Checklist Chemistry 2009 Yvonne

Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Chapter 2: Structure of the Atom
A. Knowledge (Definition, meaning and facts)
Atom
- Smallest particle that can participate in chemical reaction.
Molecule
- Group of 2 or more atoms which are chemically bonded together.
Ion
- Charged particle.
Melting Point
- The temperature that remains constant at which a solid changes into a liquid at a particular
pressure.
Boiling Point
- The temperature that remains constant at which a liquid changes into a gas at a particular
pressure.
Proton Number
- The number of proton presence in an atom.
Nucleon Number
- The total number of proton and neutron in an atom.
Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element with the same number of proton but different number of
neutrons.
Uses of Isotopes
- Sodium-24: Detect leak in pipes carrying gas

- Cobalt-60: Radiotherapy for treating cancer
- Gamma rays of Cobalt-60: Destroy bacteria in food where the food quality doesn’t change
- Phosphorous-32: Fertilizers & to study metabolism of Phosphorous in plants
- Carbon-14: Carbon dating (estimate age of fossils and artefacts)
B) Understanding/ Application/ Analysis
Why the temperature remains unchanged during melting?
- This is because the heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the forces of
attraction between the particles.
Why the temperature remains unchanged during freezing?
- This is because the heat loss to the surrounding is balanced to the heat energy liberated as
the particle attracts one another to form solid.
Solid Changed into Gas (The Full Process)?
- When a solid is heated, the particles in the solid absorb heat energy and vibrate stronger at
its fixed position due to the increase in kinetic energy of the particles. When the particles
managed to overcome the strong force of attraction between them they will finally changed
into liquid. In liquid form, the particles have a higher amount of kinetic energy than it is in
solid and they can move in a more random manner. When it reaches the boiling point, the
particles can move freely and in a random manner as it has changed its state into gas which
has the highest kinetic energy and the weakest force of attraction between particles.
Gas
Solid Liquid
- Low Kinetic Energy - Kinetic Energy is lower - Low Kinetic Energy
than it is in solid and
higher than gas
- High Force of attraction - Force of attraction - Low Force of attraction
between particles between particles are between particles
as strong as it is in solid
-Particles are arranged - Particles are closely - Particles can move
in orderly manner. packed together but freely and randomly.
- Rotate and vibrate at can move in a random
fixed position only. manner.
Main Subatomic Particles of an Atom
Subatomic Particles Relative Atomic Mass Relative Charge

Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0.0005 -1
a)Neutron number = 14
b)
C) Synthesis (Experiment)
Solid Z has a melting point of 65⁰C. Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the melting
point of Z.
1. A boiling tube is filled with solid Z to a depth of 3cm and a thermometer is put into it.
2. The boiling tube is suspended in a beaker half-filled with water using a retort stand and
clamp. The level of solid Z in the boiling tube must be below the level of water in the beaker.
3. The water is heated and the solid Z is stirred slowly with the thermometer. When the
temperature of the solid Z reaches 45⁰C, the stopwatch is started.
4. The temperature and the state of substance Z is recorded at half minute intervals until the
temperature of substance Z reaches 80⁰C.
Compound W has a freezing point of 82⁰C. Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the
freezing point of W.
1. Step 1 to 2 of the above experiment is repeated using compound W instead.

2. The water is heated and the compound W is stirred slowly with the thermometer. When
compound W reaches 95⁰C, the heating is stopped.
3. The boiling tube is removed from the water bath and the outer surface is dried up. Then it is
immediately put into a conical flask with half of the top of the boiling tube clamped using a
retort stand. The compound W is stirred continuously.
4. The temperature and the state of compound W is recorded at half-minute intervals until the
temperature drops to about 75⁰C.
(*Diagrams refer to appendix)

Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae and Equations
Relative atomic mass (RAM)
- Number of times the mass of an atom is greater than 1/12 times of the mass of a carbon-12
atom. The relative mass of carbon-12 atom is 12.000.
Mole
- An amount of substance that contains as many particle as the number of atoms in exactly
12g of carbon-12.
Avogadro Constant NA
- Number of particles in one mole of substance of units, molecules or atoms.
Molar Mass
- Mass of 1mol of substance, mass of NA (no. of particles), mass of 6.02 x 1023.
Molar Volume
- The volume occupied by one mole of gas.
Chemical Formulae
- The representation of a chemical substance by using letters for atoms and subscript number
to show the number of each type of atoms that are present in the substance.
Empirical Formulae
- The formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the
compound.
Molecular Formulae
- The formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element that is present in a
molecule of the compound.
- Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n
Structural Formula
- A formula that shows how atoms are bonded together with covalent bonds in a molecule of
a compound.
Chemical equation
- The shorthand description of a chemical reaction.

Why empirical formula of copper (II) oxide cannot be determined by heating copper powder in a
crucible?
- This is because copper is not a reactive metal so it will take a long time for it to react with
the oxygen in air. Thus, to determine the empirical formula of copper (II) oxide, another
method is used. The method uses continuous flowing hydrogen gas to obtain copper metal
from the reduction of copper (II) oxide.
Compare and Contrast
Ethane
Empirical Formula Molecular Formula
CH3 C2H6
Molecular Formula of Ethanoic Acid, CH3COOH
a) Empirical Formula: CH2O

2 ( 12 )
b) Percentage of carbon in ethanoic acid ¿ ×100 %=40 %
2 ( 12 ) +4 ( 1 )+ 2 ( 16 )
Finding Empirical Formula
a)
Carbon Hydrogen
Mass (g) 3.6 0.8
No. of Moles (mol) 3.6 ÷ 12 = 0.3 0.8 ÷ 1 = 0.8
Ratio of Moles 3 8
Thus, the empirical formula of the compound is C 3H8.
b) ( C 3 H 8 ) n=88
( 3 ( 12 ) +8 ( 1 ) ) n=88
88
n= =2
44
Thus, the molecular formula of the compound is C 6H16.
Equation
a)
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
b)No of moles of CuO = 20g ÷ ( 64+16)gmol-1
= 0.25mol
Ratio of moles CuO : Cu = 1 : 1
So Cu has 0.25mol.
Mass of Cu = 0.25mol x 64gmol-1
= 16g
Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the empirical formula of Magnesium oxide.
(*Refer to Chemistry written practical book Activity 3.5)

Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements
Periodic Table is arranged according to the increase in proton number.
Group 1
- Atomic size increases

i) When going down the group, the number of shells occupied with electrons
increases.
- Density increases
i) The increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in atomic radius.
- Melting and boiling point increase

i) The metallic bond between the atoms becomes weaker down the group as the
atomic radius increase. Thus less heat energy is required to overcome the weaker
forces of attraction between the atoms during melting/boiling.
- Electro positivity of the metals increases

i) As atomic radius becomes larger down the group, the force of attraction between
the nucleus and the single valence electron becomes weaker. Hence, the elements
lose the single valence electron more easily down the group.
- Reactivity increase
i) Reactivity increases because the atomic size increase, the valence electron in the
outermost shell becomes further away from the nucleus. Hence, attraction between
nucleus and valence electron becomes weaker. Thus, the atoms can easily donate
the single valence electron to achieve the stable electron arrangement of the atom
of noble gas.
Group 17
- Reactivity decrease
i) This is because the atomic size of halogen increases. Thus, the outermost occupied
shell of each halogen atom becomes further from the nucleus. Thus, the strength to
attract one electron into the valence shell by the nucleus becomes weaker.
Group 18
- Melting and boiling point increase

i) Because atomic size of each element increases down the group, force of attraction
between the atoms of each element becomes stronger. Thus more heat energy is
required to overcome the stronger forces of attraction during melting/boiling.
- Atomic size increases

i) When going down the group, the number of shells occupied with electrons
increases.
- Density increases
i) Because the increases in atomic mass is bigger compared to the increase in volume.
Period 3
- Atomic size decreases from left to right

i) The proton number increases from left to right
ii) The nuclei charge, positive charge in the nucleus increases
iii) Nuclei attraction force between the nucleus and the valence electron increase
iv) Valence electron becomes closer to the nucleus
v) Thus, the atomic size becomes smaller
Transitional Elements
- The elements from group 3 to group 12 in the periodic table.

- Has high melting and boiling point
- Has high tensile strength
- Malleable
- Ductile
- Has shiny surfaces
- Is a good conductor of heat and electricity
- Exists as solid state in room temperature
39
State position of element 20 X in periodic table
- Element X has an electron arrangement of 2.8.8.2. Hence, it is positioned at period 4, group

2. (Period= no of shells; Group= valence number)
When across period 3 from sodium to argon, the atomic size decreases. Explain.
- This is because the number of proton increases from left to right. This causes the positive
charge in the nucleus to increase. The nuclei attraction force between the nucleus and the
valence electron increase. The valence shell containing valence electron becomes closer to
the nucleus. Hence, the atomic size decreases from sodium to argon.
When across period 3 from sodium to argon, the electronegativity increases. Explain.
- This is because the number of proton increases from left to right. This causes the positive
charge in the nucleus to increase. The increase of proton causes the valence shell containing
valence electron to be closer to the nucleus. The more the proton number, the stronger the
force to attract valence electron and electrons into the valence shell. Hence, the
electronegativity increases across period 3.
Reactivity of Group 1 increases down the group. Explain.
- Reactivity increases because the atomic size increase, the valence electron in the outermost
shell becomes further away from the nucleus. Hence, attraction between nucleus and
valence electron becomes weaker. Thus, the atoms can easily donate the single valence
electron to achieve the stable electron arrangement of the atom of noble gas
Reactivity of Group 17 decreases down the group. Explain.
- This is because the atomic size of halogen increases. Thus, the outermost occupied shell of
each halogen atom becomes further from the nucleus. Thus, the strength to attract one
electron into the valence shell by the nucleus becomes weaker.
Why helium not reactive?
- This is because it is a noble gas which has a stable octet electron arrangement. Thus, it does
not need to receive or losses any electron making it not reactive.
X is in Group 1. X burnt in oxygen and the product is dissolved in water. What is the property of
solution formed? Explain.
- The solution form is an alkaline solution. It reacts with acid to form salt and water. The
solution formed has this characteristic because group 1 elements are alkali metals whereby
its oxide can dissolve in water to form alkali (XOH).
Chlorine gas dissolves in water. What can be observed if a piece of blue litmus paper is immersed
into the solution formed? Explain.
- Chlorine water changes the blue litmus paper into red then white. This happens because
chlorine gas is an acidic gas and when it dissolves in water, its acidic properties are
displayed, and it becomes hydrochloric acid. The litmus paper then changes into white as
the solution has bleaching properties (HOCl).
- Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl
W is an element from Group 1. Predict the chemical reaction of W with: water and oxygen (include
observations and chemical equations involved.
Reaction with Observations Equations
Water It reacts quickly with water. The solution 2W + 2 H2O 2WOH + H2

formed changes the red litmus paper into blue.
Oxygen It burns brightly with flame. White solid is 4W + O2 2W2O

produced and it dissolves in water. The solution
formed changes red litmus paper blue. W2O + H2O 2WOH
Describe a laboratory experiment to compare the reactivity of elements in G1: Li, Na, K.
Describe a laboratory experiment to compare the reactivity of elements in G17: Cl, Br, I in the
reaction with iron wool.

Chapter 5: Chemical Bond
Anion
- A negatively charged ion
Cation
- A positively charged ion
Ionic Bond
- A chemical bond that involves metal atom and non-metal atom where the metal atom
donates electron to form positive ion (cation) while non-metal atom accepts electron to
form negative ion (anion).
- High Melting and Boiling Point

i) The atoms are held together by strong ionic bond. Thus, more energy is needed to
overcome the strong electrostatic forces between the atoms.
- Electrical Conductivity
i) Solid- The ionic compound cannot conduct electricity because the ions in the
compound are constricted in the crystal lattice and unable to move freely.
ii) Molten/Aqueous- The ionic compound can conduct electricity because there are
freely moving ions which carry charges.
Covalent Bond
- A chemical bond that involves only non-metal atoms where electrons are shared to achieve
stable duplet or octet electron arrangements.
- Low Melting and Boiling Point

i) The covalent molecules are held together by weak intermolecular force. Thus, less
energy is needed to overcome the bonds between the covalent molecules.
- Electrical Conductivity
i) Covalent compound cannot conduct electricity in any form as the molecules present
in the compound are neutral. There are no ions present and no charge.
B. Understanding/ Application/ Analysis
Why NaCl conduct electricity in aqueous state but cannot conduct electricity in solid state?
- This is because in aqueous state, the ions that made up sodium chloride are able to move
freely in the solution. This means that there are charges moving in the solution. Hence, it can
conduct electricity. However, in solid state, the ions are at fixed position in a lattice. They are
unable to move around freely. Thus, it cannot conduct electricity.
Magnesium chloride and hydrogen chloride are two compounds of chlorine. At room condition,
magnesium chloride exists as a solid but hydrogen chloride exists as a gas. Explain.
Magnesium chloride Aspects of view Hydrogen chloride
Solid State at room temperature Gas
Ionic compound Type of compound Covalent compound
High Boiling point Low
Ionic compound is held Inference Covalent compound is held

together by a strong bond together by weak
called ionic bond. This means intermolecular forces (Van-der-
that more heat energy is Waals force). This means that a
needed to break the bonds and small amount of heat energy is
change the state of the sufficient to change its state.
compound. Hence, at a Hence, at a moderate room
moderate room temperature, it temperature, it is in gas state.
is in solid state.
Formation of ionic bond in sodium chloride, NaCl

- A sodium atom has 11 electrons and it has an electron arrangement of 2.8.1. This electron
arrangement is not stable. It needs to donate an electron to achieve an octet electron
arrangement. When a sodium atom donates an electron, it will become sodium ion with the
electron arrangement of 2.8.
- Chlorine atom has 17 electrons and it has an electron arrangement of 2.8.7. This
configuration is unstable. It needs to receive one electron to become stable and to achieve
an octet electron arrangement. When a chlorine atom receive and electron, it will become
chloride ion with the electron arrangement of 2.8.8.
- When a sodium atom reacts with a chlorine atom, an electron of the sodium atom is given to
the chlorine atom. The positively charged ion, Na + will attract to the negatively charged ion,
Cl- to form an ionic compound, sodium chloride, NaCl. This force enables the two ions to
stick together through ionic bond.
(*Refer to appendix)
Describe the formation of covalent bond between element from G14 and G17
- Example of formation: tetrachloromethane, CCl 4 (Carbon- G14 ; Chlorine- G17)

- The formula of tetrachloromethane molecule is CCl 4. Carbon is in group 14 of the periodic
table. It has four electron in its valence shell. In order to achieve the octet electron
arrangement, each carbon atom needs another four more electrons to form an octet
electron arrangement.
- Chlorine atom is in group 17 of the periodic table. It has 7 valence electron. It needs one
more electron to achieve the octet electron arrangement.
- When one carbon atom share one electron with four chlorine atom, both carbon atom and
chlorine atom can achieve a stable electron arrangement. This means that each chlorine
atom share a pair of electron with a carbon atom. This indicates single covalent bond.
Draw electron arrangement of the compound formed from the following elements.
a) Nitrogen and Hydrogen

b) Carbon and Oxygen
c) Magnesium and Chlorine
d) Carbon and Hydrogen
e) Hydrogen and Chlorine
f) Sodium and oxygen
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Electrolytes
- Substances that can conduct electricity when they are in molten or aqueous solution and
undergoes chemical changes.
Non- Electrolytes
- Substance that cannot conduct electricity either in molten or aqueous solution.
Electrolysis
- A process whereby compounds in molten or aqueous solution are broken down into their
constituent element by passing electricity through them.
Anode
- The electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of a battery

- The negatively charged terminal of a voltaic cell
Cathode
- The electrode that is connected to the negative terminal of a battery

- The positively charged terminal of a voltaic cell
Voltaic Cell
- An electrochemical cell that produces electrical energy from chemical energy
Daniell Cell
- Zinc and Copper as electrodes
Porous Pot/ Salt Bridge
- Avoid the solutions from mixing and still allow electrical contact between the two solutions.
Factors affecting electrolysis of an aqueous solution
- Position of ions in the electrochemical series

- Concentration of ions in electrolytes
- Types of electrodes used in the electrolysis
i) Inert( Carbon/ Platinum)
ii) Active (Copper, etc.)
Hydrogen chloride in water Aspects Hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene
Yes Conduct electricity No
This is because in water, hydrogen Inference This is because in methylbenzene,

chloride is in the form of ions as it hydrogen chloride exists as neutral
has dissociated. The hydrogen ion molecules. It has no charge. Hence, it is
and chloride ion present in the unable to conduct electricity.
aqueous solution carries positive
and negative charges respectively.
These charges are able to move
freely. Hence, it is able to conduct
electricity.
Explain the selective discharge of ions at the electrodes.
a) Types of electrodes
b) Concentration of the ions
(*Refer Chemistry written practical book experiment 6.2 and Experiment 6.3)
Electrolysis of molten lead bromide
1. A crucible is filled with solid lead (II) bromide, PbBr 2 until it is half full.
2. The apparatus are set up as shown.
3. The solid lead (II) bromide, PbBr2 is heated until it is completely molten.
4. The circuit is switched on for about 20 minutes. The changes at the anode and the cathode
are observed.
5. The circuit is switched off and both electrodes are taken out from the electrolyte. The
molten lead (II) bromide is carefully poured into a beaker.
6. What is left at the bottom of the crucible is observed and recorded.
(*Diagram refer to appendix)
Extraction of Aluminium from Aluminium oxide
1. Cryolite, Na3AlF6 is added to aluminium oxide to lower the melting point to about 850⁰C.
2. The electrodes are made graphite.
3. In the molten state, aluminium oxide will dissociates to aluminium ions and oxygen ions
according to the following equation:
2−¿¿
Al2 O3 → 2 Al 3+¿+3 O ¿
4. At the cathode:
−¿→4 Al ¿
4 Al 3+¿+12 e ¿
At the anode:
−¿¿
6 O 2−¿→ 3 O +12 e 2 ¿
2−¿→ 4 Al+ 3 O2 ¿
Overall Equation: 4 Al 3+¿+6 O ¿
5. Oxygen will be formed at the anode. It will burn the graphite electrode to form carbon
dioxide. Hence, the graphite anode needs to be replaced occasionally.
6. The aluminium is siphoned off as molten aluminium.
Daniell Cell
1. The solutions are connected through a salt bridge and porous pot.
Negative terminal Positive terminal

Zinc Copper
Zinc metal becomes thinner because zinc atom Copper metal becomes thicker because the
from the electrode loses two electrons to form copper (II) ions in the copper (II) sulphate
zinc ion. Zinc electrode dissolved. solution receive two electrons to form copper
atoms which are later deposited at the copper
electrode.
−¿ ¿
Zn→ Zn2 +¿+2 e

−¿→Cu ¿
Cu2+¿+2 e
¿ ¿
2+ ¿+Cu ¿
Overal ionic equation: Zn+ Cu2 +¿→ Zn ¿
The flow of electrons from the zinc electrode to the copper electrode results in the flow of electrical
current and thus produces electricity.

Dry Cell
Negative terminal Positive terminal

Zinc Carbon
Zinc metal releases electrons and dissolves to Ammonium ions receive electrons to produce
form zinc ions. ammonia gas and hydrogen gas.
−¿ ¿ −¿ →2 NH3 + H 2 ¿
Zn→ Zn2 +¿+2 e 2 N H 4+¿+2 e

¿ ¿
1. Manganese (IV) oxide, MNO2 oxidises the hydrogen gas and minimises the formation of gas
bubbles at the carbon rod when the cell is in use.
2 MnO2+ H 2 → Mn2 O3 + H 2 O
2. The flow of electrons from the zinc metal casing (the external circuit) to the carbon rod
results in the flow of electrical current and thus produces electricity.
Extraction of lead from lead (II) oxide
(*Refer to extraction of aluminium)
Anode Cathode
−¿¿ −¿→ Pb ¿
2 O 2−¿→O +4 e Pb2+¿+2 e
2 ¿ ¿
2−¿ →2 Pb+ O2 ¿
Overall ionic equation: 2 Pb2+¿+2 O ¿
Selective discharge of ions in electrolysis of cooper (II) sulphate solution
(*Refer to concentration of ion affecting ion discharge)

Chapter 7: Acid and Bases and Chapter 8: Salts
Acid
- Chemical substance which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions, H +
Base
- Chemical substance which ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH -
Alkalis
- Soluble base
Water
- Help bases to dissociate to produce hydroxide ions, OH -

- Without water, acid or base cannot exhibits their properties
pH
- The measure of the concentration of H+ and OH-

- The higher the concentration of H+, the lower the pH
- The higher the concentration of OH -, the higher the pH
Strength of Acid
- Depends on the degree of ionization or dissociation of the acid in water
Strong Acid
- Acid which ionizes completely with water to form hydrogen ion, H +(HCl)
Weak Acid
- Acid which partially ionized in water (CH 3COOH)
Strong Alkali
- Alkali which ionizes completely with water to form hydroxide ion, OH -(NaOH)
Weak Alkali
- Alkali which partially ionizes in water to form hydroxide ion, OH -(NH3)
Standard Solution
- Solution with an accurate concentration
Neutralisation
- Reaction of an acid and a base.
Monoprotic Acid
- One molecule of acid dissociates or ionizes in water to form one hydrogen ion, H +
Diprotic Acid
- One molecule of acid dissociates or ionizes in water to form two hydrogen ion, H +
Triprotic Acid
- One molecule of acid dissociates or ionizes in water to form three hydrogen ion, H +
Salt
- A compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an
ammonium ion.
Precipitation reaction
- The method used to prepare insoluble salt where two soluble salt solutions are mixed
together.

Ammonia in water Aspects Ammonia in trichlomethane
9(alkaline) pH 7 (neutral)
This is because ammonia Inference This is because ammonia exists

partially dissociates in water to as neutral molecules in
form hydroxide ions. The trichlomethane. There is no
presence of hydroxide ions presence of either hydrogen
causes the pH value to ion or hydroxide ion that will
increase. change the pH value. Thus it is
neutral.
80cm3 of distilled water is added to 20cm3 of 2.0moldm-3 solution of HCl. Find molarity of the
diluted solution.
M1V1 = M2V2
2.0moldm-3(20/1000dm3) = M2 (100/1000dm3)
M2 = 0.4moldm-3
Titration, 40cm3 of 0.25moldm-3 potassium hydroxide, KOH solution is needed to neutralise 20cm 3
of nitric acid, HNO3. Calculate the molarity of nitric acid.
KOH + HN O3 → KN O3 + H 2 O
M aV a a
=
M bV b b
0.25(40) 1
=
M (20) 1
M =0.5 mold m 3
Why same molarity of different acid needed different volumes in order to neutralise the same
amount of alkali/ base? (Example: Nitric acid and sulphuric acid)
- Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid, when it dissociates in water to produce two hydrogen ions
per mole.
- Nitric acid is a monoprotic acid, each mole of it dissociates to form one hydrogen ion.
- Thus though same molarity of both acids are used to neutralise the same amount of acid
with the same molarity, higher volume of nitric acid would be used as compared to the
volume of sulphuric acid used because it nitric acid has half the number of hydrogen ion as
compared to sulphuric acid.
Chapter 9: Manufactured Substance in Industry
Alloys
- A mixture of 2 or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major
component is metal (elements combined physically)
Aim to produce alloys
- To prevent or minimise corrosion of metal

- To improve physical appearance of metal
- Give the metal a strength boost
Composite materials
- A structural material that is formed by combining two or more different substances such as
metal, alloys, ceramics, glass and polymers
Composite materials Components Used to

Reinforcement Concrete Steel bars and concrete Construction of large structures like
(cement, sand and small highways, high-rise buildings,
pebbles) Bridges, oil platforms and airport runners
Superconductor Yattrium oxide, barium Used in bullet trains, medical magnetic-
carbonate, copper(II) imaging like magnetic resonance imaging

oxide (MRI), magnetic energy-storage,
generators, transformers, computers,
electric cables
Fibre Optics Silica, sodium carbonate, Transmit data, voice and images in a digital
calcium oxide format
Fibre Glass Glass fibre and polyester To make household products like water
(a type of plastic) storage tanks, badminton rackets, small
boats, skis, helmets
Photochromic Glass Glass and silver chloride To make optical lenses, car windshields,
or silver bromide smart energy efficient windows in buildings,
information display panels, lens in cameras,
optical switches and light intensity meters
Processes Catalyst Temperature Pressure Production
Haber Process Iron 400- 450◦C 150-300 atp Ammonia
◦
Contact Process Vanadium(v) oxide, V2O5 500 C 1-2 atp Sulphuric acid
Ostwald Process Platinum/ Rhodium 850◦C 5 atp Nitric acid
Polymers
- Large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-unit called monomers which are
joined together by covalent bond
Monomers
- A simple compound/ basic unit whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Polymerisation
- A chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric

compound
Synthetic Polymers, their monomers and uses
Monomer Synthetic Polymer Uses
Ethene Polythene Shopping

Bags, Plastic
bags, and
insulator for
electrical
wiring
Propene Polypropene Piping and

ropes
Chloroethene Polyvinyl chloride, PVC Artificial

leather
Methylmethacrylate Prespex Safety Glass
Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid Terylene Clothing,

ropes
Ethane-1,2-diol
Hexane-1,6-dioic acid Nylon Clothing,

ropes
Hexane-1,6-diamine
Type of Glass Components Characteristics Uses
Soda-lime Glass Silicon oxide, sodium Good chemical Bottles, window

oxide, calcium oxide durability, high panels, mirror, bulbs,
thermal expansion flat glass, glass
coefficient, easy to containers
make into different
shapes, low melting
point
Lead Crystal Glass Silicon oxide, sodium Soft and easy to melt, Art objects, lens,
oxide, lead oxide, high density, high prisms, chandeliers
potassium oxide, refractive index
aluminium oxide
Borosilicate Glass Silicon oxide, sodium Low thermal expansion Cooking utensils, lab
oxide, calcium oxide, coefficient, resistant to glassware, automobile
Boron oxide, heat and chemical headlights
aluminium oxide attack
Fused Glass Silicon oxide High heat resistant, Lab glassware, lenses,
high transparency, telescope, mirrors
high melting point,
resistant to chemical
attack
Ceramic
- Made from clay, such as kaolin.

Properties Uses Examples
Strong and hard Building materials Tiles, pipes
Rust proof and chemical Kitchen ware Cups, bowls

resistance
High melting point Heat insulator Lining of oven and furnace, sealing
surface of space shuttles
Longer lasting and pleasing Decorative items Porcelain, pots, souvenirs
Hard and not compressible Dental and medical uses False teeth and artificial limbs
Electric insulators Electrical items Spark plugs, insulators in toaster and

electric iron
Bronze Copper
Tin atoms are added to the copper atoms Copper atoms are arranged in an orderly manner
arrangement. Tin atoms are bigger than copper and are packed close together. Because the
atoms. As a result, the uniformity of the copper atoms are all in the same size, it enables
arrangement of copper atoms is disrupted and the layer of copper atoms to slide over easily
this prevents the layers of copper atoms to slide when a force is applied.
over one another.
This shows that pure copper is malleable and
This made bronze harder than pure copper. soft.
Acid Rain
1. Release of sulphur dioxide from chimney of factories, and the burning of petrol in cars.
2. The wind carries the pollutant around the globe.
3. Formation of acid rain:
a) Sulphur dioxide in air reacts with water and oxygen to form acid rain.
4. Effects:
a) Acid rain corrodes buildings and metal structures
b) Flows into rivers and lakes causing water pollution
i) Lakes and rivers become acidic
ii) Fish and other organisms die

c) Acid rain destroys trees in forest
d) Causes soil pollution
i) pH of the soil decreases
ii) salts are leached out of the top soil
iii) roots of trees are destroyed
iv) plants die of malnutrition and diseases
Manufacturing Sulphuric acid
Process named: Contact process
Steps involved:
1. Sulphur is burnt in a furnace together with dry air to produce sulphur dioxide.
S+O2 → S O2
2. Sulphur dioxide and air are passed over a converter to be converted to sulphur trioxide with
the presence of:
a) Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5
b) Temperature: 450-500 ⁰C
c) Pressure: 2-3 atp
2 S O2 +O2 →2 S O3
3. Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form a product called oleum.
S O3+ H 2 SO4 → H 2 S 2 O7
4. Water is added to oleum to produce concentrated sulphuric acid
H 2 S 2 O7 + H 2 O → 2 H 2 SO4
Manufacturing Ammonia
Process named: Haber process
Steps involved:
1. Nitrogen gas and hydrogen are mixed and scrubbed to get rid of impurities.
2. One volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of hydrogen gas are compressed in the
presence of 150-300 atp.
N 2 + H 2 ↔ 2 NH 3
3. Then, it goes to the converter. The conditions are:
a) Catalyst: Iron
b) Temperature: 400-450⁰C
4. The mixture of gas leaves the converter and is cooled until ammonia condenses. Only 10% of
the mixture will produce ammonia.
5. The rest of the unsuccessful nitrogen and hydrogen gas are then pumped back to the
converter for another chance to react.
6. The ammonia formed are then liquefied and separated to get a better yield. It is then stored
under pressure tanks.
Preparing Ammonium sulphate
1. Titration (ammonia solution and sulphuric acid)

(*Titration- refer to chemistry written practical book Activity 7.11)
2. Preparation of ammonium sulphate

a) 25.0cm3 of ammonia solution is pipette into a conical flask without adding indicator.
b) From the burette, exactly Vcm3 of sulphuric acid is added to ammonia solution.
c) The reacted solution is poured into an evaporating dish.
d) The solution is heated gently until two third of the solution has evaporated (saturated).
The saturated solution is allowed to cool so that the salt crystallises.
e) The solution is filtered to obtain the crystals.
f) The crystals are pressed between sheets of filter paper to dry.
Comparing the hardness of brass and copper
1. A steel ball bearing is stick onto the copper block using a cellophane tape.
2. A 1kg weight is hung at a height of 50cm above the ball bearing as shown in figure.
3. The weight is dropped so that it hits the ball bearing.
4. The diameter of the dent made on the copper block is measured.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated twice on the other parts of the copper block in order to obtain an
average value for the diameter of dents formed.
6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using a bronze block to replace the copper block.
7. The readings are recorded in a table.
Chapter 10: Rate of Reaction

Rate of Reaction
- The change in quantity of the reactant or products per time unit

- Is a measure of how quickly a chemical reaction happens
Fast Reaction
- The conversion of reactant to products takes place in a short time
Slow Reaction
- The conversion of reactant to products takes more time to complete
Observable Change
- A change that can be observed by our senses
Average Rate of Reaction
- The rate of reaction over an interval of time
Instantaneous rate of reaction
- Rate of reaction at any given time
Catalyst
- A substance that changes the rate of reaction. It does not undergo any chemical change
Decomposition
- A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances
Effective Collision
- A collision between reactant particles that result in reaction between them
Activation Energy, EA
- The minimum energy the colliding particles must have before collision between them can
result in chemical reaction
Energy Profile Diagram
- A graph that represents the energy change that occurs in a chemical reaction
Collision Frequency
- The number of collisions per unit time
Effective Collision Frequency
- The number of effective collisions per unit time

Collision Theory
- Theory used to explain chemical reactions in terms of collisions between particles, effective
collisions, and activation energy
Factor Change Effect Collision Effective Collision Rate of

Frequency Frequency Reaction
Size of reactant Smaller Size More total surface area Increase Increase Higher
exposed for collisions
Larger Size Less total surface area Decrease Decrease Lower

exposed for collisions
Concentration of Increase More reactant particles Increase Increase Higher

reactant concentration per unit volume
Decrease Less reactant particles Decrease Decrease Lower

concentration per unit volume
Temperature of Higher Reactant Particles move Increase Increase Higher

reaction mixture temperature faster
Lower Reactant Particles move Decrease Decrease Lower

temperature slower
External pressure of Higher More reactant particles Increase Increase Higher

a reaction mixture pressure per unit volume
containing gaseous
reactants
Lower Less reactant particles Decrease Decrease Lower

pressure per unit volume
Catalyst Present Reaction follows path - Increase Higher

with lower Ea
Absent Reaction follows path - Decrease Lower

with higher Ea
Why hydrochloric acid of 2.0moldm-3 reacts faster with zinc than hydrochloric acid of 0.5moldm -3?
- This is because 2.0moldm-3 of hydrochloric acid contains a higher concentration of hydrogen

ion and chloride ion per unit volume that is able to react with zinc as compared to
0.5moldm-3 of hydrochloric acid. This means that the reaction between 2.0moldm -3 of
hydrochloric acid and zinc has a higher collision frequency, effective collision frequency and
rate of reaction as compared to the reaction between 0.5moldm -3 of hydrochloric acid and
zinc.
Describe the laboratory experiment to confirm ‘the smaller the size of the reactant, the higher the
rate of reaction’ by using the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
(*Refer to Chemistry Written Practical book Form 5 Lesson 3 Activity sheet)
Describe the laboratory experiment to show that the presence of catalyst will increase the rate of
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
1. Test tube A and B are filled with 5cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide and are placed in a test tube
rack.
2. Half a spatula of manganese (IV) oxide is put into test tube B.
3. A glowing wooden splinter is inserted into the mouth of both test tubes.
4. The changes on the glowing wooden splinter is observed and recorded.
Describe a laboratory experiment to show that an increase in temperature will increase the rate of
reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and sulphuric acid.
(*Refer to Chemistry Written Practical book Form 5 Chapter 1 Experiment 3)

Chapter 11: Carbon Compound
Carbon Compound
- A compound that contains carbon, C combined with other elements
Organic Compound
- A carbon compound found in, produced by, or derived from living organisms
Hydrocarbon
- An organic compound that contains only carbon, C and hydrogen, H
Saturated Hydrocarbon
- A hydrocarbon that has only single covalent bonds (Alkane: Butane)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
- A hydrocarbon that has double or triple covalent bonds (Alkene: Propene)
Alkane
- A group of saturated hydrocarbons
Structural Formula
- A formula that shows which atoms are bonded to each other in a molecule of the organic
compound
General Formula
- A formula that shows the general form of the molecular formula of a homologous series
Straight-chain Alkane
- An alkane in which the carbon, C atoms are joined in a continuous straight line
Substitution Reaction
- A reaction in which one atom replaces another atom within a molecule
Alkene
- A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons
Addition Reaction
- A reaction in which a molecule adds to the two carbon, C atoms of a double bond
Homologous Series
- A group of organic compounds in which each member differs from the next one in the series
by a fixed unit of structure
Isomers
- Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae
Isomerism
- The phenomenon of organic compounds existing as isomers
Alkyl Group
- A side-chain containing only carbon, C and hydrogen, H atoms joined by single bonds
Alcohol
- A homologous series containing the hydroxyl group (-OH)
Functional Group
- An atom or a group of atoms that is responsible for the similar chemical properties of a
homologous series
Hydroxyl Group
- The functional group of alcohols
Hydration
- A reaction in which water is added to a compound
Fermentation
- The reaction in which yeast converts glucose, C 6H12O6, into ethanol, C2H5OH
Distillation
- The process of extracting a substance by vaporizing it then condensing the vapour
Carboxylic Acid
- A homologous series containing the carboxyl group (-COOH)
Carboxyl Group
- The functional group of carboxylic acids
Esterification
- The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water. The
reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen ion, H+
Ester
- A homologous series containing the carboxylate functional group
Extraction of Ester
- To take out the ester from its natural sources (fragrant plants)
Oils and Fats
- Natural Esters
Fatty Acid
- A carboxylic acid that has a long chain of about 10 to 20 carbon, C atoms. It has only one
carboxyl group
1,2,3-propanetriol/ glycerol
- An alcohol that has three hydroxyl groups
Saturated Fat
- Has a higher proportion of saturated fat molecules than unsaturated fat molecules
Unsaturated Fat
- Has a higher proportion of unsaturated fat molecules than saturated fat molecules
Hydrogenation
- The addition of hydrogen, H2 to the double bond between two carbon, C atoms
Natural Rubber
- Polymer obtained from the latex of the rubber tree
Elasticity
- The ability to return to the original shape after being stretched, compressed, or bent
Latex
- A milk- like colloid obtained from the rubber tree
Coagulation of Latex
- The separation of rubber particles from the water in the latex

Polymer: Refer to Form 4 Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry
Chapter 12: Oxidation and Reduction
Redox Reaction
- A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur at the same time
Oxidation Number/ Oxidation State
- The imaginary charge of an atom if it exists as an ion
Oxidation
- A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, O; loses hydrogen, H; loses

electrons; or undergoes an increase in oxidation number
Reduction
- A chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, O; gains hydrogen, H; gains

electrons; or undergoes a decrease in oxidation number
Oxidizing Agent
- Oxidizes a substance. It is reduced in the redox reaction
Reducing Agent
- Reduces a substance. It is oxidized in the redox reaction
Oxidizing agent Reducing agent

Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution , Chloride ion, Cl-
KMNO4
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution, Bromide ion, Br-
K2Cr2O7
Chlorine water, Cl2(aq) Iodide ion, I-
Bromine water, Br2(aq) Sulphate (IV) ion, SO42-
Iron (III) ion, Fe3+ Sulphur dioxide, SO2 gas
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S
Corrosion of a Metal
- The oxidation of the metal through the action of water, air, and/or electrolytes
Rusting of Iron, Fe
- The corrosion of iron, Fe. It is a redox reaction in which iron, Fe is oxidized to form hydrated
iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.3H2O or rust
Reactivity Series of Metals
- An arrangement of metals in the order of their reactivity towards oxygen, O 2
Vigour of a Chemical Reaction
- Shows how reactive the reaction is
The Extraction of Metal
- The process of obtaining a metal from its ore
Electrolytic Cell
- An electrochemical cell that uses electricity to produce a chemical change
Chemical/ Voltaic Cell
- An electrochemical cell that produces electricity from a chemical change
Chapter 13: Thermochemistry
Exothermic Reaction
- A chemical reaction that releases energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings
Endothermic Reaction
- A chemical reaction that absorbs energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings
Energy Level Diagram
- A graph that shows the energy change of a chemical reaction
Heat of Reaction, ∆H
- The energy change of a chemical reaction. It is the difference between the energy of the
reactants and the energy of the products
Thermochemical Equation
- A chemical equation with the heat of reaction, ∆H written at the end of the equation
Heat of Precipitation
- The energy change when one mole of precipitate is formed from its ions
Heat of Displacement
- The energy change when one mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more
electropositive metal
Heat of Neutralization
- The energy change when one mole of water is formed from the neutralization between one
mole of hydrogen ions, H+ from an acid and one mole of hydroxide ions, OH - from an alkali
Heat of Combustion
- The heat given off when one mole of substance is burnt completely in excess oxygen, O 2
Fuel Value/ Heat Value
- The amount of energy (measured in kilojoules) that can be obtained when 1g of fuel is burnt
Chapter 14: Chemical for Consumers
Soap
- The salt formed when a fatty acid is neutralized by an alkali
Detergent
- The salt formed when an alkyl hydrogen sulphate is neutralized by an alkali
Additives
- Substances added to a detergent to increase its effectiveness
Biological Enzyme
- An organic catalyst
Whitening Agent
- An additive that makes clothes whiter and cleaner
Saponification
- The hydrolysis of an ester. The catalyst is an alkali
Hydrolysis
- A reaction of a compound with water
Surface Tension
- The attractive force between water molecules. This force prevents water from wetting the
surface
Food Additive
- Any substance that is added to food to preserve it or improve its flavour and appearance
Preservative
- Food additives that prevent or slow down spoilage of food
Antioxidant
- Food Additives that prevent oxidation of food

Flavouring Agent
- Food additives that give flavour to food or enhance its natural flavour
Stabilizers and Thickening Agents
- Food additives that improve the texture and consistency of food
Dyes
- Food additives that colour food or replace lost colours
Drug
- Any natural or artificial made chemical that is reused as a medicine
Traditional Medicines
- Medicines that are derived from plants and animals
Modern Medicines
- Medicines that are manufactured on a large-scale for consumers
Analgesic
- Modern medicines that relieve pain
Antibiotics
- Modern medicines that kill bacteria
Psychotherapeutic Medicine
- Modern medicines used to treat mental illness
Side Effects of a Drug
- The undesirable effects that the drug produces in addition to that intended

Checklist Chemistry 2009 Yvonne

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Checklist Chemistry 2009 Yvonne

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann

Chapter 2: Structure of the Atom

A. Knowledge (Definition, meaning and facts)

- Smallest particle that can participate in chemical reaction.

- Group of 2 or more atoms which are chemically bonded together.

- The number of proton presence in an atom.

- The total number of proton and neutron in an atom.

- Sodium-24: Detect leak in pipes carrying gas

B) Understanding/ Application/ Analysis

Why the temperature remains unchanged during melting?

Why the temperature remains unchanged during freezing?

Solid Changed into Gas (The Full Process)?

Subatomic Particles Relative Atomic Mass Relative Charge

1. Step 1 to 2 of the above experiment is repeated using compound W instead.

(*Diagrams refer to appendix)

Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae and Equations

A. Knowledge (Definition, meaning and facts)

Relative atomic mass (RAM)

- Number of particles in one mole of substance of units, molecules or atoms.

- Mass of 1mol of substance, mass of NA (no. of particles), mass of 6.02 x 1023.

- The volume occupied by one mole of gas.

- The shorthand description of a chemical reaction.

B) Understanding/ Application/ Analysis

Compare and Contrast

Empirical Formula Molecular Formula

Molecular Formula of Ethanoic Acid, CH3COOH

a) Empirical Formula: CH2O

Finding Empirical Formula

Mass (g) 3.6 0.8

No. of Moles (mol) 3.6 ÷ 12 = 0.3 0.8 ÷ 1 = 0.8

Thus, the empirical formula of the compound is C 3H8.

Thus, the molecular formula of the compound is C 6H16.

b)No of moles of CuO = 20g ÷ ( 64+16)gmol-1

Ratio of moles CuO : Cu = 1 : 1

Mass of Cu = 0.25mol x 64gmol-1

Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the empirical formula of Magnesium oxide.

(*Refer to Chemistry written practical book Activity 3.5)

Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements

A. Knowledge (Definition, meaning and facts)

Periodic Table is arranged according to the increase in proton number.

- Atomic size increases

- Melting and boiling point increase

- Electro positivity of the metals increases

- Melting and boiling point increase

- Atomic size increases

- Atomic size decreases from left to right

- The elements from group 3 to group 12 in the periodic table.

B) Understanding/ Application/ Analysis

- Element X has an electron arrangement of 2.8.8.2. Hence, it is positioned at period 4, group

Reactivity of Group 1 increases down the group. Explain.

Reactivity of Group 17 decreases down the group. Explain.

Why helium not reactive?

Reaction with Observations Equations

Water It reacts quickly with water. The solution 2W + 2 H2O 2WOH + H2

Oxygen It burns brightly with flame. White solid is 4W + O2 2W2O

(*Refer to Chemistry written practical book Activity 4.1)

(*Refer to Chemistry written practical book Activity 4.2)

Chapter 5: Chemical Bond

A. Knowledge (Definition, meaning and facts)

- A negatively charged ion

- A positively charged ion

- High Melting and Boiling Point

- Low Melting and Boiling Point

B. Understanding/ Application/ Analysis