SCAFFOLDING

SAFETY SIGNS
BASIC FIRE FIGHTING

GECOLEA JAECELLE MARIE

SALMON CZAYRUSS KIELLE
BALDEROSA VAOUGHN BENEDICT
SCAFFOLDING
TERMS

SAFETY HAZARDS TIPS

SAFETY ELEMENTS OF SCAFFOLDING CONSTRUCTION

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING

INDEX
 Scaffolding

a fresh form of structuring a temporary platform to support

people and raw materials used for construction or repairing of
structures.

it provides strength and support to the painters,

construction workers, people setting up stages and platforms
for events, crew members for maintenance of structures, etc.
Anchorage: Component cast or fixed into the building or structure for
thepurpose of attaching a scaffold or tie; it also means the holding
down system for cantilevered beams when referring to suspended
scaffolding and cantilevered platforms.

Base plate: A metal plate with a spigot for distributing the load from a
standard or raker or other load-bearing tube. An adjustable base plate
is a
metal base plate embodying a screw jack.

Bay: The portion of a scaffold situated between two adjacent pairs of

standards measured longitudinally and extending the full height of the
scaffold. The bay length is the longitudinal distance between the two
adjacent pairs of standards.

Brace: A member placed diagonally with respect to the vertical or

horizontal
members of a scaffold and fixed to them to afford stability.

Castor: A swivelling wheel secured to the base of a vertical member of

the
scaffold for the purpose of mobilising it.
Coupler: A fitting used to fix scaffold tubes together.

Free-standing scaffold: A standing scaffold which is not

attached to any other structure and is stable against
overturning on its own account or, if necessary, assisted by
rakers and anchors.

Guardrail: A rail or barrier secured to standards or upright

members, and erected along the exposed sides and ends of
working platforms to prevent persons from falling. A lower rail
which is fixed to standards midway between the guardrail
and platform is termed a midrail.

Hanging scaffold: A working platform suspended by tubes,

bolts, fixed rope slings or other methods and not intended
for raising or lowering while in use.

Ladder: Means a portable appliance consisting of two stiles

joined by steps or rungs and designed for the purpose of
climbing and descending.
Ladder bracket: A bracket designed to be attached
to at least two rungs of a ladder for the purpose of
supporting a plank for a person to work on.

Ledger: A horizontal member placed in the

longitudinal direction between standards for the
purpose of supporting putlogs.

Lift: The assembly of ledgers and putlogs forming

each horizontal level of a scaffold. The lift height is
the vertical distance between two lifts, measured
centre to centre.

Live load: That portion of a load which does not

include any part of the scaffolding or decking
supporting the load, and comprises the weight of
workers and/or materials.

Outriggers (needles): Cantilevered beams from

which a swinging stage is suspended.

Putlog (or bearer or transom): A horizontal member

Raker: An inclined load-bearing member.

Right-angle coupler: A coupler used to join tubes at right

angles.

Scaffolder: A scaffolder is a person skilled and experienced in

the erection,altering and dismantling of scaffolding. A
scaffolder aspires to or holds a certificate of competency as a
scaffolder.

Scaffolding process: The planning for, design and erection of,

inspection of and use of any scaffold.

Scaffold register: A written record of inspections carried out for

scaffolding.

Standard: An upright member used for transmitting the weight

of the load from the working platforms to the base of the
scaffolding.

Suspended scaffold: A working platform suspended from

overhead and intended to be raised or lowered while in use.
Toeboard: An upstand or vertical
barrier at the edge of a platform
intended to prevent materials, or
workersfrom slipping off the
platform.

Transom: A lube or beam

spanning across ledgers to form
the support for
boards forming the working
platform or to connect the outer
standards to the inner standards
(see Putlog).

Working platform: That part of a

scaffolding on which workers
and/or
materials are supported for the
purpose of carrying out
construction work.
THE RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Identifying hazards

The first step to manage risks is to identify the hazards associated with scaffolds and the
scaffolding work. Examples of the hazards associated with work involving the erection, use,
maintenance, alteration and dismantling of scaffolds include:

scaffolding collapsebefore, during and after placement of the scaffold

work near overhead electric lines
mobile plant and other workplace traffic
mixing components from different scaffold systems, e.g. do not mix aluminium tubing
with steel tubing
corroding or deteriorating components
work at heights
falling objects
manual tasks
overloading platforms
blocking access along platforms
climbing the framework of the scaffold or using ladders to gain extra height
placing electrical extension leads in direct contact with the scaffold.
Assessing the risks
A risk assessment involves considering what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard
and the likelihood of it happening.
When assessing risks associated with scaffolds you should consider:

the type of scaffold to be used and its duty rating

the height of the scaffold to be erected
the scheduling of the scaffolding work
the layout of the workplace, including proximity to public areas
the surface on which the scaffold will be erected, i.e. ground conditions and the
structural integrity of the surface to support the scaffold and its load
the number of people involved
plant and equipment that will be used on or near the scaffold
the skill and competencies required to erect, use, maintain, alter and dismantle the
scaffold
what exposures might occur, e.g. noise or ultraviolet radiation
local weather conditions, particularly wind forces.
It should then be possible to:
select the most suitable type of scaffold for the work
minimise the working heights for people erecting and dismantling scaffolds
ensure that edge protection including guardrails, mid-rails, toeboards, containment
sheeting or other control measures are able to be installed when working at height.
Controlling the risks
Control measures can be ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to
the lowest. This ranking is known as the hierarchy of control.

Eliminating the risk

This means removing the hazard or hazardous work practice from the workplace. This is
the
most effective control measure and must always be considered before anything else.
If eliminating the risk is not reasonably practicable, you must consider using substitution,
isolation or engineering controls, or a combination of these control measures to
minimise the
risk.
Minimising the risk

Minimise the risk by substituting or replacing a hazard or hazardous work practice with a safer
one. Examples include:

using mechanical aids like cranes, hoists, pallet jacks or trolleys to move equipment and
materials wherever possible instead of manual lifting
using plant, e.g. an elevating work platform, for short duration tasks
using mobile or relocatable scaffolding that can be easily moved for multiple uses and
minimise the scaffolding work required
using scaffold systems which are made of lighter weight materials and use modern
technologies, e.g. modular systems which have shorter standard lengths or systems that
are made of aluminium or fibreglass rather than steel or timber
PLANNING
Scaffolding work should be carefully planned before work starts so that it
can be carried out
safely. Planning involves identifying the hazards, assessing the risks and
determining
appropriate control measures in consultation with all relevant people
involved in the work,
including the principal contractor, scaffolding contractor, designers and
mobile plant operators.

Consultation should include discussions on the:

ground condition and type
working environment
weather conditions
nature of the work and other activities that may affect health and safety
interaction with other trades
Planning is an important first step in managing risk. An effective scaffolding plan will help
identify ways to protect people who are:

erecting, using, maintaining, altering and dismantling the scaffold

near the scaffolding work, e.g. other workers and members of the public.

Where a scaffolding plan is required, it should be prepared by a competent person on behalf

of
the person conducting the business or undertaking. In preparing a scaffolding plan, the
person
should consult with a range of other people relevant to the work and workplace, for
example:

The scaffold designer, for example to discuss the design loads and the capability of the
structure to support extra loadings.
The scaffolding contractor or builderthis may be the person conducting a business or
undertaking or principal contractorfor example to assess where underground drains or
pits and underground services are located. The work should be planned to avoid
excavating service trenches under, through or adjacent to scaffolds.
Workers, work health and safety committees and health and safety representatives
The scaffolding plan should include a site layout plan and detail the elevations and sections
of
the scaffold. It should be kept at the workplace if practicable, or be readily accessible near
the
scaffold should it be required. The scaffolding plan should address the following issues:

basis of design
foundations, including ground conditions
the weight bearing capacity of the surface where the scaffold is to be erected
dead loads, e.g. resulting from the size and weight of the scaffold
live and environmental loads, e.g. wind loads
containment sheeting
supporting structure
entry and exit
DESIGN
Foundation
Scaffolding foundations must be adequate to carry the
whole weight of the scaffold, including the imposed loads,
and must be maintained in a stable condition during the
life of the scaffold.

Steel base plates must be used under

all standards.When scaffolds are supported on the

ground, suitable sole plates must be used to spread the
load. The sole plates should preferably be long enough to
support at least two standards.

Timber sole plates must be not less than 200 x 38 x 500 mm

long. Bricks, blocks and similar loose material are
unsuitable as they are liable to fall over or split, and are
easily driven into the ground.

Where the foundation is levelled concrete of adequate

thickness or of a similar hard surface, the sole plate may
be omitted, but steel base plates must be provided at the
bottom of all standards.

Soleboards and baseplates

LIGHT-DUTY PLATFORMS

For light-duty platforms, the maximum longitudinal standard spacing is 2.4 m and the maximum standard spacing is
1.5 m.

MEDIUM- OR HEAVY-DUTY WORKING PLATFORMS

For medium- or heavy-duty working platforms, the following additional requirements must also be complied with:

Where the span exceeds 2.0 m, one intermediate putlog must be provided at mid-span to support timber
scaffold planks; this requirement does not apply to metal planks.
HEAVY-DUTY PLATFORMS
For heavy-duty platforms, the maximum longitudinal standard spacing is 1.8 m and the
maximum transverse standard spacing is 1.275 m.

SPECIAL-DUTY WORKING PLATFORMS

Special-duty working platforms are platforms that do not conform to the requirements of
either a light-duty or heavy-duty platform with respect to loading and/or dimensions. The
platform must be of adequate strength and stability. The health and safety inspector may
require a registered engineer's design certificate for a special-duty platform.
PLATFORM DECKING
The decked width must be not less than
675 mm, with sufficient additional width to
leave 450 mm minimum clear walkway at
all times The distance between the outer
edge of the platform to be guarded and
the
projection of the inner vertical face of a
guardrail must not exceed 200 mm.
Scaffold planks must be so placed, locked
or secured as to prevent tipping or
displacement during normal use, or
movement by strong wind. End overhang
must be 80 mm minimum to 220 mm
maximum.
GUARDRAILS AND MIDRAILS
Guardrails, including midrails,
must be provided on the
exposed sides and ends of all
working platforms more than 3
m in height. the height to the
top of the guardrail must be
not less than 0.9 m or more
than 1.1 m from the deck to be
protected. A midrail is
notrequired on a working
platform which:

(a) Is provided with a toeboard

of 225 mm minimum height; or
(b) Is provided with equivalent
protection.
TOEBOARDS

A toeboard or equivalent
protection must be fitted on the
outside edge of every working
platform more than 3 m in height,
if materials and tools are placed
on the platform and are likely to
be dislodged (fig. 8). The
toeboard
must be of sufficient height and
strength to prevent the tools or
materials from falling and must be
secured to the inside of the
standards. A scaffold plank of
225 mm minimum width may be
used as a toeboard.
SCREENS

Where the scaffold platform is

above a public thoroughfare, and
due to the nature of the work falls of
material are possible with injury to
passers-by, special precautions must
be taken. Special protection may
consist of:

(a) Screening the working platforms

with robust screens or steel mesh to
a height of at least 1 m. The mesh
opening shall not exceed 50 mm.
(b) Providing catch screens where
the horizontal distance from the
scaffolding is more than half the
vertical distance between the
screen
Containment sheeting may be used to provide
protection to the public from the construction
works being carried out or to provide weather
,protection for construction workers working on or
about the
scaffolding.

Containment sheeting increases the dead load on

the scaffold, and
greatly aincreases the wind load on the scaffold. It
is unlikely that
black wire ties commonly used to tie scaffolds, will
be sufficient where
containment sheeting is used. For this reason it is
essential that
scaffolds that are to be sheeted be designed and
approved by a
competent person such as a registered engineer
experienced in scaffold
design.
HEADROOM AND LIFTS
A scaffold platform used as a
regular walkway or for the
wheeling of loads
must have a clear headroom of at
least 1.8 m along the mid-half
width Where a succession of
platforms is used to work up or
down a face, the
vertical spacing of lifts must not
exceed 2.1 m except for the first
lift, which if necessary may be up
to 3 m to allow for satisfactory
working conditions at ground or
floor level. When the height of the
first lift exceeds 2.1 m, extra
bracing must be provided on
each pair of standards,
commencing at
approximately 1.8 m from the
ground
HEIGHT OF SCAFFOLDING
The height of any scaffolding depends upon its foundation, the
size and type of material used in the construction of the
standards, spacing of ties, and the lateral stability in all directions
of the scaffolding as a whole. The maximum height of a scaffold
constructed in accordance with this code of practice is 33 m.
Scaffolds in excess of 33 m must be subject to specific design
and require
a registered engineer's certificate.
TIES

The height of any scaffolding depends upon its foundation, the size and
type of material used in the construction of the standards, spacing of ties,
and the lateral stability in all directions of the scaffolding as a whole. The
maximum height of a scaffold constructed in accordance with this code
of practice is 33 m. Scaffolds in excess of 33 m must be subject to specific
design and require a registered engineer's certificate.

Ties must be provided to prevent inward and outward movement of the

scaffold and to assist the standards to act as load-carrying vertical.
Ties must be fixed to standards and as close as practicable to ledger
intersections. Ties must also be uniformly spaced, vertically and
horizontally,
over the face of the scaffolding, including the level of the topmost
working
platform. The tie spacing must be in accordance with the spacings.

A tie must be capable of safely withstanding a horizontal force

equivalent to 10 percent of the weight of the scaffold plus the full live
load on the area of
scaffolding in the vicinity of each tie, or the environmental loads of NZS
4203.
PLAN BRACING
Where the horizontal tie spacings cannot be
complied with, plan bracing shall be provided.
Even with this bracing provided, the maximum
horizontal distance between tie points shall not
exceed 9.6 m.
DOGLEG BRACING
Where it is impracticable to fit ties
at the vertical spacing specified,
dogleg bracing shall be provided.
With such bracing the distance
between tie points
shall not exceed 8.4 m or 4 lifts.
Temporary ties may be required to
ensure stability of the scaffold
during
erection and dismantling.When
plan or dogleg bracing is used,
the ties are required to carry
substantial loads. The ties shall be
capable of carrying this load.
Transverse diagonal bracing must be fixed to
each end pair of standards and at not more than
every tenth pair of standards along the scaffold.
This bracing may be temporarily removed on a
working lift to facilitate movement of materials but
must be replaced as soon as practicable. This
bracing is not required when dogleg bracing is
used in lieu of ties.

Longitudinal diagonal bracing must be fixed to the external face of the

scaffold, and at regular intervals along its length. The bracing, which is
required to resist wind and earthquake forces in particular, must be
capable of withstanding a horizontal force of not less than one-tenth of
the total of the weight of the scaffold and the full live load on the
working platforms.
SAFETY SIGNS
Safety Signs

safety and/or health sign a sign providing

information or instruction about safety or health at
work by means of a signboard, a colour, an
illuminated sign or acoustic signal, a verbal
communication or hand signal.
signboard a sign which provides information or
instructions by a combination of shape, colour
and a symbol or pictogram which is rendered
visible by lighting of sufficient intensity. In practice
many signboards may be accompanied by
supplementary text (eg Fire exit alongside the
symbol of a moving person
 safety colour a colour to which a specific meaning is assigned
(eg yellow means be careful or take precautions);
symbol or pictogram They are for use on a signboard or
illuminated sign (eg the trefoil ionising radiation warning sign).
illuminated sign a sign made of transparent or translucent
materials which is illuminated from the inside or the rear to give
the appearance of a luminous surface (eg many emergency
exit signs).
 acoustic signal a sound signal which is transmitted without the
use of a human or artificial voice (eg fire alarm).
verbal communication a predetermined spoken message
communicated by a human or artificial voice.
hand signal a movement or position of the arms or hands
giving a recognised signal and guiding persons who are
carrying out manoeuvres which are a hazard or danger to
people.
Prohibitory
signs
Intrinsic features:

(a)round shape;

(b) black pictogram on

white background, red
edging and diagonal line
(the red part to take up at
least 35% of the area of the
sign)
Warning signs
Intrinsic features:
(a)triangular shape;
(b) black pictogram on a yellow background with black
edging (the yellow part to take up at least 50% of the
area of the sign).
Mandatory
signs
Intrinsic features:

(a)round shape;

(b) white pictogram on a

blue background (the blue
part to take up at least 50%
of the area of the sign).
Emergency
escape or first-
aid signs
Intrinsic features:

(a)rectangular or square
shape;

(b) white pictogram on a

green background (the
green part to take up at
least 50% of the area of the
sign).
Firefighting
signs
Intrinsic features:

(a)rectangular or square
shape;

(b) white pictogram on a red

background (the red part to
take up at least 50% of the
area of the sign).
- The stripes are at an angle of 45 degrees, and more or less
of equal size.

- preventing injuries caused by falls from heights or from being

struck by falling objects.

- highlighting the edge of a raised platform or area where

objects may fall using markings consisting of a yellow and
black (or red and white) stripes .
CODED SIGNALS
BASIC FIRE
FIGHTING
 All fires can be very dangerous and
life threatening. Safety should always
be our primary concern.
INDEX

Elements of Fire Prevention

Identifying Hazards

Basic Fire Fighting Tips

ELEMENTS OF
FIRE
PREVENTION
 List all major fire hazards.
Proper control of hazardous materials
-including flammable and combustible
liquids.
List fire protection equipment.
Regular inspection and maintenance.
Responsible employees for fuel sources.
IDENTIFYING
HAZARDS
Scrap, waste materials, dust, trash
When these items are allowed to accumulate, the risk of fire is
increased.
Under the right conditions, the buildup of dust from wood, plastic, or
certain metal operations can lead to a fire or explosion.

Combustible materials
Ordinary combustible materials, like paper, cardboard, wood, and
products made from these materials can present a fire hazard when
they are allowed to accumulate or are stored improperly.
Foam or plastic cups, utensils, materials close to heat sources burn
rapidly and give off dense, toxic, black smoke.
Oily rags or other materials soaked in oil can spontaneously combust if
placed in areas where the air does not circulate.
 Flammable materials
The unsafe use, storage, dispensing, or disposal of flammable materials can
be a prime source of fires and explosions.
Read labels of all spray cans to identify those with flammable gas-
propellants.
Butane and propane are the most common and should never be exposed
to heat or flames.
Electrical issues
Extension cords and multiple plug adapters may only be used for
temporary operations.
Overloaded circuits, damaged wiring, and defective switches and outlets
can all lead to electrical fires.
Small portable fans can pose a fire hazard if they are placed near
combustible materials, or where the blades of the fan can easily catch
items.
Damaged wiring on portable fans, and mounting portable fans in walls also
increase your fire risk.
 Hot work
Any operation involving heated materials or open flames can
present a fire hazard.
Hot work procedures have been developed and are part of this
program.
Machines and equipment
Machines that are not lubricated properly can overheat and start
a fire.
Electrical problems and equipment defects can lead to a fire.
Careless Smoking
Smoking is prohibited in facilities owned or leased by the university.
Some exceptions are made for certain residential facilities.
Outdoors, discarded smoking materials carelessly tossed in waste
containers or into landscaping can easily start a fire.
FIRE FIGHTING TIPS
Before deciding to fight a fire, be certain
that:

The fire is small and not spreading. A fire can double

in size within a few minutes
You have the proper fire extinguisher for what is
burning. make sure you know how to use it
The fire wont block your exit if you cant control it.
A good way to ensure this is to keep the exit at your
back
How to fight fire safely:

Always stand with an exit at you back

Stand several feet away from the fire, moving
close once the fire starts to diminish
Use a sweeping motion and aim at the base of
the fire
If possible have someone to back you up or call
for help if something goes wrong
Be sure to watch the area for a while to make
sure it doesnt ignite
Never fight a fire if:

The fire is spreading rapidly

You dont know what is burning
There is to much smoke or you are at risk
of inhaling smoke
Any sort of fire will produce some amount of CARBON
MONOXIDE. The most DEADLY gas produce by a fire.
Reference:

http://www.essex.ac.uk/ohsas/hazsubs/safety_signs_
regs_l64.pdf
http://www.essex.ac.uk/ohsas/hazsubs/safety_signs_
regs_l64.pdf
www.ehss.vt.edu
www.fire-extinguisher101.com/tips.html
 True or False
___ 1. All fires can be very dangerous and life
threatening. Safety should always be our primary
concern.
___ 2. Before deciding to fight a fire make sure you
have the proper fire extinguisher for what is burning
___ 3. Signboard is a sign providing information or
instruction about safety or health at work by means of a
signboard, a colour, an illuminated sign or acoustic
signal, a verbal communication or hand signal.
___ 4. Safety/Health Sign is a sign made of transparent
or translucent materials which is illuminated from the
inside or the rear to give the appearance of a luminous
surface.
___ 5. Scaffolding is a fresh form of structuring a
temporary platform to support people and raw
materials used for construction or repairing of structures.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
How to fight fire safely:
Always stand with an exit at you back
Stand several feet away from the fire, moving close once the fire
starts to diminish
Use a sweeping motion and aim at the base of the fire
All of the above
Never fight fire if:
The fire is spreading rapidly
You dont know what is burning
There is to much smoke or you are at risk of inhaling smoke
All of the above
black pictogram on white background, red edging and
diagonal line
Warning sign
Emergency escape or first aid sign
Mandatory Sign
None of the above
 A working platform suspended from overhead and
intended to be raised or lowered while in use.
Suspended scaffold
Sole Plate
Scaffold Register
Swivler Coupler
Fall Hazards in Scaffolding
Falls from elevation
Scaffold collapse
Equipment failure
All of the above
FILL IN THE BLANKS

Scaffolding a fresh form of structuring a temporary

platform to 1 and 2 used for construction or
repairing of structures.

3 a sign providing information or instruction

about safety or health at work by means of a
signboard, a colour, an illuminated sign or acoustic
signal, a verbal communication or hand signal.

4 a movement or position of the arms or hands

giving a recognised signal and guiding persons who
are carrying out manoeuvres which are a hazard or
danger to people.
Any sort of fire will produce some amount of ___5___.
The most __6__ gas produce by a fire.