Biol 331

Dr. Carrie Shemanko

BI 238c
Office hours Thursdays 2:00-3:00 pm
Ask for a time to meet - or ask a question
Email biol331@ucalgary.ca

Copyright Shemanko2017
For Dr Shemankos section
I will write out key points, but you will still need to take your own
notes

Ask lots of questions! Please respond to my questions in class

Come to Office Hours alone or in small groups

Bring overlapping notes to class

Opportunity for feedback in a few weeks

Exam questions will be from lectures use the textbook to

enhance your understanding of the material discussed in class
and tutorials

Copyright Shemanko2017
In this half of Biol 331 we will study

1. Cellular differentiation
and reprogramming

2. Interactions between
cells and environment

3. Cell communication

4. Control of gene
expression and
reprogramming

5. Cancer and what Karp, G. (2013). Cell and Molecular Biology, 7th Edition. Hoboken,

protects us NJ: John Wiley. This material is reproduced with the permission of
John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd
Lecture Map

1.Cellular differentiation Tissue/cell 5. Cancer

Lec 1,2 and reprogramming Lec 3-12 function Lec 13-16

2. Cell Interactions

3. Cell
communication

4. gene expression
and reprogramming
(cell cycle)
 Karp Chapter 12
Ed 7 Section (in 12.4) The Histone code
and Formation of Heterochromatin +
equivalent
Ed 8 Section 12.3,12.4,12.7 Epigenetics:
Theres more to inheritance than DNA

Lecture 1
DNA Organization, chromosome
structure, epigenetics

Copyright Shemanko2017
Learning Objectives
Understand how development of tissue
and differentiation of cell types is linked
in a broad sense to chromatin
Define the histone code
Understand how the histone code
works to recruit chromatin remodelers
Know how histone modifications can
work to control chromatin state
Principles of epigenetics and
cellular differentiation
Differentiation is the process by which
cells specialize into different cell types
Chromatin can be open or closed
Generally, chromatin closure is
associated with differentiation
The histone code helps organize
chromatin and regulate gene
expression
 Is development a domino effect
that cant be reversed??

CCR connections | Volume 3, No. 1 | 2009

Differentiation/development
and chromatin
 Levels of chromatin
organization

Chromatin that remains tightly

compacted after mitosis is
called heterochromatin

Euchromatin returns to a
dispersed, active state after
mitosis.

Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright Shemanko2017

All rights reserved.
Fig_12-16
Structure of nucleosomes

Fig_12-12a Fig_12-13a

Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright Shemanko2017

All rights reserved.
Structure of nucleosomes
This is a code

Information is encoded and must be

deciphered to get meaning from the code
http://www.webpronews.com/can-you-crack-it-recruits-british-spies-with-codebreaking-game-2011-12
 This is a histone code

Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright Shemanko2017

All rights reserved.
Fig_12-18
The Histone Code
 DNA or histone methylation
A methyl group is added to
the 5-carbon position of
cytosine residues in DNA by
DNA methyl-transferases
Cooper, The Cell Fig 6.34
Histones are methylated on
arginine and lysine residues
(mono- or di-) by histone
methyl-transferases
Mono-methyl lysine
Mono-methyl arginine
Copyright Shemanko2017
Genes & Dev. 2001. 15: 2343-2360
 Histones can be acetylated on
lysines

HDACs

HAT histone acetyl-transferases

HDAC- histone deacetylases

Copyright Shemanko2017
http://www.web-books.com/MoBio/Free/Ch4G.htm
 Chromatin remodelers help control the state of
chromatin based on the histone code

Image Credit: PSDgraphics

(http://www.psdgraphics.com/psd-icons/traffic-lights-icon-
psd/ ) 162|MARCH 2002 |VOLUME 2
Chromatin and the histone code
 Examples of proteins that bind
to modified histone residues

If H3K9 is If H3K9 is
methylated acetylated

Image Credit: PSDgraphics (http://www.psdgraphics.com/psd-

icons/traffic-lights-icon-psd/ )
Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright Shemanko2017
All rights reserved.
Fig_12-19
Heterochromatin Protein-1
 Non-coding RNA can silence a
gene or entire chromosome

Karp, G. (2013). Cell and Molecular Biology, 7th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley. This material is reproduced with the permission of John Wiley & Sons
Xist RNA may first bind to gene-rich regions of the chromosome
before covering the entire chromosome. Xist RNA coating the
future inactive X chromosome which triggers extensive histone

Canada, Ltd
methylation and chromosome inactivation
Copyright Shemanko2017
Current Biology 24 (2) 2014, R80R82
What do we know?

Chromatin state is controlled by non-

histone proteins which in turn are
recruited based on the histone code of
amino acid residue modifications.

Copyright Shemanko2017
 Test your knowledge

Image copyright unknown

What can contribute to the
histone code?

A) DNA methylation
B) RNA molecules
C) Histone acetylation
D) Histone methylation
E) all of the above