Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Grammarbook
Grammarbook
YourGrammar
By:SergioVazquez
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Table Of Contents
Page #
Introduction . . . . . . . . . 3
2) Phrases . . . . . . . . . . 24-25
3) Clauses . . . . . . . . . . 26-29
4) Sentences . . . . . . . . . . 30-43
5)Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . 44-49
6)Essays . . . . . . . . .
50-53
7) Capitalization. . . . . . . . . 54-57
8)Punctuation . . . . . . . . . 58-60
68-69
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . 86-90
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About The Author . . . . . . . . . 92
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . 93
Introduction
This book was written to help anyone who reads it become better writers and understand
how the English language works all the way back to the basics. The book includes nine sections
which will all be labeled in the Table of Contents followed by nine corresponding quizzes with
an answer key attached for each of the nine sections. In addition to this, a glossary, works cited
page, and about the author page are also in the back of the book. The goal of this book is to take
the boredom out of grammar which is what the author tried to do by revolving the theme of this
book around fashion and breaking the concepts this book teaches down into kid friendly terms.
This book will go over everything from Parts of Speech (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
parts, types, patterns, errors) to Paragraphs (Introduction, Body, and Conclusion paragraphs) to
Essays (the different types of essays to strategies, planning tips and steps) to Capitalization to
Punctuation, and even Commonly Confused Words in the English Language. I hope you really
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Section 1: Parts of Speech
A.Types of nouns:
B. Noun identifiers:
2. Noun marker:
NM N
NM N
Advanced: The medium blue shirt is striped and checkered and is ceaselessly good fine
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3. Plural form: for example pants or flannels
5. Following a preposition:
N V Prep N
Basic: Chris passionately sang about fashion at the talent show freshmen year.
N V Prep NM N
Advanced: Kendall confidently walked along the paparazzi at last years fashion show
S V
Basic: Tom cheerfully ran from the walkway to play off his embarrassment and anger.
S V
Advanced: John debated passionately about his opinion on the designs they should incorporate
2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom)
S V DO IO
Basic: Chris pushed Jerry into the crowd of people savagely crowding around the model.
S V DO
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Advanced: The CEO employed young, enthusiastic college graduates to help him sell his
IO
S V DO IO
Basic: Lee violently threw Mathew the shirt he made a rude remark about his appearance.
S V DO IO
Advanced: Roy generously bought his wife a shirt he found on sale while on his lunch break
last week after he had broke her vase of flowers the day before.
S V AO
Basic: It coldly snowed last night during the after party after the fashion show.
S V AO
Advanced: They deliberately finished cleaning the house early in the morning so they could
have the rest of the day to design a page layout for their products and designs they had in mind.
S V Prep OPrep
Basic: They left late at night once they tirelessly put the finishing touches on the shirt.
S Prep OPrep
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Advanced: The printing company at the corner of Gage and Broadway was financially stable so
they generously gave away free clothes to the less fortunate and needy in the community.
S LV SC
S LV SC
Advanced: Steven was pleased when he received news that his collaboration with the clothing
brand was a success and had comfortably raised more than a million dollars for charity and
cancer research.
S V DO OC
Basic: They coincidentally named the company Nike after the Greek god of victory..
Advanced: After failing to generate the company any profit for three weeks, Mr.Smith
V DO OC
considered the employee lazy and unsurprisingly fired her in the following weeks.
S APP V
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Basic: Chris, a teenager, quickly showered earlier before the fashion show.
S APP V
Advanced: Dave White, a British artist, believes in devotly celebrating popular cultures and
S Adjvl
Basic: The design was surprisingly awful since it had been a very anticipated release.
S Adjvl
Advanced: His leather jacket was terribly expensive and overall a waste of money since it is so
Basic: William, can you quickly modify your shoes and stop wasting time.
Advanced: Thomas, I need your help urgently in designing new models with enhanced
adjustments and more vivid colors for this upcoming spring collection.
G OG
Basic: Participating in the fashion competition was discouragingly tough on his self-image.
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G OG
Advanced: Designing the winter collaboration pleasingly marked the highlight of his career
Part OP
Basic: He was stalking Tim because he has a shockingly good sense of fashion.
Part OP
Advanced: Lucas was designing shoes during his lunch break in hopes that one day a brand will
notice his hard work and creativity and undoubtedly hire him.
INF OInf
INF OInf
Advanced: To relax on his bed was the only thing he wanted after camping out for the pair of
shoes he had endearingly desired since he first heard rumors of their release.
II. Pronouns: are nouns that refer to a specific person, place, or thing. Takes place of noun
1. Personal
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Basic: Me and Chris happily participated in the annual fashion show.
Advanced: She enthusiastically attended the special event with him since it was their first date
in a long time, wearing his denim jacket on the chilly Friday afternoon.
2. Relative
Basic: Who does this makeup kit belong to because it is undoubtedly expensive.
Advanced: This shirt reminds me of that concert we went to last summer with all the colorful
3. Interrogative
Basic: What outfit from the MTV music awards do you highly praise the most?
Advanced: Whoever chose that dress for the celebrity possesses a entertainly excellent sense of
4. Reflexive
Basic: Nicole bought herself two pairs of jeans with the money she ensuingly saved up over the
Advanced: The fashion designer himself believed the rookies effectively creative mind could
5. Demonstrative
Basic: Those shoes were meant to encouragingly represent the five year anniversary of his
fathers retirement.
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Advanced: That shirt is evocatively made from premium cotton and terrycloth imported straight
6. Indefinite
Basic: Few individuals rarely know the symbolic meaning behind Michael Jordans retro shoes.
Advanced: Several times people tend to purchase a specific shoe because they believe it will
undoubtedly help them get noticed by other classmates and generate attention.
III. Verbs: describe an action,state, or occurrence and form main part of the predicate of a
sentence
battles, changes, fastens, ties, wears, slipped, wrapped, zipped, appealed, bleached, dressing,
2. Tense
Past Perfect- had won, had left, had seen, had recognized
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Present Progressive- closing, thinking, playing, losing
Present Perfect Progressive (has been + verb)- cleaning, showering, leaving, cooking
3. Forms
Forms of to be: is, am, are, was, were, be, been, will, shall, may, might, can
4. Types
5. Voice
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S V
Basic: The designer angrily threw the sketch away because it owned no intriguing features.
S V
Advanced: The anxious father excitedly checked the website restock after a prolonged day at
S V
Basic: Shirts are deliberately being worn so to avoid any uncomfortableness in the crowd.
S V
Advanced: The order was being mailed late at night after flabbergastedly overcoming some last
Ger
The artist passionately loved researching trends during his spare time.
Part
Walking on the beach one sunny morning, Sophia surprisingly discovered her love for peace and
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Infinitive: verbs followed by the word to
Inf
debatable.
IV. Adjectives- are word or phrases meant to describe, quantify, identify and/or modify a noun
or pronoun
1. Kinds - Demonstrative: point out pronouns and nouns and always come before them
Common: most common type of adjectives, they describe a noun and its quality
ex) Red skirts and bowties. Dull, white shirts. Amazing graphics.
3. Conversions - other parts of speech can be converted by adding a adjective suffix to the word
(-al, -ary, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -y)
4. Articles - words that combine with a noun and used to describe a noun. ( a, an, the)
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Use a before a noun or adjective that starts with a consonant sound.
ex) Pass Travis the shirt. (not just any shirt, the shirt)
V. Adverbs - modifies an adjective, verb, and other adverbs expressing a relation of place, time,
2. Conversions - many adjectives and verbs can be converted into adverbs by simply adding one
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3. Types -
Manner - how something is done or happens (badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly)
Frequency - of often something is done or happens (almost, always, ever, hardly, never)
Degree - level or extent at which something is done or happens (almost, nearly, very, quite)
Place - tells us where something is done or happens (above, below, here, outside, under)
4. Conjunctive adverbs - show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, and comparison (henceforth,
5. Intensifiers -
Emphasizers - They really enjoyed shopping there because of the good sales and faster service.
The sweatshirts will certainly sell first since everyone brutally wanted them.
Amplifiers - The orange bandana is absolutely amazing and alarmingly bright. The sales
associate did very bad in confusedly explaining to the customers the stores return policy .
Downtoners - The brand all but attracted Josh who urgently needed inexpensive nice clothes.
The shoes were sort of nice considering they were carelessly manufactured.
Premodifiers - A very tight shirt that captiously caught the crowds attention. The line went
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Example Types:
Manner -
Basic: The shirts sold very well and clairvoyantly became symbolic articles of clothing.
Advanced: Since the stitching and quality on the spring collection was awful, sales, profit,
income and revenue the first couple of weeks quickly went downhill positioning the company in
debt.
Time -
Basic: They carelessly released yesterday without prior notice to the public.
Advanced: Immediately after opening pre-orders, the site unfortunately crashed and caused
Place -
Basic - The shoes are over there, comfortably in display next to the sculpture made of iron.
Advanced - Jacob neatly organized his astonishing shoe collection side by side under his bed
Degree -
Basic - The creme color on that shirt is so pleasant it eloquently expresses my emotions.
Advanced - For nearly a decade, the companys profit has been increasing drastically thanks to
Frequency -
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Advanced - The once popular clothing brand started loosing its loyal fan base after they rarely
VI. Conjunctions - the action or event of two or more events occurring at the same point in time
1. Coordinating (FANBOYS) - connect words, phrases, and clauses (for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so)
Basic - The hat and pair of shoes coincidentally complemented each other.
Advanced - The concept and quality on the upcoming pair of Jordans was intriguing, but the
retail price was enough to make him bankrupt and easily pass on it .
2. Correlative - connect two equal grammatical items (neither/nor; either/or; both/and; as/so)
Basic - Both the pair of Nikes and Adidas were intriguingly attractive.
Advanced: Neither the local stores nor online websites had his size in stock since he carelessly
3. Subordinate - provides a transition between two ideas in a sentence and will indicate
Advanced -She would have to miss her runway walk unless she went out there and
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4. Relative Pronouns - connect two clauses while acting as a conjunction(who, which, that, what,
as)
Advanced - The shirt that instantly sold out skyrocketed in resale value due to the limited
VII. Prepositions - link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to another word or element in the clause
and show the relation between them. NEVER followed by verbs. (aboard, above, across, after, at,
away, before, behind, beneath, beside, despite, down, except, like, near)
1. Apart from failing to gather enough money to pay the rent before the start of the month,
the fashion designers cold heartedly ran out of ideas for their upcoming fashion show.
2. Instead of purchasing the overpriced high end shoes, Thomas apprehensively decided on
buying several pairs of Vans and denim, and still had leftover money.
3. In spite of the hardships the brothers overcame in the past, to this day the demand for
VIII. Interjections - a part of speech that shows the emotion or feeling of the author
(Absolutely, Achoo, Ack, Adios, Aha, Ahoy, Agreed, Alack, Alright, Alrighty, Blah, Bravo,
Brrr, Bye, Cheers, Ciao, Cripes, Doh, Drat, Eek, Gadzooks, Gee, Goodness Gracious, Gosh,
1. Oh dear! How am I ever going to quickly shed twenty pounds in time for the fashion
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2. Eureka! The collaboration we did with them was a success because the shirts sold out in
less than five minutes after launching them, goodness knows absolutely how mad people
3. Cheers for the hard work you guys have put in, hallelujah! Eek, now heres to another
magnificent year at Industrial Products, Co. barked the aptly drunk CEO at the New
Ant N
1. While the design company non discriminately accepts all applications, they pursue
ii. Complements - the term used for a word that is needed to complete the meaning of an
expression
Comp
1. Terry is enthusiastic and a fashion entrepreneur looking to firmly leave his mark in
iii. Objects - follow subject and/or verbs in sentences and are nouns/pronouns that give meaning
to this subject/verb
S V DO
1. Direct Object: The employee and his coworker designed a spreadsheet to better organize
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S V IO DO
2. Indirect Object: Chris sent Tina the sketch of his design in hopes of deliberately
iv. Modifiers - can play the role of an adjective or adverb meant to describe a word/subject or
S Mod
v. Transitions - words or phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences and/or
1. The clothing company created a social media account to connect with customers easier
Trans
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right third though along
against afterward with
beneath
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vi. Expletives - words or phrases that do not add structural or grammatical meaning to the
sentence it pertains to
Expl
S V
1. Subject-Verb: Jaime always complains when his boss gleefully assigns him a new
PN N
2. Noun-Pronoun: Clarissa eagerly hurried up when she noticed she needed just minor
improvements to fulfill all the requirements her boss had assigned her for the day.
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Section 2: Phrases
N V Prep N
Advanced: The anxious John violently perforated along the cuff of the shirt unfortunately
N App Adj N
Adj N App
Advanced: The handsome Jeremy, a top known young fashion designer, owned a taste for
Adj N
3. Verbal: group of words that begin with a verbal and end with a noun
N V Gerund
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Basic: The artist loved researching trends in his spare time.
N Adv V Gerund
Advanced: The artist passionately loved researching trends during his spare time because it
helped him gather ideas and designs based off his research.
Part. N V
Basic: Walking on the beach one day, Sophia discovered her love for peace and fashion.
Advanced: Walking on the beach one sunny beautiful morning, Sophia surprisingly discovered
her love for peace and nature evoked in art and fashion.
N V Infinitive
and debatable as a method for her to express her feelings and emotions inside of her head.
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Section 3: Clauses
Subject V
Adv Subject
Advanced: The highly respected and well-known Tommy Hilfiger , American lifestyle fashion
2. Subordinate (Dependent): contain a subject and a verb but do not express a complete
thought.
N V
Basic: Where Ralph stitched the seam made up the collar of the shirt.
Adj N V
Advanced: Where the impotent Ralph stitched the seam of the collar, he appeared to have
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Adv
b. Adjective Clause: group of words that modify or provide a description of a noun (begin with
Basic: Michael who successfully collaborated with top major brands in the past.
Advanced: A very creative and productive young man by the name of Michael who successfully
collaborated with top major brands in the past received recognition for his uniqueness at last
weeks meeting.
c. Adverb Clause: function as an adverb and meant to answer how, when, where, and why
Basic: The shirt was on the counter where Jerry absentmindedly set it down.
Advanced: The floral sample long sleeve was on the counter where Jerry absentmindedly set it
d. Relative Clause: will begin with a relative pronoun and answers what kind, how many, or
which one.
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N Relative Clause Adv V
Basic: The guy who passionately loved camo and gray mixed together with his outfit.
Advanced: The creative guy who passionately loved camo and gray mixed together within his
e. Elliptical Clause: a clause in which some words have been left out
N V
Basic: At the end of the day Sophia designed five shirts; Maria, three.
Adj Adj N V
Advanced: At the end of a prolonged and tiresome Monday, Sophia designed five elegant shirts;
f. Essential Clause: clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence and tell the reader which
one of many.
N Essential Clause V
Basic: Tinker Hatfield who designed the Jordan retros 3 to 30 claims the Jordan 11 model
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Advanced: The legendary Tinker Hatfield who designed the Jordan retros 3 to 30 claims the
Jordan 11 model remains his favorite to this day although it was inspired by a land mower.
g. Nonessential Clause: clauses that aren't required or essential to the meaning of the sentence
N Non-Essential Clause V
Basic: Kanye West , who is married to Kim Kardashian, owns the Yeezy brand and is an
Adj
Advanced: The highly controversial and outgoing Kanye West , who is married to Kim
Adj
Kardashian, owns the Yeezy brand and is an official partner of the Adidas Original brand.
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Section 4: Sentences
Sentences
a. Sentence Parts:
i. Subject
Subject Adv V
Basic: Christopher constantly complained about stiff jeans all the time.
Subject Adv V
Advanced: Christopher constantly complained and whined about stiff jeans all the time so he
set out to make his own jeans made with performance materials for enhanced range of motion
2. Simple: doesnt contain more than one independent clause, no subordinate clauses and
N V Adj
Basic: All her life Maria has loved fashion very much.
N Adv V Adj
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Advanced: All her life Maria has passionately loved fashion very much, thanks to her mother
semicolon
N V Compound N V Adv
Basic: They got to the fashion show early, and they got really good seats effortlessly.
N v Adj Compound N
Advanced: Since there was no traffic they arrived at the fashion show early, and they were able
ii. Predicate
1. Complete: consists of a verb and all the words that modify the verb in a sentence
N V
Basic: Many people will buy the merchandise they sell after the concert.
N V
Advanced: Many people will buy the merchandise they sell after the concert because it is a
2. Simple: the main word that tells something about the subject
N V Adj
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Basic: Johnny wore distressed jeans with his camo shirt to match the theme.
N V Adj Adj
Advanced: Johnny wore distressed, ripped jeans with his camo shirt to match the theme at the
N V V
Basic: The design committee has to design a pair of sneakers and keep it under $50 for retail.
Adj N V V
Advanced: The talented design committee has to design a pair of sneakers and keep it under $50
b. Sentence Types:
Subject V Adj
Advanced: Lebron James is an extremely important spokesperson for Nike rumored to have
signed a contract for life allocating millions of dollars to his net worth.
ii. Interrogative: asks a question and always ends with a question mark
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Interrogative
Interrogative
Advanced: Will the outrageous resale price for Yeezys ever be reasonable considering Adidas
and Kanye West both have the authority and power to mass produce them?
iii. Imperative: sentence that gives advice, instructions, or expresses a request or comma
V N Adj
Basic: Produce the shoes with a durable mesh instead of leather to eliminate the effects of
V Adj N Adj
Advanced: Produce the signature shoe with a durable mesh instead of leather to eliminate the
effects of creasing on the toe box area of the shoe and make them appear like a brand new pair of
iv. Exclamatory: sentence that expresses strong feelings and ends with an exclamation
mark
Basic: The upcoming pair of Reverse Shattered Backboards will be an extremely limited release!
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Advanced: The upcoming pair of Reverse Shattered Backboards will be an extremely limited
release due to the fact that theyre made with genuine leather!
c. Sentence Errors
i. Fragment: group of words that dont form a complete sentence and because it doesnt
Solution: To fix a fragment attach it to the front or end of a nearby main clause (has an
Adverb Adj N
Solution: To fix this fragment we have to attach it to a main clause, in other words add a subject
Adverb Adj N N V
Revised: Throughout the stressful week, Jacob weaved consistently so to finish the enormous
ii. Run -on/Rambling: a sentence with two or more independent clauses (which can stand
Solution: Insert the proper kind of punctuation (inserting a comma will only make it a
N Adj
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Example: Most of the employees at Reebok are young, this proves my point that the company is
Solution: To fix this run-on simply change the comma for a period so to separate the two
independent clauses.
N Adj
Revised: Most of the employees at Reebok are young. This proves my point that the company is
iii. Fused Sentence: Similar to a run-on sentence, this kind of error has two independent
conjunction.
Adj N V
Example: The long sleeve shirt was inspired by the recent trend it included scraped edges with
Solution: To fix this fused sentence just simply insert a coordinating conjunction following a
comma.
Adj N V
Revised: The long sleeve shirt was inspired by the recent trend, and it included scraped edges
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iv. Misplaced Modifier: word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the
word it modifies/describes
Solution: You can fix this type of error by moving the modifier to a more sensible place
in the sentence.
Example: During the fashion show, Veronica shockingly found a diamond women's ring.
Solution: You can fix this error by switching diamond and women's
Revised: During the fashion show, Veronica shockingly found a womens diamond ring.
v. Comma Splice: a sentence that has two main clauses connected with only a comma.
Solution: Just like any other run-on sentence, you can fix a comma splice with a period,
N Adv
Example: Christian patiently waited for the new shipment from the printing company, he had
Solution: You can fix this comma splice by adding a period to separate them into two sentences
N Adv
Revised: Christian patiently waited for the new shipment from the printing company. He had
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vi. Double Negative: a sentence that has the negative form of a verb with a negative
Solution: Get rid of one of the negatives so to not confuse the reader and be more clear.
Example: The Supreme and Levi's collaboration denim jacket is not unattractive and a bit pricy.
Solution: Consider the message of the sentence and adjust the words so to be more clear (the two
Revised: The Supreme and Levis collaboration denim jacket is attractive and a bit pricy.
Sentence Patterns
1. Simple Sentences: a sentence that includes only a single subject and predicate.
N V
Basic: Companies like Under Armour are opening more factories in America.
Advanced: Fashion and sports brands like Under Armour have recently opened more factories in
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2. Compound Sentence: a sentence with two or more independent clauses that is normally
N Adj V Conjunction N V
Basic: The line was long to buy a shirt, yet Chris bought it online with ease.
N Adv V Conjunction
Advanced: The line to get into the store was extremely long to be able to purchase a shirt, yet
N V
3. Complex Sentence: a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent
N V PN
Basic: Vincent was able to resell his shirt, who had failed in doing so for over a month.
N V PN
Advanced: Vincent was finally able to resell his shirt on Ebay, who had failed to do so for over a
one dependent
N V PN Adv
Basic: Mark complained because the shirt was ugly, but he eventually got his money back.
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N Adv V PN
Advanced: Mark belligerently complained because the long sleeve shirt was ugly, but he
Adv V
5. Loose Sentence: a sentence that generally begins with an independent clause followed
N V V
Basic: The web designer continued to modify the brands website by clicking new fonts and
Adj N Adv V
Advanced: The innovative web designer continued to eagerly modify the brands website by
6. Periodic Sentence: a sentence which contains the main point at the end of the sentence
Basic: Despite harsh criticism, low sales, and bipolar employees, the two brothers were confident
in their product.
Advanced: Despite harsh criticism, low sales, and bipolar employees, the two young brothers
Adj V
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were confident in their eco-friendly brand which manufactured its products here in the United
States.
7. Balanced Sentence: a sentence that contains two segments equal in length and
grammatical structure/meaning
N V Adj N
Basic: Every employer has the right to demand high-quality work while every employee has the
N Adv V Adj
Advanced: Every employer has the right to calmly demand hard and high quality work while
N Adv V V
every employee has the right to serenely petition and protest any complaint.
8. Parallel Structure: sentence that contains a pattern of words to show an idea with the
N V V V Adj N
N Adv V V V Adj
Advanced: John passionately enjoys to collaborate, to design, and to brainstorm new innovative
designs that will make his products more comfortable and high-quality.
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9. Chiasmus: a sentence that repeats words with two or more clauses in reversed order to
V PN V V PN V
Basic: Hate as if you would one day resell, and resell as if you would one day hate.
V PN V V V
Advanced: Hate the product as if you would one day resell them, and resell them as if you hate
10. Asyndeton: a type of sentence that eliminates all conjunctions between words on
V Adj V N V V V V
Basic: Pick the cotton, thread it into cloth, stitch it, add color, design it, wear it to outshine the
competitors.
V N V N V N V N N
Advanced: Pick the cotton, thread it into cloth, stitch the material, add color to the product,
Adj N V N Adv
modify the design, wear it to outshine the competitors and effortlessly headline the news.
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11. Polysyndeton: a sentence that utilizes more conjunctions between words than is
PN V N V N N V N N
Basic: We couldnt decide on a brand because Tom likes Nike, but Sam likes Adidas, but Chris
V N N V N
PN V N V N
Advanced: We couldnt decide on a brand for the soccer uniform because Tom prefers Nike, but
N V N N V N N V N N V
Sam prefers Adidas, but Chris prefers Under Armour, but Tony prefers Puma, but Brian prefers
N N V N
12. Anaphora: a sentence that repeats a word in order to place emphasis and draw
attention.
Adj N Adj N N V
Basic: Every day, every night, in every way the founder stayed up late at night perfecting the
Adj N Adj N N
Advanced: Every single day, every single night, in every single way the founder stayed up late at
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night perfecting the logo for his brand in attempt to steer it in the appropriate direction and draw
13. Epistrophe: a sentence that incorporates the same word at the end of each phrase.
N V N V N
Basic: Johnny filmed a documentary for Nike, in order to gain the attention of Nike, in attempt to
V N
N V Adj N
Advanced: Johnny filmed a creative documentary about his love for soccer and fashion for Nike,
V N V Adj Adv
in order to gain the attention of Nike, in attempt to receive a valuable and extremely rare
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Section 5: Paragraphs
Paragraphs
1. Introductory Paragraphs: introduce the topic, thesis, or general claim. They should
of course include a hook to grab the readers attention as well as the thesis statement (purpose for
a. Hook (Lead): the first sentence, how the writer introduces the topic.
Example: As a young boy, Tyler owned almost no materialistic things. His family lived off
paycheck to paycheck and Tyler grew up watching his friends acquire the finer things in life but
then always asking for money. From early on, he decided he was going to excell in school,
obtain a college education, and earn him and his family a better life by being resourceful and not
ii. Question Based: a question that introduces the reader to the topic.
Example: Are big corporate companies really cheating the consumer out of quality?
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b. Thesis Statements: the overall purpose of a piece of writing and something arguable.
Example: Fashion companies are utilizing cheaper materials and charging more and more for
their products.
Example: Jordans used to cost $20 to make and retailed for $150 and now they cost about $15 to
Example: Jordan is cheating the consumer of good quality and theyre not even amazing shoes.
iv. Belief: social, religious, or political in nature held by many to be a fact, though it is
not necessarily
Example: It is inhumane to purchase $200 shoes while kids in Africa own no shoes and are
starving to death.
v. Generalization: uses absolute or statistical pronouns that are almost always incorrect
Example: All Jordans are overpriced and give the impression of clown shoes.
vi. Document Based: cites a specific source and its position on a topic
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Example: In a recent study report by Highsnobiety, it is proven that Kanye West buys Gildan $5
shirts and sells them for ridiculous, and outrageous prices simply because theyre his product.
Example: Entrepreneurs like Kanye West easily walk away with more than $50 profit in just one
2. Body Paragraphs: carry on and elaborate on the thesis and are responsible for
a. Topic Sentences: specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on the subject and
area of evidence
Example: Multiple news outlets additionally claim that Michael Jordan is robbing the poor of
their money. (every sentence in the paragraph must relate to the connection between Michael
b. Evidence from Quotes: quotes should always be cited so to avoid plagiarism, the following are
prices for his silly antique retros he wore years ago (Hainer 23).
ii. Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous prices for his silly antique retros he
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iii. Unfortunately for the consumer, Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous
prices for his silly antique retros he wore years ago, according to several fashion enthusiasts
(Hainer 23).
iv. Unfortunately for the consumer, Michael Jordan is recklessly charging [expensive]
outrageous prices for his silly antique retros he wore years ago (Hainer 23).
v. Unfortunately for the consumer, Michael Jordan charging [expensive] prices for
vi. Paraphrase: reword the quote while still citing the source
Original Quote: Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous prices for his silly antique
Paraphrase: Michael Jordan is charging way too much for shoes that have not been remodeled in
Original Quote: Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous prices for his silly antique
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viii. Abstract Examples: what if examples which should be avoided
Example: People would save money if they stopped buying overpriced Jordans.
Example: A study from 2015 by Kicks on Fire found that an average person saved around $2000
dollars a year by not buying Jordans and buying cheaper, more inexpensive shoes.
c. Closing Sentences: end the discussion of the topic starting with an adverb and repeats the
Example: Undoubtedly, Jordans are very luxurious shoes that that are not worth the money since
3. Closing Paragraphs: the conclusion, should not be mere summaries of the essay. Elaborate
and expand
a. Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis: explain the possible effects of disregarding the
thesis
Example: If a person were to keep spending their money on Jordans month after month, sooner
or later the shoes value will diminish as well as the persons savings.
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b. Statements of Extension: extending the possible consequences of disregarding the thesis
Example: As a result, many people carelessly dive into debt and are forced to live off paycheck
after paycheck.
Example: In saving so much money in the long run, the person can then afford to purchase a new
car or maybe even a new house simply because he/she financed their money well and was
resourceful.
Example: By avoiding silly overpriced shoes, people like Tyler will save tremendous amounts of
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Section 6: Essays
Essays
a. Types of Essays
i. Persuasive: a persuasive essay attempts to convince the reader to agree with the writers point
ii. Expository: an expository essay simply sets forward an argument that is explained or
elaborated on.
2) The writer must set a thesis such as an argument that requires evidence which is given
throughout the body paragraphs and an explanation of the idea as well at the beginning of the
essay.
3) In a compare and contrast essay the writer must introduce the two items, compare the two,
then contrast the two, and finally conclude which is better based off their observations or
research.
4) In a cause and effect essay the writer explains how a specific event or occurrence produces an
effect. It is explained how a cause results in an effect or how a condition becomes the cause a
consequence(s).
iii. Analytical/Critical: a analytical essay examines a piece of literature and determines how
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1) Evaluative means the reader simply evaluates a piece of literature at how successful it is at
2) Interpretive means the reader interprets a piece of literature as well but simply elaborates on
1) It can be personal, most commonly a personal experience about getting to know and
v. Research: a research essay gathers cumulative facts based off research, critical thinking,
sourcing, and evaluation of different pieces of text. It is important to cite all sources, however,
1) MLA Citation Format - Kanye West stated, Everyone will be able to afford Yeezys
2) APA Citation Format - According to Adidas Original (2015), revenues and profits will
vi. Timed: simply an essay with a prompt and a certain, specific time limit
2) A synthesis essay utilizes a unique point of view and is backed up with multiple sources.
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3) A prompt based essay simply contains a prompt or a specific topic that must be researched,
b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps:
i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining:
1) It is important to understand that a pre-writing is simply a rough draft, a foundation for what
will become the final draft. A lot of revisions should be made, especially since the goal of a
rough draft is to meet all the requirements of the essay and only after should a person go back
2) During a prompt analysis the person should completely comprehend what the requirements
are and organize themselves. More than anything to need to make sure that they meet these
requirements and deliver a powerful and impactful presentation and overall flow.
3) More than anything, outlining will aid a person in organizing their thoughts. Outlining cancels
out the irrelevant information and will help organize the essay structure and what to include
where and when and how to help sound professional and clear.
1) Research is the single most important thing besides writing the essay itself. Without research
what information will you incorporate into the essay? Research ,however, separates what makes
a strong essay from a weak feeble essay. The writer must dig deep and gather facts and data from
2) Reliable sources are a must, and irrelevant flimsy sources will only hurt your essay. What is
the point of consulting platforms and gathering information from tabloids or other mediums that
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are false if the purpose of an essay to be trustworthy. Make sure to fully evaluate any source and
check with different websites about a specific prompt and make sure all of them correlate in one
i. MLA Format - the source should be cited last name, first name, list the authors last name as
well as the page number at the end of a quote, and be typically referred to in a works cited page.
Vazquez, Sergio. How To Be Fashionable With Your Grammar. December 2016, Print.
ii. APA Format - the source should be last name, first name as well, list the author's last name
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Section 7: Capitalization
Capitalization
Example: Sergio Vazquezs grammar book How To Be Fashionable With Your Grammar
served as a good basis and foundation for fashion and grammar advice.
Example: Aunt Mary was a fashion expert on street clothing back in her day before she met her
Example: The American Red Cross held a fundraiser to generate money to buy clothing and
Example: Fashion Week in Paris was scheduled to start the 14th of October, days after most if
not all major clothing brands release their lookbooks for their Fall/Winter collections.
Example: The Tuesday meeting was postponed to next week to try and discuss possible
Example: The Louis Vuitton loafers appear dull and basic at a glance, but on hand their high
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7) Capitalize business names
Example: American Airlines was generally the preferred airline flight by most celebrities to
Example: The University of Oregon was home to Phil Knight, the founder and creator of the
Example: Canada is best known for introducing big parka jackets with denim jeans into the
Example: One thing is for sure, most if not all people were not concerned with how fashionable
Example: Back in colonial times, Protestants did not dedicate importance to their attire and
Example: Many times the Italian touch on fashion has created lasting trends in everyones
Example: An Under Armour commercial to promote the Curry 3 was filmed near The Golden
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14) Capitalize any title that appears next to any name
Example: Professor Eisenhower is rumored to have a fairly big shoe collection composed of
Example: Fashion is defined in the dictionary as a popular trend and the manner in which a
Example: Wearing Doc Marten boots is something I would personally never do as they do not
Example: The fashion designer was allowed to unpack his bags in the West Wing of the
I. Capitalization
A. Rule #18
The first word in the outline was capitalized as a means to appear more professional and
appropriate.
Example: Coco Chanel once famously stated, Every day is a fashion show and the world is the
runway.
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20) Capitalize names affiliated with the government
Example: Congress is many times the scene of a mad show just like any runway at a fashion
Example: Many Hispanic fashion designers have developed lasting trends such as lace and
Example: States in the South like Louisiana and Kentucky are known for their African American
Example: Democrats and Republicans wear blue and red not for fashion purposes but to be more
Example: Thirty-two of the nations most popular fashion enthusiasts were invited to the
Example: The President of the United States is well known for his taste in casual, comfortable
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Section 8: Punctuation
Punctuation
1) Square brackets [ ] are used to add words to a sentence that weren't originally said by the
Example: He [the fashion expert Tommy Hilfiger] originated from Elmira, New York in the
early 1950s and has greatly impacted American fashion ever since.
2) Round brackets or parenthesis ( ) are used to separate irrelevent information from the original
sentence
Example: Kanye West (married to Kim Kardashian) has influenced young teenagers to wear
street clothing with ripped denim and aim for a more casual look overall.
3) The famous period ( . ) is used to end a sentence and simply wrap up a thought.
Example: Prada is an Italian fashion company founded back in 1913 by Mario Prada that
4) The comma ( , ) is meant to pause a sentence and allow for literature to flow more easily
Example: The public tends to favor warmer clothing in the winter, according to first hand
Example: His father-in-law played an important role in that he helped him discover who he was
from an early age and pursuit his dreams in the fashion industry with his creative mind.
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Example: The owner issued a list of complaints to his employees which included: no gum on his
premises, no bathroom breaks, no talking, no phones, and especially no rude disruptive behavior.
7) The semi colon ( ; ) mainly indicates a pause longer than that of a comms and also separates
two clauses.
Example: The founder of the company announced his retirement by next fall over the summer; a
cloud of heartache and negativity hung over all the employees after that for they shared beloved
8) The question mark ( ? ) is used for interrogative sentences which essentially asks a question
Example: Will the overpriced Yeezy ever go down in resale price considering they are cheap to
Example: The upcoming pair of Reversed Shattered Backboards will be an extremely limited
release due to the fact that theyre made with genuine leather!
Example: Ralph Laurens brand has become such a phenomenon in the last couple of decades as
11) Quotation marks ( ) are used to identify a direct quote and to indicate the meaning of a
word
Example: The iconic Ralph Lauren once declared, Fashion is about something that comes from
within you.
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12) Ellipsis ( ) is used to leave out one or more words that aren't necessary to the main idea
Example: His clothing brand would sell sweaters, shirts, long sleeves, coats, sweats and all
13) The long dash ( ) is used to mark off information that isnt essential to a text
Example: Many people like normal consumers constantly complain about the limited
quantities and overpriced items major brands like Supreme and Bape are famous for.
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Section 9: Commonly Confused Words
represent something else whereas Denotation is the literal meaning of the word as it appears in
the dictionary
Example: Crop tops unfortunately give off a connotation of bad behavior and people tend to
judge the book by its cover and assume the person is a troublemaker.
Example: Despite the denotation of fashion, it goes well beyond that and transcends into a deeper
meaning than is present because it describes who a person really is from the inside.
b. Who/Whom: Who is used as a sort of replacement for he/she while Whom is used as a
Example: Kanye West who despite being a well-known artist has also had a huge impact on the
red carpet in recent years and his legacy will only continue to expand.
Example: To whom did you purchase that luxurious high end belt for, that person must be worth
and Theyre spells out they are which is meant to describe someone.
Example: The shirt with the best quality for less could be purchased by wholesale from their
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Example: There seems to have been a lot of thought dedicated and set aside for the new
Kendrick Lamar and Reebok collaboration if a true story through the eyes of the artist himself
Example: Theyre by far some of the most gifted and highly ranked in the country fashion
d. Lie/Lay: Lie means to not tell the truth while Lay means to put down or to position
Example: Many companies unfortunately lie about the quality of their products to to pressure
from competitors.
Example: The key to success in the fashion industry is to lay out a plan and organize and
brainstorm ahead of time to dedicate as much attention to the design of the product.
e. Laid/Lain: Laid is the past tense of lay which again means to place down while Lain is the past
Example: Christian laid out the different designs he had brainstormed out on his table and
aggressively scratched his head to try and think of what could make them more appealing.
Example: She decided to lain about her prior job experience in her job resume because she really
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f. Affect/Effect: Affect means to act upon and to receive results while Effect is that result or
consequence
Example: Trends affect the direction fashion progresses in deeply because it steers the way
Example: The effect of street clothing is seen with almost six-hour lines outside of pop up shops,
especially when celebrities like Kylie Jenner and Justin Bieber promote it.
g. Accept/Except: Accept is to approve of or to favor while except means with the exception of
Example: Many people never accept the fact that cheaper alternative brands offer the same type
Example: Most fashion experts, except for the foolish inexperienced ones, agree quality and
h. Should have vs Should of: Should have is used to describe an instance where something was
meant to have happened but didnt while Should of is the incorrect way to say should have
Example: Many people agree they perhaps should have managed their money more carefully and
Example: A lot of fashion designers tend to disagree on whether or not they should of performed
more collaborations.
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i. Loath/Loathe: Loath is to be unwilling to while Loathe means to feel disgust for and hate
Example: Many sneakerheads loath the fact that they are forced to pay over forty dollars more
Example: Most if not all CEOs of brands like Nike agree they loathe their employees which
j. Infer/Imply: Infer is to draw conclusions while Imply means to indicate and/or suggest
Example: The typical consumer tends to infer that designing shirts and logos is easy, effortless
homework but the truth is a lot of thought goes into this process.
Example: Most shop owners imply they admire the thought and creativity that goes into reselling
sneakers because people really have to play their cards right for them to gain profit.
k. Weary/Wary: Weary is to be worn down and be tired while Wary means to watchful and alert
Example: The designer was so weary from staying up late and stressing over the shirt that he was
Example: All resellers are always wary of any restock or random drop a company makes to
l. Proceed/Precede: Proceed means to move on or go forward with while Procede means come
Example: John decided to proceed on with his life after he failed to purchase the highly
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Example: The brainstorming face precedes the final design as companies have to design the
Example: Many people are discrete about reselling sneakers because they are aware of the fact
Example: It is important to be discreet in everything one says because it can come back and
n. Conscience/Conscious: Conscience is the voice inside everyones head that acts as a guide
Example: Toms conscience told him to create a company that truly cared about the consumer
Example: Rebecca was conscious after fainting from hearing her photoshoot with Fila was a
success.
o. Can/May: Can is that act being able to while May is to request permission or express the
possibility of
Example: The employees from Adidas begged their boss if they can be allowed a longer break to
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Example: May we design the class shirt to make it captivating and appealing to the eye as
opposed to allowing the administrators make it as they wont even be the ones to wear them?
on what to do
Example: The CEO always advises new recruits to manage their time and money wisely to avoid
Example: The best advice the employee ever received was to focus on creating beauty through
fashion and to exclude public opinion from interfering with the magic touch.
q. Aisle/Isle: An Aisle is a passage between two seats while an Isle is a little miniature island
Example: The aisle separated the team of paparazzi from the models themselves at the fashion
show.
Example: An isle in the middle of nowhere represented the direction long baggy clothing is
Example: Many furious models cried aloud to be let outside in the middle of chaos in the
Example: Starting next year, the panel of fashion experts will work less hours in addition to a
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s. Assent/Ascent: Assent is to be given approval while Ascent is the action of climbing or rising
up
Example: Many assent Supreme is overpriced and isnt worth the price tag at the end of the day
Example: The clothing brand slowly ascended and gained worldwide recognition when they
Example: The models bare scrawny shoulders gave many the goosebumps and made them feel
uncomfortable considering how much skin she was exposing that day.
Example: They decided to bear the fact that by law they were not being paid enough and
threatened with legal action if the necessary changes were not made soon.
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Quizzes With Answer Keys
1. A __________ describes an action, state of, or occurrence and forms the main part of the
predicate of a sentence.
A. Common Nouns
B. Abstract Nouns
C. Compound Nouns
D. Proper Nouns
3. In the sentence Lee threw Mathew the ball the ball is the _________.
A. True
B. False
A. 1
B. 3
C. 5
D. 10
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7. List 3 common verb endings.
A. True
B. False
Answer Key:
1. Verb
2. C
3. Indirect Object
4. Commas
5. A
6. C
8. A
9. To
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Phrases Quiz #2
A. 1
B. 5
C. 3
D. 2
6. Along A. Appositive
7. Beside B. Prepositional
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Answer Key:
1. C
3. True
4. To
5. Commas
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. C
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Clauses Quiz #3
A. True
B. False
C. I Dont Know
A. Adverb
B. Nonessential
C. Noun
D. Adjective
6. True or False: An elliptical clause includes words that have been left out.
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Mix and Match:
Answer Key:
1. True
2. Yes
3. A
4. Adjective
5. Relative
6. True
8. B
9. A
10. C
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Sentences Quiz #4
a. Add a conjunction
b. Add a period
c. Add a semicolon
a. True
b. False
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9. A ________________ leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses on purpose.
a. True
b. False
Answer Key:
3. Attach it to the front or end of a main clause to include a independent subject and verb.
4. D
5. 13
7. Misplaced Modifier
8. A
9. Asyndeton
10. True
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Paragraphs Quiz #5
a. 3
b. 6
c. 7
d. 10
a. True
b. False
8. There exists more than one way to integrate a quote into a sentence.
a. True
b. False
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9. What is a concrete example?
10. The last and final sentence of the essay should connect to the hook and wrap things up.
a. False
b. True
Answer Key:
1. Introductory paragraph
2. A question
3. C
4. Theory
5. Abstract Examples
6. A
8. A
10. B
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Essays Quiz #6
a. 1
b. 4
c. 6
d. 9
a. Narrative
b. Persuasive
c. Timed
d. Expository
6) What are the two types of ways you can cite a source?
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9) What does outlining help for?
Answer Key
1) C
3) An argument
4) Evaluate and judge a piece of literature and determine how good the piece is at delivering its
purpose or point.
5) A
8) Evidence
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Capitalization Quiz #7
8) How many capitalization errors are there in the sentence? the protestant man demanded new
a. Historical Documents
b. Names
c. Languages
d. Pronouns
a. True
b. False
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Answer Key
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. Two
9. D
10. B
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Punctuation Quiz #8
a.
b. ( )
c. [ ]
d. < >
a. :
b.
c. =
d. ;
a. /
b. {
c.
d. -
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9) The name of these three periods ( ) is an _________.
a. True
b. False
Answer Key
1. C
2. Parenthesis
4. Separate
5. A
6. C
7. !
9. Ellipsis
10. B
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Commonly Confused Words Quiz #9
9) Effect i. To be able to
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Answer Key
1) h
2) e
3) j
4) f
5) i
6) b
7) g
8) d
9) a
10) c
11) k
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Glossary
Adverb: a word, phrase, or clause that modifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, or another
adverb.
Appositive: a noun or noun phrase that identifies or modifies the noun or pronoun that comes
immediately before it
Balanced Sentences: sentence that has parallel structures of same length and importance
Complement: a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb. The main types are objects,
predicate nouns, and predicate adjectives.
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D
Direct object: the noun or pronoun referring to a person or thing acted upon directly by the action
of a verb
Double Negative: when two forms of a negation are used in the same sentence
Epistrophe Sentence: sentence that ends with the same words or phrases
Exclamatory Sentence: sentence that expresses a strong emotion with an exclamation mark at the
end
First person: the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of himself or herself.
Fused Sentence: sentence that has two independent clauses with nothing between them
Indirect object: a noun or pronoun denoting a person or thing acted upon indirectly by the action
of a verb
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L
Linking Verbs: verbs that connect the subject of the sentence to other parts
Loose Sentences: sentence where main idea has additional clauses and/or phrases
Modifier: a word or phrase that modifies the meaning of another word or phrase
Mood:expresses the speakers attitude toward the likelihood, existence, or desirability of the
verbs action
Objective case: noun or pronoun are the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive
Participle: an -ed or -ing verb form used as an adjective to form the progressive aspect or perfect
tense.
Phrase: a group of two or more words that function together yet have no subject or predicate.
Possessive case: noun or pronoun when its relationship to another element in the sentence is one
of ownership, association, or belonging.
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Predicate: the part of a clause that tells what the subject does, what is done to the subject, or what
is being said about the subject.
Prefix: a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word or word element to change its
meaning.
Second person: the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of the person spoken to.
Sentence: a group of words expressing a complete thought and containing at least one
independent clause.
Standard: generally favored by editors and professional writers in moderately formal to very
formal language registers.
Subject: the person, place, or thing about which something is said in a clause.
Suffix: a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or word element to change its
meaning.
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T
Third person: the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of someone who is neither the
speaker nor the one spoken to.
Usage: the way in which words and phrases are used by speakers of a language
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Works Cited
5) Free Online English Usage Rules N/A. Grammar and Punctuation. Online
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About The Author
Magnet. I am Class of 2018 and a proud Bravo Knight. I learned to write in elementary school
perhaps around first or second grade and over the years I have slowly improved my vocabulary
and grammar. I am really dedicated to my education and cannot wait to see what the future has in
store for me. Although I attend school in Boyle Heights, I have lived in South Central all my life
and I take the school bus to and from school everyday. Outside of school I enjoy playing soccer,
reading, running Marathons or simply doing Mr. Rodriguezs work or my APUSH outlines. I am
in the Varsity Bravo Soccer Team and have run the LA Marathon twice now. I am somewhat
into shoes and the sneaker culture and fashion which is why I decided to make that the theme of
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Dedications
I dedicate this book to my dear mother and father who probably did not know why I
stayed up until past midnight consistently throughout the semester but who love and support me
in everything I do. I would also love to dedicate this book to my little sister for annoying me and
helping me to become a better role model and because I hope to one day read her own grammar
book. I would like to thank all my friends who had no say in this book but who on a day to day
basis are my motivation to keep coming back to school and to succeed at everything I do and for
being more than just friends, but family. Finally I would love to thank Mr. Rodriguez for not
only making me consider dropping out of high school but for really helping me to understand the
importance of grammar, for going out of his way to help his students become better citizens, and
for helping me in publishing my first book before graduating from high school. From the bottom
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