INSULIN GLUCAGON EPI- CORTISOL

NEPHRINE
Role in Major anabolic hormone; Counterregulates Insulin Insulin
metabolic Promotes storage of nutrients, glucose uptake in liver, insulin; Maintains counterregulato counterregulator
Homeo-stasis adipocytes, skeletal muscle; fuel availability in ry hormone y hormone
Regulates glucagons; synthesized & released in absence of dietary
response to change in blood fuel levels glucose;
Acts on liver and
adipocytes;
Synthesized &
released in response
to change in blood
fuel levels
Signal Binds to pl mem receptor on target cell Receptor coupled to Catecholamine: Binds
Trans- Receptor cytosolic side has tyrosine kinase activity AC and cAMP act as either intracellular
duction production NTS, or receptors acts
Mech. Hormone on nuclear
chromatin
Bl. Glu. High Low Low Low
Levels
required for
release
Type of Tyrosine Kinase AC coupled receptor x x
receptor
Intra- Insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) cAMP x x
cellular 2nd
Msgr
MOA o Reverses glucagons-stimulated phosphorylation o Activated ProtKinaseA phosphorylates Ser residues of
o Uses phosphorylation cascade to phosphorylate reg. enz. in fat & carb metab.
several enzymes Acts on CREBs to initiate enz transcription
o Induces & represses synthesis of certain enzymes
o Acts as growth factor to stimulate protein
synthesis
o Stimulates glucose & aa uptake into cells
Signal Receptor internalization, o Termination of Gs protein activation (GTP hydrolysis)
Termi-nation Low glucose levels cause rapid removal from o Phosphodiesterase degradation of cAMP
circulation and degradation in liver Rapid signal termination
Genl Effects Anabolic, uptake glucose, store nutrients Mobilization and utilization of nutrients

Structure Polypeptide, two strands held together by 2 disulfide Polypeptide, 29 aa, MW 3,500
bonds Plasma T1/2 is 3-5min.
Coprecipitates w/ Zinc ions, due to insolubility
Site/Mode of cell of pancreas cell of pancreas
Synthesis Preprohormone on ribosome of rER Preprohormone on ribosome of rER
Prohormone in rER, forms disulfide bonds Prohormone in rER lumen
Packaged in Golgi Proteolytic cleavage to 29aa mature glucagon
C-peptide cleaved out in storage vesicles containing
zinc ions
Site/Mode of High glucose levels through GLUT-2high ATP Regulated by [glucose] & [insulin]
Secretion levelsinhibits K+pump to allow ions out of Secretes into pancreatic ducts bloodsteam
celldepolarization of membrane due to Ca2+
influxfusion of exocytotic vesicles w/pl mem to
release insulin to blood stream (passes peripheral
 cells to suppress glucagon secretion
Release High bl. glucose AA Catecholamines Gut hormones
Signals Vagus nerve (ANS) GIP (gastric inhibitory prot) Cortisol AA