CHNGXII

ICNGVCCHPHNNGVPHNGPHPNGHINCU

I.KHINIMVCCHPHNNG

II.PHNGPHPNGHINCUCCHPHNNG

1.Phngphpnghc

2.Phngphpkhngnghc

3.Phmvigiihncaccphngphpkhcnhaunghincucchphnng

BitpchngXII

CHNGXII

ICNGVCCHPHNNGVPHNGPHPNGHINCU

I.KHINIMVCCHPHNNG

Cthhiukhinimcchphnngnhlmttphpcaccqutrnhcbn
trongqutrnhhahc,chtphnngtothnhsnphmphnng.

Theonhnghatrnsnghincucchphnngcnhimvmttrngthitrung
gianxuthintrongkhichuynhttrngthiuntrngthicui.Cnphimtmt
cchchititstnticattcccnguynttrongphntthamgiavophnng,quanh
cachngviphntdungmituchotilcktthcqutrnh.Trcht,cnch
ynsthayilclinktgiaccnguynttrongphnt,sthayicuhnh
khnggian,sthayinnglngcah,tronglcdinraphnng.

Smtchuynngcaccphnttrongphnngcththchinc,biv
nhngnmgnycnhngquanimngnvsbotonccnguynttrongphnt
phnng.Mtkhc,cnnhiuphngphpthcnghimmicthnghincuchngc.

Bctranhthucsctrngchottctrngthitrunggian,cahphnng.

Trngthichuyntipcaphnngiquavccsnphmtrunggiantngngc
xcnhvphnbitbngccvtrkhcnhautrnginnnglngsdinbinphn
ng,hnh12.1.
 Hnh12.1:Sdinbincaphnngphctptheonnglng.

Cchphnngcngcthcnhnghanhmttphpttccctrngthi
chuyntipvsnphmtrunggiancaphnng.Nghincucchphnngdatrnc
trngcutoelectronvccthamskhnggiancaphnngtrngthinyvnhnghm
nhitngcachng.

Snphmtrunggianccoinhnhngphnt,nguynttdo...chnhthnht
mthocmtschtphnng,khidinraphnnghahcvnguyntccthxcnh
nhlngc,lngrtnh,bbinhathnhsnphmcuitrongiukincaphn
ng.
II.PHNGPHPNGHINCUCCHPHNNG

nghincutrngthichuyntip(TTCT)vsnphmtrunggian(SPTG)caphn
ngcthlsdngccphngphpkhcnhau.Ngitachiaccphngphpnghincu
rathnhphngphpnghcvphngphpkhngnghc.

1Phngphpnghc TOP
2Phngphpkhngnghc TOP

Diygiithiuphngphpkhngnghc.Phngphpnybaogm:

1.Phthinvxcnhtnh,nhlngsnphmphnng

Thchinphthinphntchchnhxcttcsnphmphnng,kcsnphmph
liucbntinhnhtholun,dthocchphnnghahc.Chbngconng
nymicthngthictrngchophnngvthitlpphngtrnhtlngcan.
Hiubitmtcchtngtnloiphnng,xcnhmtcchchnhxctsccsnphm
phnngbngthcnghimchophpchngtartracktlunclinquanncch
phnng,trchtlsnphmtrunggiancthc.

2.Phthinsnphmtrunggian

Snphmtrunggiancaphnngcthcoinhnhngphntbohahockhng
bohahatr,vdcationhydrocacbon,anionhydrocacbon,gctdo...

Thigiansngcachngkhcnhauphthucvosutngngcathunglngth
nngtronggin(12.1).Ttcschuynhagiasnphmtrunggianbnvkhngbn
ucthdinra,chnghn,cthsnphmtrunggiankhngbnchuynthnhsnphm
trunggianbn,cctrngrrt.

Sphthintrctipsnphmtrunggianbngphngphphallhontoncth
thchinc.Ngoira,snphmtrunggiancthcctrngtrctiptrncsthc
nghimnghcnh:nghincunhhngcacutolnhottnh,loitssnphm
trunggianbngphngphpngvllpth.Tchsnphmtrunggian.

Ttnhtlsdngphngphpvtltheodisbbinthinnngsnphm
trunggiantheothigian,sauxcnhthigian,ticcsnphmtrunggianxuthin
vinnglnnht.

Nuthigiannylrtngn,cthtchcsnphmtrongnhiutrnghpc
thkmhmphnngbngcchlmlnh,thayimitrng(pHcadungmi).

Snphmtrunggianctchraiukingingnhiukintinhnhphnng,
nukhngthchinciudnnktqulmolnphnnglmthayitc
phnng.

Phthinsnphmtrunggianbngphngphpvtl.

cthphthinsnphmtrunggianttnhtcnsdngphngphpquangph
nhquangphnhnthy(Vis)tngoi(UV),hngngoi(IR),cnglngthtnhn
(NMR),cnghngthuntelectron(EPR).

QuangphUV,EPRcnhyrtcao,tcghinhanhchophpphthinvxc
nhsnphmtrunggiankmbn,isngngn.Ngitasdngrngriccphng
phpnytrchtnghincugctdo.Vimcchlmtngnng,kodithigian
sngcasnphmtrunggiankmbn,lmthuntinchovicnghincunhlng,c
thlmgimtcphnngbngcchlmlnhhocdngccphngphpkhc.Cchny
chiunghimnhtiviphnngcagctdo.

Nhnbitsnphmtrunggian.

Snphmtrunggianrtkmbncthcnhnrabngphngphpnhnbit.
 Snphmtrunggianrtkmbncthcnhnrabngphngphpnhnbit.
nhnbitngitachovohnhpphnngchtchthsnphmtrunggianctrng.Phn
ngnhnracacbenaryl,cnghincuchthng,ctrnhbymtschuyn.

Bngphngphpthngthng,mcdchahonchnhcngcthnhnrac
cationhydrocacbonvanionhydrocacbon.Cationhydrocacboncthnhnrabngthucth
nucleofil,cktqurrtlionaxit.nhnraanionhydrocacbonngitasdngthuc
thelectrofilchnghn,ccclorua,andehyt,keton.

Nghincuchtphnngbanucnggipchchovicnghincucchphnng.
Thngthngngitakhosttinhkhitcachtphnngbngccphngphpvtl
nh:onhitsi,nhitkttinh,chitsut,ttrngvccthamsvtlkhcnh
disngctrngtrongquangphIR,chuyndchhahctrongquangphNMR...

3.nhdungv

Cthnghincuhiungngvnhhnglntcphnngcngthucs
liucgitrchovicdthocchphnng.Halpthcngcvaitrtrongnghincu
cch.Tinhnhphnngbngcchpchtlpthvquanstcuhnhkhnggiancasn
phmtrunggian.Nghincuhiungthlntcphnnglmtbiuhin.

3Phmvigiihncaccphngphpkhcnhaunghincucchphn
TOP
ng

Phngphpnghccngnhphngphpkhngnghccungcpccbngchng
vphnghngxcnhcchphnng.Hiunghimcachngtrchtphidavo
sliuthcnghim,loitrcccchkhngphhp.Mtphnngcthxyratheo
nhiucchkhcnhau,docthhnchmthocmtscchxcnh,khisdng
hnhpnhiuphngphpkhcnhau.Trnnguyntccthchpnhncchno,khida
voncthgiithchcttccchintngquanstcbngthcnghim,ngoira,
chophpdoncccyutnhhnglnphnng.

BitpchngXII