MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.

Chapter 9
Further Calculus
9.2.3 Exercise
1(a)
1
1 x2 1x
a(x ln x )dx = ln x + dx
2 a
a 2
1
x2 x2
= ln x +
2 4 a
a2 1 a2
= ln a +
2 4 4

1
0(x ln x )dx =
1
4
(a 0, a ln a 0)

1(b)
2 X 2

0 xe x dx = lim xe x dx
X 0
X
1 x2
= lim e
X
2 0
1
=
2

1(c)
X
2 2x
0 x e dx = Xlim x 2 e 2x d x
0
X
1 1 1
= lim x 2 + x + e 2x
X
2 2 4 0
1
=
4

1(d)
+
e
3x
exp(ex )dx = t 2e t dt
0

(t = ex) = lim [(t 2 2t 2)e t ]T0

T

=2
 9.2 MEM Exercise 9.3.3

1(e)
X
1
3 1 / 2 2 2
0 x (1 x ) dx = lim (1 x 3 )1 / 2 =
2
X 1 3 3
0

1(f)
1
1 1 2 2 4
0 x dx = lim x 3 / 2 x 1 / 2 =
x X 0 3 1 X 3

1(g)
/2 sin x
0 dx = lim [ 2 cos x ]0 / 2 = 2
cos x X / 2

1(h)
/2
/2 3 3
0 cos x sin 1 / 3 xdx = lim sin 2 / 3 x =
X 0 2 X 2

1(i)
X
x 1
0 1 + x 4 dx = Xlim tan 1x 2 =

2 0 4

9.3.3 Exercises
2(a)
d
(cot x) = cosec2 x
dx
d
so (cot x ) 1
dx
hence the iteration xn+1 = cot xn does not converge.

2(b)
d 1 1 1 1
tan + k = 2
dx x
x 1 + ( x1 )2
1
=
1+ x2
d 1
so tan 1 + k < 1 x0
dx x

1
and consequently xn+1 = tan1
x


+ k converges.
n
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.3

n xn n xn
0 0.905 022 5 14 0.860 352 4
1 0.835 213 2 15 0.860 322 7
2 0.874 949 6 16 0.860 339 8
3 0.851 994 8 17 0.860 33
4 0.865 145 2 18 0.860 335 6
5 0.857 575 19 0.860 332 4
6 0.861 920 9 20 0.860 334 2
7 0.859 422 1 21 0.860 333
8 0.860 857 6 22 0.860 333 8
9 0.860 032 5 23 0.860 333 4
10 0.860 506 6 24 0.860 333 6
11 0.860 234 1 25 0.860 333 5
12 0.860 390 7 26 0.860 333 6
13 0.860 300 7

To 6 dp. the root is 0.860 334.

Notice the very slow rate of convergence. The size of the gradient is greater than 1/2.

df 1
3 = f() so = f1(). The iteration xn+1 = f1(xn) will converge if < 1
dx
near , but
df 1 1
= df
dx dx

df
so the iteration will converge if > 1 near .
dx

4 Setting f(x) = x3 2x 1, f(1.5) < 0 and f(2) > 0 so f has a zero between 1.5 and 2.
d 1 3 3 2
(x 1) = x
dx 2 2
> 1 on [1.5, 2]
1 3
so xn+1 = (x n 1) fails to converge.
2
Try xn+1 = 3 2x n + 1
d 3 2
{ 2x + 1} = (2x + 1)2/3
dx 3
< 1 on [1.5, 2]

so this iteration will converge to the root. Using this iteration:

 9.4 MEM Exercise 9.3.3

n xn
0 1.5
1 1.587 401 1
2 1.610 195 6
3 1.616 035 5
4 1.617 524 9
5 1.617 904 3
6 1.618 001
7 1.618 025 6
8 1.618 031 8
9 1.618 033 4
10 1.618 033 8
11 1.618 034

To 6 dp the root is 1.618 034.

5
d
{x + f(x)} = 1 + f (x)
dx
f (x )
=1
f (x 0 )
f (x ) f (x )
If x0 is near the root , then, for x near , will be close to 1 so 1 will be

f (x 0 ) f (x 0 )
small and the iteration will converge.

For f(x) = x3 2x 1
f (x) = 3x2 2
so f (2) = 10
1
Take = . Use the iteration
10
1 3
xn+1 = xn (x n 2xn 1)
10

6(a)
1 3
xn+1 =
(x n + 2)
3
x0 = 0.9 gives the sequence 0.910, 0.918, 0.924, 0.930, . . . slowly increasing
x0 = 0.99 gives another slowly increasing sequence
x0 = 1.00 gives xn = 1 for all n
x0 = 1.1 gives the increasing sequence 1.110, 1.123, 1.129, 1.159, . . .
x0 = 2 gives the increasing sequence 3.333, 13.01, 735.1, . . .
So for 0 x0 1 numerical evidence suggests xn 1, n and for x0 > 1, xn as
n .
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.5

6(b) The derivative of the iteration function 13 (x n3 + 2) is x n2 . This has values smaller
than 1 for 0 < xn < 1 and greater than 1 for xn > 1. Hence we expect convergence to a
limit lying in (0, 1) and divergence from any limit lying in (0, ).

7 xn+1 = (2 + 30xn x n2 ) / 30.

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
xn 1.5 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.45
Impossible to assess limit from sequence. Let h = x1 ; then x(h) = xn, and x(0.25) = 1.47,
x(0.125) = 1.45. By linear extrapolation this suggests a limit x = 1.43.
Algebraically, let limit equal x; then

x = (2 + 30x x2)/30
30x = 2 + 30x x2
x= 2

So limit near 1.5 is 2 = 1.41.

There is very slow convergence since g(x) = 1 x/15 is very close to 1 when x = 2.

9.4.4 Exercises
8
f(x) = ecos x
f (x) = ecos x sin x
= f(x) sin x
so f(x) = f (x) sin x f(x) cos x
f(3)(x) = f (x) sin x f (x) cos x f (x) cos x + f(x) sin x
= f (x) sin x 2f (x) cos x + f(x) sin x
f (x) = f(3)(x) sin x f (x) cos x 2f (x) cos x + 2f (x) sin x + f (x) sin x
(4)

+ f(x) cos x
= f(3)(x) sin x 3f (x) cos x + 3f (x) sin x + f(x) cos x
f(5)(x) = f(4)(x) sin x 4f(3)(x) cos x + 6f (x) sin x + 4f (x) cos x f(x) sin x
f(6)(x) = f(5)(x) sin x 5f(4)(x) cos x + 10f(3)(x) sin x + 10f (x) cos x
5f (x) sin x f(x) cos x
 9.6 MEM Exercises 9.4.4

Hence f(0) = e
f (0) = 0
f (0) = e
f(3)(0) = 0
f(4)(0) = 4e
f(5)(0) = 0
and f(6)(0) = 24e 7e
= 31e
( 2)
f(0)x 2 f (3) (0)x 3 f ( 4) (0)x 4
Now f(x) = f(0) + f (0)x + + +
2! 3! 4!
f (5) (0)x 5 f (6)(0)x 6
+ + +
5! 6!
x 2 x 4 31x 6
= e 1 + +
2 6 720
Alternatively, using the expansions for ex and cos x:
x2 x4 x6
f(x) = exp 1 + +
2 4! 6!
x2 x4 x6
= e exp 1 + +
2 4! 6!
2
x2 x4 x6 1 x2 x4
= e 1 + + + + +
2! 4! 6!
2! 2! 4!
3
1 x2
+ + +
3! 2!

x 2 x 4 31x 6
= e 1 + +
2 6 720

9 We are given y(1) y x + 1

so y(2) = y(1) 1
y(3) = y(2)
hence y(n+1) = y(n) for n 2

Now y1(0) = 1 0 + 1
=2
y2(0) = y1(0) 1
and y(n+1)(0) = y(n)(0) for n 2
so y(n)(0) = 1 for n 2
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.7

Hence the Maclaurin series for y is

x2 x3
y(x) = 1 + 2x + + +
2! 3!

xr
= 1 + 2x +
r =2 r !

10 Using the formula for yn+1

x t2 t3
y3 = 1 + 1 + 2t + t + 1 dt
0
2 3
x t2 t3
= 1 + 2 + t + dt
0
2 3
x
t2 t3 t4
=1+ 2t + +
2 6 24 0
x2 x3 x4
= 1 + 2x + +
2 6 24
x t2 t3 t4
and y4 = 1 + 1 + 2t + + t + 1dt
0
2 6 24
x t2 t3 t4
= 1 + 2 + t + + dt
0
2 6 24
x
t2 t3 t4 t5
=1+ 2t + + +
2 6 24 120 0
x2 x3 x4 x5
= 1 + 2x + + +
2 6 24 120

11
(1)(2)x 2 (1)(2)(3)x 3
(1 + x)1 = 1 + (1)x + + +
2! 3!
= 1 x + x2 x3 + x4
Now
d 1
(tan1 x) =
dx 1+x2
= 1 x2 + x4 x6 + x8
using the expression of (1 + x)1
Integrating gives
x3 x5 x7
tan1 x = x + +
3 5 7
since tan1(0) = 0.
 9.8 MEM Exercises 9.4.4

12
x3 x5 x7
sin x = x + +
3! 5! 7!
2 4 6
x x x
cos x = 1 + +
2! 4! 6!
sin x x3 x5 x7 x2 x4 x6
so tan x = = x + + 1 + +
cos x 3! 5! 7! 2! 4! 6!
x3 x5 x7 x2 x4 x6
= x + + 1 1 + + +
3! 5! 7! 2! 4! 6!
x 2
x 4 2
x 2

3


+ + + + +
2 ! 4! 2 !
5
x3 x5 x7 x3 x5 x7 x
= x + + +
3! 5! 7! 2 2 3! 2 5! 4!
x7 x7 x5 x7 x7 x7
+ + + + + +
4!3! 6! 4 4 3! 4! 8
3
x 2 5 17 7
= x+ + x + x +
3 15 316
d
Notice that (ln cos x) = tan x
dx
x3 2 5 17 7
= x + + x + x +
3 15 315
x2 x4 x6 17 8
So, integrating, ln cos x = + + + x +
2 12 45 315

13 Since coth x is an odd function, its power series involves odd powers only. Let
1
coth x (a0 + a2x2 + a4x4 + a6x6 + )
x
then
x cosh x (a0 + a2x2 + a4x4 + a6x6 + ) (sinh x)
1 2 1 4 1 6 1 1
x 1 + x + x + x + (a0 + a2x2 + a4x4 + a6x6 + ) x + x 3 + x 5 +
2! 4! 6! 3! 5!
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we obtain
1 = a0
1 1
= a2 + a0
2! 3!
1 1 1
= a4 + a 2 + a 0
4! 3! 5!
1 1 1 1
= a6 + a 4 + a 2 + a 0
6! 3! 5! 7!
giving the values
1 1 2
a0 = 1, a2 = , a4 = , a6 =
3 45 945
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.9

14
M 1 1
H= 2

2lx (1 ( xl )) 2
(1 + ( xl ))
2

M l l
2
l l
2

= 1 + 2 + 3
+ 1 2 + 3 +
2lx 2
x x x x

Since l is small compared with x we may ignore terms in ( xl )2 and above:

M l l
H= 1 + 2 1 + 2
2
2lx x x

2M
=
lx 3

15
ex + e x 2 (1 + x + x2
+ x3
+ ) + (1 x + x2
x3
+ ) 2
= 2 3! 2 3!
2 cos 2x 2 2(1 2x + 2 16 x 4
4!
) 2
x 2 + O(x 4 )
=
4x 2 + O(x 4 )
1 + O(x 2 )
=
4 + O(x 2 )
As x 0 the terms in x2 and above 0 so
ex + e x 2
1
lim =
x 0 2 cos 2x 2 4

16
x3 x5
sin x = x +
3! 5!
sin x x2 x4
so = 1 +
x 3! 5!
sin x x2 x4
and ln = ln 1 + +

x 3! 5!
2
x2 x4 1 x2
=

+ + +
3! 5! 2! 3!
using the expansion of ln(1 + y)
x2 x4 x4
= + +
3! 5! 2! (3! )2
2 4
x x
= +
6 180
 9.10 MEM Exercises 9.4.4

17
1/2 2 1/2 x4 x6 x8
0 e x dx = 1 x 2 + + dx
0
2! 3! 4!
1/2
1 x5 x7 x9
= x x3 + +
3 5.2! 7.3! 9.4! 0
x m +1 1
Truncation after (n 1) terms has maximum error where x = .
(2n + 1)n ! 2
For answer to 3 dp we require
( 12 )2n +1 1
< 10 3
(2n + 1)n! 2
( 12 )7
n = 3 gives = 0.000 19
7.6
1/2 1 1 1 1 1
so e x dx = + = 0.461 458
2

0 2 3 8 5 64
= 0.461

approximation true value

18 Percent error = 100%
approximation
1 (R r )4
= 12 l3 100%
2l + (R + r ) + (R r )2/ l
Here R = 5, r = 4, giving
100
%
24l + 9 (12l 3 ) + 12l 2
4

This is less than 0.05% when

24l 4 + 28.26l 3 + 12l 2 > 2000
Tabulating the lefthand side gives l > 18.

19(a)
x 3 3x 2 3x 2 3 3
lim = =
x 2 x 8
3
3x
2
x 2 4

19(b)
1 (1 x )1/4 1 (1 x )3/4 1
lim =
4
=
x 0 x 1 4
x 0

19(c)
sin 3x 3 cos 3x 3
lim = =
x sin 2x 2 cos 2x x 2
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.11

19(d)
3 1 3 (x 2 + x + 1)
lim 3 = lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
x3 1
(since x 1 = (x 1)(x2 + x + 1))
3

(2x + 1)
=
3x 2 x 1
= 1

19(e)
x cos x sin x cos x x sin x cos x
lim 3 = lim
x 0 x x 0 3x 2
sin x cos x 1
= lim = lim =
x 0 3x x 0 3 3

19(f)
1 sin x cos x
lim = lim
x 2 ln sin x x 2 cos x / sin x

= lim {sin x} = 1
x / 2

20 A = (4b + x)(h + b + 2x) with hb2 = 1 136 000

A = (4b + x)
1 136
b 2
000
+ b + 2x

x=0 A=
4 544 000
b
+ 4b 2
dA 4 544 000
= + 8b
db b2
dA
db
=0 b3 = 568 000
b0* = 10(568)1/3 = 82.82
dA 1 136 000 2 272 000
x 0, = 4 2
+ b + 2x + (4b + x ) + 1
db b b3
dA
= 0 where b = b*
db
4b*(1 136 000 + b*3 + 2b*2x) + (4b* + x)(2 272 000 + b*3) = 0
8b* + 9xb*4 3
4 544 000b* 2 272 000x = 0
Let b* = b0 + b1x + b2x2; then
8(b0 + b1x + b2x2)4 + 9x(b0 + b1x + b2x2)3
4 544 000(b0 + b1x + b2x2) 2 272 000x = 0
 9.12 MEM Exercises 9.4.6

The coefficient of each power of x on LHS must equal zero.

Coefficient of x0 gives 8b04 4 544 000b0 = 0 b0 = b0*
Coefficient of x gives 8(4b3 b1 ) + 9b0 4 544 000b1 2 272 000 = 0
1 0 3

5
Substituting the value for b0 and solving gives b1 = .
24
Coefficient of x2 gives
8(6b 02b12 + 4b03b2 ) + 9(3b02b1 ) 4 544 000b2 = 0
3 4 544 000b2 = 48b02b12 27b02b1
b2 = 17/(1152(568)1/3)
Thus as the overlap increases, b decreases and h increases.

9.4.6 Exercises
21 We require
1 2
h | f (x) |max < 0.000 000 5
8
where f(x) = ex and h = 0.001.
Now f (x) = ex so the maximum value of ex on [0, X] is ex.
1 2 x
Hence, h e < 5 107
8

ex <
8 5 10 7
(0.001)2
<4
Therefore X < ln 4
< 1.386

22 f(x) = tan x
1
We require h 2 | f (x) |max 5 107 where h is the step size.
8
Now f (x) = 2 sec2 x tan x. This is maximum at x = 1 on the interval [0, 1] so | f (x) |max =
f (1) = 10.67.
So we need
8 5 10 7
h2
1.067
h 6 104

Hence the maximum value of h is 0.0006.

 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.13

23
h h2 h3 h 4 iv
f(a + h) = f(a) + f (a) + f (a) + f (a ) + f (a ) +
1! 2! 3! 4!
h h2 h3 h 4 iv
f(a h) = f(a) f (a) + f (a) f (a ) + f (a ) +
1! 2! 3! 4!
2h 2h 3 2h 5 5
f(a + h) f(a h) = f (a) + f (a ) f (a ) +
1! 3! 5!

f (a) =
f (a + h ) f (a h ) h 2 (3)
2h
f (a ) +
h 4 (5)
f (a ) +
h 6 (7 )
f (a ) +

3! 5! 7!
f (a) = (h)
h 2 (3)
3!
f (a )
h 4 (5)
5!
f (a ) (1)

And also
h 1 h 2 (3) 1 h 4 (5)
f (a) = f (a ) f (a ) (2)
2 4 3! 16 5!
4 (2) (1) gives
h 3 h 4 (5) 15 h 6 (7 )
3f (a) = 4 (h ) + f (a ) + f (a ) +
2 4 5! 16 7!

4
1 h 1h 5 h6
f (a) = 4 (h ) + f (5)(a ) + (a ) +
3 2 4 5! 16 7!
1 h 4 (5) 5 h 6 (7)
= (h) + f (a ) + f (a) + (3)
4 5! 16 7!
And also
h 1 h 4 (5) 5 h 6 (7 )
f (a) = + f (a ) + f (a ) + . (4)
2 64 5! 1024 7!
16 (4) (3) gives
h 15 h 6 (7)
15f (a) = 16 (h) + f (a) +
2 64 7!

f (a) =
1

15
16
h

2
(h )

+
1 h 6 (7 )
f (a ) +
16 7!

1 h
16 (h ) = f (a) + O(h )
6
Thus
15 2
h (h) (h) = approx to f (1)
0.4 1.206 791 6
0.2 1.183 051 6 1.175 136 1
0.1 1.177 160 8 1.175 197 2 1.175 201 3
 9.14 MEM Exercises 9.4.10

9.4.10 Exercises
1
24(a) xn+1 = g(xn) where g(x)=1 + .
1+ x
1
g(x) =
(1 + x )2

so g ( 2 ) 0 and the iteration is first order.

1 2
24(b) g(x) = x +
2 x
1 2
so g(x) = 1 2
2 x

Now g ( 2 ) = 0 so the iteration is not first order

2
g(x) = 3
x
so g ( 2 ) 0 and hence the iteration is second order.

24(c)
3x 4 + 12x 2 4
g(x) =
8x 3
3x 3 1
= + 3
8 2x 2x
8 3 3
g(x) = 2 + 4
3 2x 2x
g ( 2 ) = 0 so not first order
3 6
g(x) = 3 5
x x
so g ( 2 ) = 0 and the procedure is not second order
9 30
g(x) = 4 + 6
x x
3
g ( 2 ) = 0 so this iterative procedure is third order
2

25 Let f(x) = x3 6x2 + 9x + 1 and use

f (x n )
xn+1 = xn
f (x n )
Now f (x) = 3x2 12x + 9
x 3 6x 2 9x n + 1
so xn+1 = xn n 2 n
3x n 12x n + 9
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.15

Using this procedure:

n xn
0 0
1 0.111 111 1
2 0.103 835 9
3 0.103 803 4
So the root is 0.1038 to 4 dp.

26
f(x) = x4 4x3 12x2 + 32x + 28
f (x) = 4x3 12x2 24x + 32
NewtonRaphson method gives
f (x n )
xn+1 = xn
f (x n )
x n4 4x n3 12x n2 + 32x n + 28
= xn
4x n3 12x n2 24x n + 32
First we must locate the approximate position of the roots.
f(2) > 0 f(3) < 0 so there is a root in [2,3]
f(4) < 0 f(5) > 0 so the other positive root lies in [4,5]
To find the root in [2,3]:
n xn
0 2.5
1 2.736 111 1
2 2.732 050 8
3 2.732 050 8

The root is 2.732 051 to 6 dp.

For the root in [4,5] take x0 = 4.5:
n xn
0 4.5
1 5.059 065 9
2 4.895 197 1
3 4.873 356 3
4 4.872 983 5
5 4.872 983 3
The root is 4.872 983 to 6 dp.
 9.16 MEM Exercises 9.4.12

27
xn+1 = g(xn) where g(x) = x(3 3ax + a2x2)
= 3x 3ax2 + a2x3

Now g(x) = 3 6ax + 3a2x2

g(x) = 6a + 6a2x
g(x) = 6a2
1
+ n+1 = g( a1 + n)
a
g ( a1 ) g ( a1 )
= g( a1 ) + g ( a1 ) n + n2 + +
2! 3!
6a 2 3
so n+1 = n +
3!
= a 2 n3 +
Applying this procedure to x0 = 0.5
n xn
0 0.5
1 0.575 028 1
2 0.576 368 86

2 = a 2 13 and 1 = a 2 03
so 2 = a 8 09
but 0 = 0.076 approximately
= 6.9 109
so the answer is correct to 7 dp.

9.4.12 Exercises
28
f(x) = ln cosh x
f (x) = tanh x
f (x) = sech2 x
f(3)(x) = 2 sech2 x tan x
f(4)(x) = 4 sech2 x tanh2 x + 2 sech4 x
On the interval [0, 0.5], f(4)(x) is maximum at x = 0 so
| f(4)(x) |max = f(4)(0)
=2
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.17

The global truncation error satisfies

(b a )5
< | f(4) |max
180n 4
1
<
2880n 4
The size of the accumulated rounding error is < 0.5 0.5 104.
To ensure that 00.5 ln cosh xdx is evaluated correctly to 4 dp take n so that
1
< 0.000 025
2880n 4
n4 > 13.9
n > 1.9
Take n = 2.

29(a) Use the trapezium rule with h = 0.25, n = 4, f(x) = x

1 1
0 xdx = h (f0 + 2f1 + 2f2 + 2f3 + f4)
2
f0 = f(0) = 0
f1 = f(0.25) = 0.5
f2 = f(0.5) = 0.707 106 7
f3 = f(0.75) = 0.866 025 4
f4 = f(1) = 1

xdx = 0.643 283.

1
Evaluating gives 0

The error is 0.023.

dx
29(b) Let x = t2. = 2t so substituting gives
dt
1 1
0 x dx = 2t 2 dt
0

Again taking h = 0.25, n = 4 the trapezium rule gives

1 1
2
0 2t dt = 0.25 (0 + 2 0.125 + 2 0.5 + 2 1.125 + 2)
2
= 0.6875
The error is 0.021.

29(c) The second form of the integral is easier to evaluate numerically because the
slope of the integrand is never greater than 2 on (0, 1), whereas the first integrand has a
large gradient near x = 0.
To achieve accuracy to 4 dp, we need 256 intervals for the first form and only 128
intervals for the second. Transforming the integrand by a simple change of variable can
sometimes lead to much more rapid convergence to the value required.
 9.18 MEM Exercises 9.4.12

From the EulerMaclaurin estimate of the global truncation error we have that with h = 14
(i) for f(x) = x1/2, the global truncation error is approximately 121 h 2 (b a) f (c) = 768
1 1
c 3/ 2
,
0 < c < 1.
(ii) for f(x) = 2x2, the global truncation error is 121 h 2 [f (b) f (a)] = 641 .

30 The global truncation error is

1 2
=
h (b a)f (c) where a < c < b
12
2 2
Now f (x) = 2ex + 4x2ex . On the interval [0,1] this is maximum when x = 1 so f (c) <
f (1) on [0,1].
1
Hence < (0.25)2f (1)
12
1
< (0.25)2 16.3
12
< 0.08
1 2
So 1.40 < ex dx < 1.58
0

To calculate the integral to 4 dp we require the global truncation error to be less than
0.000 05.
h2
16.3 < 5 105
12
h < 0.006
1 1
Take h . Using the interval-halving method (Section 7.9.3) would require h = .
167 256

31

1 1 1
x
0 e dx h e0 + eh + e 2h + + e(n 1)h + enh
2 2
1
[{
h e +e + +e
2
0 h (n 1)h
} {
+ e + + enh
h
}]
1 e(n +1)h 1 0
h h
2 e 1
[
e + eh ]
e0 = 1, enh = e1
1 1 1+h eh + 1
0 e x
dx h (e 1)
eh 1
2
1 h
h(e 1) coth
2 2
1 1
2 4 6
1 1 1 1 2 1
(e 1) h 1 1 + h h +
h
2 ( 2 h)
3 2 45 2 945 2

Hence result, which corresponds to the EulerMaclaurin expansion with f(x) = ex.
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.19

9.5.2 Exercises
32 r = (t, t2, t3), so : = (1, 2t, 3t2) and ; = (0, 2, 6t)

33 r = (1 + t)i + t2j + 2
3
t3k so : = i + 2tj + 2t2k. : is a tangent vector so the unit
tangent vector is
:
=
|r|
but | : | = 1 + 4t 2 + 4t 4
= 1 + 2t2
1
so = (i + 2tj + 2t2k)
1 + 2t 2
and : = f(t) where f(t) = 1 + 2t2
d 4t
Now = (i + 2tj + 2t2k)
dt (1 + 2t 2 )2
1
+ (2j + 4tk)
(1 + 2t 2 )
1
= (4ti + (2 4t2)j + 4tk)
(1 + 2t 2 )2
d 1
and = (4t + 4t 8t3 + 8t3)
dt (1 + 2t 2 )3
=0
d
so is perpendicular to .
dt

34 is the unit vector with slope tan so

= cos i + sin j

and = cos + i + sin + j
2 2
= sin i + cos j
d d d
So = sin i + cos j
dt dt dt
d
= (sin i + cos j) where =
dt
=
d d d
= cos i sin j
dt dt dt
=
dr d
and = (r )
dt dt
dr d
= +r
dt dt
dr
= + r
dt
 9.20 MEM Exercises 9.6.4

d2r d dr
= + r
dt 2
dt dt
dr dr dr d
2
2
= + + + r
dt 2
dt dt dt
d r2
dr d
= 2 r 2 + 2 +r
dt dt dt

35 | a(t) |2 = constant a a = constant.

d
dt
(a a) = 0 2a.
da
dt
=0 a is perpendicular to
da
dt

36
If 1 = r, 2 = r + r then
= r and | P1P2 | = s.
Hence | r | = s and dr
dt = ds
dt .
dr
ds = dr dt
dt ds = dr
dt
dt
ds = 1.
Hence drds
is a unit tangent vector to the
curve at r(t). Since dr ds
has constant
dr d2 r
magnitude, ds and ds2 are perpendicular.
From Section 8.3.14, curvature is the rate
of turning of the tangent with respect to
arc length, so

d dr d2 r
|| = =
ds ds ds 2

9.6.4 Exercises
37
f f (1 + x , 2) f (1, 2)
= lim
x (1,2)
x 0 x
2(1 + x )2 2(1 + x ) + 4 2 + 2 4
= lim
x 0 x
= lim (2 + 2x )
x 0
=2
f f (1, 2 + y ) f (1, 2)
= lim
y (1,2)
y 0 y
2 (2 + y ) + (2 + y )2 2 + 2 4
= lim
y 0 y
= lim (3 + y )
y 0

=3
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.21

38 f(x, y) = x cos y
f (x + h ) cos y x cos y
= lim
x h 0 h
(x + h ) x
= cos y lim
h 0 h
= cos y
f x cos(y + k ) x cos y
= lim
y k 0 k
cos(y + k ) cos y
= x lim
k 0 k
cos y cos k sin y sin k cos y
= x lim
k 0 k
cos y(cos k 1) sin k
= x lim sin y
k 0
k y
cos k 1 k k3 sin k k2
= + ; = 1 +
k 2! 4! k 3!
f
= x sin y
y

39(a)
f f
= 3x2y + 4x + y, = x3 + 18y + x
x y

39(b)
f f
= 3(x + y2)2, = 3(x + y2)2(2y) = 6y(x + y2)2
x y

39(c)
f 3x + y f y +x
= , =
x (3x + y 2 + 2xy )1 / 2
2
y (3x + y 2 + 2xy )1 / 2
2

40(a) f(x, y) = exy cos x

f
= yexy cos x exy sin x
x
= exy(y cos x sin x)
f
= xexy cos x
y
 9.22 MEM Exercises 9.6.4

40(b)
x
f(x, y) =
x2 + y2
f (x 2 + y 2 ) 2x 2
so =
x (x 2 + y 2 )2
y2 x 2
= 2
(x + y 2 )2
f 2xy
and = 2
y (x + y 2 )2

40(c)
x +y
f(x, y) =
x + 2y 2 + 6
2

f (x 2 + 2y 2 + 6) 2x (x + y )
so =
x (x 2 2y 2 + 6)2
x 2xy + 2y 2 + 6
2
=
(x 2 + 2y 2 + 6)2
f (x 2 + 2y 2 + 6) 4y(x + y )
=
y (x 2 + 2y 2 + 6)2
x 2 4xy 2y 2 + 6
=
(x 2 + 2y 2 + 6)2

41 The slope in direction at (x, y) is

fx cos
m(x, y) =
f sin

y

Now fx = 2x 3, ty = 4y + 2 so at (2, 1) the slope in direction is
6
1
3
m (2, 1) =
2
2
6 1
2
3
= 1
2
The direction of the slope at (2, 1) is
1 cos
m(2, 1) = 2 sin


This is maximum when cos ( )
sin ( )
points in the direction 12 . This occurs for tan = 2, i.e.
= tan1 2.
At (2, 1), f(2, 1) = 2 so the level curve through (2, 1) is

x2 + 2y2 3x + 2y = 2
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.23

Differentiating:
dy dy
2x + 4y 3+2 =0
dx dx
dy 1
so =
dx 2
The normal to the direction has slope 2 so points in the same direction as the direction
1
of maximum slope. The direction of the tangent has angle = tan1 and the slope in
2
this direction is
1 1 2
m 1 1 (2, 1) =
tan
2 2 5 1
=0

so the tangent to the level curve points in the direction of zero slope.

42(a) x2 + y2 + z2 = 10
z
so 2x + 2z =0 differentiating with respect to x
x
z
x
=
x
z
z
and 2y + 2z =0
y
z
y
=
y
z

42(b) xyz = x y + z
z z
so yz + xy =1+
x x
z
therefore (xy 1) = 1 yz
x
z
x
=
1 yz
xy 1
Differentiating with respect to y:
z z
xz + xy = 1 +
y y
z 1 + xz
=
y 1 xy
 9.24 MEM Exercises 9.6.4

43
x 2y 2
z=
x2 + y2
The partial derivatives are
z 2xy 2 (x 2 + y 2 ) 2x 3y 2
=
x (x 2 + y )2
2xy 4
=
(x 2 + y 2 )2
z 2x 2y(x 2 + y 2 ) 2xy 3
and =
y (x 2 + y 2 )2
2x 4y
=
(x + y 2 )2
2

z z 2x 2y 4 + 2x 4y 2
So, x +y =
x y (x 2 + y 2 )2
2x 2y 2 (x 2 + y 2 )
=
(x 2 + y 2 )2
2x 2y 2
=
(x 2 + y 2 )
= 2z as required

44(a)
f(x, y, z) = x2y + 3yxz 2z3x2y
so fx = 2xy + 3yz 4z3xy
fy = x2 + 3xz 2z3x2
and fz = 3yz 6z2x2y

44(b)
f(x, y, z) = e2z cos xy
so fx = ye2z sin xy
fy = xe2z sin xy
fz = 2e2z cos xy
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.25

45

f(x, y, z) = (x2 + y2 + z2)1/2.

The partial derivatives are

fx = x(x2 + y2 + z2)3/2
fy = y(x2 + y2 + z2)3/2
fz = z(x2 + y2 + z2)3/2
so xfx + yfy + zfz = x2(x2 + y2 + z2)3/2
y2(x2 + y2 + z2)3/2 z2(x2 + y2 + z2)3/2
= (x2 + y2 + z2)3/2(x2 + y2 + z2)
= (x2 + y2 + z2)1/2
= f(x, y, z) as required

46 The partial derivatives are

1
fx = 1 +
y z
(y z ) (x y )
fy =
(y z )2
z x
=
(y z )2
x y
fz =
(y z )2
1 z x +x y
so fx + fy + fz = 1 + +
y z (y z )2
1 1
=1+
y z y z
=1

9.6.6 Exercises
47(a)
dz z dx z dy
= + (chain rule)
dt x dt y dt
z x z y d x dy
Now = , = , = 2t and =1
x z y z dt dt
dz 2xt + y
So =
dt z
2(t 2 + 1)t + t 1
=
(t 2 + 1)2 + (t 1)2
2t 2 + 3t 1
=
t 4 + 3t 2 2t + 2
 9.26 MEM Exercises 9.6.6

47(b)
x2 + 3xt + 2t2 = 1
dx dx
so 2x +3 t + 3x + 4t = 0
dt dt
dx 4t 3x
=
dt 2x + 3t
also z = x2t2
dz dx 2
so = 2x t + 2x2t
dt dt
4t 3x
= 2xt2 + 2x t
2

2x + 3t
2xt(4t 2 3xt + 2x 2 + 3xt )
=
2x + 3t
4xt(x 2 2t 2 )
=
2x + 3t

48
f f x f y
= +
s x s y s
= 2sex cos y 2tex sin y
f f x f y
= +
t x t y t
= 2tex cos y 2sex sin y

49
u = x + y, v = xy, z = f(u, v)
Using the chain rule,
z z u z v
= + (1)
x u x v x
z z
= +y
u v
z z u z v
and = +
y u y v y
z z
= +x (2)
u v
z z z
x (1) y (2) gives x y = (x y) (a)
x y u
z z z
(1) (2) gives = (x y) (b)
x y v
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.27

50
z
= nxn1f(u) + xn f (u )
x x
f
= nxn1f(u) + xn2y
u
z f
and = xn1
y u
z z t f
so x +y = nxn + (u) xn1 y + x n 1y
x y u u
= nxnf(u)
= nz
When z = x4 + 2y4 + 3xy3
z z
= 4x3 + 3y3 and = 8y3 + 9xy2
x y
z
so x = 4x4 + 3y3x + 8y4 + 9xy3
x
= 4x4 + 8y4 + 12xy3
= 4(x4 + 2y4 + 3xy3)
y
which is expected as z = x4(1 + 2u4 + 3u3) where u =
x

51(a)
f f u f v
= +
x u x v x
y y/x f f
= e + 2x
x 2
u v
f f u f v
and = +
y u y v y
1 y/x f f
= e + 2y
x u v
f f y f f y y/x f f
so x +y = ey/x + 2x 2 + e + 2y 2
x y x u v x u v
f
= 2(x2 + y2)
v
f
= 2v
v
 9.28 MEM Exercises 9.6.6

51(b)
f f f f
x3 x 2y = x 2 ey/x + 2yx 3
y x u v
f f
+ y 2 ey/x 2x 3y
u v
f
= (x 2 + y 2 )ey/x
u
f
= uv
u

da db
52 We are told that = 2 cm s1, = 3 cm s1
dt dt

52(a)
1
Area A = ab
2
dA A da A db
Now = +
dt a dt b dt
3
=b+ a
2
= 10.5 cm s1 when a = 5, b = 3.

52(b)
Hypotenuse h = a 2 + b2
dh h da h db
= +
dt a dt b dt
= 2a(a2 + b2)1/2 + 3b(a2 + b2)1/2
10 9
= + at a = 5, b = 3
34 34
19
= cm s1
34

53
dS S dr S dh
= +
dt r dt h dt
= (2r + (r2 + h2)1/2 + r2(r2 + h2)1/2) 0.25
+ rh(r2 + h2)1/2 0.25
19
= cm s1 when r = 3, h = 4
5

54 dr
dt
= (1, 2t, 3t2); dr
dt
= 1 + 4t 2 + 9t 4
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.29

55
f x y
= 2x + 4y
s s s
= 2(es + et)(es) + 4(es et)(es)
= 6e2s + 2est
f x y
= 2x + 4y
t t t
= 2(es + et)(et) + 4(es et)(et)
= 6e2t + 2est

9.6.8 Exercises
56
f (x 2 + y 2 ) 2x 2
=
x (x 2 + y 2 )2
y2 x 2
= 2
(x + y 2 )2
f
2
2x (x 2 + y 2 )2 4x(y 2 x 2 )(x 2 + y 2 )
=
x 2 (x 2 + y 2 )4
2x 3 6xy 2
=
(x 2 + y 2 )3
f 2yx
and = 2
y (x + y 2 )2
2 f 2x (x 2 + y 2 )2 + 8y 2x (x 2 + y 2 )
=
y 2 (x 2 + y 2 )4
6xy 2x
2 3
=
(x 2 + y 2 )3
2 f 2 f 2x 3 6xy 2 6xy 2 2x 3
and so + = + 2
x 2 y 2 (x 2 + y 2 )2 (x + y 2 )2
=0

57
V(x, y) = x3 + axy2
V
so = 3x2 + ay2
x
2V
= 6x
x 2
2V
= 6x
x 2
V
also = 2axy
y
2V
so = 2ax
y 2
 9.30 MEM Exercises 9.6.8

2V 2V
Therefore + =0
x 2 y 2
6x + 2ax =0
2x(3 + a) =0
a = 3

58(a)
f 2 f
= 2x cos y, = 2x sin y
x yx
f 2f
= x2 sin y, = 2x sin y
y xy
2f 2 f
so =
yx xy

58(b)
f 2 f
= cosh x cos y, = cosh x sin y
x yx
f 2f
= sinh x sin y, = cosh x sin y
y xy
2f 2 f
so =
yx xy

59
1 x2 + y2
V(x, y, z) = exp
z 4z
The partial derivatives are
V x x2 + y2
= 2 exp
x 2z 4z
V y x2 + y2
= 2 exp
y 2z 4z
V y x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2
= 2 exp + exp
z z 4z 4z 3
4z

2V 1 x2 + y2 x2 x2 + y2
so = exp

+ exp
x 2 2z 2 4z 4z 3
4z
2V 1 x2 + y2 y2 x2 + y2
and = exp

+ exp
y 2 2z 2 4z 4z 3
4z
Adding gives
2V 2V 1 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2
+ = exp

+ exp
x 2 y 2 z2 4z 4z 3
4z

V
=
z
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.31

60 Let u = x + y; then ux = 1 and uy = 1 and

zx = f(u) + xfu(u) + yFu(u)

zxx = fu + fu(u) + xfuu(u) + yFuu(u)
= 2fu(u) + xfuu(u) + yFuu(u)
zy = xf(u) + F(u) + yFu(u)
zyy = xfuu(u) + Fu(u) + Fu(u) + yFuu(u)
= 2Fu(u) + yFuu(u) + xfuu(u)
and zxy = fu(u) + xfuu(u) + Fu(u) + yFuu(u)
Now, zxx + zyy = 2fu(u) + xfuu(u) + yFuu(u)
+ 2Fu(u) + yFuu(u) + xfuu(u)
= 2(fu(u) + xfuu(u) + Fu(u) + yFuu(u))
= 2zxy

61
zx = eKxy + KxyeKxy
= eKxy(1 + Kxy)
zy = Kx2eKxy
Differentiating again,
zxx = KyeKxy(1 + Kxy) + KyeKxy
= KyeKxy(2 + Kxy)
zxy = KxeKxy(2 + Kxy)

Now, xzx yzy = xeKxy(1 + Kxy) Kx2yeKxy

= xeKxy
=z
and xzxx yzyy = KxyeKxy(2 + Kxy) KxyeKxy(2 + Kxy)
=0

u v
62 u = ax + by and v = bx ay so = a and = a.
x y
Now,
au + bv = (a2 + b2)x
au + bv
so x = 2
a + b2
and bu av = (a2 + b2)y
bu av
so y = 2
a + b2
 9.32 MEM Exercises 9.6.8

x a y a
Hence = 2 and = 2 ,
u a + b 2
v a + b 2
u x a 2
v y a2
and so = 2 and = .
x u a + b 2 y v a 2 + b 2
Suppose that f is a function of x and y
f f f
= b a
y u v
2f 2 f 2 f 2f 2f
and so =
u 2
b a a + b 2 a b
xy uv vu v
2f 2f 2f
= ab + (b 2 a 2 )
u
2
v 2 uv

63 Note that ux = 1, uy = a, vx = 1, vy = b.
fx = fuux + fvvx
= fu + fv
fxx = fuuux + fuvvx + fvuux + fvvvx
= fuu + 2fvu + fvv
fy = fuuy + fvvy
= afu + bfv
fyx = afuu + afuv + bfvu + bfvv
= afuu + (a + b)fvu + bfvv
and fyy = a2fuu + abfuv + abfvu + b2fvv
= a2fuu + 2abfvu + b2fvv
So

9fxx 9fyx + 2fyy = 0

9(fuu + 2fvu + fvv) 9(afuu + (a + b)fvu + bfvv)
+ 2(a2fuu + 2abfuv + b2fvv) = 0
rearranging: (9 9a + 2a2)fuu + (18 9(a + b) + 4ab)fuv
+ (9 9b + 2b2)fvv = 0
We require there to be no fuu or fvv terms so (9 9a + 2a2) = 0 and (9 9b 2b2) = 0

a = 3 or
3
2
, b = 3 or
3
2
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.33

64(a)
u v
eu cos v eu sin v =1
x x
u v
eu sin v + eu cos v =0
x x
eu
u
x
(cos2 v + sin2 v) = cos v

u cos v
x
= u
e
x
u
= e cos v
u
u x
x u
= cos2 v
u v
eu cos v eu sin v =0
y y
u v
eu sin v + eu cos v =1
y y
v cos v
y
= u
e
y
v
= e cos v
u
v y
y v
= cos2 v

64(b)
zu = zxxu + zyyu
zuu = z xx x u2 + zxxuu + zxyxuyy + zyxxuyu + z yyyu2 + zyyuu
zv = zxxv + zyyv
zvv = z xx x v2 + zxxvv + zxyxvyv + zxyxvyv
+ z yy yv2 + zyyvv
So zuu + zvv = (x u2 + x v2 )z xx + 2(xuyu + xvyv)zxy
+ (yu2 + y v2 )z yy + zx(xuu + xvv)

+ zy(yxx + yvv)
Now x u2 + x v2 = e2u(cos2 v + sin2 v)
= e2u
xuyu + xvyv = e2u sin v cos v e2u sin v cos v
Similarly yu2 + y v2 = e2u

xuu + xvv = 0
and yuu + yvv = 0
So zuu + zvv = e2u (zxx + zyy)
z 2z
2
2z 2z
e 2u + 2

= +
u v x 2 y 2
2

as required
 9.34 MEM Exercises 9.6.10

9.6.10 Exercises
65
z = z(x + x, y + y) z(x, y)
= (4 0.01)2(3 + 0.02) 3(3 + 0.02) 42 3 + 3 3
= 0.018 702
z z
dz = x + y
x y
= 2xyx + (x2 3)y
= 2 4 3 (0.01) + (42 3) (0.02)
= 0.02

66
Volume of metal used = 2.008 1.258 0.754 2 1.25 0.75
= 0.029 65 m3
V = xyz so the differential of the capacity of the bar is

V = yzx + xzy + xyz

= 1.25 0.75 0.008 + 2 0.75 0.008 + 2 1.25 0.004
= 0.0295 m3

67 If the angle is and the horizontal distance from the base of the tower is x the
height is given by
h(x, ) = x tan

h h
The error in h is h = dh = x + .
x
h h
Now, = tan , = x sec2 . We must convert all angles to radians. We are given
x

= = ; x = 0.1; x = 300
360 6

so h = 300 tan
6
300
=
3
= 173.205
1 4
h = 0.1 + 300
3 3 360
= 3.54
So h = 173 4 m
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.35

68 The total derivatives of the equations are

dx + 2dy + 3dz + 4du = 0

2xdx + 2ydy +2zdz + 2udu = 0

3x2dx + 3y2dy + 3z2dz + 3u2du = 0

So at the point x = 1, y = 1, z = 2, u = 2:

dx + 2dy + 3dz + 4du = 0 (1)

2dx 2dy + 4dz 4du = 0 (2)

3dx + 3dy + 12dz + 12du = 0 (3)

Now eliminate dx and dz:

(2) 2(1) gives 6dy 2dz 12du = 0 (4)

(3) 3(1) gives 3dy + 3dz = 0 (5)

and 3(4) + 2(5) gives 24dy 36du = 0

du 24
so =
dy 36
2
=
3

69
f f
f = r +
r
2r r
= 2 cos + cos 2 r + 2r cos + cos 2
L L

f cos + 2Lr cos 2 r

so = +2
f cos + L cos 2 r
r

r 1 r
When = and = , = 0.01 and = 0.01 so
6 L 2 r

f ( 3 + 0.5)
= 32 0.01 2 0.01
2 + 0.25
f
= 0.031
Hence the error in f is approximately 3%.
 9.36 MEM Exercises 9.6.10

70
1
S= bc sin A
2
S S S
The error in S is S = b + c + A
b C A
1 1 1
= c sin A b + b sin A c + bc cos A A
2 2 2
S b c
so = + + cot A A
S b c
b c A
= + + A cot A
b c A
b c A
We know that = = = 0.01
b c A
S
so = 0.01 + 0.01 + cot (0.01)
S 4 4
= 0.027 85

So the percentage error in S is not more than about 2.8%.

71

= H + L + V
H L V
KL KH 1 KHL
= 1 / 2 H + 1 / 2 L V
V V 2 V 3/2
H L 1 V
so = +
H L 2 V
= 0.002 + 0.002 + 0.001 = 0.005

(taking V = 0.002 since we are interested in the worst possible case). Hence % error in
calculated value of is 0.5%.

72
ln V = ln + ln p + 4 ln r ln 8 ln ln l
1 1 4 1 1
dV = dp + dr d dl
V p r l

1
V
1 4 1 1
V p + r l
p r l
r l 5 p 10 30
= = , = , =
r l 100 p 100 100

V
V
=
10
+
20
+
30

5
=
100 100 100 100 100
35

Approximate change in V is 35%.

 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.37

9.6.12 Exercises
73(a)
P(x, y) = y2 + 2xy + 1, Q(x, y) = 2xy + x2
P Q
Now, = 2y + 2x = so Pdx + Qdy is an exact differential, df.
y x
f
= y2 + 2xy + 1
x
so f(x, y) = xy2 + x2y + x + g(y)
f dg
Now, = 2xy + x2 +
y dy
f dg
but = Q so = 0, g = C constant
y dy

Therefore f(x, y) = xy2 + x2y + x + C.

73(b)

P = 2xy2 + 3y cos 3x, Q = 2xy2 + x2y + x + C

P Q
= 4xy + 3 cos 3x = so Pdx + Qdy = df for some f(x, y).
y x

f
= 2xy2 + 3y cos 3x
x
so f = x2y2 + y sin 3x + g(y)
f dg
Now, = 2x2y + sin 3x +
y dy
f dg
but = Q so = 0, g = C
y dy
and so f(x, y) = x2y2 + y sin 3x + C.

73(c)
P = 6xy y2, Q = 2xey x2
P Q
= 6x 2y, = 2ey 2x
y x
These are not equal so Pdx + Qdy is not an exact differential.
 9.38 MEM Exercises 9.6.12

73(d)
P = z3 2y, Q = 12y2 3x, R = 3xz2
P Q P R
= 3 = , = 3z =
y x z x
Q R
and =0=
z y
so Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = df some f.
f
= z3 3y
x
so f = z3x 3yx + g(y, z)
f dg
Now = 3x +
y dy
g
comparing with Q, = 12y2
y
so g = 4y3 + h(z)
Therefore f = z3x 3yx + 4y3 + h(z)
f dh
and so = 3z2x +
z dz
f
but =R
z
dh
so = 0, h = C
dz
Therefore f(x, y, z) = z3x 3yx + 4y3 + C.

74
P(x, y) = y cos x + cos y, Q(x, y) = x sin y + sin x + y
P Q
Pdx + Qdy is exact if = .
y x
P Q
Now = cos x sin y, = sin y + cos x
y x
so Pdx + Qdy = df, if = 1.

Now to find f we use

f
= y cos x cos y
x
so f(x, y) = y sin x x cos y + g(y)
f dg
Therefore = sin x + x sin y +
y dy
f dg
but =Q so =y
y dy
y2
g(y) = +C
2
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.39

y2
So +C
f(x, y) = y sin x x cos y +
2
f(0, 1) = 0 0=
1
2
+ C so C =
1
2
y2 1
and so f(x, y) = y sin x x cos y + .
2

75
P = 10x2 + 6xy + 6y2, Q = 9x2 + 4xy + 15y2
P Q
= 6x + 12y, = 18x + 4y
y x
P Q
so and Pdx + Qdy is not exact
y x
However, if P = (2x + 3y)m(10x2 + 6xy + 6y2)
Q = (2x + 3y)m(9x2 + 4xy + 15y2)
P
then = 3m(2x + 3y)m1(10x2 + 6xy + 6y2)
y
+ (6x + 12y)(2x + 3y)m
= (2x + 3y)m1{(30m + 12)x2 + (18m + 42)xy + (16m + 36)y2}
Q
and = 2m(2x + 3y)m1(9x2 + 4xy + 15y2) + (18x + 4y)(2x + 3y)m
x
= (2x + 3y)m1(18m + 36)x2 + (8m + 62)xy + (30m + 12)y2
Q P
So Pdx + Qdy is exact if =
x y
m=2

With m = 2 P = (2x + 3y)2(10x2 + 6xy + 6y2)

= 40x4 + 144x3y + 186x2y2 + 126xy3 + 54y4
Q = (2x + 3y)2(9x2 + 4xy + 15y2)
= 36x4 + 124x3y + 189x2y2 + 216xy3 + 135y4
f
Now =P
x
so f = 8x5 + 36x4y + 62x3y2 + 63x2y2 + 54xy4 + g(y)
f dg
To find g(y): = 36x4 + 124x3y + 189x2y2 + 216xy3 +
y dy
f
but =Q
y
dg
so = 135y4
dy
therefore g(y) = 27y5 + C
Thus f(x, y) = 8x5 + 36x4y + 62x3y2 + 63x2y3 + 54xy4 + 27y5 + C.
 9.40 MEM Exercises 9.7.3

9.7.3 Exercises
76(a) f(x, y) = x3 15x2 20y2 + 5
Stationary points occur when

fx = 3x2 30x = 0, fxx = 6x 30, fxy = 0

and fy = 40y = 0, fyy = 40

so (0,0) and (10,0) are the stationary points.

At (0,0) fxx = 30, fxy = fyx = 0, fyy = 40 so the point is a maximum.
At (10,0) fxx = 30, fxy = 0, fyy = 40 so the point is a saddle.

76(b) Stationary points occur when fx = 0 and fy = 0, i.e. for

2x y = 0 (1)
x 2y = 0 (2)

(1) 2(2) gives 3y = 0 so the only stationary point is (0,0).

At (0,0) fxx = 2, fxy = 1, fyy = 2
so fxxfyy fxy2 > 0
also fxx < 0 so the point is a maximum.

76(c) Stationary points occur when fx = 0 and fy = 0, i.e. when

fx = 4x + 3y 5 = 0 (1)
and fy = 2y + 3x 3 = 0 (2)

2(1) 3(2) gives x 1 = 0

so x = 1, y = 3

The only stationary point is (1, 3). At (1, 3), fxx = 4, fxy = 3 and fyy = 2.

fxxfyy fxy2 < 0

so (1, 3) is a saddle point.

76(d) fx = 3x2 3, fy = 2y 3. Stationary points satisfy

3x2 3 = 0
2y 3 = 0

so x = 1, y = 32 . The stationary points are (1, 32 ), and (1, 32 ).

At (1, 32 ) fxx = 6, fxy = 0, fyy = 2 so the point is a minimum.
At (1, 32 ) fxx = 6, fxy = 0 and fyy = 2 so this point is a saddle.
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.41

76(e) fx = y2 2y 4x 3 and fy = 2xy 2x. Stationary points occur when

y2 2y 4x 3 = 0 (1)
and 2xy 2x = 0 (2)
From (2) x = 0 or y = 1. If x = 0 then (2) gives y = 1 or y = 3.
If y = 1 then (1) gives x = 1. So the stationary points are (0, 1), (0, 3) and (1, 1).
At (0, 1) fxx = 4, fxy = 4, fyy = 0.
fxxfyy fxy2 < 0 so the point is a saddle
At (0, 3) fxx = 4, fxy = 4 and fyy = 0 so
fxxfyy fxy2 < 0 and so this point is a saddle
At (1, 1) fxx = 4, fxy = 0 and fyy = 2 so this point is a maximum.

76(f) fx = 3x2y2(1 x y) x3y2 and fy = 2x3y(1 x y) x3y2. Stationary points occur

when

3x2y2(1 x y) x3y2 = 0 (1)

and 2x3y(1 x y) x3y2 = 0 (2)
So the line y = 0 and the line x = 0 are stationary.
If x 0 and y 0 then
3 4x 3y = 0 (1)
and 2 2x 3y = 0 (2)
1 1
These give x = , y= .
2 3
At ( 12 , 13 )

fxxfyy fxy2 > 0 and fxx > 0

so the point is a minimum.

The function has degenerate stationary sets x = 0 and y = 0 and a minimum at ( 12 , 13 ).

76(g)
2 1
fx = 2x , fy = 2y .
x2 y2
Stationary points occur when fx = fy = 0 x = 1, y = 1 (the function is not defined at
x = 0 or y = 0).
At (1,1) fxx = 6, fxy = 0 and fyy = 6 so the point is a minimum.

77
x +y
f(x, y) =
x 2y 2 + 6
2

2y 2 x 2 2xy + 6
Now fx = and
(x 2 + 2y 2 + 6)2
x 2 2y 2 4xy + 6
fy =
(x 2 + 2y 2 + 6)2
 9.42 MEM Exercises 9.7.3

so f has stationary values when

2y2 x2 2xy + 6 = 0 (1)

and x2 2y2 4xy + 6 = 0 (2)
2
(1) + (2) gives xy = 2. Substituting x = in (1) gives y = 1 so the stationary points are
y
(2,1) and (2, 1).
Now,
2x 3 12xy 2 36x + 6x 2y 4y 3 12y
fxx =
(x 2 + 2y 2 + 6)3
8x 3 12y 2x + 8yx 2 2x 3 12x + 24y
fxy =
(x 2 + 2y 2 + 6)3
8y 3 + 24y 2 x 12yx 2 4x 3 24y 12x
fyy =
(x 2 + 2y 2 + 6)3
At (2,1) fxxfyy fxy2 > 0 and fxx < 0 so (2,1) is a maximum.
At (2, 1) fxxfyy fxy2 > 0 and fxx > 0 so (2, 1) is a minimum.

78
fx = 3x2 4x + 3y and fy = 3y2 4y + 3x.
Stationary points occur when fx = fy = 0; that is, when
3x2 4x + 3y = 0 (1)
and 3y 4 + 3x = 0
2
(2)

(0,0) and ( 13 , 13 ) satisfy these two equations so are stationary.

fxx = 6x 4
fxy = 3
fyy = 6y 4
At (0,0) fxxfyy fxy2 = 7 and fxx < 0 so (0,0) is a maximum.
At ( 13 , 13 ) fxxfyy fxy2 = 5 so ( 13 , 13 ) is a saddle point.

n
79 The proportion of a batch used in a week is so one weeks share of the set-up
N
100n N
cost is . Storage costs are 50 + 0.1 and the weekly share of production costs
N n
is 0.05n so the weekly cost is

100n
K = 50 + 0.05N + 0.05n +
N
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.43

The weekly profit is

P = np K
100n
= np 50 0.05N 0.05n
N
100
= n p 0.05 0.05N 50
N
100
= (5000 10 000p) p 0.05 0.05N 50
N
P 100
= 10 000 p 0.05 + (5000 10 000p)
p N
P 100
= (5000 10 000p) 0.05
N N2
P P
Stationary values occur when = =0
p N

20p +
10 3
N
+ 5.5 = 0 (1)
100
(5000 10 000p) 0.05 = 0 (2)
N2
p = 0.3 in (1) gives N = 2000. These values also satisfy (2) so this is a stationary point of
P. To see that this is a maximum check that
2
2P 2P 2P 2P
>0 and <0
p 2 N 2 pN
p 2
For p = 0.3, N = 2000

n = 5000 10 000 0.3

= 2000
100
and P = (5000 10 000 0.3) 0.3 0.05 0.05 2000 50
2000
= 250

80
G 1 9
= 2 +
x x (4 x y )2
G 4 9
= 2 +
y y (4 x y )2
G G
At stationary points = 0 and = 0 so
x y
1 9
+ =0
x 2
(4 x y )2
4 9
and + =0
y 2
(4 x y )2
 9.44 MEM Exercises 9.7.3

Equivalently (4 x y)2 + 9x2 = 0 (1)

4(4 x y)2 + 9y2 = 0 (2)
(2) 4(1) gives y 4x = 0
2 2

y = 2x
y = 2x in (1) gives
(4 3x)2 + 9x2 = 0
24x 16 = 0
2 4
so x= , y=
3 3
G( 23 , 43 ) = 9 and at ( 23 , 43 )

2G 2 18
= 3 + =9
x 2 x (4 x y )3
2G 2 18 99
= 3 + =
y 2
y (4 x y )3
32
2G 18
= = 2.25
xy (4 x y )3
Hence there is a minimum at ( 23 , 43 ).

81

[sin x (ax2 + bx)]2dx = [sin x (ax2 + bx)]x2dx
a 0 0

= 2 {x2 sin x ax4 bx3}dx
0

= 2
[ x cos x ]0 + 2 0 x cos xdx
2


x 5 x 4
a b
5 0 4 0
a 5 b 4
= 2 2 + 2[x sin x ]0 2 sin xdx b

0 5 4
a 5 b 4
= 2 2 4
5 4

[sin x (ax2 + bx)]2dx = 2[sin x (ax2 + bx)]xdx
b 0 0

= 2 (x sin x ax3 bx2)dx
0

ax 4 bx 3
= 2[ x cos x ]0 + cos xdx


0 4 3
a 4 b 3
= 2

4 3
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.45

At stationary points both the partial derivatives are zero so

a 5 b 4
2 4 =0 (1)
5 4
a 4 b 3
and =0 (2)
4 3
4(1) 3 (2) gives
4a 5 3a 5
42 16 32 + =0
5 4

1
20
a5 = 16 2
20( 2 16)
so a = 5

Substituting in (1) and solving for b gives
12(20 2 )
b=
4

82
Volume V = xyz = 4
Surface area A = xy + 2yz + 2xz
8 8
= xy + +
x y
A A
A has stationary points when = =0
x y
A 8
so =y =0
x x2
A 8
=x =0
y y2
yx2 8=0 (1)
xy 8 = 0
2
(2)
(1) (2) gives xy(x y) = 0.
Since x 0 and y 0, x = y. Substituting in (1) this gives
x3 = 8
so x = 2, y = 2, z = 1
2A 16
= 3 = 2 at this point
x 2 x
2A 16
= 3 =2
y 2 y
2A
and =1
xy
2
2A 2A 2 A 2A
Hence at (2,2) > 0 and > 0 so this gives a minimum surface area.
x 2 y 2 xy x
 9.46 MEM Exercises 9.7.3

83 Consider the level surfaces,

x2 + 2y2 x = a
(x 1
2
)2 + 2y2 = a + 1
4

This is the equation of an ellipse. The smallest value of a which gives a real solution is
a = 14 . This value is achieved in the disk at the point ( 12 , 0). Hence T has minimum
value 14 . As a increases the ellipse gets larger until eventually it will no longer
intersect the disk. The ellipse intersects the disk as long as there is a solution to
x2 + y2 = 1 (1)
x + 2y x = a
2 2
(2)

Substituting y2 = 1 x2 in (2) gives

x2 + x 2 + a = 0
This has solutions provided
1 4(2 + a) 0

a
9
4
9
Hence T has maximum value .
4

84
2x + y = 200

A = (x sin )(y + x cos )

= x sin (200 2x + x cos )
A
= sin (200 2x + x cos ) + x sin (2 + cos )
x
A
= x sin (x sin ) + x cos (200 2x + x cos )

A A
A has maximum where = 0 and =0
x
200 2x + x cos 2x + x cos = 0 (1)
x sin + 200 cos 2x cos + x cos = 0
2 2
(2)
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.47

(1) 2x x cos = 100 x = 100/(2 cos )

Substitution in (2) gives
sin2 + 2 cos (2 cos ) 2 cos + cos2 = 0
cos2 1 + 4 cos 2 cos2 2 cos + cos2 = 0
cos =
1
2
and =

3

3
=


x = 200/3

(An answer you might obtain more quickly by symmetry arguments.)

9.7.5 Exercises
85 The auxiliary function is
(x, y) = x2 2y2 + 2xy + 4x + (2x y)
We have to solve

= 2x + 2y + 4 + 2 = 0 (1)
x

= 4y + 2x = 0 (2)
y
(1) + 2(2) gives 6x 6y + 4 = 0 but y = 2x so 6x + 4 = 0. Hence x = 23 , y = 43 .
On the line y = 2x, x2 2y2 + 2xy + 4x can be arbitrarily small so ( 23 , 43 ) must be a
maximum.

86 The auxiliary function is

(x, y, z) = 3x2 + 2y2 + 6z2 + (x + y + z 1)
We have to solve

= 6x + = 0 (1)
x

= 4y + = 0 (2)
y

= 12z + = 0 (3)
z
2(1) + 3(2) + (3) gives
12(x + y + z) + 6 = 0
12 + 6 = 0
= 2
Hence x = 13 , y = 12 , z = 16 .
On the plane x + y + z = 1, x2, y2, z2 can all be made as large as we like so ( 13 , 12 , 16 )
must be minimum.
 9.48 MEM Exercises 9.7.5

87 x2 + y2 is the square of the distance from the origin to the point (x, y). If this is
restricted to the ellipse its maximum will be the square of the major semi-axis and its
minimum the square of the length of the minor semi-axis.
The auxiliary function is
(x, y) = x2 + y2 + (5x2 + 6xy + 5y2 8)
We have to solve

= 2x + (10x + 6y) = 0 (1)
x

= 2y + (6x + 10y) = 0 (2)
y
y (1) x (2) gives 6(y2 x2) = 0. = 0 x = 0, y = 0 but this does not lie on
the ellipse. So y2 x2 = 0 y = x

so 5x2 + 6x2 + 5x2 = 8

or 5x2 6x2 + 5x2 = 8

x=
1
2
, y=
1
2
or x = 2 , y = 2

and x2 + y2 is 1 or 4. Hence the lengths of the semi-axes are 1 and 2.

88 The square of the distance of (x, y, z) from (1, 2, 2) is

f(x, y, z) = (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z 2)2
We want to maximize f subject to x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
The auxiliary function is
(x, y, z) = (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z 2)2 + (x2 + y2 + z2 1)
Stationary points occur when

= 2(x 1) + 2x = 0 (1)
x

= 2(y 2) + 2y = 0 (2)
y

= 2(z 2) + 2z = 0 (3)
z
and x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 (4)

y (1) x (2) gives 2y + 4x = 0

y = 2x
z (2) y (3) gives 4z + 4y = 0
z=y
so z = 2x
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.49

Substituting in (4) gives

x2 + 4x2 + 4x2 = 1
9x2 = 1
x= 1
3

so the stationary points are ( 13 , 23 , 23 ) and ( 13 , 23 , 23 ). The geometry of the situation

tells us that ( 13 , 23 , 23 ) is the furthest away from (1, 2, 2).

89 The auxiliary equation is

(x, y) = 4x + y + y2 + (x2 + y2 + 2x + y 1)

Solve x = 4 + (2x + 2) = 0 (1)

y = 1 + 2y + (2y + 1) = 0 (2)
Factorizing (2) gives (1 + 2y)(1 + ) = 0 so = 1 or y = 12 . Putting = 1 in (1) gives
x = 1 but there are no points on the circle with x = 1 so y = 12 . Points on the circle
corresponding to y = 12 satisfy
x2 + 2x 5
4 =0
x = 1 3
2

The stationary points are ( 52 , 12 ) and ( 12 , 12 ). The values of f corresponding to the

points are 414 and 74 .

90 The auxiliary equation is

(x, y, z) = 2x + y + 2z + x2 3z2
+ (x + y + z 1) + (2x y + z 2)

We need to solve
x = 2 + 2x + + 2 = 0 (1)
y = 1 + = 0 (2)
z = 2 6z + + = 0 (3)
x+y+z1=0 (4)
2x y + z 2 = 0 (5)
(2) + (3) gives 3 6z + 2 = 0 (6)
(1) + 2(2) gives 4 + 2z + 3 = 0 (7)
3(6) + 2(7): 1 18z 4x = 0 (8)
(4) + (5): 3x + 2z 3 = 0 (9)
(8) + 9(9): 26 + 23x = 0
so x = 26
23 , y= 3
46 and z = 469 .
The stationary value is f ( 26
23
, 3
46
, 469 ) = 285
92
.
 9.50 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

9.10 Review Exercises

1 Let f(x) = ex x2 + 3x 2
then f (x) = ex 2x + 3
NewtonRaphson is
f (x n )
xn+1 = xn
f (x n )
ex n x n2 + 3x n 2
= xn
ex n 2x n + 3
Applying this with x0 = 0.5 we get:
n xn
0 0.5
1 0.253 688 7
2 0.257 538 9
3 0.257 530 2
So the root is 0.2575 to 3 dp.

1 4 2 4EI 2
2 Setting = ml , m2 = 2 and P =
2 l l2
l2 l2 wl 2 l 2
so d = w (sec 1)
2
4 4 EI
2
8 4EI 2
wl 4 wl 4
= (sec 1)
16 4EI 32EI 2
wl 4 2 sec 2 2
=
32EI 4

1
Now, sec =
cos
1
= 2
1( 2 4
24 + O( 6 ))
2
2 4 2
=1+
2
+ O( 6
) +
2
+ O( 4
) +
24
2 5 4
= 1+ + + O( 6 )
2 24
wl 4 2 + 2 + 125 4 + O( 6 ) 2 2
Hence, d =
32EI 4
4
5wl
= + O( 2 )
384EI
As 0 the terms of order 2 and higher 0 so
5wl 4
lim d =
0 384EI
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.51

x2 x3 x4 x5
3 ex = 1 + x + + + + +
2 6 24 120
x x
so =
e 1
x x2 x3 4
x5
x+ 2
+ + x24 + 120
6
+
1
=
1+ + 6 + x24 + 120
x2
+
3
x x4
2
2
x x2 x3 x4 x x2 x3
= 1 + + + + + + + +
2 6 24 120 2 6 24
3 4
x x2 x
+ + + + +
2 6 2
x x2 x3 x4 x2 x3 x4 x4 x3
= 1 + + + + +
2 6 24 120 4 6 24 36 8
3x 4 x 4
+ +
24 16
x x2 x4
= 1 + +
2 12 720
1 x 1 x x2 x4
Hence 0 ex 1d x = 0 1 + dx
2 12 120
1
x2 x3 x5
= x +
4 36 3600 0
1 1 1
= 1 +
4 36 3600
311
=
400

4
d
ln x (ln x )
lim = lim dx
x 1 x 2 1 x 1 d
(x 2 1)
dx
1
= lim x
2x
x 1

1
= lim 2
x 1 2x

1
=
2

5 Using LHpitals rule

2 sin kx x sin 2k
lim
x 2 2(4 x 2 )
2k cos kx sin 2k
= lim
x 2 4x
1
= (sin 2k 2k cos 2k)
8
 9.52 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

6 Let f(x) = x3 2x 5
f(1.9) < 0 and f(2.1) > 0 so f(x) = 0 has a root near 2.
f (x) = 3x2 2 so the NewtonRaphson iteration is
f (x n )
xn+1 = xn
f (x n )
(x n3 2x n 5)
= xn
3x n2 2
Applying this procedure with x0 = 2
n 0 1 2 3
xn 2 2.1 2.094 568 1 2.094 551 5
so the root is 2.09 to 3 significant figures.

7(a) To calculate the Maclaurin series for y = sinh x first calculate the derivatives y,
y, . . . .
y = sinh x
so y = cosh x
y = sinh x
y(3) = cosh x
y(n+2)(x) = y(n)(x)
Now y(0) = 0, y(0) = 1 so y(2n)(0) = 0, y(2n+1)(0) = 1 and the Maclaurin series is
x3 x5
y=x+ + +
3! 5!
For cosh x y = cosh x
so y = sinh x
y = cos x

So y(2n)(0) = 1, y(2n+1)(0) = 0, giving the series
x2 x3
y=1+ + +
2! 3!

7(b) (i) The length of y = c cosh ( xc ) between x = l and x = 1 is

l y d
2s = [1 + ( dx )2 ] dx
l
l
= [1 + sinh2 ( xc )] dx
l
l
= cosh ( xc ) dx
l

= [c sinh ( xc )]ll
= 2c sinh ( cl )
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.53

1 l2
(ii) h + c = c cosh l
c c(1 + 2 c2
)
2
h 1 l2 h2 1 l

c 2 c2 l2 4 c
l
2s = 2c sinh
c
3
l 1l
= 2c + +
c 6 c

2
1 l
= 2l 1 + +
6 c

4 h2
2l 1 +

6 l2
2
2 h
2l 1 +
3l

8
2
0 sechx d x = 0 ex + e x dx
2e x
= dx
0 1 + e 2x
1
= 2 dt where t = ex
1 1 + t2

= 2[tan 1(t )]1t

=
2
1
1
0 sech xdx = using property of graphs of inverse functions.
2

9(a)

1 k 1
1 x d x = lim dx
3 k 1 x 3
k
1
= lim 2
k 2x
1

1 1
= lim 2
+
k 2k 2
1
=
2
9.54 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

9(b)
1 k dx
0 dx = lim
x + 2x + 2
2 k 0 1 + (x + 1)2

= lim [tan 1(x + 1)]k0

k

= lim tan 1(k + 1)
k 4

=
2 4

=
4

9(c)
k
4x
0 x e dx = klim xe 4x dx
0

xe
4x k
k e
4x

= lim + dx
k 4 0 0 4



k
x e 4x e 4x
= lim
k
4 16 0
ke 4k e 4 k 1
= lim +
k
4 16 16
1
=
16

9(d)
ln x k ln x
1 x d x = lim dx
3 k 1 x 3

ln x
k

k dx
= lim + 3
k 2x 2 1 1 2x

k
ln x 1
= lim 3
2
k 2x 4x 1
ln k 1 1
= lim 2
2 +
k 2k 4k 4
1
=
4
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.55

9(e)
k
2x
0 e cos xdx = lim e 2x cos xdx
k 0

= lim [e 2x sin x ]k0 + 2 e 2x sin xdx

k

k

0
= lim
k
2x 2x 2x
[2e sin x 2e cos x ]0 4 0 e cos xdx
k
k

= lim(e 2k sin k 2e 2k cos k + 2) 4 e 2x cos xdx
k 0

= 2 4 e 2x cos xdx
0
2
2x
0 e cos xdx =
5

9(f)
1
0 e 2x cosh xdx = (ex + e3x)dx
0 2
k
= lim (ex + e3x)dx
k 0

1 1
k

= lim e x e 3x
k 2 6 0

1 1 1 1
= lim e k + e 3k
k 2 2 6 6
2
=
3

10(a) The integrand is unbounded at x = 0.

8
1 / 3
0 x dx = [ 32 x 2 / 3 ]80 = 6

10(b) The integrand is unbounded for x = 3/2.

6 1 6 1
3 / 2 dx = lim dx
2x 3 a 3 / 2 a 2x 3
= lim [ 2x 3 ]a6
a3 / 2

(
= lim 3 (2s 3)1 / 2
a 3 / 2
)
=3
 9.56 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

10(c) The integrand is unbounded for x = 0.

1 1
0 ln x = lim ln xdx
a 0 a

= lim [x ln x ]a1 dx
1

a 0
using integration by parts
a
= lim{[x ln x ]a1 }
a 0

= lim (1 a ln a a)
a 0

= 1 since lim a ln a = 0
a 0

11
h h2 h3 h 4 (4)
f(a + h) = f(a) + f (a)+ f (a) + f (a) + f (a) +
1! 2! 3! 4!
h h2 h3 h 4 (4)
f(a h) = f(a) f (a) + f (a) f (a) + f (a) +
1! 2! 3! 4!
1 4 (4)
f(a + h) 2f (a) + f(a h) = f 2f (a) + h f (a) +
12
f (a) = [f(a + h) 2f(a) + f(a h)]/h2
1 2 (4)
12
h f (a) +

Thus f (a) = [f(a + h) 2f(a) + f(a h)]/h2 with a principal truncation error term
1 2 (4)
h f (a)
12
(h) = [f(a + h) 2f (a) + f(a h)]/h2
f(x) = xex, a = 1
(0.02) = 8.155 299
(0.01) = 8.154 959
f (x) = (x + 1)ex
f (x) = (x + 2)ex f (1) = 8.154 845
Eliminating the principal term of the error (similarly to the Romberg method) we have
f (a) = [4(h) (2h)]/3 + O(h4)
Here
[4(0.01) (0.02)]/3 = 8.154 846
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.57

12
r = (4 cos t, 4 sin t, 3)
so : = (4 sin t, 4 cos t, 0)
and | : | = 4 sin 2 t + cos2 t
= 4 m s1
d
; = :
dt
= 4(cos t, sin t, 0)
so | ; | = 4 m s2

13
Velocity v = adt

t2 t3
= t + i + j + 2tk + c
2 3
where c is a constant vector
At t = 0, v = i j so i j = c.

t2 t3
Hence v = t + + 1i + 1 j + 2tk
2 3

Now r = vdt

t2 t3 t4
=
2
+ + t i + t j + t2k + d
6 12

but at t = 0, r = 0 so d = 0

t2 t3 t4
and r = t + + i + t j + t2k
2 6 12

14
u x x
2

= e 4 kt
x 2kt 3/2
2 2
x x
2u e 4kt x 2 e 4 kt
= + 2 3/2
x 2 2kt 4k t
2
x
e 4kt
= (x 2 2kt )
4k 2t 3 / 2
x 2
u 1 x 2 t 1 / 2x 2 e 4 kt
= 3 / 2 e 4kt +
t 2t 4kt 2
x 2
e 4 kt
= (x 2 2kt )
4kt 3/2

2u 1 u
so =
x 2
k t
 9.58 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

15
1 2
z2 = (x + y 2 ) 1
2
1
z =
(xy )

x2y4 + y2(x4 2x2) 2 = 0
y = {1 1
2
x2 [(x2 2)2/4 + 2/x2]}
Thus the surfaces intersect.
Let (x, y, z) = 12 (x2 + y2) 1 z2
and (x, y, z) = xyz 1;
then grad = (x, y, 2z) and grad = (yz, zx, xy), so that grad grad = 0.

16
h(, s) = s tan
The error in h is given by
h h
h = s +
s
= tan s + s sec2
We are given = 30.2, s = 19.8 m
so s = 20 19.8
= 0.2
30.2
and =
6 180
= 3.49 103
Hence h = tan(30.2)(0.2) + 19.8 sec2 30.2 (3.49 103)
= 0.21
0.21
The proportional error is = 0.01.
20.8

17
R R R
R = L + + D
L D
k kL 2kL
= 2 L + 2 D
D D D3
R L D
so = + 2
R L D
R L D
hence 100 = + 100 2 100
R L D
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.59

So the percentage increase in R is

R
100 = 0.4 + 0.01 + 0.2
R
= 0.61%

H 1 I D 3 L
18 = +2 + +
H 2 I D 4 L
L H I D
We want to find given that = 0, = 0.001, = 0.002 and = 0.003.
L H I D
1 3 L
0= 0.001 + 2 0.002 0.003 +
2 4 L
L
L
= 0.002

so L must decrease by 0.2%.

19 The approximate error in W is given by

W W W
W = E + I +
E I
= I cos E + E cos I EI sin
W E I
so = + tan
W E I
E I
We are given = , = 0.007, = 0.01 and = 0.02 so
3 E I 3
W
= 0.007 + 0.01 tan 0.02
W 3 3
= 0.0333
Hence the percentage error in W is 3.33%.

20(a)
u
= 3x2 3y2
x
2u
= 6x
x 2
u
also = 6xy
y
2u
= 6x
y 2
2u 2u
so + =0
x 2 y 2
 9.60 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

20(b)
u y y x2 y2 1
= 2x tan1 x x 2 1 + ( y )2 y 1 + ( x )2
x x y
2 3
y
yx y
= 2x tan1 x x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2

u x 3
x xy 2
and = x 2 + y 2 2y tan1 y + x 2 + y 2
x
So
u u y yx 3 yx 3
x +y = 2x tan1 x x 2 + y 2 + x 2 + y 2
2
x y
x xy 3
1 +
2 tan y x 2 + y 2

2 1 x

1 x
= 2 x tan y y tan y
2

= 2u

21
1
z = ln (x2 y2) = ln(x2 y2)
2
z x
= 2
x x y2
2z 2xy
= 2
yx (x y 2 )2
z y
= 2 2
y x y
2 2
z 2z z x 2 + 2xy + y 2
so + + =
x yx y (x 2 y 2 )
(x + y )2
=
(x + y )2 (x y )2
1
=
(x y )2

22(a)
y 1 x 2t
= cos sin
x 2 k k
2y x 2t
= sin sin
x 2 2k k k
y x 2t
and = sin cos
t k k
2y 2 x 2t
= sin cos
t 2 k k k
so taking c = 2
2y 2y
c2 = 2
x 2 t
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.61

22(b) By the chain rule

V V x V y
= +
x y
V V x V y
and = +
r x r y r
x y x y
But = cos , = sin , = r sin and = r cos so
r r
V V V
= cos + sin (1)
r x y
V V V
and = r sin + r cos (2)
x y
V V V
cos (2) + r sin (1) gives r(cos2 + sin2 ) = r sin + cos
y r
V 1 V V
so = r sin + cos
y r r
V 1 V V
and r cos (1) sin (2) gives = r cos sin
x r r

23 The direction of the tangent at (x(t), y(t), z(t)) is (x(t), y(t), z(t)) so at (x0, y0, z0)
the direction of the tangent line is (x0, y0, z0) hence the equation of the tangent is
x x 0 y y0 z z 0
= =
x 0 y 0 z 0
a a a
For the circular helix at t0 = : x0 = , y0 = , z0 = a, x 0 = and z 0 = a so the
4 2 2 4 2

equation of the tangent at t = is
4
x a
y a
z 4 a
a
2
= a
2
=
2 2
a

The length of the helix between t = 0 and t = is given by
2
/2
l= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 d t
0
/2
= a 2 sin 2 t + a 2 cos 2 t + a 2 dt
0
/2
= 2adt
0

2a
=
2
a
=
2
 9.62 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

24 Let = x + y, = x y. Then x = 1, y = 1, x = 1 and y = 1.

Now u = f() + g()
so ux = fx + g x by the chain rule
= f + g
and uxx = f + g
Also uy = f g
uyy = f + g
so uxx uyy = 0

25
z x z 1
= , =
t 4t t x 2 t
Using the chain rule
f (z ) zt t 12 t 1 / 2 f (z )
=
t t
f (z )x f (z )
=
4t 2 2t t
f (z )z f (z )
=
2t t 2t t
zf (z ) + f (z )
=
2t t
Similarly
f (z ) z
=
x t x
f (z )
=
2t
2 f (z ) z
and =
x 2 2t x
f (z )
=
4t t
2 1
If =
x 2 k t
f (z ) 1 zf (z ) + f (z )
then =
4t t R 2t t

so kf (z) = 2zf (z) 2f(z)

hence kf (z) + 2zf (z) + 2f(z) = 0.
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.63

26 The speed of the water relative to the cork is c U so the height of the cork is

h(t) = a sin(x (c U)t)

h
= a(c U) cos(x (c U)t)
t
2h
= a(c U)2 sin(x (c U)t)
t 2
= (c U)2h
= (U c)2h

27 We want to find so that

d = vdx udy

but d = dx + dy
x y

so =v = u
x y
2xy y
First integrate = 2 to get = 2 + g(y).
x (x + y )
2 2
(x + y 2 )
Now differentiate with respect to y to find g(y)
(x 2 + y 2 ) + 2y 2 dg
= +
y (x 2 + y 2 )2 dy
y2 x2 dg
= +
(x 2 + y 2 )2 dy
g
But = u so =0
y y
y
and hence (x, y) = + C.
(x + y 2 )
2

2 2
To verify this satisfies Laplaces equation calculate and .
x 2 y 2
2 2y(x 2 + y 2 )2 8x 2y(x 2 + y 2 )
=
x 2 (x 2 + y 2 )4
3y 3 6x 2y
=
(x 2 + y 2 )3
2 2y(x 2 + y 2 )2 4y(y 2 x 2 )(x 2 + y 2 )
and =
y 2 (x 2 + y 2 )4
6xy 2y 3
=
(x 2 + y 2 )3
2 2
so + =0
x 2 y 2
 9.64 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

28 Stationary points occur when

f
= 2xy2 10x 8y = 0 (1)
x
f
= 2x2y 8x 10y = 0 (2)
y

y (2) x (1) gives 10(x2 y2) = 0

(x y)(x + y) = 0
if x = y then (1) becomes 2x3 18x = 0
x = 0, x = 3
if x = y then (1) becomes 2x3 2x = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
So the stationary points are (0, 0), (3, 3), (3, 3), (1, 1) and (1, 1).
To classify the points we look at the second derivatives:
2f 2 f
= 2y2 10, = 4xy 8
x 2
yx
2f
and = 2x2 10
y 2
At (0, 0) fxxfyy fxy2 = 36 and fxx = 10 so the point is a maximum.
At the other four points fxxfyy fxy2 < 0 so these points are saddles.

29 Stationary points occur when

z
= e(x+y)(6x 3x2 y2) = 0
x
z
and = e(x+y)(2y 3x2 y2) = 0
y
3x2 + y2 6x = 0 (1)
3x + y 2y = 0
2 2
(2)

(1) (2) gives 6x + 2y = 0

y = 3x
(1) becomes 12x2 6x = 0
x(2x 1) = 0
1
so x = 0 or x =
2
The stationary points are (0, 0) and ( 12 , 32 ).
To classify the points calculate zxx, zxy and zyy.
At (0, 0) zxxzyy z xy2
> 0 and zxx > 0 so the point is a minimum.
At ( 2 , 2 ) zxxzyy z xy < 0 so the point is a saddle.
1 3 2
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.65

30 Area of sheet metal required A m2 is given by

A = xz + 2yz + 2(y cos + x)y sin (1)

Capacity = z(y cos + x)y sin

=1 (2)

Setting y = xY and z = xZ, we obtain from (2)

xZ(Y cos + 1) sin = 1
x = 1/{ZY (Y cos + 1) sin }
3

Substitution in (1) gives

A = x2Z + 2x2YZ + 2x2(Y cos + 1)Y sin
Z + 2YZ + 2(Y cos + 1)Y sin
=
{ZY (Y cos + 1) sin }2 / 3
(2Y + 1)Z + 2(1 + Y cos )Y sin
=
{ZY (1 + Y cos ) sin }2 / 3

A (2Y + 1)( 13 Z 2 / 3 ) 2 5 / 3
= + 2{Y(1 + Y cos ) sin }1/3 3 Z
z {Y (1 + Y cos ) sin } 2/3

A
z
=0 Z=
4(1 + Y cos )Y sin
1 + 2Y
A=
21/ 3
3(1 + 2Y )2 / 3
{(1 + Y cos )Y sin }1 / 3
1 / 3
A 3 2( )(1 + 2Y )
2
(1 + 2Y ) (1 + 2Y cos ) sin
2/3
= 1/ 3 3
1/ 3
Y 2 {(1 + Y cos )Y sin }1/ 3
2 {(1 + Y cos )Y sin }4 / 3

A
Y
=0 4{(1 + Y cos )Y sin } = (1 + 2Y)(1 + 2Y cos ) sin

4Y + 4Y2 cos = 1 + 4Y2 cos + 2Y + 2Y cos

2Y(1 cos ) = 1
Y = 1/{2(1 cos )}
A = 3 21/3(2 cos )1/3(sin )1/3
= 3 21/3{(2 cos )/sin }1/3
A
= 21/3{(2 cos )/sin }2/3(1 2 cos )/sin2

A

=0
cos =
1
2
=

3
and A = 21/3 37/6

Hence Y = 1, Z = 3 and x = ( 23 )2 / 3 , y = ( 23 )2 / 3 , z = 22/3 31/6.

 9.66 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

31
z z
= 12y 3y2 3x2, = 12x 6xy.
x y
z z
Stationary points occur when = 0 and = 0; that is, when
x y
4y y2 x2 = 0 (1)
and 2x xy = 0 (2)
(2) factorizes as x(2 y) = 0 so x = 0 or y = 2.
If x = 0 then (1) becomes y(4 y) = 0 so y = 0 or y = 4.
If y = 2 (1) becomes 4 x2 = 0 so x = 2.
Hence the stationary points are (0, 0), (0, 4), (2, 2) and (2, 2).
To classify the points look at the second derivatives
2z 2z 2z
= 6x = 12 6y and = 6x
x 2 yx y 2

At (0, 0), zxxzyy z xy

2
< 0 so the point is a saddle.
At (0, 4), zxxzyy z xy
2
< 0 and this also is a saddle point.
At (2, 2), zxxzyy z xy
2
= (12)(12) 0 > 0, zxx < 0, so is a maximum.
At (2, 2), zxxzyy z xy
2
= (12)(12) 0 > 0, zxx > 0, so is a minimum.

32 = y2 8x2 + 17 + (x2 + y2 9)

x = 16x + 2x

y = 2y + 2y

x =
y = 1, x = 0, y = 3 (maxima) and = 8, y = 0, x = 3 (minima).
a 1
33 T = 42 dx
0 (a 4 x 4 )

x2 = a2 sin 2xdx a2 cos d

dx
a cos
2 sin1 / 2
d and (a4 x4) a2(1 sin2)

T = 42
/ 2 a cos

0
1
a cos 2 sin1 / 2
2
d
2 2 / 2 1 / 2
= sin d
a 0
/2
Since (r + 1)F(r) = (r + 2) F(r + 2) where F(r) = sinr x dx , r > 1
0
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.67

we have
1 3
F ( 12 ) = F ( 32 )
2 2
5 3 7 7
and F( ) = F( 2 )
2 2 2
so that F ( 12 ) = 3F ( 32 )
37 7
= F(2)
5
42 2 /2
Hence T= sin 7 / 2 d
5a 0

Using the trapezium rule gives T = 7.4163/a.

34 Take x = sin 12 sin then

1 1
=
(1 sin
21
2
sin )
2
1 x2
= (1 x2)1/2
=1+ 1
2 x2 + 3
8 x4 + ]
=1+ 1
2 sin2 12 sin2 + 3
8 sin4 12 sin4 +
giving

d

= + 21
0 sin d
4
2 2 1 2

0 (1 sin 1 sin )
2 2 0 1d 2
sin 2
2

+ sin 4 12 sin 4 d +
3 2

8 0

= 2
+ 12 sin 2 12 [ 12 2 ] + 38 sin 4 12 [ 34 12 2 ] +

=
2
[1 + 14 sin 2 12 + 9
64
sin 4 12 + ]
Then
l 2 d l
4 = 2 [1 + 14 sin2 12 + 9
sin4 12 + ]
g 0 (1 sin 2 sin )
2 1 2
g 64

35(a) Volume spill when radius is r is r2h where h is thickness of oil.

d
dt
(r2h) = constant dr 1
.
dt r
9.68 MEM Review Exercises 9.10

35(b) yN In still water the velocity of the

oil at (x, y) is given by
(x, y)
k k kx ky
cos , sin = 2 , 2
x r r r r
E

Velocity of oil in a northerly current of speed V at the point (x, y) is

kx ky
2 , 2 +V
r r



u= 2
x
kx
+ y 2
,v = V + 2
x
ky
+ y2
.

35(c) Most southerly point reached by oil is given by v = 0 with x = 0 (from

symmetry) k
y = = c.
V

35(d) At (x, y), a particle of the oil is moving along the curve whose gradient at that
dy v
point is = . The boundary of the oil is the solution of this equation which passes
dx u
through (0, c)

dy x 2 + y 2 + cy
dx
=
cx
with y = c at x = 0

Alternatively: v As oil does not cross boundary,

u(x, y)y = v(x, y)x
u
dy v
=
dx u
with y(0) = c

35(e) y = xz dy
dx
=
dz
dx
+z

x 2 + x 2z 2 + cxz
=
cx
dz
cx 2
dx
+ cxz = x2 + x2z2 + cxz

c
dz
dx
= 1 + z2

y c as x 0+
z as x 0+
 MEM Chapter 9 Further Calculus 9.69

35(f) c
dz
dx
= 1 + z2 c tan1z = x + A

z , x 0+ implies c =A
2
tan1z =
x

c 2
z = tan
x
c


2

x
= cot
c
y = x cot
x
c

k k k x
v 2v v
c = k
v