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Dimenzionimi Shtreses Rigjide
Dimenzionimi Shtreses Rigjide
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Dizajnimi I shtreses rigjide.
1.Prgjithsi.
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Shtresa rigjide pr aeroportet jan t prbr nga PCC vendosur n
nj shtres baz e granuluar. E stabilizuar dhe mbshtetur n nj kmishs
kompakte. Shih Figurn 1-1 pr strukturn tipike te shtreses.
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marr parasysh ku shtypja kritike zakonisht ndodhet n skajet e pllaks, por
mund t jet e vendosur n qendr t pllaks me disa konfigurime t
shpjetsive t avionve. FAARFIELD prdor pr t llogaritur stresin e
brendshm dhe merr t shtypje t madhe t brendshme dhe 3D-FEM llogarit
skajet t shtypjes (t reduktuar me 25 pr qind).
Layer Type FAA Specification Maximum Airplane Gross Weight Operating on Pavement,
Item lbs (kg)
Notes:
2. For pavements for aircraft greater than 30,000 lbs (13,610 kg), base may be replaced with subbase.
3. Subbase layer is required for pavements designed for gross loads of 12,500 pounds (5,670
kg) or less only when the following soil types are present: OL, MH, CH, or OH.
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Vlera modulus pr beton sht fiksuar n FAARFIELD n 4,000,000 psi
(27580 MPa) dhe raporti Poisson-it sht vendosur n 0.15, shih Tabeln 3-2.
1. A fixed modulus value for hot mix surfacing is set in the program at
200,000 psi (1380 MPa). This
2. modulus value was conservatively chosen and corresponds to a pavement
temperature of approximately 90F (32C).
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3.Shtresat Base / SUBBASE.
Shtresa baz ofron nj mbshtetje uniforme, t qndrueshme pr
pllakat e shtress s ngurt. Referojuni Tabela 3-4 e cekur m lart pr
trashsi minimale baz t krkuara sipas shtres s ngurt. Baza e
stabilizuar sht e nevojshme pr baz nn shtres e projektuar pr t
shrbyer avionve mbi 100.000 paund. Dy shtresa t bazs mund t
prdoren, p.sh. P-306 mbi nj shtres t P-209. Shtreszim duhet t bhet n
mnyr t till q t shmanget duke prodhuar nj sandui (shtres grimcuar
n mes t dy stabilizuar shtresa) seksion ose nj shtres t dobt mbi nj
shtres t fort. SUBBASE mund t zvendsohet pr baz nn shtres t
ngurt projektuar pr t shrbyer avionve peshon 30.000 paund (13,610
kg) ose m pak. SUBBASE mund t prdoret si: nj baz nn shtres t
ngurt; pr mbrojtjen nga ngricat; ose si nj zvendsim pr materiale t
paprshtatshme subgrade. Materialet e mposhtme jan t pranueshme pr
prdorim nn shtres t ngurt: bazs s stabilizuar (P-401, P-403, P-306, P-
304)
1.284
ESG = 20.15 k
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0.7788
k = 28.6926 CBR , (k, pci)
5.Efektet e ngricave.
Mbrojtja ndaj ngricave duhet t sigurohet pr shtresn e ngurt n
zonat ku ekzistojn kushte t favorshme pr veprime t dmshme nga
ngricat. Pllaka PCC <9 n (230 mm) jan m t ndjeshm ndaj plasaritje nga
nga ngricat flak.
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Table 2-2. Soil Frost Groups
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6.Forca n prkulje e Betonit.
Trashsia e krkuar e shtress prej betoni sht e lidhur me fuqin e
betonit. Pr hartimin e shtress, forca e betonit sht e karakterizuar nga
forca prkulje si veprimi kryesor dhe mnyra e dshtimit t nj dysheme
betoni n prkulje. Forca e betonit n prkulje sht e matur n prputhje
me ASTM C 78, Metoda Standarde e Testimit nga forca e prkuljes s betonit.
Nj forc e prvetsuar n prkulje mes 600 dhe 750 psi (4,14-5,17 MPa)
rekomandohet pr shumicn e krkesave n pistn ajrore. pikat e forta n
dizajn jasht ktyre vlerave duhet t miratohet nga FAA. N prgjithsi, t
hartuar forta prkulje m t larta se 750 psi (5.17 MPa) duhet t shmanget,
nse nuk mund t tregohet se mixes m t larta forca jan t prodhuara me
metoda normale duke prdorur materiale lokale, pra, pa u mbshtetur n
prmbajtjen e tepruar e imentos apo aditivve t ngjar t ndikojn
negativisht qndrueshmri. Forca e prdorur n hartimin trashsi sht i
ndryshm se forca e prdorur pr pranimin e materialeve n P-501. Forca
Pranimi n P-501 duhet t reflektoj forcn e nevojshme pr t siguruar (n-
shrbim) aktual forca plotson ose tejkalon forcn e prdorur n hartimin
trashsi FAARFIELD.
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7.Bashkimin e shtress s betonit (Joint).
Variacionet n temperatur dhe lagshti mund t shkaktojn ndryshime t
vllimit dhe ulje t pllaks t cilat mund t shkaktojn shtypje t mdha.
Prdorimi I nyjeve pr t ndar shtres n nj seri t pllakave t dimensionit
t paracaktuar pr t reduktuar efektet e dmshme t ktyre shtypjeve dhe
pr t minimizuar plasaritje t rastit. Pllaka duhet t jet gati katrore e
mundur kur eliku nuk sht ngulitur. Referoju tabels 3-9 pr t
rekomanduar maksimale e prbashkt. Vini re, ndarja e prbashkt sht e
kontrolluar nga trashsia pllak; nuk ka pr qllim t thot q mund t krijoj
trashsi pllak, bazohet n ndarje t prbashkt
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10.5-13 inches (267-330 mm) 15 feet (4.6 m)
13.5-16 inches (343-406 mm) 17.5 feet (5.3 m)
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>16 inches (>406 mm) 20 feet (6.1 m)
Notes:
1. Longitudinal joint spacing shown in the tables. Transverse spacing should not exceed 1.25 the
longitudinal spacing.
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Table 3-7. Pavement Joint Types
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D Dummy For all other contraction joints For all other contraction joints
Contraction in pavement. in pavement.
Joint
E Doweled All construction joints Use for construction joints at
Construction excluding isolation joints. all locations separating
Joint successive paving operations
(headers).
F Butt All construction joints for All construction joints for
Construction pavements serving airplanes pavements serving airplanes
Joint less than 30,000 lbs (13,610 less than 30,000 lbs (13,610
kg) on a stabilized base. kg) on a stabilized base.
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Ky skaj i trash do t akomodohet n ngarkesn q do t transferohet
me dowels ose bashkoj agregatin n tkurrje dhe ndrtimit t nyjeve. Tipi A-1
joints jan t prforcuar pr t siguruar ngarkesn ekuivalente tonazh si nj
avantazh i trashsis, dhe mund t prdoret vetm pr shtresa PCC m t
mdha se 9 in (228 mm). I prbashkt n mes t pists dhe lidh, kalimin me
taxiways dalse jan vende ku mund t konsiderohen t llojit A-1 t
prbashkt. Shih figuren D-1 t prforcuara Izolimi prbashkt, pr detaje
dhe shembull Lloji A-1 Izolimi prbashkt
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7.1.3. Joints n tkurrje (Llojet B, C, D).- Contraction Joints
Joints n tkurrje e sigurojn plasaritjen e kontrolluar t shtress, kur
shtresat pr shkak t nj rnie n prmbajtje t lagshtis apo nj rnie t
temperaturs, joints ulen nga shtypjet e shkaktuara nga ulja e pllaks.
Detajet pr joints tkurrjes jan treguar si Llojet B, C dhe D n Figurn 3-
15b.Detajet me ngjits prbashkt jan paraqitur n figurn 3-15c.
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7.1.4. Joints e ndrtuara (Llojet E dhe F).- Construction Joints
Joints ndrtimit krkohen kur dy pllaka e kufizuara jan vendosur n
koh t ndryshme, si n fund t vendosjes nj dit ose ndrmjet kursi duke i
hapur. Pr shtres q shrbejn avionve 30.000 pounds (13.610 kg) ose m
t mdha, prdorimi Lloji joints E ndrtuar. Lloji F mbrapa joints mund t
prdoret pr shtres q shrbejn avionve m pak se 30.000 pounds pesha
bruto, e ndrtuar n nj shtres t stabilizuar
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Figure 3-15c. Rigid Pavement Joint Sealant Details
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Not
es:
1.Initial saw cut T/6 to T/5 (minimum 1 in. (25 mm) when using early entry saw.
2.Field Poured Sealant reservoir sized to provide proper shape factor, depth (D): width (W) base
upon sealant manufacturer requirements. Typically hot pour sealants require a 1:1 shape factor
and silicon sealants a 1:2 shape factor, for individual projects refer to sealant manufacturer
recommendations.
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7.2.1.Tie Bare.
Pr pllaka m pak se ose e barabart me 9 in (225 mm), joints
gjatsore tkurrje brenda 6 m t nj avantazh t lir duhet t jet i lidhur pr
t mbajtur fytyrat e pllaks n kontakt t ngusht. N kt rast Tie Bare nuk
veprojn si pajisje t transferimit t ngarkess, por parandalojn hapjen e
jointave, duke lehtsuar transferimin ngarkess nga bashkimi i agregatit. Tie
Bare duhet t deformohen konform me specifikimet e dhna n pikn P-501.
Pr pllaka m pak se ose e barabart me 6 in (150 mm), Tie Bare duhet t
jet 20 in i gjat (510 mm),Nr.4 vendoset n 36 in (900 mm) n qendrn
pr pllaka m t mdha se 6 in ose m t mdha (150 mm),Tie Bare duhet
t jet 30 in i gjat (762 mm), Nr 5 bare vendoset n 30 in n qendr. Nuk
prdoret Tie Bare pr t krijuar joints t vazhdueshme t lidhura m t
mdha se 75 feet (23 m).
7.2.2.Dowels.
Dowels sigurojn transferimin e ngarkess s prbashkt dhe pr t
parandaluar zhvendosjen relative vertikale e prfunduar ngjitur me pllak.
Nse instalohet si duhet dowels lejojn lvizjen relative t pllakave ngjitur.
Pr t gjitha trashsit t pllaks, dowels duhet t sigurohet pr tri nyje
trthor nga nj skaj t lir. miratimi FAA sht e nevojshme pr t prdorur
dowels n nyje t tjera trthor.
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20.5-24 in (521-610 mm) 2 in (50 mm) 24 in (610 mm) 18 in (460 mm)
7.2.4. Pozicionimi i Dowel .
Shtrirja dhe ngritja e dowels sht e rndsishm pr t siguruar
performancn e prbashkt.Dowels trthor do t krkojn prdorimin e nj
punonjsi t prhershm, zakonisht nj kafaz teli apo shport e ankoruar n
mnyr t vendosur n baz, pr t mbajtur dowels n pozit. Nga ana
tjetr, nj makin duke i hapur e pajisur me nj dowel bar me vendoss i
automatizuar mund t prdoret pr vendosjen dowels n traversn e
jointave.
Prve ksaj, Figura 3-16 tregon nj plan tipik t kyjes pr nj fund t pist,
taxiway paralele, dhe lidhset. Figura 3-17 tregon nj plan tipik t kyjes pr
shtresn pr nj pist t gjer 75-foot (23-m).
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Figure 3-16. Typical Joint Layout Pattern for Runway, Parallel Taxiway
and Connector
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Figure 3-17. (Optional) Joint Layout PCC Pavement 75 Foot
Runway Width (Pavements 9 inches)
Notes:
1. The concept behind the jointing pattern shown is the creation of a tension ring around the perimeter of the
pavement to hold the joints in the interior of the paved area tightly closed. The last three transverse contraction
joints and the longitudinal joints nearest the free edge of the pavement are tied with #4 deformed bars, 20 inches
(508 mm) long, spaced at 36 inches (914 mm) center to center.
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PC joint details crossover
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PCC joint details Tw
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PCC joint details
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7.3.1.Konsideratat e joints pr zgjerimin e shtress n t
ardhmen.
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Kur nj pist apo taxiway ka t ngjar t zgjatet, ndrtimi i nj skaji n joint
t trashur (t tipit A, shih Figura 3-15a) duhet t sigurohet n fund t pists
apo shtres. N vende ku mund t ket nevoj pr t akomoduar n t
ardhmen lidhja e taxiway apo apron n aeroport, nj avantazh t trashsis
duhet t ofrohet sipas nevojs. Pr t shmangur ujin e zn nn shtres,
sht e rndsishme pr t mbajtur nj pjerrtsi t vazhdueshme trthore
pr subgrade nn shtres q mbshtet bazn (ose SUBBASE).
Dimension Description
H Design thickness of PCC pavement
B Thickness of base
T Design thickness of flexible (HMA) pavement
T1 Design thickness of surface course
T2 Design thickness of binder course
T3 Design thickness of base course
T4 Design thickness of subbase course
T5 (H + B) (T1 + T2) or 2(T3), whichever is greater
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8.Shembulli.
Hapi (1):
Pavement structure:
Hapi (2):
Airplane traffic:
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Hapi (3):
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Figure 3-20. Rigid Design Example Step 3 Modify Structure Information
Hapi (4):
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Figure 3-22. Rigid Design Example Step 4 Airplane Data
Hapi (4):
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Figure 3-23. Rigid Design Example Step 4 Design Structure
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Hapi (5):
Hapi (6):
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Hapi (7/8):
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CDF Diagrami I ngarkess kumulative
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9.Testimi I Shtress s Ajroportit
FAA vepron si nj shtet-i-artit, n shkall t plot objektin prov pr shtresn
e dedikuar vetm pr krkime t shtress s aeroportit. National Airport
PavementTest Facility (NAPTF) ofron cilsi t lart, t dhnat e prshpejtuara
t testit nga shtresat rigjide dhe fleksibile t nnshtruar trafikun t simuluar
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t avionve. Ndrtimi i objektit ka prfunduar n prill t vitit 1999. tiparet
kryesore t objektit National Airport Pavement Test Facility jan:
instrument i mbyllur plotsisht gjurmt prov jab 900 feet t gjat dhe 60
feet e gjer.
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10.Shtojca
Concord
Airbus A310-300
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Boeing B767-300
Regional Uet-700
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10.2. Dallimet n mes t shtress rigjide dhe fleksibile
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Literatura
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