do nng sut cao, thi gian luyn nhanh hn (40y50 phut/me).
3.Theo phng phap kh xy:
Co 3 loai
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- Thep tnh: Thep long ra lo c kh xy va tap cht, tranh c bot kh trong
thep nn cu truc thun nht, cht lng cao nn c dung lam kt cu chu tai trong
nng, tai trong ng.
- Thep si: Thep long ra lo vao khun, bot kh O2 , CO2... cha ra ht a ngui,
tao nhng ch khuyt tt, d sinh ng sut tp trung khi chu lc va b lao hoa, dn n
pha hoai don, khng nn dung lam kt cu chu lc chnh .
- Thep na tnh: Cht lng va gia thanh trung gian gia 2 loai trn .
1.2.Cu truc va thanh phn hoa hoc cua thep:

1.Cu truc tinh th:
Cu truc thep (hnh 1.1) tao bi:
- Ferit: Fe nguyn cht, chim 99% th tch , deo
va mm.
- Ximentic: Hp cht Fe3C, cng va don do
thanh phn C.
- Mang peclit: Hn hp Fe va Fe3C, la mang an
hi, bao quanh ferit. Mang cang day, thep cang cng va
kem deo. Hnh 1.1: Cu truc tinh th
2.Thanh phn hoa hoc:

- Fe chim 99 %.
- C: Co ham lng nho hn 1,7%. Lng C cang cao, thep co cng ln nhng
don nn kho han va kho gia cng. Yu cu thep xy dng co: %C < 0,22%.
- Cac thanh phn co li:
* Mn: 0,4 y 0,65 %. Tng cng , dai, nhng lam thep don
%Mn < 1,5%
* Si:0,12 y 0,35%. Tng cng nhng giam tnh chng g, kho han
%Si < 0,3%.
- Cac thanh phn co hai:
* P: Giam tnh deo va dai va cham, thep don nhit thp.
* S: Lam thep don nhit cao, d nt khi ren va han.
* O2 ,N2: Lam thep don, cu truc khng thun nht
%O2< 0,05 %; %N2< 0,0015%.
Ngoai ra trong thep hp kim con co thm mt s thanh phn Ni, Cr,Cu... cai
thin tnh cht thep.
1.3.S hiu cua thep xy dng:

1.Thep C:
Theo ky hiu Lin X (cu) t CTOy CT7. Ch s cang cao ham lng C cang ln,
thep co cng cao nhng kem deo kho han va gia cng.
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* CTo: Deo, dung lam kt cu khng chu lc: Bulng thng, inh tan, chi tit...
* CT1 ,CT2: Mm , cng thp, dung trong kt cu vo.
* CT3: Ph bin nht trong xy dng, thng la thep lo bng-si hoc thep na
tnh. Kt cu chu tai trong nng, ng dung thep lo bng-tnh.
* CT4: Cng cao, dung trong cng nghip ong tau.
* CT5: Kho gia cng ch tao, kho han ch dung cho kt cu inh tan.
* CT6, CT7: Qua cng, don khng dung c trong xy dng, ch dung lam may
cng cu...
2.Thep hp kim thp:

Ngay cang ph bin trong xy dng nh cng cao, bn va chng g tt.
Theo ky hiu LinX (cu), cac ch s ch thanh phn hoa hoc va ham lng C.
V du: 15XCH*3: 0,15% C, C: Silic, H:Ni , 3: Cu.
[2.S lam vic cua thep chu keo:

S lam vic chu keo la dang chu lc c ban cua thep, qua o co th thy c
cac c trng c hoc chu yu cua thep nh : ng sut gii han, bin dang gii han,
mduyn an hi...
2.1.Biu ng sut - bin dang:

- Keo mt nu thep mm CT3 tiu chun bng tai trong tnh tng dn. Ve biu
quan h ng sut (V) - bin dang tng i (H), hnh 1.2: Truc tung Oy biu th ng
sut V = N/ F (KN/cm2). Truc hoanh Ox biu th bin dang tng i H = 'l /l %. ( F,l:
Tit din va chiu dai ban u cua mu thep ) .
- Biu gm 4 giai oan:
Hnh 1.2: Biu keo cua thep carbon thp.
1.Giai oan 1 ( Giai oan an hi )
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* oan OA: oan thng. Quan h V - H tuyn tnh. Vt liu lam vic theo nh
lut Hooke:
V = E.H ( E: Mduyn an hi, thep CT3 co E=2,1.106 Kg/cm2 ).
n A, thi tac dung, vt liu khi phuc lai trang thai ban u. Giai oan nay goi
la: Giai oan ty l. ng sut ty l Vtl = VA= 2000 Kg/cm2 .HA = H tl= 0,2 %.
* oan AA: Hi cong. Khng con giai oan ty l nhng thep vn lam vic an
hi, bin dang se mt i khi khng con tai trong.
2.Giai oan 2 ( Giai oan an hi - deo)
* oan AB: oan cong.Vt liu lam vic an hi - deo. E z const va giam dn
n 0. n B thi tac dung, biu se qua A tr v 0. VB Hnh = Vc =1.3:
2400BiKg/cm
u ke2.o cua thep
carbon cao.
3.Giai oan 3 ( Giai oan chay deo)
* oan BC: Hu nh nm ngang. Bin dang tng nhng ng sut khng tng.
n C, thi tac dung, vt liu tr v theo ng giam tai C0 // A0 Thep co bin
dang d 00. VC= VB= Vc = 2400 Kg/cm2. H = 0,2 %y 2,5%.
4.Giai oan 4 ( Giai oan t gia cng, cung c)
* oan CD: oan cong thoai . Thep khng chay na ma lai nh co ve chu c
lc Thep t gia cng. Sau o, bin dang tng nhanh, tit din mu thep b thu hep
va b keo t VD= Vb= 3800y4000 Kg/cm2. HD= H b= 20 y25 %.
Giai thch: Da vao cu truc hat cua thep va cu truc tinh th cua cac hat ferit. Mang
nguyn t cua cac tinh th hat ferit co nhng khuyt tt (bin v) lam cho cac phn tinh th
ferit khi chu lc d b trt tng i vi nhau. Trong giai oan ty l, bin dang cua thep la do
bin dang hi phuc c cua cac mang nguyn t. Sau o, mt s hat feri tco bin v xut hin
trt lam bin dang tng nhanh hn ng sut (giai oan an hi deo). Khi ng sut tip tuc
tng, s trt cac hat ring le phat trin thanh ng trt lam thep bin dang ln vi ng sut
khng i (giai oan chay deo). Sau o, mang peclit cng hn so vi ferit nguyn cht ngn can
bin dang cua cac tinh th. ng sut do o tip tuc tng (giai oan t gia cng). Khi ng sut
tp trung ch tit din thu hep vt qua lc tng tac nguyn t, thep mi b t.
Nhn xet:
- V quan nim tnh : Khi ng sut trong thep vt qua gii han chay, thep coi
nh khng con kha nng lam vic bnh thng do bin dang qua ln Ly gii han
chay Vc lam gii han khng c phep vt qua. Mt khac, khi V < Vc , bin dang kt
cu nho nn phu hp vi cac gia thit cua sc bn vt liu.
Giai oan 1: Giai oan an hi.
V < Vtl : Dung ly thuyt an hi. E= const
Giai oan 2: Giai oan an hi-deo.
Vtl < V < Vc: Dung ly thuyt an hi - deo. E z const.
V = Vc : Dung ly thuyt deo. E= 0.
- Hin tng thm chay: Ch xay ra thep co ham lng C% = 0,1y0,3% . Nu
khng, sau giai oan an hi, ng cong chuyn ngay sang giai oan t gia cng.
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i vi thep nay, quy c ly gii han chay tng ng vi bin dang H = 0,2 %.
Biu vt liu don co dang nh hnh 1.3.
2.2.Tnh toan cu kin chu keo:

Tnh theo iu kin bn
* Cu kin khng cho phep bin dang deo:
N
V= d J .R (1.1)
Fth
Fth : Din tch tit din thu hep.
J : H s iu kin lam vic.
* Cu kin cho phep bin dang deo:
N
V= d J .Rb / Jb (1.2 )
Fth
Vi: Jb = 1,3
2.3.Cac c trng c hoc chu yu cua thep

Biu keo cho thy cac c trng c hoc chu yu cua thep quy nh trong quy
pham tuy mac thep, o la:
- Moun an hi E: dc cua oan thng OA. E= V /H = tg D. (D: Goc nghing
cua biu an hi - Thep CT3 E= 2 .106 Kg/cm2) . Giai oan ty l E= const, giai oan
chay E=0, giai oan t gia cng, E rt nho va E | 0.
- Gii han ty l Vtl : Gia tr ng sut gii han vt liu lam vic theo nh lut
Hooke.
-Gii han chay Vc: Quan trong nht v o la ng sut ln nht co th co trong vt
liu ma khng c phep vut qua. Khi ng sut trong kt cu at Vc (Thep CT3, Vc =
2400 Kg/cm2 ), coi nh kt cu at trang thai gii han v cng la cn c xac nh
cng tnh toan cua thep.
- Gii han bn Vb: Cng tc thi cua thep khi b keo t, i voi thep CT3, Vb
> Vc do o no xac nh vung an toan d tr gia hai trang thai lam vic va pha hoai. i
vi thep khng co thm chay, Vb la tr s gii han ng sut lam vic (k thm h s an toan). i
vi thep co thm chay nhng cho phep bin dang deo co th ly ng sut gii han theo Vb (k
thm h s an toan).
- Bin dang khi t: c trng cho deo va dai cua thep. Thep CT3 co
Hb=20y25% >> Hc= 0,2% chng to thep khng bao gi b keo t khi con trang thai deo.
Thep ch b pha hoai khi a chuyn sang don.
Giai thch: Nu t C, mang peclit khng u ngn cac hat ferit trt. Ngc lai,
mang peclit day lun lun ngn can khng cho cac hat ferit trt nn biu se hu
nh khng co thm chay.
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[3.S lam vic cua thep chu nen:
Thep chu nen b pha hoai di 2 dang: Mt kha nng chu lc hoc mt n nh.
- i vi mu ngn: (Chiu cao mu l khng ln hn 5 n 6 ln so vi b rng) S lam
vic chu nen khng khac my so vi khi chu keo, cung co cac giai oan an hi, chay
va t gia cng, tc la co cung cac c trng c hoc nh : Gii han ty l Vtl , gii han
chay Vc ,Hc ,mdun an hi E... Tuy nhin, trong giai oan t gia cng khng xac nh
c gii han bn Vb v thep khng b keo t ma b phnh ra va tip tuc chu c tai
trong ln Thep b pha hoai la do bin dang ln.
- i vi mu dai: Thng thep mt kha nng chu lc chu yu la do mt n nh.
3.1.Hin tng mt n nh:

Xet thanh thng chu tac dung lc nen ung tm P.
- Khi P con nho, di tac dung cua lc ngu nhin H, thanh lch khoi v tr ban
u (lc P vn ung tm), thi tac dung H, thanh tr v trang thai ban u thanh
trang thai cn bng n nh.
- Khi P at gia tr gii han Pth , di tac dung cua H ngu nhin du nho khi thi
tac dung, thanh khng th tr v trang thai ban u Thanh a b mt n nh.
Hnh 1.4: Hin tng mt n nh.
3.2.Tnh toan n nh thanh chu nen:

- Hin tng: Khi lc nen P = Pth , thanh khng con thng ma b un cong trong
mt phng co cng nho nht. Sau o du tng P ln rt t thanh vn b cong nhanh va
mt kha nng chu lc. i vi thanh chu nen, tnh toan n nh la xac nh Pth, t o
tm ra Vth .
-iu kin thanh n nh: V < Vtl.
1.Cng thc Euler:

Xac nh Pth cho thanh an hi chu nen 2 u lin kt khp la :
S 2 EJ min
Pth= 2
(1.3)
l0
E: Mdun an hi cua vt liu.
Jmin: Mmen quan tinh nho nht cua tit din.
lo : Chiu dai tnh toan cua thanh. lo= P .l (1.4 )
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P : H s phu thuc hnh thc lin kt 2 u thanh.
Hnh 1.5: H s P theo dang lin kt 2 u thanh nen
Pth S 2 EJ min
ng sut ti han: Vth = = 2
Fng l 0 Fng
J min
Co: rmin = (1.5) :Ban knh quan tnh tit din
Fng
l0
O = (1.6) : manh cua cu kin
rmin
S 2E
o Vth = (1.7)
O2
-Nhn xet: * Vth phu thuc manh O va E (c trng c hoc vt liu) ma khng
phu thuc ngoai lc tac dung.
* Thanh co rmin cang ln, Vth cang ln tc kha nng chu lc cua thanh
cang cao. Cung din tch thep, tit din co ban knh quan tnh r ln nht la hnh thc
tit din hp ly nht.
Chng minh cng thc Euler:
Bo qua trong lng ban thn thanh, mmen tit din x khi thanh mt n nh:
Mx= Pth.y. Gia thit khi mt n nh thep con lam vic an hi (E= const) phng trnh vi phn
gn ung cua ng an hi thanh chu nen la:
MX P . y ( x) P . y ( x)
y(x)= - = - th hay y(x)+ th =0
E.J min E.J min E.J min
Pth
t D2 =
E.J min
y(x)+ D2.y (x) = 0
Nghim tng quat phng trnh:
y(x) = AsinDx +BcosDx.
iu kin bin: x=0, y=0 B=0; x=l, y=0 AsinD =0. Az0 (V nu A=0 th lun co
y(x)=0 trai giai thit ban u thanh a mt n nh (y(x)z 0) sinDl = 0
n 2 .S 2 .E.J min
D= n.S/ l. So sanh cng thc D2 Pth= .
l2
S 2 .E.J min
Khi thanh mt n nh, ch cn Pth at tr s nho nht n=1 Pth= .
l2
2.Cng thc Euler m rng:
13
- Cng thc (1.3) (1.7) ch ung khi thanh lam vic trong min an hi Vth< Vtl :
E= const.
S 2E E
i vi thep CT3 : Vth = < Vtl = 2000 Kg/cm2 O t S . =105.
O 2
V tl
Khi thanh co O < 105: trc khi mt n nh a co mt phn vt liu chuyn sang
lam vic giai oan deo. E= dV/dH
Cng thc Euler m rng:
S 2 Eq
Vth = (1.8 )
O
2
EJ 1 EJ 2
Vi: Eq = (1.9 )
J
Eq : Mun an hi quy c.
E, Ed: Mdun an hi va mun bin dang deo
J1, J2: Mmen quan tnh cua phn tit din lam vic an hi va phn tit din
bin dang deo.
J: Mmen quan tnh cua ca tit din.
Chng minh Eq:
Mmen M = V 1 . y1 .dF + V 2 y 2 dF
F1 F2
E. y1 ; Ed .y 2
Vi V1 = V2 = ;
P P
E 2 E
M= . y 1 .dF + d y 2 2 .dF
F1
P F2
P
E; Ed : gia s la hng s
E.J 1 E d .J 2 E q .J EJ EJ 2
M= + = hay Eq = 1
P P P J
- Thc t thanh nen doc truc lun chu cac tac nhn gy un ( lch tm ngu
nhin, cong ban u...) do o khng co nen doc truc hoan toan ma phai k n
V th
lch tm nho, c trng bi h s un doc: M = (1.10)
Vc
Nu ly cng tnh toan cua thep R= Vc
Vth= M.R
S 2E
Mt khac: Vth= 2
O
S 2E
M (1.11)
R .O 2
Nn M phu thuc mac thep va manh cu kin (O): M = f (O) Tra phu luc I.2
3.Tnh toan thanh chu nen:
Phai tnh ca 2 iu kin:
14
N
- iu kin bn: V= dR (1.12)
Fth
Fth :Din tch tit din thu hep
N
- iu kin n nh: V = d M.R (1.13)
Fng
Fng: Din tch tit din nguyn
Giai thch: S d tnh n nh c ly Fng , bo qua giam yu v s giam yu cuc b trn
mt ct ngang ch anh hng n bn ma khng anh hng nhiu n n nh
[4.S lam vic cua thep chu un:

4.1.S lam vic cua cu kin chu un:
Hnh 1.6: S lam vic cua cu kin chu un
1. Trong giai oan an hi:

- Khi P nho, biu ng sut dang tam giac. Cac thanh phn ni lc M sinh ra
ng sut phap V va Q sinh ra ng sut tip W .
- iu kin bn cua dm chu un trong giai oan an hi :
M
V= d J .R (1.14)
Wth
Q.S
W d J .Rc (1.15)
J .b
M, Q: Mmen va lc ct do tai trong tnh toan
Wth : Mmen khang un cua tit din giam yu
S : Mmen tnh cua phn tit din nguyn trt i vi truc trung hoa
b : B rng cu kin
- Khi P ln, mmen tng, ng sut V tng theo, khi cac th bin at gii han chay
V = Vc, giai oan an hi kt thuc (I).
Mghh = Vc .Wth (1.16)
2. Trong giai oan co bin dang deo:
-Tip tuc tng P, do tnh cht thm chay nn du bin dang tng, ng sut cac
th bin vn khng tng, ch co ng sut cac th bn trong tip tuc tng va at gii han
chay, vung deo lan dn vao cac th trong. Khi toan b tit din at gii han chay V = Vc
, biu ng sut co dang hnh ch nht (II). Tai tit din t lc P xut hin khp
15
deo lam hai phn dm co th xoay c. trang thai nay, toan b tit din dm lam
vic trong gii han deo. Mmen at gia tr gii han va khng tng c na, dm b
pha hoai.
Mgh = Vc . y.dF = Vc . Wd (1.17)
F
- iu kin bn cua dm chu un co xet n bin dang deo la :

M
V= d J .R (1.18)
Wd
Wd = St + Sd : Mmen khang un deo.
St , Sd: Mmen tnh cua phn trn, di i vi truc trung hoa cua tit din.
* Tit din hnh ch nht:
d
M gh V c .Wd b.h 2 / 4
= = = 1,5 Wd = 1,5 W
dh
M gh V c .W b.h 2 / 6
* Tit din ch I, > : Wd = (1,12 y 1,13) W
Kha nng chu un khi hnh thanh khp deo ln hn khi lam vic an hi.
- iu kin cho phep k n bin dang deo:
* Dm phai am bao iu kin n nh tng th.
* Tai trong tac dung la tai trong tnh
* Tai v tr Mmax (xut hin khp deo) co ng sut tip W d 0,3.R
Nn s dung vic tnh khp deo dm lin tuc.
- Nu trn tit din dm co ca ng sut phap V va ng sut tip W ng thi tac
dung th tit din se nhanh chong at gii han chay khi:
Vt = V 2 3W 2 = Vc
Biu ng sut co dang hnh cong. S chay khng ch bt u t cac th bin
Vc
khi V = Vc ma co th bt u t cac th bn trong khi W = (ng sut chay khi trt
3
thun tuy).
Quy pham cho phep tnh gn ung cu kin chu un ng thi vi chu ct co
k n bin dang deo theo cng thc: :
Vt = V 2 3W 2 d 1,15. J .R (1.19)
i vi tit din ch I, hin tng chay co th xay ra trc tin ch ni gia
ban bung va ban canh v co V va W ln nn kim tra theo (1.19)
4.2.Tnh toan cu kin chu un:

M
- Tnh theo iu kin cng : V = d J .R (1.14)
Wth
Q.S
W= d J .RC (1.15)
J .G
- Tnh theo iu kin bin dang: f d>f@ (1.20)
16
f: Bin dang do tai trong tiu chun gy ra trong cu kin.
[f]: Bin dang gii han. Tra phu luc I.3.
[5.Pha hoai don:

S pha hoai cua thep khi lam vic co 2 loai:
- Pha hoai deo: Pha hoai khi bin dang ln, xay ra do s trt cua cac phn t khi
ngoai lc tac dung ln hn lc chng trt gia chung.
- Pha hoai don: Pha hoai khi bin dang con nho, t ngt va kem theo vt nt do cac
phn t tach ri nhau khi lc tng tac gia chung mt i Nguy him hn nhiu so
vi pha hoai don.
- Thep lun co lc chng trt nho hn lc keo t nn bnh thng thep ch co th

b pha hoai deo (mt kha nng chu lc do bin dang qua ln). Trong nhng iu kin
c bit (thep b lao hoa,bin cng, chu ng sut cuc b, chu tai trong lp...) thep mi
b pha hoai don (t gay, sup ...) rt nguy him:
5.1.Hin tng cng ngui:

-Keo mt mu thep n giai oan
deo, bo tai, thep co bin dang d Hb. Gia
tai ln th hai, thep lp lai theo ng
giam tai ln th nht, thm chay cua thep
do o giam i. Nu ln u keo thep n
qua bin dang deo th nhng ln chu tai
sau, thep lam vic hu nh trong giai
oan an hi, gii han an hi tng,
nhng bin dang pha hoai giam i rt
nhiu.
- Vy sau khi thep b bin dang deo
o
t thng, khi chu lc tr lai tr nn cng Hnh 1.7: Hin tng cng ngui cua thep
hn, gii han an hi cao hn nhng bin
dang khi pha hoai lai thp hn, thep a chuyn sang don. Hin tng tng gii han an
hi do b bin dang deo trc goi la hin tng cng ngui. No lam tng cng cua
thep nhng lam thep don khng co li cho kt cu thep. V du: un ngui cu kin, ct
may, t l... Cn chu y han ch cac nguyn nhn gy cng ngui thep khi ch tao.
Giai thch: Sau khi thep lam vic ngoai gii han an hi, khi khng chu lc
na se co bin dang d lam giam bin dang khi thep chu lc lai va thep tr nn don.
Tuy nhin, co trng hp khi giam bin dang luc pha hoai khng quan trong lm, co
th li dung hin tng nay tng cng thep : Keo ngui thep lam ct thep
cho cu kin BTCT...
17
5.2.Hin tng gia thep:
- Ly hai mu thep san xut cung
mt me, mu th nht keo ngay (I), mu
th hai vai chuc nm sau mi keo
(II), th mu th hai se co gii han chay
(cng ) cao hn nhng deo thp
hn mu th nht Mu th hai a
chuyn sang don. Hin tng cng
thep tng ln theo thi gian nhng
bin dang va dai giam i goi la hin
tng gia thep .
Giai thch: Khi san xut trong hat ferit
con ln tap cht, qua thi gian, tap cht
Hnh 1.8: Hin gia cua thep
tach khoi hat ferit va lam y mang peclit
khin cho thep co cng tng nhng bin dang lai giam i. Khi tnh toan khng uc k n
s tng cng do gia thep v bn canh tac dung tng cng , no con lam thep don.
5.3.Hin tng chu ng sut phn b khng u

- Khi thep chu tai, nu tit din khng co khuyt tt ng sut trong tit din se
phn b u. Nu thep co khuyt tt (b khoet l,ct ranh...) th ng sut trn tit din
phn b khng u, xung quanh mep ch khuyt se co ng sut tp trung. Tai o,
ng lc (quy ao ng sut chnh) tp trung (th hin ng sut tng ) va un cong (chng
to ng sut theo hai phng V1 , V2 ).
Hnh 1.9: S tp trung ng sut do l khoet, rnh ct...
- Mc tp trung ng sut c trng bi h s tp trung ng sut:

V max
k= (1.21)
V0
Vmax: ng sut ln nht mep l.
V0 :ng sut trung bnh khi thanh khng b khoet l.
18
- trang thai ng sut phng, khi co ng sut hai phng V1 , V2 cung du,
gii han ty l tng , thep khng con thm chay, bin dang khi pha hoai giam nhiu
Thep tr nn don.
- Hin tng nay khng phu thuc tai trong, ch phu thuc hnh thc tit din
khi thit k, cn han ch ti a cac l khoet, khe ranh... co ng sut tp trung d hnh
thanh phat trin khe nt dn n kt cu co th b pha hoai t ngt khi bin dang nho
pha hoai don.
- Thng i vi kt cu chu tai trong tnh, t chu anh hng s tp trung ng
sut do khi bin dang deo, ng sut cuc b lai c phn b u trn tit din bo
qua ng sut cuc b khi tnh toan kt cu chu tai trong tnh. i vi kt cu chu tai
trong ng, s tp trung ng sut rt nguy him v d lam thep b pha hoai don. anh
gia bi dai xung kch (th hin mc thep d b pha hoai don di anh hng ng
sut tp trung)
Giai thch: Da vao ly thuyt ng sut tip.S chay cua thep chu yu do trt di tac dung
V V 2
ng sut tip. trang thai ng sut phng, ng sut tip ln nht se la: W = 1 (1.22).
2
Khi V1, V2 cung du va co tr s u ln, W se nho, vt liu se kho trt hn (bin dang giam)
trong khi V1 rt ln do ng sut tp trung co th at Vc Thep b pha hoai khi bin dang nho
Pha hoai don. Khi V1 = V2 , W = 0, s chay khng xay ra, thep b t don.
5.4.Thep chu tai trong lp:

1.Tai trong lp: La tai trong co chiu cung nh tr s thay i nhiu ln. Khi chu tai
trong lp thep co th b pha hoai ng sut thp hn gii han chay Vc (do tai trong
tnh), pha hoai t ngt khi bin dang con rt nho, kem theo vt nt Thep b moi va
b pha hoai don. V du: Gio tac dung vao ct thep cao, hoat ng cua cu chay gy ra
lc chn ng tac dung ln dm...
Hnh 1.10: Cac c trng bin i ng sut
2. ng sut pha hoai khi chu tai trong lp: Goi la cng moi hay cng
chn ng Vc. Vc phu thuc 3 yu t chu yu:
- Loai tai trong: Mc thay i tai trong c trng bi h s:
V min
U= (1.23 )
V max
* Khi U co gia tr t 0 y +1 Vc = Vc
* Khi U co gia tr -1 Vc = 0,4.Vb hay 0,75.Vc
19
- S ln chn ng: cang ln th Vc cang giam va n nh khi s ln lp at trn
6
2.10 ln.
- Trang thai b mt ngoai cua cu kin: Tai v tr khuyt tt (khe, ranh ,l..) se co tp
trung ng sut, khi chu chn ng se hnh thanh va phat trin khe nt lam kt cu b
pha hoai t ngt do ng sut chn ng Vc ch con 0,17. Vc Rt nguy him cn chu y
phong tranh.
i vi kt cu chu tai trong chn ng phai dung h s J <1 giam cng
tnh toan.
Gai thch thm: Cng thc:Vc c tnh theo cng thc:
1
Vc= J. Vc Vi: J = d1 (Thep CT3 a=1; b=0,5 )
V min
a b
V max
5.5.Thep chu chu anh hng cua nhit :

Nhit anh hng ln n tnh cht c hoc cua thep.
Khi t0 =300-3500C: thep co nhiu hat to va tr nn don Khng nn thep chu
va cham xung kch. Tip tuc tng nhit th tnh cht o thay i, deo tng ln
nhng gii han chay giam nhanh (cng giam).
nhit 600-6500C: gii han chay cua thep | 0 Thep khng con kha nng
chu lc.
Khi nhit di 00C: cng thep co tng i chut nhng thep tr nn don.
Di -100C: tnh deo cua thep giam ro rt, n -450C, thep rt don va d nt.
[6.Quy cach thep dung trong xy dng

Thep dung trong xy dng co 2 loai chu yu: Thep hnh va thep ban
6.1.Thep hnh:
1.Thep goc:
Hnh 1.11: Thep goc va s dung

Co 2 loai: H h 1 12 Th d
- Thep goc u canh: Ky hiu Bud (mm) (B: b rng canh, d: b day canh)
Gm 67 loai,be nht L20u3, ln nht L250u20
20
- Thep goc khng u canh: Ky hiu Bubud (mm) (B, b: b rng canh, d: b day
canh)
Gm 47 loai, be nht L25u16u3, ln nht L250u160u20.
- Chiu dai thanh: l = 4 y13m.
- c im:
* Tit din canh co 2 mep song song Cu tao lin kt thun tin
- S dung:
* Dung ring re, hay t hp lam thanh nen, keo, thanh ging...
2.Thep ch I:
Hnh 1.12: - Thep I va ng dung

- Loai ph thng: Gm 23 loai. T N010yN060 (chiu cao t 100 y 600mm)
- Loai m rng canh: T N018ayN030a
- Chiu dai thanh: l = 4 y13m.
- c im:
* Tit din co Wx Wy
* Chu un tt.
* Kho lin kt do canh ngn va vat cheo.
- S dung:
* Dung ring re, hay t hp lam cu kin chu un, chu nen...
3.Thep ch U:
Gm 22 loai. Ky hiu U , t U5 y U40 ( chiu cao t 50y400mm). T U14ay U24a
canh rng va day hn.
* Chiu dai thanh l = 4y13m.
Hnh 1.13: - Thep U va ng dung

- c im:
* Chu un xin tt.
* Co mt bung phng, nn d lin kt vi cac cu kin khac.
- S dung: Xa g, thanh dan nng (dan cu), ct, ghep tao tit din i xng.
4.Cac loai thep hnh khac:

- Thep vung: Canh a=80 y150mm.
21
- Thep tron: ng knh d=4 y250mm Thanh chu keo, bulng, inh tan...
- Thep ng khng han: Ky hiu duG (d: ng knh ngoai, G: b day). T 42u2,5
y500u15
Tit din i xng, thoang gio, ban knh quan tnh ln, chu lc tt Dung lam
thanh dan, thanh trong cac thap tru cao.
- Thep ray:
Hnh 1.14: - Cac dang thep hnh khac
6.2.Thep ban:
- c dung nhiu trong xy dng chim 40 y 60% trong lng cng trnh, d
tao ra cac cu kin theo thit k. Co cac loai sau:
* Loai ph thng: G = 4 y 60 mm; b = 160 y 1050 mm; l = 6 y12 m.
* Loai day: G = 4 y160 mm; b = 600 y 1400 mm; l = 4y8 m.
* Loai mong: G = 0,2 y 4 mm; b = 600 y 1400 mm; l = 1,2 y 4 m.
- S dung: Lam kt cu ban, lp mai, dp thanh thep hnh mong co dang c
bit...
[7.Phng phap tnh kt cu thep:

7.1.Phng phap tnh theo trang thai gii han (TTGH):
1.nh ngha:
TTGH la trang thai ma kt cu khng th s dung c na do mt kha nng
chu lc hay bin dang vt qua gii han cho phep.
2.Cac trang thai gii han:
Co 3 trang thai gii han:
a. TTGH th nht (v cng ):
Gm cac trang thai kt cu mt kha nng chu lc hoc khng s dung c na
do: B pha hoai v bn, mt n nh, moi hay b bin i hnh dang.
iu kin lam vic: Nd ) (1.24)
Trong o:
- N: Ni lc phat sinh trong kt cu do tai trong tnh toan gy ra. Cng
thc tng quat:
n
N= p itc D i ni (1.25)
i 1
* Pitc: Tai trong tiu chun tac dung ln cng trnh .
22
* Di: Ni lc sinh ra trong kt cu khi co tai trong tiu chun n v
tc
Pi =1 tac dung.
* ni: H s vt tai tng ng tai trong Pitc nhm k n kha nng
tai trong thc t ln hn tai trong tiu chun trong qua trnh lam vic cua kt cu.
* n: S tai trong tac dung ln cng trnh.
- ): Kha nng chu lc cua kt cu phu thuc vao c trng hnh hoc tit
din va tnh cht c hoc cua vt liu. Cng thc tng quat:
) = J .F.R (1.26)
* J : H s iu kin lam vic.
* F: c trng hnh hoc tit din (Din tch F, mmen chng un
W, mmen qua tnh J, mmen tnh S...).
* R: Cng tnh toan cua vt liu.
b.TTGH th hai (v bin dang):
La trang thai ma kt cu khng th s dung bnh thng do bin dang vt qua
bin dang gii han.
iu kin lam vic: ' d 'gh (1.27 )
- ': Bin dang (vong, lun, rung , nt...) cua kt cu do tai trong tiu chun
gy ra.
Cng thc tng quat:
n
' = p itc G i (1.28)
i 1
Pitc: Tai trong tiu chun tac dung ln cng trnh .

Gi: Bin dang cua kt cu khi co tai trong tiu chun n v Pitc=1
tac dung.
- 'gh: Bin dang gii han cua kt cu cho trong quy pham
Chu y: Khi tnh toan kt cu theo TTGH th hai, vic tnh bin dang s dung tai
trong tiu chun (khng k n h s vt tai) v tnh cht thay i gia tr nht thi cua
tai trong khng lam anh hng n bin dang cua kt cu (ch sinh ra do tac ng lu
dai, n nh cua tai trong)
c.TTGH th ba (v khe nt ):
La trang thai kt cu khng s dung c na do a hnh thanh va phat trin
khe nt.
Kt cu thep ch tnh vi hai trang thai th nht va th hai v thep khng c
nt.
3.Cng tnh toan - H s iukin lam vic:
a.Cng tnh toan R : La cng am bao kt cu lam vic vi xac sut an
toan 95 %.
R= Rtc /Jm (1.29)
23
- Jm : H s an toan cua vt liu tnh n cac yu t bt li lam giam cng
kt cu k < 1.
V du: Thep cng thng, va co Vc d 3800kg/cm2 Jm= 1,05; thep cng
cao Vc t 3800kg/cm2 Jm= 1,15...
- Rtc: Cng gii han tiu chun cua thep quy nh trong tiu chun
thit k.
* Thep khng co vung chay hoc thep c phep lam vic qua gii han
deo: Rtc = Vb.
* Thep co vung chay, khng cho phep bin dang deo Rtc = Vc.
V du: Thep CT3 co Vc=2400 kg/cm2 ; R:=2100 kg/cm2
Trang thai ng sut Ky hiu CT3; CT4 CT5 n v

Keo, nen va un R 2100 2300 Kg/cm2
Ct Rc 1300 1400 Kg/cm2
Ep mt Rem 3200 3400 Kg/cm2
b.H s iu kin lam vic: (J )

- La h s k n mc lam vic cua kt cu thun li hay bt li so vi iu
kin bnh thng (Tai trong dai han tac dung lp nhiu ln, cac gia thit tnh toan la
gn ung, anh hng cua mi trng to,Z) Tra phu luc I.1.
V du: Dm bung c va cac thanh nen trong dan J = 0,9; dm bung c khi tnh
n nh tng th J = 0,95; ct nha dn dung, ct tru thap nc J = 0,95... vo ngoai hay
ay b cha J = 0,8;
Ngoai ra, con co tai trong hay ni lc phai nhn vi h s an toan s dung Jn phu
thuc mc quan trong, cp va bn cng trnh.
Cng trnh dn dung cng nghip thng thng: Jn= 0,98;
Cng trnh c bit quan trong nh cng trnh cng cng, thap truyn hnh...: Jn = 1
Cng trnh khng quan trong nh nha kho, nha tam: Jn = 1
4.Tai trong - T hp tai trong:
a.Tai trong: Bao gm:
- Tai trong thng xuyn (Tnh tai): La tai trong khng i v phng, chiu, gia
tr nh: Trong lng ban thn kt cu, tac dung ng lc trc, trong lng t p...
- Tai trong tam thi (Hoat tai): La tai trong khng tac dung thng xuyn trn
cng trnh gm cac loai:
* Hoat tai dai han: Trong lng thit b, vt t, nc trn thap hay b
cha...
* Hoat tai ngn han: Gio, tai trong ngi i lai sa cha, ac, thit b
nng cu...
- Tai trong c bit: Xut hin trong tnh hung c bit nh: ng t, n, s c
ky thut..
24
b.Tai trong tiu chun - tai trong tnh toan:
- Tai trong tiu chun : Xac lp trn c s xac sut thng k, c cho
trong tiu chun, o la tr s tai trong ln nht co th co trong cng trnh khi s dung
bnh thng.
- Tai trong tnh toan : K n thay i gia tr cua tai trong tiu chun do
nhng sai lch ngu nhin khac vi nhng iu kin bnh thng, c trng bi h s
vt tai n quy nh trong quy pham. V du: Trong lng kt cu ch tao cng xng n
= 1,1; cng trng n = 1,2; tai trong gio n = 1,3, hoat tai san n = 1,2 y1,4.
c. T hp tai trong: Gm cac loai sau:
-T hp c ban: Gm tnh tai + hoat tai dai han + nc.hoat tai ngn han.
-T hp c bit: Gm tnh tai+hoat tai dai han + nc.(hoat tai ngn han + 1 tai
trong c bit)
Vi: nc la h s t hp (c dung v xac sut xay ra ng thi cac loai tai trong
tac dung ln cng trnh vi tr s ln nht la t hn so vi trng hp mt hay vai tai
trong ring le).
* T hp c ban: nc =1 khi co mt loai hoat tai ngn han; nc = 0,9 khi co
nhiu hn hai loai hoat tai ngn han;
* T hp c bit: nc =0,8 i vi moi hoat tai ngn han.
7.2.Phng phap tnh theo ng sut cho phep:

-Theo phng phap nay, ng sut ln nht do tai trong tiu chun sinh ra trong
kt cu khng vt qua ng sut cho phep trong quy pham.
Vc
Vd[V]= (1.30)
k0
V : ng sut do tai trong tiu chun sinh ra trong kt cu
[V ]: ng sut cho phep theo quy pham
k0: H s an toan phu thuc nhiu yu t:
* Tai trong thc t co th ln hn t hp tai trong tnh toan
* Luc dng lp s dung kt cu co khuyt tt.
* Gii han chay va tnh cht c hoc thc t co th nho hn tr s tiu
chun.
* Kt cu thc co sai khac so vi kt cu tnh toan.
* iu kin lam vic thc t phc tap hn so vi iu kin tnh
toan...
7.3.So sanh hai phng phap:

-Xet dm chu un.
M tc V V
* Theo TTGH: M = n . M d ) = J. k. Vc.W V =
tc
d c = 'c (*)
W n ko
J .k
25
M tc V
* Theo ng sut cho phep: V = d [ V ] = c (** )
W k0
- Nhn xet: So sanh (*) va (**) v hnh thc tng t song lai khac cac tr s an
toan k0 z k0.
* Trong phng phap TTGH, k0 la t hp cua cac h s (h s vt tai n, h s
iu kin lam vic, h s ng cht k), h s vt tai n cho phep anh gia anh hng
cua tng loai tai trong trong nhng iu kin lam vic cu th do o kt cu lam vic vi
an toan cao.
* Trong phng phap ng sut cho phep, k0 la h s trung bnh nn phng
phap TTGH chnh xac hn va tit kim vt liu, co c s khoa hoc, sat vi thc t nn
c s dung ph bin. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, xac nh cac h s n, J , k
cua mt s kt cu c bit (cu, cua van...) kha phc tap nn vn con s dung phng
phap ng sut cho phep tnh toan.
26
Chng 2:
LIN KT
A. KHAI NIM CHUNG:
1.Khai nim:
Thep hnh Lin kt Cu kin Lin kt Cng trnh
Thep ban Cu kin
- Lin kt ong vai tro quan trong trong kt cu thep (khi lng thit k va thi
cng ln). T thep hnh, thep ban thng qua lin kt th c cu kin va cac cu kin
thng qua lin kt c cng trnh.
- Cac loai lin kt: Lin kt han, lin kt bulng, lin kt inh tan, lin kt dan, lin
kt cht, trong o lin kt han s dung rng rai nht chim hn 85%.
2.c im cac loai lin kt

a.Lin kt han:
-u: * Lin kt han tit kim c t 15 y20% trong lng thep do tit din cu
kin khng b khoet l, cung do vy ma kha nng chu lc tng.
* Lin kt han kn, lin tuc co th thc hin vi cac cng trnh b cha.
* Kha nng t ng hoa cao, t tn cng ch tao.
-Nhc:
* Kho kim tra cht lng ng han.
* Chu tai trong nng va tai trong ng kem, thng sinh ra ng sut phu
(do co ngot khng u v nhit ) bin hnh han, mt khac khi dung nhit nong
chay thep han d lam thep tr nn don
Khc phuc: Cai thin tnh cht que han bng cach thm hp kim mau.
b.Lin kt inh tan:
-u: * Cht lng lin kt am bao, d kim tra.
* Chu c tai trong nng va chn ng
* S dung nhiu vi kt cu chu tai trong nng va ng nh: Dm cu
chay, dm cu ng st...
-Nhc:
* Tn vt liu.
* Tit din thep c ban b giam yu (khoang 15%) do khoet l.
* Ch tao va thi cng phc tap.
Khc phuc: Thay bng lin kt bu lng cng cao.
27
c.Lin kt bu lng:
-u: Thi cng n gian, cho phep thao lp d dang nht la cac cng trnh tam
thi, lp cac kt cu trc khi han hay tan, lp cac tru thap cao...
-Nhc:
* Tn vt liu (bu lng , ban ghep...)
* Do l tra bulng > bu lng nn khi chu tai se co hin tng bin dang
do trt tai lin kt. Mt khac, do l tra ln nn cac bu lng khng lam vic ng b
giam kha nng chu lc
Khc phuc: Dung bung tinh ch, bu lng cng cao (lam bng thep hp
kim va sit cht bng may), lc ma sat ln khng co hin tng trt tai lin kt.
B. LIN KT HAN
[1.KHAI NIM CHUNG:
1.1.nh ngha:
Ban cht cua lin kt han la dung vt liu cung loai lin kt nhng cu kin ri
rac thanh cu kin mi co kha nng chu lc nh cu kin nguyn.
1.2.Cac phng phap han:

Trong xy dng thng gp: han x, han in, han tip xuc h quang in ma ph
bin nht la phong phap h quang in.
1.Han tay h quang in:
-Di tac dung dong in, do chnh lch in th nn gia que han va kim loai
cn han, co ngon la h quang (nhit ln n 25000C) lam nong chay que han va thep
c ban ng thi vung xung quanh h quang sinh ra t trng. Lc in trng hut
nhng giot kim loai que han vao ranh han tao nn ng han khi ngui. Nh o co th
han ngc, ranh han trn, que han di, giot kim loai vn b hut ri vao ranh han .
Hnh 2.1: - S han tay h quang in
- u: * Thit b gon nhe, dung tin li nht i vi cac ng han ngn, cong
queo hay nhng v tr kho han.
- Nhc: * Cng dong in nho nn ranh han khng su.
28
* Cht lng mi han kem do h quang khng n nh (v khng am
bao khoang cach gia que han va thep c ban), tc han khng u ng han ch
day, ch mong.
* Nng sut thp.
2.Han t ng h quang in:
- Nguyn ly: Tng t han tay nhng qua trnh han thc hin t ng bng may.
Trc khi han, thuc han dang bt vun c rai trn ng han. Que han c thay
bng cun dy han trn ngp su vao thuc han tip xuc vi thep c ban tao thanh
h quang in. Dy han t ng nha va dch chuyn theo ranh han vi tc cua may
han. Thuc han sau khi han c hut a vao thung rai tip.
Hnh 2.2: - S han t ng h quang in
- u : Han t ng khc phuc c mt s han ch cua han tay:

* Bao am cht lng ng han: Khoang cach gia que han va thep c
ban u n.
* Tc ng han n nh, mi han u, khng co ch day, ch mong.
* Khng b hin tng non hay qua gia.
* Han nhanh 40 y50m/h gp 5y10 ln han tay.
* H quang chay di lp thuc nn khng gy hai cho sc khoe th han.
-Nhc: Ch han c nhng ng han thng hoc tron.

Khc phuc : han ban t ng (may han di chuyn bng tay).
3.Han x:
- Nguyn tc: Dung t0 = 32000 C do t chay oxy va axtylen nung nong chay
kim loai han.
- c im: Tc chm, nng sut thp, thng dung han nhng tm mong,
ct thep.
1.3.Que han:
- Co cac loai
42,
42A,
50,
50 A
* Cac ch s la ng sut bn cua mi han khi keo t (V du: Rb= 4200
2
kg/cm ).
* Ch A: Co kim loai mau tng cht lng, dung cho kt cu chu tai
trong ng.
29
- Que han co 2 phn: loi kim loai va thuc han bao quanh.
* Loi kim loai lp ranh han nn co tnh cht c ly va thanh phn tng t
thepc ban.
* Thuc han bao quanh day 1 y 1,5mm. Thanh phn gm:
Phn tao x: phu ln mt ng han: bt a, cach ly h quang vi khng kh,
tranh cho nito va xy khng hoa tan vao ranh han ang chay long lam ng han tr
nn don ng thi u cho ng han ngui t t, tranh hin tng nt khi ngui t
ngt.
Cac cht cai thin cht lng ng han: bt cac hp kim.
Cac cht tng qua trnh ion hoa: tao h quang n nh va nng cao tc han.
1.4.Yu cu khi han & phphap ktra cht lng ng han:

1.Yu cu:
- Trc khi han:
* Cao sach g trn mt rnh han. Khi han nhiu lp, cn cao sach x nhng
lp han trc, trc khi han lp sau.
* Kim tra khe h, mep ranh han am bao quy nh gia cng mep.
* Chon que han phu hp.
- Khi han:
* Dung cng dong in hp ly khng co ng han non la hay
qua la.
(Non la, nhit thp, ranh han khng u chay lin kt kim loai que han va thep c
ban yu cht lng thp. Qua la, nhit cao lam xy khng kh lot vao thep tao xt khi t
chay C,Mn. giam bn ng han.)
* Chon trnh t han hp ly tranh bin hnh va ng sut han qua ln.
* Khoang cach gia que han va mi han t 1 y 2mm va gi tc u.
* Gi mt trn cua ng han phng u, khng li lom.
2.Kim tra cht lng ng han:
- Kim tra trong khi han: ng han phng, tit din u, khng rt ran.
- Sau khi han : Dung bua go, nu nghe u th tt.
- Phng phap vt ly: Rai bt kim loai trn mi han ri cho t trng i qua, nu
co bt vun tp trung co th co ran nt. Hoc dung may siu m, quang tuyn... (Cng
trnh quan trong nh b cha, ng cao ap...)
1.5.ng sut han - Bin hnh han:

1.Hin tng:
Xet thanh thep AB c ngam cht bng 1 khung thep bn ngoai, khi nung nong
ring thanh AB th thanh AB gian ra, tng chiu dai, lam khung bn ngoai bin dang.
Khi t0 > 6000C: thanh AB hoa deo, khng chu lc c, khung bn ngoai tr v trang
30
thai ban u, khi o cac tinh th trong thanh AB sp xp lai. Sau o cho thanh AB
ngui lai nhit ban u, thanh thep se co lai mt oan 'l, khung bn ngoai gi lai
nn xut hin ng sut keo trong thanh va khung bn ngoai b bin dang.
Hnh 2.3: ng sut han va bin hnh han

- Qua trnh han cung co hin tng nh vy. Khi ngui, ng han co ngot,
nhng vung thep ln cn ng han con ngui tao thanh ngam t nhin can tr s co
ngot cua vung nong chay quanh ng han t o sinh ra ng sut han (ng sut nhit,
ng sut do co ngot) lam tng kha nng pha hoai don (nht la trong trang thai ng sut phng va
ng sut khi, kho bin dang deo). Mt khac, cung do anh hng nhit , cu kin b cong
vnh goi la bin hnh han mt cng sa cha.
2.Bin phap khc phuc:

- Thit k ng han va u yu cu, tranh cac ng han kn, tp trung va ct
nhau can tr bin dang t do cua vt liu khi han, khng nn dung ng han qua day
lam tng bin hnh han.
- Trong ch tao va thi cng: Chon qui trnh han hp ly hoc chia nho cac oan
cn han.
- Dung bin hnh ngc sau khi han khng
xut hin bin hnh (hnh 2.4).
Hnh 2.4: - Bin hnh ngc
- Dung bin hnh nong ngha la dung t0 cho
thep n cng theo phng ngc lai ri mi han.
- Nung nong vung xung quanh ng han trc khi han (giam bt s phn b
khng u cua t0 trong khu vc han va giam thp tc ngui lai cua kim loai) phn
b ng sut u hn.
- Han nhiu lp vi nhng ng han ln t0 ng han khng qua cao va
mt phn ng han, ng sut trit tiu ln nhau bt.
- Dung khun c nh cu kin khi han.
31
[2.CAC LOAI NG HAN - CNG .HAN:
2.1.Cac loai ng han:
1. Theo cu tao: Co 2 loai:
a.ng han i u:
Thep c ban cn han c t i u nhau trn
mt mt phng ri han lai. ng han coi nh phn
keo dai cua thep c ban nn lam vic nh thep c ban.
Hnh 2.5: - Han i u
- u : * Truyn lc tt.
* Tit kim thep va khng tn thep lam ban ghep.
* ng sut phn b u n, khng co s thay i t ngt tit din
ng han nn han ch c ng sut tp trung va ng sut nhiu chiu chu c
tai trong ng va nng.
- Nhc: Vi thep co b day G > 10mm, khng th han t trn xung ma phai gia
cng mep a que han xung su am bao nong chay trn toan b b day tn
cng ch tao .
* Khi 10mm < G < 20mm: Gia cng mep mt pha: Ch V, ch Y va ch U.
* Khi 20mm < G: Gia cng mep hai pha: Ch K, ch X.
Hnh 2.6: - Gia cng mep ranh han.
b. ng han goc:
Hai cu kin cn han c t
chng ln nhau hay thng goc vi nhau.
- Tuy theo v tr cua ng han so
vi phng cua lc tac dung ma chia ra:
* ng han goc canh : ng
han goc song song vi phng cua lc Hnh 2.7: - ng han goc
tac dung.
* ng han goc u : ng han goc vung vi phng cua lc tac dung.
Hnh 2.8: - h goc canh, h goc u
32
- S lam vic: Hng cua ng lc trong lin
kt thay i phc tap, ng sut phn b khng u
khng dung ng han qua dai. ng han goc canh
chu ca ng sut ct va un; ng han goc u chu
ca ng sut ct, keo, un Khi tnh toan, coi nh ch
chu ct, pha hoai theo mt trong hai tit din quy c:
* Tit din 1: Doc theo kim loai ng
han.
Hnh 2.9: - Tit din lam
* Tit din 2: Doc theo bin nong chay
vic cua h goc
cua thep c ban.
u: * n gian, khng tn cng gia cng
mep.
-Nhc:* Tn vt liu.
* ng sc i qua ng han b dn ep va un cong do o sinh ra ng
sut tp trung va nhiu chiu tai ng han nn ch c dung cho kt cu chu tai
trong tnh. giam bt ng sut tp trung, khi chu tai trong ng, ta dung ng han
goc su hay goc thoai.
Hnh 2.10: - ng han goc su va ng han goc thoai
- iu kin cu tao: Theo quy pham

* hh min = 4 mm : tranh hin tng han khng c su.
* hhmax = 1,5 Gmin i vi kt cu chu tai trong tnh.
hhmax = 1,2 Gmin i vi kt cu chu tai trong ng.
hh d 25mm. (Gmin : b day nho nht cua cu kin lin kt ) .
* lh min = 4 hh va lh t 40mm : tranh anh hng lch tm gy un .
* lh d 60.hh.; ng han goc canh lh d 85.Eh. hh : tranh ng sut phn b
khng u.
2.Phn loai theo cac hnh thc khac:
- Theo iu kin lam vic: ng han cu tao, ng han chu lc, ng han kn...
- Theo chiu dai : ng han lin tuc, ng han gian oan.
- Theo iu kin ch tao: ng han cng xng, ng han cng trng. ng
han cng xng cht lng cao hn, lam vic gn nh thep c ban.
- Theo v tr khng gian : ng han nm, ngang, ng ngc.
33
Chu y: Trong khu thit k cn quan tm n cng ngh lam tranh nhng ng han
bt li (ng han ngc).
3.Ky hiu ng han:
2.2.Cng tnh toan ng han:

Phu thuc vao cht lng que han, thep c ban, loai ng han, phng phap
han va phng phap kim tra cht lng ng han.
1. ng han i u:
Phu thuc vt liu ng han va phng phap kim tra cht lng ng han.
Khi chu nen: khng anh hng bi phng phap han cung nh phng phap
kim tra. Cng ng han bao am: Rnh = R.
Khi chu keo:
- Dung phng phap vt ly kim tra cht lng ng han. Cng
ng han bao am: Rkh = R.
- Dung phng phap thng thng, n gian kim tra cht lng
ng han. Cng ng han khng bao am: Rkh = 0,85R.
2. ng han goc:
Cng ng han goc canh va goc u la nh nhau.
Do ng han goc co th b pha hoai theo 2 tit din khac nhau i qua hai min
thep co bn khac nhau nn co hai cng tnh toan chu ct (quy c) nh nhau.
Tng ng vi tit din 1-1 (hnh 2.9) co cng tnh toan chu ct cua thep
ng han: Rgh (phu thuc vao vt liu que han);
Tng ng vi tit din 2-2 (hnh 2.9) co cng tnh toan cua thep c ban trn
bin nong chay: Rgt = 0,45.Rtcb (Rtcb: cng tc thi tiu chun cua thep c ban).
Nn chon que han sao cho Rgh | Rgt.
34
[3.PH.PHAP TNH TOAN CAC LOAI NG HAN:
3.1.ng han chu lc doc truc:
1.ng han i u thng goc vi phng lc:
Hnh 2.11: - ng han i u thng goc vi phng chu lc
- ng han i u lam vic gn ging thep c ban nhng kha nng chu lc
khi chu keo kem hn chu nen.
- iu kin bn : ng sut trong ng han phai thoa:
N N
* Chu keo: Vk = = d J. Rhk (2.1)
Fh l h .G h
N N
* Chu nen: Vn = = d J. Rhn (2.2)
Fh l h .G h
Trong o: J : H s iu kin lam vic (J = 1)
N : Ni lc keo hoc nen tac dung ln lin kt.
Gh= Gmin: Chiu day tnh toan ng han bng chiu day nho nht cua cac
cu kin.
lh = b - 2G : Chiu dai tnh toan ng han.
Rnh, Rkh : Cng tnh toan cua mi han i u chu nen, keo.
Chu y: u ng han do cht lng kem (b chay) nn mi u ng han
phai tr mt oan G lh= b - 2G
tranh hin tng trn co th a thm 2 tm m vao 2 u, sau khi han
th ct no ra: lh = b.
2.ng han i u xin goc vi phng lc:
Hnh 2.12: - ng han i u xin goc vi phng chu lc
35
Dung ng han xin goc tng chiu dai ng han khi ng han thng goc
khng u chu lc.
- iu kin bn :
N N
* Chu keo: Vk = . sin D = .sin D d J. Rhk (2.3)
Fh l h .G h
N N
* Chu nen: Vn = . sin D = .sin D d J. Rhn (2.4)
Fh l h .G h
N N
* Chu ct: Wc = . cos D = .cos D d J. Rhc (2.5)
Fh l h .G h
Trong o: J=1
b
lh 2G (D: Goc gia phng cua lc doc va mi han)
sin D
Gh = Gmin
Khi: tg D = 2 cng ng han gp i nn khng cn kim tra.
3.ng han goc:
- ng han goc canh va goc u tnh nh nhau.
Pha hoai chu yu la do ct trn hai tit din quy c 1 va 2.
- iu kin bn:
N
* Tit din 1: d J. Rgh (2.6)
E h hh l h
N
* Tit din 2 : d J. Rgt (2.7)
E t hh l h
Hnh 2.9: - tit din lam
Eh , Et: H s chiu su nong chay ng vi tit din 1 vic cua ng han goc
va 2
Han tay :Eh = 0,7; Et =1 thng b pha hoai theo tit din 1
lh: Tng chiu dai ng han goc.
Rgh,Rgt: Cng tnh toan chu ct quy c cua thep ng han va thep c ban.
Khi thit k, nu chon trc hh da vao chiu day Gmin
N
l h = J . E .R .h
(2.8 )
g min h
3.2.ng han chu mmen M:

1.ng han i u:
iu kin bn:
M 6.M
Vh = = d J. Rhk (2.9)
Wh G h .l h2
Wh: Mmen chng un cua

G .l 2
ng han: Wh= h h
6 Hnh 2.13: - ng han i u chu M
36
2.ng han goc canh:
Mmen gy ra cp ngu lc:
M
NM = .
h
iu kin bn :
NM
W1M= d J .Rgh (2.10)
E h .hh . l h
Hnh 2.14: - h goc canh chu M
NM
W2M= d J .Rg t
(2.11)
E t .hh . l h
3. ng han goc u:
ng sut trn ng han la ng sut
tip phn b di dang ng sut phap do
mmen tac dung.
iu kin bn :
M
W1M= h d J .Rgh (2.12)
Wg
Hnh 2.15: - h goc u chu M
M
W2M= t
d J .Rgt (2.13)
Wg
E h .hh .l h2
Wgh: Mmen chng un cua ng han trn tit din 1: Wgh =
6
t t E t .hh .l h2
Wg : Mmen chng un cua thep c ban trn tit din 2: Wg =
6
3.3.ng han chu mmen M, lc ct Q va lc doc N:

- Nguyn tc: Tnh ng sut cho mi loai ni lc ri dung nguyn ly cng tac
dung kim tra bn.
Q
1.ng han i u:
N
VN =
Fh
M
VM = Q
Wh
Q Hnh 2.16: - h i u chu M,N,Q
WQ =
Fh
Vt = V N V M 2 3.W Q2 d 1,15. J .Rhk (2.14)
Vi: Fh = Gh.lh
Wh = Gh.l2h/6
37
3.ng han goc u:
M
WM =
Wh
Q
WQ =
Fh
W t W M2 W Q2 d J .R gh Hnh 2.17: - h goc u chu M, Q

(2.15)
[4.PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN LIN KT HAN:

4.1. Lin kt i u:
- Dung ng han i u (thng goc hay xin goc)
- Dung ni cac thep ban + thep ban.
- Cac bc tnh (khi chu lc doc truc N )
* Kim tra thep c ban:
N N
Vcb = = d J . Rhk,n (2.16)
Fcb G .b
* Chon ng han: Gh = G; lh = b - 2G
* Kim tra ng han:
N
Vh = d J . Rhk,n (2.17)
G h .l h
Nu khng thoa th dung ng han i u xin goc hay ng han hn hp.
Khi thep c ban co b rng khac nhau phai ct vat han ch ng sut tp trung.
Hnh 2.18: - Lin kt i u

4.2. Lin kt
chng dung ng han goc:
- Dung ni thep ban + thep ban; thep ban + thep hnh.
1.Ni thep ban vi thep ban:
- ng han goc u:
Co chiu rng thep ban b
6lh = 2(b - 1)
hh
Hnh 2.19: - Lk chng dung h goc u
38
- ng han goc canh:
Chon: hh = Gmin
6lh
Hnh 2.20: Lk chng dung h goc canh
2.Ni thep hnh vi thep ban:

- Khi lin kt thep goc vi thep ban,
ng han goc sng thep goc chu lc nhiu
hn ng han goc mep. Goi k la h s phn
phi lc cho ng han sng
e ''
k= '
e e ''
H s k phu thuc thep goc u hay
Hnh 2.21: -Lk ni thep hnh + ban
khng u canh.
Hnh 2.22: H s phn phi lc cho ng han sng k
Chon trc chiu cao ng han ng han sng:

hh d 1,2Gmin
Chiu dai ng han sng:
k .N
l h' 1
J .hh .E .Rg min
'
(2.18)
Chon trc chiu cao ng han ng han mep:

hh = Gg - (1y2)mm
Chiu dai ng han mep:
k .N
l h'' 1

J .hh . E .Rg min
''
(2.19)
4.3. Lin kt dung ban ghep:

Dung ni thep ban + thep ban; thep hnh + thep hnh.
39
1. Ni thep ban vi thep ban:
Co cac cach:
Hnh 2.23: -Lk i u dung h goc u Hnh 2.24: -Lk i u dung h goc canh
Hnh 2.25: -Lk i u dung h vong
50 mm khng han: tranh ng sut han.

10 mm: Tranh ch tao khng chnh xac.
Ban ghep vat goc tranh ng sut tp trung.
- Cac bc tnh toan:
N
* Kim tra thep c ban: V= dR (2.20)
Fcb
* Chon ban ghep:
ng han goc u : chon b rng ban ghep bbg = b.
ng han goc canh: chon b rng ban ghep bbg = b -(20 y30)mm (u b tr
ng han).
Chon b day ban ghep Gbg theo iu kin:
6Fbg t Fcb (2.21)
* Tnh ng han:
ng han 1 na ban ghep chu toan b lc N.
ng han goc u: Co 6lh Chiu cao ng han hh
ng han goc canh, ng han vong: Chon chiu cao ng han hh d Gbg.
Tnh chiu dai ng han 6lh . Chiu dai ban ghep Lbg.
- Chu y:
Co th dung 1 hay 2 ban ghep. Loai 1 ban ghep co hin tng lch tm nn t dung
40
2. Ni thep hnh vi thep hnh:
Hnh 2.26: -Lk thep hnh va thep hnh dung ban ghep hoc thep goc.
4.4. Lin kt hn hp:

Khi ng han i u thng goc khng u kha nng chu lc, gia cng thm
ban ghep lin kt vi thep c ban bng ng han goc Lin kt hn hp .
Hnh 2.27: Lin kt hn hp
- u : Tng kha nng chu lc.

- Nhc: ng sut tp trung ln, tn cng ch tao (sau khi han i u phai gia
cng ngui lam phng mt ri mi han cac ban ghep) ch dung khi tht cn thit.
- ng sut trong ng han i u va trong ban ghep bng nhau:
N N
V= = d Rkh (2.22)
Fcb Fbg Fh Fbg
Fh : Din tch ng han i u = Fcb : Din tch thep c ban.
Tng din tch ban ghep:
N
Fbg= h - Fh (2.23)
Rk
Chon b rng ban ghep bbg = b -(20 y30)mm (u b tr ng han).
Tnh chiu day ban ghep: Gbg.
- Lc truyn qua ban ghep: Nbg= Vh. Fbg
- Chon chiu cao ng han hh d Gbg.
- Tng chiu dai cn thit cua ng han goc lin kt mt ban ghep mt
pha lin kt:
N bg
6lh =
J .hh .E .R g min
(2.24)
41
C. LIN KT INH TAN
[1. KHAI NIM CHUNG:
1.1.Khai nim:
1.inh tan:
La oan thep tron mt u tao mu sn,
mt u tan thanh mu sau khi tra inh vao lin
kt. Ch tao: Dung thep ct thanh tng oan ri
dung phng phap dp hay ren ch tao mu
inh.
2.Cu tao inh:
- Chiu dai cua inh: Gm 2 phn: Hnh 2.28: Lin kt inh tan
* Phn lp y l inh sau khi tan
xong.
* Phn tao mu.
l = 1,12.G +1,4.d (mm) (2.25)
- ng knh l: d = d0 + ( 1y1,5) (mm) (2.26)
Vi: do: ng knh inh.
do 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30
d 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 28,5 31,5
(Kt cu nhe) (Kt cu va) (Kt cu nng)
ng knh lin kt inh tan la ng knh l goi la ng knh tnh toan. Khi
tnh toan cho phep ly d=dl
- Vt liu lam inh: Phai co tnh cht c ly tng ng thep c ban nhng deo
hn. Thng dung la thep CT3 (tnh cht c ly ging thep CT3 nhng deo hn).
3.Cac loai inh tan:
inh tan gm cac loai:
Hnh 2.29: Cac loai inh tan

- inh u ban cu: Dung ph bin nht
- inh u chm: Dung cho nhng kt cu yu cu phng mt (canh trn cua
dm cu chay).
- inh u na chm: Dung khi khng gian pha u inh b han ch .
42
- inh u cao: Dung khi tng b day cac ban thep 6G > 5d tranh b st mu
inh .
1.2.Cac phng phap tao l:

Co 3 phng phap
1.Phng phap t:
Ky hiu loai C
- u: Nhanh, gia thanh ha.
- Nhc: Ch t c thep ban co chiu
day G d 25 mm va ng knh ln nht 26,5mm.
t tng tm ghep lai nn thiu chnh xac.
Thanh l khng nhn, xung quanh vung l t 2
y3mm co hin tng cng ngui thep don
kha nng chu tai trong ng va chu ng sut Hnh 2.30: phng phap t
tp trung kem.
2.Phng phap khoan:
Ky hiu l loai C
- u: * Mc chnh xac cua lin kt cao hn.
* Khc phuc nhc im co hin tng cng ngui xung quanh thanh l.
* Dung cho moi b day va moi ng knh vi nhiu loai thep khac nhau.
- Nhc: Nng sut thp (chm hn t khoang 4 y5 ln).
3.Phng phap t ri khoan:
Ky hiu l loai B
- t l nho hn, ng knh thit k t 2y3mm, sau o nh v cac ban thep ri
khoan theo ng knh yu cu. Phng phap nay han ch nhc im va gi c u
im cua 2 phng phap trn nn thc t thng s dung.
1.3.Ky thut tan inh:

Co 2 cach: Tan nong va tan ngui
1.Tan nong:
- Nung inh n nhit t0 = 7000 y8000C, ly inh ra va t vao l, t cht u
co mu sn, ri dung bua tan u kia. Khi tan th thn inh phnh ra lp kn l. Khi
ngui thn inh co lai tao khe h t 0,05 y 0,2mm (khe cang nho lin kt cang cht).
Chiu dai inh cung co lai nhng do b cac ban thep gi nn thn inh chu keo (ng
sut tai thn inh at n 1200 y 1500kg/cm2) con cac ban thep b xit cht lam tng lc
ma sat gia cac mt lin kt s truyn lc gia cac tm thep u.
- Mt khac, inh tan b nung nong va ngui chm nn deo, lin kt co dai ln.
Nh tnh cht va tnh dai cua lin kt nn co kha nng chu tai trong ng va tai trong
nng.
43
2.Tan ngui:
Ch dung khi ng knh nho, dung xng c kh co bua may ln. inh
khng b cong khi tan, tng b day lin kt 6G d 5d. Thn inh va l kht vi nhau
nhng ng sut ban u nho t 200 y 600 kg/cm2.
[2.CU TAO LIN KT INH TAN:

2.1.Cac hnh thc lin kt inh tan:
1.Ni thep ban:
- Lin kt chng: n gian nhng trong lin kt co hin tng lch tm nn ch
dung trong trng hp co tai trong nho.
- Lin kt i u 01 ban ghep: n gian, c dung khi khng gian b han ch.
Cung co hin tng lch tm nn ch dung khi tai trong khng ln.
- Lin kt i u 02 ban ghep: Truyn lc u n, chu lc tt.
Hnh 2.31: Lin kt chng

Hnh 2.32: Lin kt di u dung ban ghep
- Chu y:
Khi ni 02 thep c ban khng cung b day th phai m thm thep ban cung
b day, ban m nay keo dai ra khoi ban ghep u tan 1 hang inh lin kt ban m
vi thep c ban .
- Yu cu:
* iu kin din tch cua ban ghep:
Fbg t Fcb (2.27)
* B tr inh phai thun tin cho ch tao va thi cng, inh chu lc tt, tm
thn inh phai trung vi tm mu inh. Nn chon mt loai inh tranh phc tap va
nhm ln.
* Vi lin kt co hin tng lch tm (lin kt chng, lin kt 01 ban ghep)
phai tng thm 10% s lng inh cn thit.
44
2.Ni thep hnh:
Thng dung lin kt i u co ban ghep hoc thep goc ghep la thep cung s
hiu, got bo bt sng goc.
Hnh 2.33: Ni thep hnh
2.2.B tr inh:
1.Khai nim:
* ng inh: Cac inh nm trn mt ng thng trong lin kt.
* Day inh : ng inh song song vi phng lc tac dung.
* Hang inh: ng inh vung goc vi phng lc tac dung
* Khoang cach min: Khoang cach ti thiu gia cac inh trong lin kt am bao
iu kin thi cng va iu kin ep mt cho cac ban thep. Thng dung cho khoang cach
gia 2 hang inh lin kt gon, t tn thep.
* Khoang cach max: Khoang cach ti a gia cac inh trong lin kt am bao
cac ban thep cung lam vic c vi nhau. Thng dung b tr cho cac lin kt khng
chu lc va khoang cach cua cac day inh.
2.B tr inh
- B tr inh trn thep ban va trn thep hnh phai am bao iu kin v chu lc
va thun tin ch tao. Co 02 cach b tr inh:
* B tr song song : n gian nn dung nhiu.
* B tr so le: Phc tap, nhng tit kim ban ghep.
Hnh 2.34: B tr inh song song Hnh 2.35: B tr inh song song
45
- Yu cu:
* Khoang cach gia hang inh ngoai cung n mep bin vung goc vi
phng chu lc:
min 2d; max (4d; 8G )
* Khoang cach gia day inh ngoai cung n mep bin song song vi
phng chu lc:
min 1,5d; max (4d; 8G )
* Khoang cach gia cac inh trong lin kt:
min 3d; max (8d; 12G )
Vi: G: b day mong nht trong cac ban thep lin kt.
* Khi thit k cac khoang cach, bc inh nn lam tron 5mm mt d gia cng.
* B tr inh trn thep goc th tuy kch thc b rng b cua canh thep goc b
tr mt hoc hai hang inh so le hay song song.
b < 100 mm: B tr 1 hang inh
100 d b d 150mm: B tr 2 hang so le.
b > 150mm : B tr 2 hang song song
* Thep ch I va U: Cach b tr inh cung c qui nh nh i vi thep goc.
[3.TNH TOAN LIN KT INH TAN

3.1.S lam vic cua lin kt inh tan
Trong ban thn inh tan khi
khng co lc tac dung cung a co ng
sut trc trong thn inh Nct do qua
trnh tan inh. Khi chu lc, lin kt
lam vic qua 3 giai oan:
- Giai oan 1: (Giai oan an hi)
Khi co ngoai lc N tac dung se xut
hin lc ma sat Nms gia cac ban thep
do co lc cng trc Nct.
Hnh 2.36: S lam vic cua lin kt inh tan
Khi N d Nms= f. Nct (f: H s ma
sat phu thuc b mt tip xuc gia
gia cac ban thep) lc truyn t ban thep nay sang ban thep kia nh ma sat. mi
ban thep, ng sut tai u A ln nht ri giam dn, n u B se trit tiu (1) inh
cha chu tac dung ngoai lc N.
- Giai oan 2: Khi N d Nms= f. Nct, thn inh chu tac dung ngoai lc N b ep cht
vao thanh l. Thn inh chu ng sut ep mt hoc chu lc ct gia hai tm. Co hin
tng trt gia cac ban thep va ng sut trong cac thn inh phn b khng u. Cac
inh ngoai cung chu lc ln hn inh gia (2)
- Giai oan 3: (Giai oan deo). ng sut trong cac thn inh phn b u (3)
46
- Giai oan 4: (Giai oan pha hoai) inh b pha hoai do b ep mt hay b ct khi
ng sut at cng chu ct hoc cng chu ep mt cua inh.
3.2.Kha nng chu lc cua inh tan:

1.Kha nng chu ct:
n trang thai gii han, nu thn inh mm hn thep c ban inh co th b
pha hoai do ct hay b un. Cac hin tng trn goi la hin tng ct cua inh.
Hnh 2.37: Kha nng chu ct cua inh tan
n trang thai gii han ng sut ct trong cac inh va trong tng mt ct nh
nhau, nn kha nng chu ct cua 1 inh:
S2
[N ]c = nc. .R c (2.28)
4
nc: S mt ct trn mt thn inh
Rc: Cng chu ct cua inh (phu thuc thep c ban, vt liu inh,
phng phap tao l).
d: ng knh inh sau khi tan.
2.Kha nng chu ep mt:
Di tac dung cua lc vung goc vi thn
inh, thn inh se b ep sat thanh l. ng sut ep
mt Vem phn b khng u trn thn inh, n
TTGH se at cng chu ep mt cua inh Rem.
Kha nng chu ep mt cua mt inh :
[N ]em = d. G .Rem (2.29)
G : Tng b day nho nht cua thep c
ban cung chu keo v mt pha. Hnh 2.38: Kha nng chu ep mt
Rem: Cng tnh toan chu ep mt cua cua inh tan
inh (phu thuc nhn thanh l, phng phap
tan inh va tnh cht c hoc cua thep c ban)
47
3.3.Tnh toan lin kt inh tan:
1.Trnh t tnh toan:
* Xac nh lc tac dung ln lin kt. D kin cu tao lin kt.
* Xac nh kha nng chu lc cua 1 inh.
* Tnh s lng inh cn thit va b tr.
* Kim tra lin kt.
2.Tnh lin kt inh tan chu lc doc truc:
a. Xac nh lc tac dung ln lin kt:
- i vi kt cu va va nhe: Tnh lin kt theo ni lc do tai trong ngoai gy ra.
- i vi kt cu nng: Tnh lk theo din tch (theo kha nng chu lc cua kt cu)
Ni lc tnh toan : N = Fth .R= 0,85.F.R ( 2.30)
R: Cng chu lc cua thep c ban.
Fth: Din tch tit din thu hep: Din tch thep c ban sau khi tr l inh.
F: Tit din nguyn.
iu kin: Kha nng cl cua lin kt t kha nng cl cua thep c ban
b.Xac nh kha nng chu lc cua 1 inh:
TTGH, inh se b pha hoai theo kha nng chu lc nho nht:
[N ]min = min ([N ]c, [N ]em)
[N ]c, [N ]em xac nh theo (2.28) va (2.29).
i vi thep CT3:
* Khi 6G < 0,65 d ([N ]c < [N ]em inh b pha hoai do ep mt.
* Khi 6G > 0,65 d [N ]c > [N ]em inh b pha hoai do ct.
S .d 2 d .S Rc d .S 1800

Chng minh: d .6G. R em =

. R c 6G =

. = . = 0,65 d
4 4 Rem 4 4200
c.Tnh s lng inh:
Goi N la lc tac dung ln lin kt th s lng inh cn co trong lin kt:
N
nt (2.31 )
[ N ] min
Chon s lng inh nguyn, phu hp hnh thc lin kt.
d.Kim tra thep c ban:
N
V= R (2.32 )
Fth
Fth : Din tch tit din thu hep cua thep
c ban.
- B tr song song:
Fth = Fng - Fl
= G . b - n1. G. D
= G. (b - n1.d ) (2.33 ) Hnh 2.39: Din tch tit din thu hep
n1: S inh hang u tin.
48
- B tr so le: Ngoai vic kim tra cho hang inh u con phai kim tra tit din
thu hep theo mt ct ch chi.
Fth = G .[2.e1 + (n2 -1) a 2 e 2 - n2.d ] (2.34)
n2: S inh i qua ng ch chi.
e
e1
a
- iu kin: Sau khi b tr inh Fth > 0,7 Fng Hnh 2.40: Mt ct ch chi.
3.Mt s dang chu lc khac cua inh tan:

a.Lin kt inh tan chu keo:
- Khi ngoai lc co phng song song vi thn
inh tac dung ln lin kt lam tach ri cac phn t cua
lin kt lam tach ri cac phn t cua lin kt gy cho inh
tan chu keo.
Kha nng chu keo cua 1 inh tan:
S .d 2 Hnh 2.41: Lin kt inh
[N ]k = . Rk (2.35) tan chu keo
4
Rk: Cng tinh toan chu keo cua inh.
b.Lin kt inh tan chu M, Q:
M .e max
*Chu M: N max (2.36)
m. e i2
Q
*Chu Q: T (2.37)
n
*Cng thc kim tra:
T 2 d >N @min
2
N max (2.38)
n: S inh trn lin kt
m: S inh trn 1 day ngoai cung.
Chng minh: Coi M cn bng vi cac cp ngu lc tac dung

ln nhng day inh i xng qua truc lin kt :
M=6 Ni.ei = N1.e1 + N2.e2+...+Ni.ei+...
Co: N1 N2 Ni N1
... ... Ni .ei
e1 e2 ei e1
N N Hnh 2.42: Lin kt inh tan
M m N1.e1 1 .e22 ... 1 .ei2 ...
e1 e1 chu M,Q
M .e max
N max
m. e i2
49
D. LIN KT BULON
[ 1.KHAI NIM CHUNG :
1.1.Khai nim:
Bu lng la oan thep tron d= 12y48mm.
Bulng neo d100mm.
Chiu dai bulng l=35 y300mm. Phn thn khng ren nho
hn tng chiu day cu kin t 2y3 m. Phn ren l0 = 2,5d. Mu va cu
(ai c), long en phn phi ap lc ai c ln thep c ban.
Hnh 2.43: Cu
1.2.Phn loai: tao bulon
1.Bulng th:
dBL < d l t 2y3 mm. San xut t thep C bng cach ren, dp t chnh xac, cht
lng khng cao, bin dang nhiu khi lam vic dung bulng th, thng chu keo
hoc nh v cu kin lp ghep, khng dung chu lc cng trnh quan trong.
2.Bulng tinh:
dBL < d l t 0,3 mm. San xut t thep C, thep hp kim bng cach tin hay khoan
l chnh xac, lin kt kht, cht nhng kho lp rap.
3.Bulng thng:
Dung ph bin. Co cac loai ng knh: d=10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,27,30
4.Bulng cng cao:
San xut t thep hp kim sau o gia cng nhit. chnh xac tng t nh
bulng thng nhng nh lam bng thep cng cao nn co kha nng xit cht cu,
thn bulng chu keo tao nn lc ep ln ln cac ban thep. Khi chu lc, gia cac mt tip
xuc cua cac ban thep se co lc ma sat ln chng lai s trt gia cac ban thep.
Thit k s lng inh thoa man ngoai lc < lc ma sat lin kt lam vic
nh th thng nht, khng b ep mt va ct, t bin dang, chu c tai trong ng, tai
trong nng dung cho cac cng trnh quan trong thay cho lin kt inh tan. am bao
kha nng chu lc cua lin kt cn gia cng mt cac cu kin tng ma sat.
Khac vi lin kt inh tan (sau khi tan nong, inh ngui va co lai, thn inh chu
keo gy nn lc ma sat gia cac ban thep) trong lin kt bulng, thn inh chu keo gy
nn ma sat gia cac ban thep la nh lc xit bulng.
5.Bulng neo:
neo cac b phn lai vi nhau.
V du: Neo ct vao mong. Mt u chn vao b tng, mt u bt cht vao kt
cu.
50
[ 2.CU TAO LIN KT BULNG:
Hnh thc lin kt va cach b tr lin kt bulng khng khac my so vi lin kt
inh tan.
2.1.Hnh thc lin kt:

a. Ni thep ban:
* Lin kt i u 02 ban ghep i xng truyn lc tt.
* Lin kt i u 01 ban ghep, lin kt ghep chng: Co hin tng lch tm
Chu thm mmen phu tng thm 10% bulng so vi tnh toan.
* Lin kt 2 ban thep khac chiu day dung ban m chiu day 2 ban thep
bng nhau tng thm 10% bulng pha co ban m.
b.Ni thep hnh:
* Lin kt i u ni bng ban ghep hay thep goc ghep. Khi dung 1 ban ghep,
co hin tng lch tm, nhng do thep hnh cng nn t anh hng khng cn tng
thm bulng.
* Lin kt ghep chng: Lin kt khng i xng i vi cu kin mm tng
10% bulng.
2.2.B tr bulng:
-Yu cu: Truyn lc tt, n gian, d ch tao.
- B tr bulng: Tng t nh lin kt inh tan, cung b tr theo 2 cach : song song
hoc sole da vao khoang cach min, max:
* Khoang cach min: am bao bn ban thep va khoang cach ti thiu vn
cu (ai c)
* Khoang cach max: am bao n nh phn ban thep gia 2 bulng (cu kin
chu nen), cht lin kt, khng cho hi nc bui bn lot vao n mon lin kt.
Lin kt chu lc thng b tr theo khoang cach min gon va t tn thep. Cac
khoang cach min, max tng t lin kt inh tan ch khac khoang cach min gia 2
bulng la 2,5d.
- Tuy theo b rng thep goc b ma b tr 1 hay 2 day bulng song song hay sole
trn canh thep goc nh lin kt inh tan.
[ 3.TNH TOAN LIN KT BULNG:

3.1.S lam vic cua lin kt bulng:
1.Bulng thng, th, tinh:
Khi vn cu bulng bulng chu keo, cac ban thep b xit cht tao ra lc ma sat
gia cac ban thep. Khi chu lc trt, co 4 giai oan:
- Giai oan 1: Lc trt < lc ma sat: Cac ban thep cha trt, bulng cha chu
tai ngoai lc keo ban u.
51
- Giai oan 2: Tng tai trong ngoai, lc trt > lc ma sat : Cac ban thep trt
tng i vi nhau, thn bulng t sat thanh l.
- Giai oan 3: Tip tuc tng tai trong ngoai, bulng ep sat thanh l truyn lc cho
lin kt. Thn bulng chu ct, un ,keo do mu bulng can tr s un t do cua thn.
- Giai oan 4: Lc trt cang ln, cht lin kt giam, ma sat yu dn. Lin kt
b pha hoai do ct ngang thn inh hay t cac ban thep gia hai bulng do ep mt trn
thanh l gy ra.
2.Bulng cng cao:
Nh thep lam bulng co cng cao nn co th xit cht cu tao nn lc ma sat
ln gia cac ban thep tip nhn hoan toan lc trt do ngoai lc gy ra. Bulng ch chu
keo do xit cu.
3.2.Kha nng chu lc cua bulng:

1.Bulng thng, th, tinh:
a.Kha nng chu ct:
Khi ng knh bulng nho, ban thep day, bulng co th b pha hoai do ct
ngang thn. Kha nng chu ct cua 1 bulng:
[N ]cBL = RcBL. JBL. FBL. nC (2.39)
RcBL: Cng tnh toan chu ct cua bulng.
JBL : H s iu kin lam vic. Bulng thng, th JBL= 0,9 ; Bulng tinh JBL= 1
FBL : Tit din bulng = S.d2/4
nC : S mt ct tnh toan.
b.Kha nng chu ep mt:
Khi khoang cach t l bulng n mep ban thep ngn bulng b pha hoai ct
t theo cac ng trt do ep mt cua bulng ln thanh l. Kha nng chu ep mt cua
1 bulng:
[N ]emBL = d. (6G )min . RemBL (2.40)
(6G )min : Tng chiu day cac ban thep cung trt v 1 pha ly tr s nho.
RemBL : Cng tnh toan ep mt cua bulng phu thuc vt liu lin kt, phng
phap tao l
2.Bulng cng cao:
- Lc trt do ngoai lc gy nn hoan toan do lc ma sat gia cac ban thep tip
nhn kha nng chu trt cua bulng cng cao phu thuc lc ma sat chu anh
hng bi lc ep mt ln ban thep cung chnh la lc keo bulng do xit cu Kha
nng chu trt cua bulng chnh la kha nng chu ep mt cua cac ban thep hay la kha
nng chu keo cua bulng do xit cu.
- Lc keo P cua bulng do xit cu: P = RkBL . Fth BL
- Kha nng chu trt cua mt bulng cng cao:
[N ]BLC = RkBL. Fth BL. JBL. (P/ JTC ).k (2.41)
52
RkBL : Cng tnh toan chu keo. RkBL = 0,7.RtcBL
RtcBL: Cng tc thi tiu chun bulng
Fth BL: Din tch thu hep bulng do ren tra bang.
JBLC: H s iu kin lam vic khi chu tai trong ng hoc do sai lch ung knh
l.
P : H s ma sat
JTC : H s tin cy cua lin kt tra bang.
k : S mt phng ma sat tnh toan.
3.3.Tnh toan lin kt bulng:

1.Bulng chu lc truc:
a.Chon ng knh bulng d va cac ban ghep G:
- Cng trnh thng: d = 20 y24mm; cng trnh nng: d = 24y30mm.
- iu kin ban ghep: 6Fbg t F (2.42)
Fbg: Tng din tch tit din cac ban ghep.
F: Din tch tit din cu kin lin kt.
- Chiu rng ban ghep bng chiu rng ban thep c ban.
b.Tnh s bulng cn thit:
* Bulng thng, th, tinh:
N
n t BL
(2.43)
[ N ] min
Vi: [N ]BLmin= min ([N ]cBL, [N ]emBL).
* Bulng cng cao:
N
n t (2.44)
[ N ] BLC .J
J : H s iu kin lam vic
c.Kim tra lin kt:
* Kim tra bn ban thep giam yu:
N
Bulng thng, th, tinh: V= d R .Jb (2.45)
Fth
Fth = Fng - Fgy= Fng - n1.G.d (2.46)
Vi: Jb : H s iu kin lam vic.
n1 : s bulng trn mt hang.
N
Bulng cng cao: V= d R .JBL (2.47)
Fth
Tai trong tnh: Nu Fth t 0,85 Fng Fth = Fng
Nu Fth d 0,85 Fng Fqu = 1,18Fth
Tai trong ng: Dung Fth tnh toan.
2.Bulng chu keo:
53
- Khi ngoai lc co phng song song vi thn bulng tac dung ln lin kt se
tach ri cac ban thep lam bulng chu keo. Khi tai trong ngoai N t Ntr (lc keo ban u
trong thn bulng do xit cu), bulng mi chu keo do tai trong ngoai va se b pha hoai
khi ng sut trong thn bulng at cng chu keo cua vt liu lam bulng.
- Kha nng chu keo cua mt bulng:
[ N ]KBL= Fth. RKBL (2.48)
S .d 0
2
Fth = : Din tch tit din bulng ch co ren tra bang.
4
RKBL: Cng tnh toan cua vt liu bulng khi chu keo tra bang.
- S bulng cn thit:
N
n t (2.49 )
[ N ] KBL .J
J: H s iu kin lam vic.
3.Bulng chu mmen M, lc ct Q:
Tng t nh lin kt inh tan:
M N BL Q d J. [ N ] min
2 2 BL
NBL= N BL (2.50)
M .l max
Vi: NBL(M) = (2.51)
m. l i2
Q
NBL(Q) = (2.52)
n
n : S bulng trn lin kt.
lmax: Khoang cach gia 2 day bulng ngoai cung
3.4.Ky hiu bulng, inh tan:

a) b) c) d) e) f)
Hnh 2.44: Ky hiu inh tan, bulon.
a) inh tan u ban cu.

b) L inh tan, l bulon.
c) L bulon hnh bu duc.
d) Bulon vnh cu.
e) Bulon tam.
f) Bulon cng cao.
54
Chng 3
DM THEP
[ 1.ai cng v dm va h dm:
Dm la kt cu chu un co ban bung c, la kt cu c ban trong kt cu xy
dng. c dung lam san nha dn dung va cng nghip, dm cu, kt cu chu lc cua
ca van, dm cu chay.
1.1.Cac loai dm:

1.Theo cu tao:
a.Dm nh hnh:
I : c dung trong un phng: dm san,
dm cu.
U: Tit din khng i xng, c dung
trong un xin nh xa g, dm sn tng. Co 1 ma
phng nn d lin kt vi kt cu khac.
Hnh 3.1: Dm nh hnh
c im: - Tit kim cng ch tao.
- Lin kt n gian.
- Kch thc han ch.
- Tn thep do Gb ln hn yu cu thit k. khc phuc dung dm
dp t thep ban mong
b.Dm t hp :
Dm t hp han: gm 3 ban
thep ghep lai bng ng han goc.
Hai ban nm ngang: hai canh dm;
ban t ng: ban bung.
So vi dm inh tan, t tn vt
liu va nhe hn, chi ph cu tao t
hn c dung ph bin. Hnh 3.2: Dm t hp
Dm t hp inh tan: Gm mt ban thep t ng lam ban bung; hai canh dm,
mi canh gm hai thep goc ch L va co th thm mt hoc hai ban thep nm ngang goi
la ban y.
V phai khoet l nn tn cng ch tao va tn vt liu, nhng chu lc tt. c
dung khi dm chu tai trong ng va tai trong ln, nh dm cu chay, dm cu.
c im: - Kch thc ln.
- Tit kim thep.
- Tn cng ch tao.
c.Kt lun:
55
Nn dung dm nh hnh nu v cu tao cho phep, va bao am cng ,
cng, n nh.
Dung dm t hp khi khng th dung dm hnh nh khi tai trong ln va nhp
dm ln
2.Theo s kt cu:
Hnh 3.3: Phn loai dm theo s kt cu.
Dm n gian: tn vt liu, ch tao va dng lp n gian, chu lc chnh xac,

khng anh hng do nhit, hay lun lch. c dung nhiu trong xy dng.
Dm lin tuc: cng ln, tit kim vt liu, ch tao va dng lp kho, ni lc
thay i do nhit, hay lun lch. c dung khi dm cn cng ln.
Dm mut tha: tit kim vt liu.
1.2.H dm:
1.Khai nim:
H dm la kt cu khng gian gm dm chnh, dm phu b tr thng goc nhau.
Dm phu trc tip ban mt va truyn tai trong ln dm chnh. Dm chnh dm
phu va truyn tai trong t dm phu ln gi .
2.Phn loai:
Tuy theo cach xp xp dm ta co 3 loai h dm:
Hnh 3.4: Cac loai h dm.
a.H dm n gian:
Gm mt h thng dm t song song vi canh ngn san cng tac. Dm lam
vic nh ban k hai canh kha nng chu lc kem ch phu hp vi tai trong nho,
chiu dai canh ngn san khng ln.
b.H dm ph thng:
56
Gm hai loai dm t vung goc vi nhau va song song vi hai canh cua san
cng tac. Cac dm t song song vi canh ngn cua san, ta ln ct hay kt cu chu lc
khac: dm chnh. Cac dm t thng goc, ta ln dm chnh va truyn tai trong t san
ln dm chnh: dm phu.
- Khi tai trong va kch thc cua san khng ln (qd3000daN/m2; san d 12x36m)
h dm ph thng hiu qua kinh t hn cac loai h dm khac nh giam lng thep
va d cu tao cu kin hn.
c.H dm phc tap:
Gm ba loai dm: Ngoai dm chnh, dm phu con co dm san t vung goc va
ta ln dm phu.
- H dm nay phc tap va tn cng ch tao ch thch hp khi tai trong san
cng tac ln (q t 3000 daN/cm2).
2.Cac cach lin kt dm:
Cac dm c lin kt vi nhau theo 1 trong 3 cach:
a.Lin kt chng:
Dm no gac ln dm kia.
- n gian, d lp ghep.
- Lam tng chiu cao cng trnh.
- cng va kha nng chu lc khng cao, san lam vic nh ban k hai canh.
Hnh 3.5: Cac cach lin kt dm.
b.Lin kt cung ban mt:

B tr sao cho canh trn cua cac loai dm co cung cao.
- Giam chiu cao xy dng cua h dm, co th tng chiu cao dm chnh.
- Toan h dm co n nh ln.
- San co cng va kha nng chu lc ln nh lam vic nh ban k bn canh.
- Cu tao phc tap hn lin kt chng dung cho h dm ph thng.
c.Lin kt thp:
Cac dm phu t thp hn dm chnh, dm san t bng mt vi dm chnh.
Co u im nh lin kt bng mt nhng phc tap hn nhiu ch dung cho h
dm phc tap.
57
1.3.Cu tao va tnh toan ban san:
1.Xac nh nhp l va chiu day ban san G :
Yu cu: Trong lng san khng ln, cu tao khng qua phc tap ma vn am
bao kha nng chu c tai trong.
l 4.n 0 72 E
= 1 4 1tc (3.1)
G 15 n 0 .q
f
n0 = : vong gii han, theo quy pham: san n0 = 150; dm phu n0 =250.
l
E
E1 = (3.2 ) Vi: Qthep = 0,3; ECT3 = 2.106 kg/cm2 E1= 2,26 .106
1 Q
B day san G c chon theo tai trong tiu chun qtc nhp san l.
Tai trong trn san q (kg/cm2) Chiu day san G (mm)

d 1000 6y8
d 2000 8 y 10
d 3000 10 y 12
> 3000 12 y 14
2.Kim tra:
Di tac dung tai trong, ban
san chu un va b vong. Do ng
han lin kt ban san va dm ngn
can bin dang t do va bin dang
xoay cua ban tai cac gi tai cac gi
ta phat sinh lc keo H va mmen
m M co tac dung giam mmen
trong ban nhp.
Khi tnh toan thin v an
toan, bo qua anh hng cua mmen
m M, ch xet anh hng cua lc keo Hnh 3.6: S tnh cua ban san
H. Ct mt dai ban rng 1cm, s
tnh toan la mt dm hai gi ta c
nh chu tai trong phn b u q.
* Mmen un ln nht nhp:
l2 1
Mmax = q. - H.f (3.2a) Hay: Mmax= M0 (3.2b)
8 1D
H
Trong o : D = c xac nh t cng thc:
Pth
f
D.(1+ D)2 =3.( 0 )2 (3.3)
G
58
Kim tra iu kin bin dang:
vong cua ban san do tai trong tiu chun qc va lc keo H gy ra:
1
f = f0 . d[f] (3.4)
1D
Trong o: f0: vong dm do tai trong tiu chun qc trn dm
5 q c .l 4
f0= (3.5)
384 E1 .J
Kim tra iu kin bn:
bn cua ban san c kim tra theo cng thc:
H M max
V= d J.R (3.6)
A W
D S 2 E J
Trong o: H = D. Pth= (3.7)
l2
A, W: Tit din va momen khang un cua tit din ban rng 1cm.
3.Tnh toan ng han lin kt ban san va dm:
ng han lin kt ban san va dm chu lc keo H gi ta:
H

hh = (3.8)
E .R gh .J
1.4.Cac kch thc chnh:

1.Nhp dm:
Nhp dm la khoang cach gia hai gi ta
(dm, ct , tng...)
* i vi dm cng xn (1 u ta ln kt cu
ta, 1 u t do) nhp dm la khoang cach mep
khng ta n mep ngoai cua kt cu ta
* i vi dm ta ca hai u nhp dm la
khoang cach gia 2 tm gi ta.
Nhp dm chnh c xac nh theo yu cu Hnh 3.7: Nhp va bc cua dm
s dung.
Bc dm chnh nn chon th nao co th dung thep hnh lam dm phu.
Bc dm phu phu thuc nhp cua ban a ch tao sn.
2.Chiu cao dm
Da vao: h | hln
hmin d h d hmax
a.hln:
Th tch 1 n v dai cua dm:
Vd = Vc + Vb = 2.Fc.1.\c + Fb.1.\b (3.9)
\c , \b: h s cu tao nhm k n th tch cua canh
va bung tng so vi ly thuyt do qua trnh ch tao. Hnh 3.8: Kch thc dm
59
Gn ung xem canh dm chu toan b M va: hd | hb
| hc
N | M/h
N M
Fc = =
R h.R
Fb = Gb.h
M Hnh 3.9: Xem canh
Nn: Vd = 2 .<c .c + G b .h.<b (3.10)
h .R chu toan b M
Vi: c<1: hs k n mt phn M do bung dm chu.
T (3.10) co quan h gia chiu cao dm vi trong V
Vd
lng dm biu th trn hnh 3.10.
Vmin
G Vd 2Vc
Vd cc tiu khi: = 0
Gh
M Vb
- 2 2 .<c .c + G b .<b = 0 (3.11)
h .R
2c.<c .M Wyc hln h
h ln = = k (3.12)
<b .R.G b Gb
Hnh 3.10:
2c.<c
Vi: k = : Phu thuc hnh thc cu tao dm.
<b
Cng thc kinh nghim:
h ln = 3 220Wyc - 15 cm (3.13)
h ln = (5,5 y 6,5).3 Wyc (3.14)
3h
Va: Gb = 7 + (mm) Khi h d 2000mm
1000
Chu y:
1- Khi tnh toan hln cua dm, ta a bo qua anh hng cua Gb n Vd , nu xet n
hb 3.Ob .W yc
anh hng cua manh ban bung O b hln = 3 .
Gb 2
2- Ta thy: hb ln va Gb mong Ob se ln Dm nhe. Tuy nhin, Gb khng c
qua mong thoa iu kin n nh cuc b ban bung.
CM
3- T (3.11): Gb. \b = 2. .\c Vb = 2Vc
hd R
Co ngha: Khi th tch dm nho nht: th tch bung dm = th tch 2 canh dm.
4- Qua hnh 3.10: khi hd ln cn gia tr hln , Vd thay i khng ln ly hd z hln
khng qua 20% vn am bao yu cu kinh t.
b.hmin :
Xac nh da vao iu kin vong.
c.hmax :
Xac nh da vao iu kin xy dng.
60
[2.Thit k dm hnh:
2.1.Chon tit din:
T s dm: l, tai trong, hnh thc lin kt gi ta tnh c: Mmax , Qmax .
M max
W yc = (3.15)
JR
Nu xet n trang thai deo:
M max
W yc = (3.16)
1,12J .R
T Wyc tra quy cach thep chon s hiu thep phu hp
2.2.Kim tra tit din:

1.Cng :
a.Theo ng sut phap V:
M max M max
V = d J .R (3.17) Hay: V = d J .R (3.18)
W 1,12.W
b.Theo ng sut tip W:
Q max .S
W = d J .R c (3.19)
J.G b
2.ng sut do tai trong cuc b:

Khi co tai trong tp trung t trc tip
ln dm va di tai trong o khng co sn.
ng sut cuc b sinh ra trong ban bung
dm:
P
V cb = d J .R (3.20)
G b .Z
Vi: Z = b + 2Gc : chiu dai quy c
phn b ap lc cua tai trong tp trung. Hnh 3.11: ng sut cuc b do tai trong
tp trung
3. vong:
f f
d (3.21)
l l
f
Vi: : vong tng i cua dm do tai trong tiu chun.
l
f
l : vong tng i gii han cho phep quy nh trong quy pham.

4.n nh tng th:

M max
V = d J .M d .R (3.22)
W
61
[ 3.Thit k dm t hp:
3.1.Chon tit din:
Gn ung xem: h | hd | hb | hc
1.Dm t hp han:
a.Ban bung:
h | hln

hmin d h d hmax
Gb chon da vao h va chu c lc ct Qmax
Q max .S
W dJ .R c (3.23)
J .G b
Coi bung dm chu toan b lc ct th:
F h G b.h 2 G .h 3
S b. ; J b Hnh 3.12: Dm t hp han
2 4 8 12
3 Q
Nn: G b t . max (3.24)
2 h.J .R c
tranh n mon va thun tin ch tao:
8mm d Gb d 22mm
b.Ban canh:
2
h
Co: J c | 2 Fc .
2
2J
Nn: Fc | 2c (3.25)
h
M max h G b.h3
Vi: J c J yc J b .
R 2 12
M max G b. h
Vy: Fc (3.26)
R. h 6
T o chon: Gc x bc = Fc thoa:
Gc = 8 y 40
Gb < Gc d 3Gb : ng sut tai vung lin kt canh va bung phn b u.
2100
bc d 30G c : Bao am n nh cuc b.
R
bc t180mm
h
Gct d : Bao am n nh tng th.
10
2.Dm t hp inh tan:
a.Ban bung:
Chon nh dm t hp han.
62
b.Ban canh:
Trnh t:
Chon 4 thep goc thoa yu cu:
Gg = Gb
bg = ( 1/9 y 1/12 ) hd
6Fg t 30%6Fc : lc truyn
u t canh n bung.
Thep u canh, hoc khng
u canh ghep canh ngn.
Co: Jg 4 ( J g0 Fg . a g2 ) (3.27) Hnh 3.13: Dm t hp inh tan
Nu:
h M max h
J g J b t J yc Wyc . . : Khng cn ban y.
2 0,85R 2
J g J b J yc : Tnh thm ban y.
Moment quan tnh cua ban y:
J J yc ( J b J g )
2 J
Nn: F |
h2
Yu cu cua ban y:
180 d b d 600
b = ( 1/ 2,5 y1/5) hd
b d bmax : Theo iu kin n nh cuc b nh hnh ve.
G > 20mm : Chia lam 2 ban y.
S ban y d 3 : tranh deo cua inh.
3.2.Kim tra tit din:

T tit din a chon ta co chnh xac: Gb , Gc , hb , hc , h , ..
1.Cng :
a.Dm t hp han:
M max
V dJ .R (3.28)
W
Q .S
W max dJ .Rc (3.29)
J d .G b
Vi: J d = Jb + Jc
h F h 2Jd
S Fc . c b . b ;W
2 2 4 h
Tai v tr co M va Q:
V 12 3W 12 d1,15J .R (3.30)
M hb Q.S c
Vi: V 1 . ; W1 Hnh 3.14: Kim tra tai v tr co M, Q
W h J .G b
63
b.Dm t hp inh tan:
M max
V dJ .Rc (3.31)
Wth
Q .S
W max dJ .Rc (3.32)
J d .G b
2 J th
Vi: W
h
Jth = Jng - Jl ; Jl = 6 Foi.yi2 + 0,15 Jb Hnh 3.15: Dm th inh tan
2.ng sut do tai trong cuc b:
Khi co tai trong tp trung t trc tip
ln dm va di tai trong o khng co sn.
ng sut cuc b sinh ra trong ban bung dm:
P
V cb = d J .R (3.33)
G b .Z
Vi: Z = b + 2h1 : chiu dai quy c
phn b ap lc cua tai trong tp trung.
3. vong: Hnh 3.16: ng sut cuc b do tai
f f trong tp trung
d (3.34)
l l
4.n nh tng th:
M max
V = d J .M d .R (3.35)
W
3.3.Bin i tit din dm:
Theo chiu dai dm, M thay i , tit
kim kim loai cn thay i tit din dm theo s
bin i cua M. Nhng khi bin i tit din th
cng ch tao tng, nn ch cn thay i tit din
dm khi L t 10m.
Hnh 3.17: Bin i tit din dm
1.Dm t hp han:
a.Cac cach thay i tit din:
a) c)
b) d)
Hnh 3.18: Cac cach thay i tit din dm t hp han
64
- Thay i b day ban canh Gc (a): n gian, nhng mt trn cua dm khng
phng, kho lin kt vi kt cu bn trn.
- Thay i chiu cao tit din h (b): phc tap dung khi nhp dm ln.
- Thay i t ngt b rng canh bc (c): tit kim 10y 12 % thep, n gian.
- Thay i t t b rng canh bc (d): tit kim 20% thep.
b.V tr thay i tit din:
- Tai trong phn b u:
Tit din canh v tr Mmax :
M max G b .h
Fc (3.36)
R.h 6
Tit din canh v tr bt u thay i:
Mx G b. h
Fcx (3.37)
R. h 6
Th tch thep tit kim:
V ( Fc Fcx ).D l
Dl
( M max M x )
R. h Hnh 3.19: im thay i tit din.
2
q. l
Vi: M max
8
q.l.x q.x 2 ql 2
Mx .D (1 D )
2 2 2
4M max .D (1 D )
D .l
Nn: V M max (1 4D 4D 2 ) (3.38)
Rh
GV
Ta co: V : max Khi: 0
GD
Hay: 1 - 8D + 12 D2 = 0 (3.39)
Nn: D1 =1/2 Khng hp ly
D2 =1/6 Hp ly (3.40)
- Vi cac loai tai trong khac:
Hnh 3.20: V tr thay i khi tai trong tp trung
c.Tnh b1:
T: Mx Wxyc J xyc
T: J xyc , h , Gb , Gc b1
d.Chu y:
b1 t h/10
t 180mm
65
V tr x=Dl la im ct ly thuyt.
V Rh=0,85R nn im ct thc t x1 =
0,85Dl. Hoc tai v tr nhng dung
ng han xin.
tranh ng sut tp trung Hnh 3.21: V tr thay i b rng canh
phai vat vi i =1/5.
2.Dm t hp inh tan:
Nu canh dm tan gm nhiu ban y
th theo th t ta ct tng ban y bin i
tit din dm.
Vi loai nay ta co W1 , W2 .. nn ta ch
cn tm im ct ly thuyt x1 , x2 ..
a.im ct ly thuyt :
T: Wi Mi = Wi.R Hnh 3.22: Cach thay i tit din
Co: Mi = q.l.xi /2 - q.xi2/2 dm t hp inh tan
2Wi . R
xi2 l. xi 0
q
2
l l 2Wi . R
Nn: x 2
r (3.41)
i
2 2 q
b.im ct thc t:
ban y lam vic c t im ct ly thuyt th phai keo ban y v pha gi
ta mt oan a u tan 0,5 s inh ma ban y b ct chu.
1 Fbi . R
n . (3.42)
2 > N @ min
3.Kim tra ng sut tai im bin i tit din:

V 12 3W 12 d1,15J .R (3.43)
Hnh 3.23: im kim tra n sut.
im kim tra ng sut:

Dm han: bin bung.
Dm tan: nm trn truc hang inh u tin va trn ng inh lin kt
thep goc canh va ban bung.
66
3.4.Tnh lin kt gia canh va bung dm:
Lin kt chng trt gia canh va bung
dm do lc ct gy ra. Goi W la ng sut trt
bin bung dm. Th lc trt trn 1 n v dai:
T W .1.G b
Q .S c (3.44)
Jd
Hnh 3.24: Hin tng trt
1.Dm
t hp han :
gia canh va bung dm
Lc T do 2 ng han goc dai 1 n v 2
bn chu:
2 hh .1.E .R g min t T (3.45)
Q.S c
hh t
2.J d .E .R g min
(3.46)
Khi co lc tp cuc b tac dung ln canh dm ma

tai o khng co sn ng th ng han lin kt chu
thm ng sut cuc b. Nn cng thc tnh chiu cao
ng han:
2
Q.S c P
2

Hnh 3.25: ng han lin
Jd Z
hh t
2.E .R g min
(3.47) kt canh va bung dm
2.Dm t hp inh tan:

Goi a la bc inh lin kt gia thep goc canh
va bung dm, th lc tac dung ln 1 inh se la T.a.
Do o ta co cng thc:
ad
> N @min .J d

(3.48)
Q.S c
Hnh 3.26: Lin kt canh va
Goi a la bc inh lin kt gia thep goc
bung dm th inh tan
canh va ban y:
[ N ] min .J ng
a d (3.49)
Q.S
V: Sc = S +Sg > S a>a
Chon: a = a : d b tr cu tao dm.
Chu y:
- i vi dm nhp nho, chu Q be: Tnh
bc inh theo Qmax.
- i vi dm nhp ln: Tnh bc inh a
vi Qmax trn 3 m mt. Hnh 3.27: Tnh buc inh dm t
-Yu cu cu tao: a d 12d va a d 18 Gg. hp inh tan
67
[4.n nh tng th cua dm thep:
4.1.Hin tng:
Di tac dung tai trong P, dm b un
trong mt phng tai trong: dm n nh.
Tng P n luc dm va b un va chu
xon va vnh ra khoi mt phng chu lc:
Dm mt n nh tng th.
Lc lam cho dm t trang thai n nh
sang trang thai mt n nh goi la lc ti han: Pth
o iu kin n nh cua dm: Hnh 3.28: Mt n nh tng th
P Pth
M d Mth
V d Vth
4.2.Cng thc kim tra n nh tng th:

M
V d V th J .M d .R (3.50)
Wx
Trong o : Wx = Wng : Mmen chng un cua tit din
J = 0,95 : H s iu kin lam vic
Md : H s n nh tng th
Vi: Md = M1 Khi: M1 d 0,85
Md = 0,68 + 0,21. M1 d 1 Khi: M1 > 0,859
2
Jy h E
M1 = <. 10 3. (3.51)
J x lo R
Trong o:
lo: Khoang cach 2 im c kt khng cho
canh cong vnh ra ngoai mt phng cua dm.
< phu thuc:
Hnh 3.29: l0
- V tr t tai.
- Dang tai trong.
- Lin kt dm vi gi ta.
- H s D:
2
J xn l o
D = 1,54. : i vi dm nh hnh
Jy h
2
l .G d .G 3 b
D = 8. o c 1 : i vi dm t hp.

bc .G c
3 Hnh 3.30:
bc .hc
68
4.3.Bin phap tng cng n nh tng th:
tng cng n nh cho dm (tng h s n nh Md) co 2 bin phap :
- Tng Wx , bng cach tng tit din canh nen.
- Giam lo bng cach b tr h ging hay thanh chng trong mt phng canh nen
cua dm.
Cac dm khng mt n nh tng th:
San thep hoc BTCT lin kt chc chn, lin tuc vi canh nen cua dm.
Dm ch I co: l0/bc d 16
Dm co ty s lo/bc thoa:
lo/bc d G.[0,41 +0,0032.bc/Gc + (0,73 - 0,016. bc/Gc ).bc/hc ] E / R (3.52)
[ 5.n nh cuc b:
5.1.Khai nim:
Canh va bung dm t hp la nhng ban thep
mong khi chu ng sut phap V, ng sut tip W, canh
hoc bung dm co th b vnh tng vung trc khi
dm mt n nh tng th: Dm mt n nh cuc b.
Phn dm b cong vnh khng tham gia chu
Hnh 3.31: Mt n nh cuc b
lc c na Dm mt tnh i xng, tm un
thay i Khi o, do phn dm tham gia chu lc b thu hep phn b lai ng sut,
phn tit din con lai chu lc ln hn dm d b mt n nh tng th.
Mt n nh cuc b la mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy mt n nh tng
th.
Bin phap tng cng n nh cuc b:
-Gn : Tn thep
- Gia c sn: phc tap
Hp ly i vi dm t hp:
- Chon Gc u n nh cuc b.
- Chon Gb mong ri gia cng sn.
5.2.Tnh toan n nh cuc b:

Theo ly thuyt n nh, tng quat ng sut ti han cua ban tnh theo cng thc:
c.S 2 .E G G
2 2
Vo = k .

(3.53)
12 1 Q 2 a a
Trong o: G; a: Chiu day va rng cua ban.
1.n nh cuc b canh nen:

Canh nen nh ban ch nht ta trn canh dai la ban bung, chu ng sut nen
u tac dung vung goc canh dai ban.
69
V Gb mong khng u kha nng chng
lai s xoay cua canh khi bin t do ban canh mt
n nh vnh ra khoi ban bung lin kt gia
canh va bung coi la khp.
Vi quan nim trn: k = 0,25.E
2 Hnh 3.32: Mt n nh cuc b
Gc
Vo = 0,25.E. (3.54) cua canh dm
o
b
tn dung vt liu, cho Vo = R ( dm mt n nh ng thi vi mt bn)
b b E
iu kin kim tra: o d o =0,5. (= 15,8 : CT3) (3.55)
G o G c R
Quy pham quy nh: i vi thep CT3, canh khng mt n nh cuc b khi:
b0 b0
d (3.56)
G c G c
15
2.n nh cuc b ban bung:

Ban bung co th mt n nh do tac dung ng sut phap V, ng sut tip W hoc
do ca ng sut phap V va ng sut tip W.
a. Chu ng sut tip W:
Tai nhng vung co Q ln (gn gi ta), ban
bung co th b meo va phnh ra ngoai mt phng
dm thanh song nghing 450 mt n nh do ng
sut tip W. Khi khng co sn gia cng, khng k
n s ngam an hi gia bung va canh :
0,76 R
W o 10,31 2 c2 Wo (3.57) Hnh 3.33: Mt n nh cuc b
P Ob
cua bung dm do ng sut tip
ho E
Vi: Ob = . (3.58)
Gb R
tn dung vt liu, cho Wo = Rc (mt n nh n nh cuc b ng thi vi mt
kha nng chu lc)
> @
i vi dm khng chu tai trong ng : O b = 10,3 = 3,2
> @
i vi dm chu tai trong ng : O b = 2,2
> @
iu kin kim tra: O b d O b
Nu khng thoa, phai gia
cng ban bung bng cac sn ng
hai bn bung dm.
Cu tao sn ng:
- Chiu cao : hs = hb;
R
- Chiu day: Gs t 2.bs. ;
E Hnh 3.34: Gia cng sn ng cho bung dm
70
- Chiu rng: bs t ho/30 + 40mm
- Khoang cach gia 2 sn: a d 2ho khi: O b > 3,2
a d 2,5ho khi: O b d 3,2
- ng han lin kt sn vao bung dm hh = 4mm.
Sau khi b tr sn ng vi khoang cach ti a theo quy nh a =2ho P =2
R
Nn t (3.57) W o 12,26 c2 (3.59)
Ob
tn dung vt liu, cho Wo = Rc
i vi dm khng chu tai trong ng : O b = 3,5 > @
i vi dm chu tai trong ng : O b = 2,5 > @
b.Chu ng sut phap V:
Tai nhng vung chu M ln, vung nen cua ban bung dm phnh ra khoi mt
phng un thanh song vung goc mt phng un mt n nh do ng sut phap V.
R
Vo C kp 2 (3.60)
Ob
Gia tr Vo phu thuc vao s phn b ng sut phap trn tit din ban bung va
mc ngam an hi cua bung vao canh dm.
Coi mc ngam an hi cua bung vao canh dm nho nht: Ckp = 30
Va tn dung vt liu, cho: Vo = R
> @
O b = 5,5
iu kin kim tra: O b d O b > @ 5,5
ho E
d 5,5. (3.61)
Gb R
Nu khng thoa, t sn doc cach bin bung vung nen cua ban bung oan t:
t = (0,2 y 0,25)h0 (3.62)
Hnh 3.35: Sn ng va ngang trong dm t hp han
c. Chu ng sut phap V va ng sut tip W:

Tai v tr va co M ln va co Q ln, cn kim tra ng sut do ng sut phap va
ng sut tip cung gy ra.
- Khi khng co lc tp trung tac dung cuc b trn canh nen cua dm va 3,5<Ob<6
Cng thc kim tra:
2 2
V W
d 1 (3.63)
V o W o
71
M ho
Vi: V= . dVo
W hd
Q
W= dWo
hb .G b
Trong o:
Vo tnh theo (3.57) va Wo tnh theo (3.60)
M, Q: Gia tr ng sut ly tit din 0-0:
- Khi khng co lc tp trung tac dung
Hnh 3.36: Tit din kim tra n
cuc b trn canh nen va 2,5<Ob<6
nh cuc b
Cng thc kim tra:
2 2
V V cb W
d 1 (3.64)
V o V eo W o
Vi: V, W, Wo: Xac nh nh phn trn.
Vo , Veo : Xac nh tuy thuc ty s a/ho .
P
Vcb = (3.65)
G b .Z
[ 6.Ni dm:
6.1.Nguyn nhn:
- Dm nh hnh khng u dai, phai ni dm tai nha may (mi ni cng xng).
- Dm co chiu dai, trong lng vt qua gii han cho phep cua phng tin vn
chuyn Phai dung mi ni lp ghep (mi ni cng trng).
6.2.Ni dm nh hnh:
Dung lin kt han theo 1 trong 3 cach sau:
1.Ni i u:
V: Rkh | 0,85 Rk
Ch dung ni dm nhng v tr tit din co:
M d 0,85 Mmax
giam ng sut han va bin hnh han Han Hnh 3.37: Ni i u dm
theo th t ni bung trc, canh sau. nh hnh
2.Ni hn hp:
Dung ni dm khi v tr ni tit din co M t 0,85 Mmax. Co 2 cach:
a. Han i u va ghep canh:
ng han i u ni canh, ni bung cung ban ghep canh chu toan b mmen
tai tit din ni. Kha nng chu lc cua mi ni:
M = W. Rkh +Ng.hg (3.66)
72
M W kh
Ng (3.67)
hg
Ng
Fg t (3.68)
J .R
hg = h + (12y 20)mm
va: bg = b - (16 y20)mm
Gg Chon t 4mm.
Chiu dai ng han lin kt 1/2 ban ghep
vi canh dm chu lc Ng:
Hnh 3.38: Ni i u va ghep
Chon trc hh = Gg
canh dm nh hnh
N
l h J .E .R bn .h (3.69)
g min h
Chu y: giam ng sut han va bin hnh han, mi bn mi ni (k t truc mi

han) lai 25mm khng han ban ni vi canh dm.
Cu tao mi ni phai gia cng mi ni kha phc tap
b.Dung ng han goc, ghep canh va p bung :
Phng phap nay co ng sut tp trung
ln mi ni.
an toan, xem toan b mmen M tit
din ni dm do ban ghep canh chu. Lc ct Q
do ng han goc lin kt ban p bung va bung
chu.
Ban ghep canh chu: Ng do M gy ra:
M Ng
Ng (3.70) Fg t (3.71)
hg J .R
ng han goc lin kt ban ni bung va
Hnh 3.39: Ghep canh va p bung
bung dm chu lc ct Q:
dm nh hnh
Chon bb = 100y 150mm
Q
Kim tra: Wh = d E .R gh .J (3.72)
2.E h .h h .l h
Chu y: Fg + F t Fd (3.73)
6.3.Ni dm t hp han:
1.Mi ni cng xng:
Khi dm khng u chiu dai thc hin tai
cng xng. Dung lin kt i u ni bung va ni
canh dm, v tr mi ni canh va ni bung c b tr
so le.
i vi canh keo nn b tr nn b tr v tr Hnh 3.40: Ni cng xng
co: V d Rkh dm t hp han
73
2.Mi ni cng trng (lp ghep):
Thc hin tai cng trng ni cac oan dm a c chia ra thun tin
vn chuyn va cu lp.
Cac mi ni c thc hin trn cung mt tit din thun tin cho vic vn
chuyn cu lp va khuch ai dm nu khng, cac phn nh ra cua canh hoc bung se
b vng hoc cong vnh.
a.Dung ng han i u
Dung ng han i u thng goc cho
lin kt canh nen, ng han i u xin
goc 600 tng kha nng chu lc cho canh chu
keo khi v tr mi ni co V t Rkh.
giam ng sut han va bin hnh han
cac ng han goc lin kt canh va bung dm
mi bn mi ni lai 500mm se han khi lp
ghep.
Trnh t han lp ghep nh sau: ng
han ni bung dm (1) ng han ni canh
dm (2) Cac oan ng han 500mm ni Hnh 3.41: Ni i u cng xng
canh va bung (3). dm t hp han
b.Dung bulng cng cao:
Cu tao:
Mi ni canh: Dung 3 ban
ghep (2 trong, 1 ngoai).
Mi ni bung: Dung 2 ban
p 2 bn co b day G = Gb.
Yu cu:
-Tng din tch tit din cac
ban ni mt v tr ni (canh hoc
bung) t Din tch tit din b phn
c ni (canh hoc bung).
-Lin kt ban bung bng 2 Hnh 3.42: Ni dm t hp han bng bulon
hang bulng thng ng cho mi cng cao
na ban p.
Tnh toan:
Mmen un tac dung ln mi ni phn cho mi ni canh va bung t l thun vi
cng cua canh va bung.
J
Mmen do mi ni canh chu: Mc = c .M (3.74)
Jd
74
Jb
Mmen do mi ni bung chu: Mb = .M (3.75)
Jd
Lc ct Q do mi ni bung chu va xem nh phn b u cho cac bulng.
* Mi ni canh dm:
S lng bulng mi pha mi ni:
Nc
nc = (3.76)
[ N ] BLC
M
Vi: Nc = c (3.77)
hbn
hbn: Khoang cach trong tm tit din cac ban ni canh dm
* Mi ni bung dm:
Chon ng knh bulon d va s lng bulng nb 1 pha mi ni bung dm, vi
bc bulng theo phng b rng ban ni bung ly theo amin = 2,5d giam kch thc
va trong lng ban ni.
Tai tit din ch co M. Kim tra:
Nmax d [N ]blc (3.78)
Tai tit din co M, Q. Kim tra:
2
N max V 2 d >N @blc (3.79)
Vi: Nmax : Ni lc theo phng ngang trong mi bulng hang ngoai cung do
Mb gy ra:
M .a
Nmax = b max2 (3.80)
m. a i
m: S bulng mi pha mi ni theo phng b rng ban ni.
V: Lc ct do 1 bulng chu khi coi lc ct phn u cho cac bulng:
Q
V (3.81)
n
[N ]BLC : Kha nng chu lc cua 1 bulng cng cao.
[7.Gi dm:
7.1.Cu tao va tnh toan dm gi ta:
Dm thng c gi ln dm chnh hay ct, tng. Hnh thc lin kt co th la
gi chng hay gi canh. iu kin lin kt co th la ngam hay khp.
1.Dm gi ln ct thep lin kt khp:
- Cu tao:
V gi ta dm chu phan lc gi ln nn bung dm chu c va truyn lai
cho gi tua Cn gia cng bng cac sn gi t u dm hoc gn u dm sao
cho phan lc truyn ung trong tm gi ta. u di bao nhn t sat canh di dm
(a) hoc nh ra khoi canh di dm mt oan a d 1,5Gs thng chon a = 10y 20mm (b).
75
Hnh 3.43: Gi dm
- Tnh toan: Tnh theo 2 iu kin:

A
* iu kin ep mt: Vem = d J. Rem (3.82)
FS
A
Fs t (3.83)
J .Rem
Chon: bs t h/30 +40mm va Gs t bs/15.
Trong o: A: Phan lc gi.
Rem : Cng ep mt cua thep.
* iu kin n nh:
Coi phn dm gi ta nh thanh quy c co tit din la phn gach cheo gm
tit din sn gi Fs va mt phn bung dm Fbqu. Thanh co chiu dai bng chiu cao ban
bung dm lo = hb hai u khp chu lc nen ung tm la phan lc gi ta A.
Fqu = Fs + Fbqu
A
Cng thc kim tra: V= d J. R (3.84)
M .Fqu
Trong o: M = f (O ) O= lo / ry
J quy
ry (3.85)
Fqu
Vi: Jyqu : moment quan tnh cua thanh quy c i vi truc y-y
ng han lin kt sn va bung dm tnh chu phan lc gi ta A.
2.Dm gi ln ct gach-BTCT lin kt khp:
- Cu tao: V bn chu ep mt cua gach a, BTCT nho hn thep nn ap
lc trn u ct phn b u va khng vt qua cng chu nen cua vt liu ct
76
t mt ban gi bng thep day co din tch ln hn phn tip xuc cua dm vi ct
m rng pham vi truyn lc t dm ln gi ta.
-Tnh toan: Din tch ban gi xac nh t iu kin vt liu ct chu c lc

cuc b do phan lc gi A gy nn:
Fbg = abg.bbg = A/ Rcb (3.86)
Vi: Rcb : Cng tnh toan chu ep mt cuc b cua gi ta.
Chiu day ban gi xac nh t iu kin tit din nguy him nht chu c
mmen do phan lc gi A gy nn:
G t 6.W 6.M / R (3.87)
Trong o: M = q.c2 /2 (3.88)
q = A/abg.bbg (3.89)
W= 1. G2/6 (3.90)
77
Chng 4:
CT &THANH NEN UNG TM

[1.Khai nim chung
1.1.c im chung:
Ct va thanh nen ung tm la kt cu
thng dung trong kt cu thep nh: ct nha,
ct san cng tac, thanh nen trong dan.
Ct co cac b phn chnh:
- u ct: b phn cac kt cu bn
trn va phn phi tai trong xung thn ct.
- Thn ct: b phn chu lc c ban,
truyn tai trong t bn trn xung mong.
- Chn ct: b phn lin kt ct vi
mong, phn phi tai trong t bn trn xung
Hnh 4.1: Ct tit din khng i
mong.
1.2.Cac loai ct:

Ct co nhiu loai tuy theo cach phn loai:
Theo s dung:
- Ct nha cng nghip
- Ct nha khung nhiu tng
- Ct san cng tac
- Ct ng ng..
Theo cu tao:
- Ct c - Ct rng
- Ct tit din khng i
- Ct bc thang ..
Theo s chu lc:
- Ct chu nen ung tm Hnh 4.2: Ct tit din thay i
- Ct chu nen lch tm..
1.3.S tnh va chiu dai tnh toan:

1.S lin kt u ct va chn ct:
- Chn ct khp c nh: thng dung cho ct chu nen ung tm. i vi ct
chu nen lch tm no c s dung khi yu cu thit k khng co moment chn ct,
nh khi mong trn nn t yu.
78
- Chn ct lin kt ngam: dung cho ct nen lch tm va cho ca ct nen ung tm,
no lam tng n nh cho ct.
- u ct lin kt ngam vi xa ngang: thng dung ct trong h khung.
- u ct lin kt khp vi xa ngang: thng dung trong ct chu nen ung tm.
- Lin kt u ct cung nh chn ct co th khac nhau theo cac phng.
2.Chiu dai tnh toan:
Chiu dai tnh toan cua ct tit din khong i hay cac oan ct bc:
lo = P . l (4.1)
Trong o: l : chiu dai hnh hoc cua ct.
P : H s chiu dai tnh toan, phu thuc vao c im tai trong nen
tac dung vao ct va s lin kt 2 u ct.
1.4.Cng thc tnh:

N
Theo bn: V = d J .R (4.2)
F
N
Theo n nh: V = d J .M min .R (4.3)
F
Vi: Mmin : H s un doc c tnh hay tra bang theo Omax .
Omax : manh ln nht trong 2 phng: x-x va y-y.
Ox = lox/ix ; Oy = loy/iy
Vi: ix , iy : Ban knh quan tnh cua tit din ct theo 2 phng: x-x va y-y.
Chu y:
- Hp ly nht la khi ct co n nh theo 2 phng nh nhau, ngha la:
Ox = Oy (4.4)
- ct lam vic bnh thng trong qua trnh s dung:
Omax d [O] (4.5)
Vi: [O]: manh gii han cho bi QP.
- ct khng b mt n nh cuc b trc khi mt n nh tng th:
V cbth t V thth (4.6)
[2.Ct c:
2.1.Cac loai tit din:
1.Tit din I:
- n gian
- Thoa man cac yu cu thit k Hnh 4.3a: Ct c tit din I
- D lin kt vi kt cu khac.
2.Tit din +:
- i x = iy
- n gian
Hnh 4.3b: Ct c tit din ch thp
79
- Kho lin kt vi kt cu khac.
3.Tit din kn:
- Tit kim vt liu do i ln
- Kho bao quan (bt kn 2 u).
Hnh 4.3c: Ct c tit din kn
- Kho lin kt vi kt cu khac.
2.2.Cu tao va n nh cuc b:

Gc = 8 y 40 mm
Gb = 6 y 16 mm
Hp ly khi thit k: G mong o i ln:
tit kim.
Nhng phai: G t Gmin theo iu kin n
nh cuc b.
T iu kin: V cbth t V thth Hnh 4.4: Cu tao ct c
Va xet n: - S cong vnh ban u
- S t lc lch tm ngu nhin lam Vcb giam.
n nh cuc b:
1.Ban canh:
bo bo
d (4.7)
Gc Gc
b
Vi: o = f(O, loai thep): manh gii han cua phn canh nh ra, cho bi QP.
Gc
= 14 y 23 (/v thep CT3)
2.Ban bung:
R
Vi: O O : manh quy c.
E
Ct I: vi: O d 0,8: (Od25:CT3)
h0 E
d (31:CT3) (4.8)
Gb R
Vi O > 0,8: (O>25:CT3) Hnh 4.5: Sn doc
h0 E ho
d (0,36 + 0,8O ) (4.9)
Gb R G
b
Va: d 2,9 E / R (90:CT3) (4.10)
Nu khng thoa man phai t sn doc.
h h
Khi: 0 d 1,5 o co th khng cn t sn doc
Gb G b
nhng phn tit din bung b mt n nh khng k vao
tit din chu lc Hnh 4.6: Tit din chu lc
80
- Kch thc sn doc:
bs t 10 G b (4.11)
Gs t 0,75 G b (4.12)
Tit din sn c k vao tit din tnh toan
cua ct.
- Sn ngang: c t khi:
h0 / Gb t 2,2 E / R (70:CT3) (4.13)
- Kch thc sn ngang:
bs t h0/30 + 40 mm (4.14)
Gs t 2bs R / E (bs/15:CT3) (4.15)
- Khoang cach 2 sn ngang: a = (2,5 y 3)h0
Hnh 4.7: Sn ngang
- Trong mt oan chuyn ch t nht phai co 2
sn ngang.
3.Lin kt:
Q = 0 nhng k n lc ct do hin tng hay cong vnh ban u , ta phai
lin kt canh va bung ct theo cu tao:
- Ct t/h han: -han lin tuc. - hh | 0,5Gb | 6 y 8 mm
- Ct t/h tan: - a | amax
2.3.Chon tit din:

1.Cac bc:
Xac nh N tnh toan.
Xac nh lox ,loy ; D kin tit din.
Chon tit din ; Kim tra.
2.Chon tit din va kim tra:

N
S b chon: Fyc = (4.16)
m.M . R
Vi: Ogt =100 y 70 Khi: N = 150 y 250T
= 70 y 50 Khi: N t 250T
lo
Mt khac: i yc = (4.17)
Ogt
i xyc i yyc
hyc = (4.18) ; byc = (4.19)
Dx Dy Hnh 4.8:
Dx , Dy :cho bi qui pham.
T: Fyc , hyc , byc , va /k n nh cuc b Gb , Gc
T tit din a chon F , Jx , Jy , ix , iy , Ox , Oy , Mmin
Va kim tra: Ox d [O] ; Oy d [O] Mmin
N
V = d m.M min .R (4.20)
F
81
3.Chon tit din theo [O]:
Khi N nho F: nho O > [O] , th phai chon tit din lai theo [O].
lo
i yc = (4.21)
>O@
hyc , byc va /k n nh cuc b Gb , Gc
2.4.V du:
Chon tit din ct I chu nen trung tm vi N = 410T, l0x =9,1m, l0y =4,55m.
Gia thit: Ogt = 60 M =0,86
N
Fyc = = 228 cm
m.M . R
l
i ycx = ox = 15,2 cm
Ogt
l oy
i ycy = = 7,6 cm
Ogt
i xyc i yyc
hyc = = 36 cm ; byc = = 32 cm
Dx Dy
Chon tit din nh hnh ve:
Kim tra n nh cuc b:
bo/Gc = 40/2x2,2 = 9,1 <15
ho/Gb = 40/1,2 = 33 <[ ho/Gb]
Co: F = 224 cm2 , Jx = 84900 cm4 , Jy = 23500 cm4
ix = 19,5 cm , iy = 10,2 cm
Ox = 46,5 , Oy = 44
Mmin = 0,9
V = 2,02 T/cm2 Hnh 4.9:
[3.Ct rng:
Ct rng c cu tao bi cac nhanh t cach xa nhau, lin kt vi nhau bng h
bung rng.
c im: - n nh theo 2 phng gn bng nhau nn tit kim vt liu.
- Tn cng ch tao.
Nn c dung nhiu cho ct chu N va va chiu cao ln.
3.1.Tit din:
Hnh 4.10:
82
-Truc thc: ct vt liu.
-Truc ao: Khng ct vt liu.
3.2.Cu tao:
Khe h gia 2 nhanh t 100 y 150 : d sn bn trong.
Lin kt nhanh :
- Bao am n nh tng nhanh va toan ct.
- Chu Q do lch tm khi t tai hay ch tao.
H ging co 2 loai:
1.H thanh ging:

Thanh ging c lam bng thep goc t L40x5.
c im: - cng ln chng xon khoe.
- Ch tao phc tap.
S dung: Khi tai trong ln, ct cao.
Chu y: Truc thanh hi tu bn ngoai nhanh ct tng Hnh 4.11:
pham vi lin kt nhanh ct va thanh ging.
2.H ban ging:
c im: - ep , n gian.
- cng nho.
S dung:
- Khi N d 200 y 250T
- Khoang cach 2 nhanh d 0,8y1m
3.Sn ngn: Hnh 4.12:
Tac dung: - chng xon
- Tit din ngang khng bin hnh.
Khoang cach 2 sn: 3y4 m
Trong 1 ct co t nht 2 sn ngn
3.3.S lam vic cua ct rng:

Theo 2 phng khac nhau.
Hnh 4.13: Sn ngn
Hnh 4.14:
83
1.Truc thc:
Truc ct { truc nhanh: khng anh hng bi h ging nn ct lam vic nh ct
c.
l oy
Oy = (4.22) Vi: i y = iy n
iy
2.Truc ao:
Truc ct z truc nhanh: co anh hng bi h ging.
Khi lam vic h ging bin dang lam kha nng n nh cua ct giam. Nn khi
tnh ta dung manh tng ng.
Ot = P.Ox (4.23)
P < 1 :tuy thuc h ging bung.
a.Ct ban ging:
Ot = Ox2 + On2 (4.24)
l ox
Vi: Ox = ; ix z ixn
ix
ln
On =
i nx
b.Ct thanh ging:
F
Ot = Ox2 + k 1 . (4.25)
FG
Vi : FG : din tch tit din thanh ging k ca 2 mt rng.
k1 : H s phu thuc goc D1 gia thanh ging va nhanh ct.V D1 | 45 y 600
nn: k1 = 27. Do o:
F
Ot = Ox2 + 27. (4.26)
FG
3.4.Chon tit din: (Ct 2 mt rng)

1.Chon tit din tng nhanh:
S b tnh nh ct c:
N
Fyc = (4.27)
m.M . R
l oy
i ycy =
Ogt
Vi: Ogt = 90 y 60 Khi: N = 150 y 250T
= 60 y40 Khi: N t 250T
T Fyc , iyc chon qui cach thep hnh U,I cho phu hp.
Kim tra n nh theo phng truc y - y:
N
Vy = d m.M y . R (4.28)
F
84
2.Chon khoang cach gia 2 nhanh:
Da vao nguyn tc: Ot | Oy (4.29)
a.Ct ban ging:
Oxyc = Oy2 - On2 (4.30)
b.Ct thanh ging:
F
Oxyc = Oy2 - k 1 . (4.31)
FG
Trong o FG ,On c gia nh trc. Thng ly: On = 30 y 40 d Ox
l ox
i xyc = (4.32)
Ox
yc
i xyc
h yc = (4.32)
Dx
T hyc ta chon h phu hp vi yu cu cu tao.
Tnh thanh ging hay ban ging xac nh FG hay On ri kim tra ct i vi
truc ao x-x theo s liu chnh xac:
N
Vy = d m.M y . R (4.33)
F
Vi: My c tnh t Ot
3.5.Tnh h ging bung:

1.Khai nim v lc ct qui c:
n trang thai gii han do thanh b un cong nn sinh ra
lc ct trong thanh.
dM dy
Q = = N th .
dx dx
Vi: y = f.sin x/l
Qmax = Nth.f. S/l
Qmax S
= V th . f . = )(E, O , l, f)
F l
Cung 1 loai vt liu, khi O thay i, l,f thay i theo va
Q/F thay i rt t. Hnh 4.15:
Nn QP qui nh ly lc ct qui c Qq :
Qq = t.F (Kg) (4.34)
Vi: t: Phu thuc vao loai vt liu. (Thep CT3: t = 20)
2.Tnh ban ging:
Theo thc nghim va tnh toan khi ct at n trang thai gii han th ct b cong
va trn tng nhanh ct co bin dang theo ng cong ch S .Trong o co cac im
M=0, nn ta thay vao o bng khp. Kt cu thanh tnh nh. Ct 1 oan xet:
85
Hnh 4.17:
Hnh 4.16:
Di lc ct Qr = Qq/2 ban ging chu:

Q .a
Qb = r
c
(4.35)
Q .a
Mb = r
2
Vi: c = h - 2 Z0
a. Kch thc ban ging:
- bg : phu thuc h va loai lin kt.
- dg = (0,5 y 0,8) h : i vi ct t hp han.
= (0,75 y 1) h : i vi ct t hp inh tan.
- Gg = (1/10 y 1/20) dg = 6 y 12 mm
- Khoang cach gia 2 ban ging: ln = (30 y 40) ixn
b.Lin kt:
Lin kt han: - hh = Gg
Lin kt tan: - Mi bn ly 2, 3 hay 4 inh i vi ct nhe,va hay nng.
3.Tnh thanh ging:
a.Thanh ging xin:
Chu lc doc truc:
Qr
N tx = (4.36)
sin D
N tx
V tx = d m.M min . R (4.37)
Fg
Vi: m = 0,75
b.Thanh ging ngang: Hnh 4.18:
giam chiu tnh toan cua nhanh ct.
Thng chon bng tit din thanh ging xin.
86
[4.Chn ct:
Phc tap, thng chim khoang 20% thi gian va chi ph.
4.1.Cac loai chn ct:

Chn ct phai c cu tao phu hp vi s tnh va ln tai trong.
Hnh 4.19:
Ni khp: dung 2 bulon I 20 y 25 nh v khi thi cng va chu un ngu
nhin.
Ni ngam: dung 4 bulon I 20 y 36
L bulon trn ban co ng knh Il =(1,5 y 2) Ib d lp ct. Sau khi nh v
ct ta t thm tm m co ng knh l Il ln hn Ib khoang 3mm, va han vi ban
trc khi vn cu.
Chn ct t thp hn mt nn | 0,5m, sau o btong chng r.
4.2.Tnh toan va cu tao:

1.Tnh ban :
a.Din tch ban :
N
F = B.L t (4.38)
R bt
Vi: Rbt : cng tnh toan ep cuc b cua
betong mong.
F
Rbt = R n 3 m d 1,5.R n (4.39)
F
Rn : cng tnh toan cua btong chu
nen.
Fm : din tch mt mong.
b.B rng B: ly theo cu tao:
B = b + 2(Gd + c) (4.40)
Vi: b: khoang cach gia hai dm .
Hnh 4.20:
Gd : b day dm .
Gd =10 y 16mm: i vi ct t/h han.
87
=80 y 100mm: i vi ct t/h tan.
c = (2 y 4) Gd =20 y 40mm
L = F/B
i vi ct chu nen ung tm hp ly nht la: L/B = 0,5 y 2
c.B day ban :
Xac nh t iu kin chu un do ap lc cua mong phn b ln ban .
N
p = (4.41)
B.L
Ni lc sinh ra do p trong cac ban la Mi , ni lc ln nht trong cac la Mmax
. Vy b day ban :
6.M max
Gb t | 16 y 40 mm (4.42)
R
Chu y: tit kim vt liu cn b tr dm , sn,B,L sao cho cac gia tr ni lc
trong cac ban Mi chnh lch nhau t.
2.Tnh dm :
a.Chiu cao dm :
Xac nh t chiu dai ng han lin kt dm vao nhanh ct.
Nu dm lin kt vao nhanh ct bng 4 ng han th:
N
hd t l h = (4.43)
4. E .h h . Rgh
Vi: hh = (1 y 1,2) G d = 10 y 14 mm
b.B day dm :
Xac nh theo bn cua dm di ap lc cua mong truyn ln.
[5.Mu ct:
cu kin bn trn. ni khp gia ct va rng ngang, n gian nht la
dung ban y co G = 16 y 25 mm.
Hnh 4.21:
Chiu cao ng han ni ban y va mu ct phai u chu lc N.

Bulon nh v ni ct va rng ngang c ly I 18 y 22
88
Chng 5:
DAN THEP
[1.ai cng v dan thep:
1.1.Cac loai dan:
1.nh ngha:
Dan thep la kt cu h thanh bt bin hnh chu un, gm nhiu thanh lin kt
vi nhau tai tm mt tao thanh.
2.c im:
- Vt c khu ln ldan >> ldm
- Tit kim c vt liu do tn dung c s lam vic cua vt liu. (Moi th
tong tit din chu ng sut u do thanh ch chu nen hay keo.).
- Hnh thc nhe, ep, linh hoat, phong phu, phu hp yu cu chu lc va s
dung.
3.Phn loai:
a.Theo cng dung:
Dan v keo, dan cu, ct thap tru, cu truc, kt cu chu lc cua ca van..
b.Theo s kt cu:
Hnh 5.1a,b,c: Dan n gian, dan lin tuc, dan mut tha.
Hnh 5.1f: Thap tru
Hnh 5.1d,e: Dan kiu vom, kiu khung Hnh 5.1g: Dan lin hp
89
- Dan n gian: ch tao va dng lp d nn dung ph bin (hnh 5.1 a) .
- Dan lin tuc: cu tao phc tap, anh hng do lun khng u, nhng tit kim
vt liu va nht la cng ln, nn c dung lam dan cu (hnh 5.1b).
- Dan mut tha: tit kim vt liu (hnh 5.1c).
- Dan kiu vom, khung, thap tru (hnh 5.1d,e,f).
- Dan lin hp: kt hp gia dm va dan, co nhp ln. Thng li dung kt cu
dm b tr ng di chuyn tai trong nh dan cu, dan cu chay (hnh .1g).
c.Theo kha nng chu lc:
Dan nhe: Bao gm:
- Dan thep tron: nhe, mt n gian. Dung cho nha mai nhe
L d 15m, xa g rng.
- Dan 1 thep goc: phu hp vi loai dan khng gian co tit
din ch nht (hnh 5.2), hnh vung nh dan cu truc, ct ng
dy tai in. Loai nay d sn, chng r tt. Hnh 5.2: Dan 1
- Dan 2 thep goc: chu yu trong kt cu nha. thep goc
Hnh 5.3: Dan 2 thep goc

- Dan thep ng: lin kt phc tap, nhng nhe, thoang gio nn tai trong gio tac
dung ln ban thn kt cu nho, khng ong bui m nn chng r tt. Phu hp vi cng
trnh cao nh thap, tru.
- Dan thep dp ban mong: trong lng nho nht.
Dan nng:
Tit din thanh dan thng la tit
din t hp I, U, H. dung khi ni lc thanh
dan ln nh trong dan cu.
Hnh 5.4: Dan nng
Ngoai ra con chia ra cac loai:
- Dan thng
- Dan ng sut trc
- Dan phng
- Dan khng gian Hnh 5.5: Dan ng sut trc
- Dan lin hp.
1.2.Cac hnh dang cua dan:

Cac yu cu khi chon hnh dang cua dan:
- Y/c s dung: cng toan h mai, phng phap lin kt dan va ct.
- Y/c kin truc: hnh thc c tri, loai vt liu lp.
- Y/c kinh t: tit kim thep va cng ch tao.
90
Hnh dang cua dan bao gm:
1.Dan tam giac:
Hnh 5.6: Dan tam giac

S dung: - V keo mai co i > 1/5 d thoat nc: tn, fibrximng, ngoi .
- Yu cu chiu sang cao.
c im: - Ch lin kt khp vi ct nn cng khng gian nho.
- Goc hp bi cac thanh co nhiu goc nhon nn kho ch tao.
- S chu lc khng hp ly nn
ni lc cac thanh khng u, thanh bung gia dan
dai ma chu lc ln.
khc phuc 2 nhc im sau , co th cu
Hnh 5.7: Ha thp canh di
tao ha thp canh di dan (hnh5.7). Nhng cach
dan tam giac
nay lam khng gian s dung b han ch.
2.Dan hnh thang:
Canh trn hi dc i = 1/8 y 1/12. c
dung cho mai lp bng tm b tng ct thep.
c im: - S dan hi hp ly . Hnh 5.8: Dan hnh thang
- Co th lin kt cng vi ct.
3.Dan hnh a giac & canh cung:
c im: - Phu hp vi biu moment
nn ni lc trong thanh canh gn bng nhau, ni
lc trong thanh bung nho, nn tit kim vt liu.
- Tn cng ch tao.
S dung: - Hp ly khi nhp ln, tai trong ln
.
Hnh 5.9: Dan hnh thang &
4.Dan song song: canh cung
c im:
- Cac thanh co chiu dai bng nhau.
- S cu tao mt dan ging nhau nn d
cu tao.
- S khng hp ly i vi dan n gian, Hnh 5.10: Dan song song
nhng hp ly i vi dan lin tuc.
S dung: - Lam dan keo.
- Dan cu chay, thap tru.
- Dan mai nha, dan cu.
91
1.3.H thanh bung:
H thanh bung chu lc ct. Vic chon dang tit din da vao:
iu kin tac dung cua tai trong.
D cu tao.
Nhe.
Co cac loai :
1.H thanh bung tam giac:
u im: Tng chiu dai thanh bung nho nht,
t mt. Thi cng nhanh.
Hnh 5.11: H thanh bung
Khuyt im: - Co thanh bung dai chu lc nen.
tam giac
D | 45o y 55o la tt nht.
Co th thm thanh ng (hnh 5.12) : - Chu
tai trong cuc b cua xa g, trn treo. - Giam chiu dai
tnh toan cua thanh canh.
S dung: dan co canh song song, dan hnh
thang. i khi dung cho dan tam giac, nhng ch tao Hnh 5.12: Thm thanh
kho v D nho. bung ng
2.H thanh thanh bung xin:

u im: b tr cac thanh dai chu keo, nn
trong lng dan nho. Nhng /v dan tam giac nu
Hnh 5.13: H thanh bung xin
b tr nh vy th co D qua nho, va co cac thanh
bung dai, nn phai b tr ngc lai.
D | 35o y 45o la hp ly .
3.H thanh bung c bit:
a.H thanh bung phn nho : Hnh 5.14: H thanh bung phn nho
- Chu tai trong tp trung trn thanh
canh.
- Giam chiu dai tnh toan cua thanh
canh trong mt phng dan.
b.H thanh bung ch thp: Hnh 5.15: H thanh bung ch thp
Dung cho dan cn cng ln , hay khi
dan chu tai trong 2 chiu .
c.H thanh bung hnh thoi, ch
K:
- Tng cng cho dan.
Hnh 5.16: H thanh bung hnh
- Giam chiu dai tnh toan cho thanh ng.
thoi, ch K
S dung: dan co chiu cao ln.
92
1.4.Kch thc dan:
1.Nhp dan L:
Nhp dan L c xac nh theo yu cu s dung.
thng nht hoa trong nha cng nghip:
M = 3m /v: L d 18m
M = 6m /v: L > 18m
2.Chin cao gia dan h:
Thng chon theo iu kin vn chuyn.
Dan co canh song song va dan hnh thang:
Hnh 5.17: Kch thc dan
h = (1/6 y 1/9)L
Dan tam giac:
h = (1/4 y 1/3)L
3.Khoang cach mt canh trn d:
c xac nh khi xac nh h thanh bung va thuy thuc khoang cach xa g hay
kch thc panen mai. Thng d =1,5 ; 3m.
1.5.H ging khng gian cua dan:

Theo phng ngoai mt phng,
dan rt manh nn rt d mt n nh.
dan n nh ta phai b tr h ging.
1.B tr:
- H ging canh trn: b tr mt
phng canh trn cua dan.
- H ging canh di: b tr mt
phng canh di cua dan.
- H ging ng: b tr trong mt Hnh 5.18: H ging cua dan
phng cac thanh ng u dan va gia
dan.
Hai dan lin tip c ging thanh 1 khi bt bin hnh nh ging canh trn,
ging canh di va h ging ng. Cac dan k tip c n nh nh ta vao khi cng
bng cac thanh chng (xa g hay sn doc cua panen).
2.Tac dung:
- Tao cng khng gian cho toan h mai.
- Giam chiu dai tnh toan cua thanh canh theo phng ra ngoai mt phng cua
dan.
1.6. vng xy dng:
93
Vi dan co nhp ln, khi chu lc se co vong ln khng thoa man yu cu s
dung. tranh hin tng trn khi ch tao ta phai cho trc vng ngc, o la
vng xy dng. vng ny se trit tiu khi dan
chu tai trong. tao vng ngc ta phai tnh
c vong cua cac im ni thanh canh ri b
tr ngc.
Hnh 5.19: vng xy dng
[2.Tnh dan:
Cac bc:
Xac nh tai trong tac dung ln dan.
Tm ni lc.
Xac nh chiu dai tnh toan cua thanh dan.
Chon tit din thanh dan.
2.1.Tai trong tac dung:

1.Cac loai tai trong:
Tai trong thng xuyn: trong lng ban thn
v keo, trong lng kt cu lp, vt liu lp. Tai trong
thng xuyn c xac nh theo cng thc thc
nghim hay theo cac thit k tng t.
Tai trong tam thi: ngi va thit b sa cha,
cn truc treo, gio.
2.Cach tnh:
Cac lc c truyn ln mt thanh lc tp trung
qua kt cu xa g, chn tm lp hay chn ca mai.
Khi tai trong khng truyn ung mt , ta cung
chuyn tai trong o ra mt hai bn theo ty l tm ni
lc, sau o khi tnh toan thanh dan ta k thm moment
Hnh 5.20: Xac nh tai trong
un cuc b.
tac dung ln mt dan
2.2.Xac nh ni lc thanh dan:
tm ni lc ta gia thit:
- Truc cac thanh ng quy tai 1 im mt dan
- Mt dan la khp. iu ny ung khi h/l d 1/15 (Chiu cao tit din thanh
dan/chiu dai oan thanh).
Dung cac phng phap giai tch, giai Crmna, ng anh hng i vi tai
trong ng, hay cac chng trnh tnh kt cu tm ni lc trong cac thanh dan.
Khi giai ni lc cua dan ta phai tnh cho tng loai tai trong, sau o t hp lai
tm ni lc nguy him nht cho tng thanh dan.
94
2.3.Chiu dai tnh toan & [O]:
1.Chiu dai tnh toan thanh dan:
n TTGH thanh dan se mt n nh theo phng yu. Do o ta cn xac nh
manh cua thanh dan theo 2 phng: trong va ngoai mt phng cua dan. Ngha la ta
phai xac nh c chiu dai tnh toan thc t cua thanh dan theo 2 phng.
a.Trong mt phng dan:
Cac thanh dan ni cng vi ban mt, ban mt
co cng ln trong mt phng dan. Cac thanh dan
chu nen khi mt n nh b cong lam cho ban mt
xoay, dn n cac thanh nen quy tu vao mt o xoay
theo, trong khi o cac thanh keo co xu hng keo dai
ra nn chng s xoay nay. Do o mt co nhiu thanh
keo kho xoay nn lam vic gn nh ngam, mt co
nhiu thanh nen d xoay nn lam vic gn nh khp. Hnh 5.21: Chiu dai tnh toan
Do o chiu dai tnh toan trong mt phng dan thanh dan trong mt phng
- Thanh canh trn chu nen: lox = l (5.1)
- Thanh xin & ng u dan: lox = l (5.2)
- Thanh bung khac: lox = 0,8.l (5.3)
Vi: l: Khoang cach gia 2 tm mt.
b.Ngoai mt phng dan:
- Thanh bung: loy = l (5.4)
(V cng cua ban mt ra ngoai mt phng dan rt be, hnh 5.22)
- Thanh canh: lin tuc qua mt va ni khp vi h ging. Khi mt
Hnh 5.22:
n nh nh hnh 5.23, nn chiu dai tnh toan bng khoang cach gia
hai im c kt l1 (khoang cach 2 im ging, hay khoang
cach chn tm lp khi mai cng co chn tm lp han cng
vi canh cua dan) theo phng ngang.
Khi thanh canh nm gia 2 im c kt, hay thanh
bung co nut dan phn nho, co hai tr s ni lc N1, N2 (N1 >
N2) th :
loy = ( 0,75 + 0,25 N2/N1).l1 (5.5)
2. manh gii han [O]: Hnh 5.23:
Thanh dan qua manh (O: qua nho) se co cac hin
tng:
Rung do tai trong chn ng.
Cong do qua trnh vn chuyn va dng lp.
Vong ln do trong lng ban thn.
Nn khi thit k phai: O d [ O] (5.6)
[O]: manh gii han cua thanh dan quy nh bi Q P.
95
2.4.B tr tit din thanh dan :
1.Cac cach b tr tit din thanh dan :
Vi dan mai, tit din thanh dan la 2 thep goc ghep lai theo cac cach sau:
Hnh 5.24:
2.Yu cu khi chon dang tit din thanh dan:

n nh theo 2 phng gn bng nhau: Ox | Oy (5.7)
Bao am cng khi vn chuyn va dng lp.
D lin kt vi ban mt va h ging.
D t xa g hay lin kt vi chn tm lp.
Jx ln khi chu lc cuc b gy un.
3.Chon dang tit din:

- Thanh canh trn: thng lox = 0,5.loy va do iu kin n nh khi vn chuyn, cu
lp cung nh d lin kt vi kt cu mai nn chon dang b). i vi dan nho co th
chon dang a).
- Thanh canh di: do iu kin n nh khi vn chuyn, cu lp va O d [O] nn
chon dang b). i vi dan nho co th chon dang a).
- Thanh xin u dan: lox = loy chon dang c). Khi co thanh dan phn nho lox = 0,5.loy
nn chon dang b).
- Thanh bung khac: lox = 0,8.loy : chon dang a).
- Thanh ng co b tr h ging: chon dang d).
- Thanh canh trn chu lc cuc b co th dung tit din I do 2 thep U ghep lai,
hay I.
- Dan nhe con dung tit din thep dp ban mong. Loai nay nhe nhng kho lin
kt.
- Dan tit din thep ng co cng ln, thoang gio nn dung cho cng trnh cao.
2.5.Chon tit din thanh dan:

1.Yu cu chung:
tin cung cp vt liu va d ch tao, trong 1 dan khng qua 6 y 8 loai s hiu
thep.
Khi L>24m nn thay i tit din thanh canh 1 ln tit kim vt liu.
Tit din thanh dan nho nht: L50x5 /v dan t/h han.
L65x6 /v dan t/h tan.
96
Nn chon thep co G mong canh rng co i ln, tit kim.
Khi thanh dan gm 2 thep goc ghep lai, th bao am s lam vic chung cua
chung ta phai lin kt chung lai t nht bng 2 tm m
Hnh 5.25:
i vi thanh nen: l d 40i (5.8)
i vi thanh keo: l d 80i (5.9)
Vi: i: ban knh quan tnh cua 1 thep i vi truc ban thn song song vi tm
m.
2.Chon tit din thanh nen: (Nh ct chu nen trung tm)
T: Ogt = 100 y 70 : Thanh canh va thanh xin u dan.
= 100 y 70 : Thanh bung khac.
Suy ra: M
N
Tnh c: Fyc = (5.10)
J .M .R
lo
Va: i yc = (5.11)
Ogt
Vi: J = 0,75 /v tit din 1 thep goc.
= 0,8 /v thanh bung co O t 60 .
=1 /v cac thanh khac.
T Fyc ; iyc , tra qui cach thep chon s hiu thep hnh.
T s hiu thep hnh va cach ghep co: F, ix , iy .
Kim tra manh: Ox d [O] ; Oy d [O] Omax Mmin
N
Kim tra n nh: V = d J .M min .R (5.12)
F
3.Chon tit din thanh nen lch tm:
N
Fyc = (5.13)
J .M lt .R
Vi: Mlt phu thuc Ox va m1 (Xem chng nha cng nghip)
4.Chon tit din thanh keo:
N
Fyc = (5.14)
J .D .R
Vi: D : h s giam yu tit din. D = 0,85 : thanh co l lin kt vi h ging.
T Fyc , tra qui cach thep chon s hiu thep hnh.
T s hiu thep hnh va cach ghep co: F, ix , iy .
97
Kim tra manh: Ox d [O] ; Oy d [O]
N
Kim tra cng : V = d J .R (5.15)
Fth
5.Chon tit din theo [O]:

Khi N nho F: nho O > [O] , th phai chon tit din lai theo [O].
lo
T i yc = (5.16)
>O@
Chon s hiu thep hnh i t iyc
Cac kt qua tnh toan nn ghi thanh bang tin kim tra.
[ 3.Cu tao va tnh toan mt dan:

3.1.Yu cu chung:
1 - Truc cua thanh dan (truc trong tm tit din) phai hi tu tai 1 im mt.
d ch tao khoang cach Z t sng thep goc n truc thanh ly tron 5mm.
2 - mt canh tit din thay i, im tu cua mt nm trn ng gia 2 truc
thanh canh.
3 - u thanh thep goc phai ct thng goc vi truc thanh, nu thanh co tit din
ln co th ct bn canh giam kch thc ban mt.
4 - Khoang cach trng gia cac thanh phai ln hn 40 y 50mm /v dan t/h han ;
( 10 y 20mm /v dan t/h tan).
5 - Kch thc va hnh dang ban mt c xac nh ngay trn ban ve ch tao da
vao s mt dan va chiu dai ng han lin kt. hnh dang ban mt phai n gian,
giam s lng ng ct, va nn co 2 canh song song. Canh ban mt hp vi truc thanh
xin goc E t 150 bao am ng truyn lc t thanh xin vao ban mt.
6 - B day ban mt c chon theo ni lc ln nht trong thanh bung va ly
thng nht cho toan dan.
7 - Lin kt thanh vao ban mt bng ng han lin tuc hhmin = 4mm ; lhmin =
50mm. i vi dan t/h tan t nht la 2
inh.
8 - d ch tao trong 1 cu kin
vn chuyn khng qua 3 y 4 loai hh .
3.2.Tnh mt trung gian:

Chon trc hh :
-Sng thep goc:
hh d 1,2Gmin
Vi: Gmin : min (Ggoc , Gbm)
-Mep thep goc :
Hnh 5.26: Mt trung gian
hh d Ggoc - (1 y 2)mm
+ Tnh lin kt thanh bung vao
98
ban mt: theo ni lc Xi trong thanh bung.
k.X i
- Sng thep goc: l h' = +1 (5.17)
2.h 'h E h .R gh
(1 - k).X i
- Mep thep goc : l h'' = +1 (5.18)
2.h 'h' E h .R gh
Vi : k: h s phn phi lc cho sng thep goc.
+ Tnh lin kt thanh canh vao ban mt: (Thanh canh lin tuc qua mt)
- Lc tnh toan Nt:
Nt = 'N = N1 - N2 (5.19)
t 0,10 N1
Vi: N1 , N2 : ni lc trong 2 thanh canh 2 bn ban mt.
- Trng hp co lc tp trung P mt (thng cac mt canh trn):
Nt = 'N + P.sinD 2 + P.cosD 2 (5.20)
+ Chu y:
Do Nt nho, ban mt ln nn ch cn
chon hh thanh canh hh = hhmin .
Khi Ggoc < 10mm ch t panen mai
cn gia cng cho thep goc canh bng ban thep
lot: -240x240x(10 y 12). Ban nay c han vao
thanh canh bng ng doc.
ch t xa g hay ban lot phai thut
ban mt xung 5 y 10mm.
Thep goc ch lin kt xa g c han
Hnh 5.27:
vi thanh canh dan bng ng han doc.
3.3.Tnh mt ni thanh canh:

1.Ni bng thep goc tng ng:
c dung khi 2 thanh canh c ni co
b day bng nhau. V tr ni co th tm mt
hay canh mt dan.
- iu kin thep ni:
Ft.ni t Ft.c ban (5.21) Hnh 5.28:
- Lin kt thep goc ni vi thep c ban:
c tnh theo ni lc trong thanh canh.
2.Ni bng thep ban:
Cach ni nay co tnh van nng, co th s dung khi thanh canh c ni co b
day khac nhau.
S lam vic:
99
Mt phn lc trong thanh canh truyn qua ban ghep, phn con lai do ban mt
chu.
yu cu cu tao:
S lam vic cua mi ni
phc tap nn:
- Thanh canh co N ln
phai keo qua tm mt 300 y
500mm
- Gbg t Gbm (5.22)
- 6Fgh t 6F1 (5.23)
Vi: 6F1 : Din tch
phn nm ngang cua tit din
thanh canh chu lc nho
Cach tnh qui c: Hnh 5.29:
Lc tnh toan qui c:
Nt = 1,2.N1 (5.24) Vi: N1 : Ni lc trong thanh nho.
Din tch mi ni qui c:
Fq = 6Fgh + 2.bg. Gbm (5.25)
bg :: chiu cao tit din cua thanh chu lc nho.
Kim tra:
Nt
V t = d J .R (5.26)
Fqu
ng han lin kt ban ghep vi thanh canh c tnh theo lc thc t truyn
qua ban ghep o: Ngh = 6Fgh.Vt (5.27)
ng han lin kt thanh nho vao ban mt c tnh theo lc con lai:
N1 = 1,2N1 - Ngh t 1,2N1/2 (5.28)
ng han lin kt thanh ln vao ban mt c tnh theo lc :
N2 = 1,2N2 - Ngh t 1,2N2/2 (5.29)
3.4.Tnh mt gi :
Mt gi co th lin kt khp hay
ngam. y ch tnh lin kt khp. Lin kt
nay c dung khi dan ta n ln ct.
Cu tao va tnh toan:
Lin kt gia dan va gi dung bulon
neo ng knh I = 22 y 24mm.
Il = (2 y 2,5) I d lp
Kch thc ban gi c xac nh nh
kch thc ban trong ct chu nen ung
tm.
Hnh 5.30:
100

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AI HOC A NNG

Trng ai hoc Bach Khoa

KT CU THEP DUNG TRONG

[2.S lc lch s phat trin KC Thep:

-Vit Nam vi tim nng to ln v nguyn liu qung st a sm xy dng nha

[4.Pham vi s dung KC Thep:

[5.Nhng yu cu c ban i vi KC Thep:

3.Yu cu in hnh hoa kt cu thep:

NHNG TNH CHT C

1.1.Phn loai thep xy dng

1.2.Cu truc va thanh phn hoa hoc cua thep:

2.Thanh phn hoa hoc:

1.3.S hiu cua thep xy dng:

2.Thep hp kim thp:

[2.S lam vic cua thep chu keo:

2.1.Biu ng sut - bin dang:

Hnh 1.2: Biu keo cua thep carbon thp.

1.Giai oan 1 ( Giai oan an hi )

2.2.Tnh toan cu kin chu keo:

2.3.Cac c trng c hoc chu yu cua thep

3.1.Hin tng mt n nh:

Hnh 1.4: Hin tng mt n nh.

3.2.Tnh toan n nh thanh chu nen:

1.Cng thc Euler:

Hnh 1.5: H s P theo dang lin kt 2 u thanh nen

[4.S lam vic cua thep chu un:

Hnh 1.6: S lam vic cua cu kin chu un

1. Trong giai oan an hi:

- iu kin bn cua dm chu un co xet n bin dang deo la :

4.2.Tnh toan cu kin chu un:

[5.Pha hoai don:

- Thep lun co lc chng trt nho hn lc keo t nn bnh thng thep ch co th

5.1.Hin tng cng ngui:

5.3.Hin tng chu ng sut phn b khng u

Hnh 1.9: S tp trung ng sut do l khoet, rnh ct...

- Mc tp trung ng sut c trng bi h s tp trung ng sut:

5.4.Thep chu tai trong lp:

Hnh 1.10: Cac c trng bin i ng sut

5.5.Thep chu chu anh hng cua nhit :

[6.Quy cach thep dung trong xy dng

Hnh 1.11: Thep goc va s dung

Hnh 1.12: - Thep I va ng dung

Hnh 1.13: - Thep U va ng dung

4.Cac loai thep hnh khac:

Hnh 1.14: - Cac dang thep hnh khac

[7.Phng phap tnh kt cu thep:

* Pitc: Tai trong tiu chun tac dung ln cng trnh .

Pitc: Tai trong tiu chun tac dung ln cng trnh .

Trang thai ng sut Ky hiu CT3; CT4 CT5 n v

b.H s iu kin lam vic: (J )

7.2.Phng phap tnh theo ng sut cho phep:

7.3.So sanh hai phng phap:

2.c im cac loai lin kt

1.2.Cac phng phap han:

Hnh 2.1: - S han tay h quang in

Hnh 2.2: - S han t ng h quang in

- u : Han t ng khc phuc c mt s han ch cua han tay:

-Nhc: Ch han c nhng ng han thng hoc tron.

W t W M2 W Q2 d J .R gh Hnh 2.17: - h goc u chu M, Q