CHNGVIII

PHNNGDYCHUYNVQUANGHA
I.PHNNGDYCHUYN

1.Mtskhinimcbn

2.Phnloiphnngdychuyn

3.Thuytccxutvphnngdychuyn

4.Sn

5.pdngphngphpnngdngchophnngdychuyn

6.Phngphpthcnghimnghincuphnngdychuyn

II.PHNNGQUANGHA

1.Mu

2.Shpthnhsngcamitrngngth

3.Ccnhlutquanghacbn

4.Sbinhaquangha.Ccgiaioncaphnngquangha

5.Mtsngdngvvaitrcaphnngquangha

BitpchngVIII

CHNGVIII

PHNNGDYCHUYNVQUANGHA
Phnngdychuynvquanghoacngthucloiphnngphctp,ccoilphnng
phctpcbit.

I.PHNNGDYCHUYN

1Mtskhinimcbn TOP

A.nhngha

Phnngdychuynccoilphnngnitipcbit,trong,hpchttrunggianl
nhngtiuphn(ht)hothacao,cthigiantntirtngn.Cctiuphnhotngcthl
nguynt,nhmnguynthocgctdo.

Nhiuphnngtrongthctdinralphnngdychuyn,vd:
B.cimcaphnngdychuyn

1)Csnhycmvichtl

Phnngdychuynnhycmvichtl,chttr.Mtlngrtnhcachtlcthlm
thayirtmnh,tcphnng.Chtllmtngtcphnnggilchttcng,cngim
chtcch.Vdhnhpkhclovhydrotrongbngtikhngdinraphnng,nhngkhi
cmtmtlngnhNatri(chtl)thphnngrtmnhlit.

2)Tcphnngphthucvohnhdng,kchthcvvtliuchtobnhphnng.

Tcphnngdychuynthayitheobnchtthnhbnhphnng,kchthcca
chng.KchthcbnhphnngthngcctrngbngtsS/V(Sbmt,Vdintchca
bnhphnng).Khitngtsny,tcphnnggim.

Vtliuchtobnhphnngcngcnhhngnphnngdychuyn,vd,soxy
havchyhydrodinratrongbnhbngnhmhaybcchmhntrongbnhbngthytinh.

Mtsphnngtcphnngphthuchnhdngcabnhphnngnhschyca
photpho.

3)Bccaphnnglphns.

4)Phnngdychuynthngkmtheohintngn.

Vdphnngdychuynphnnhnhdotcphnngtangrttngttheothigian
gyrasn.Snnhthgilndychuynndychuynkhcvinnhit.Sndy
chuyncctrnglkhiphnngdinrakhongpsutxcnhthkmtheosn,cn
ngoikhongthkhngn,ngitanicgiihnnphnngdychuyn.

C.Cch

NernstnghincuphnngdychuynvdthocchcaphnnggiaClov
hydrokhicchiusngnhsau:

1)Phnngsinhmch

Phnngsinhmchtrongphnngdychuynxyracthnhcctcdngsau:

2)Sphttrinmch,mtxchvdimch

Saukhitiuphnhotngctora(dophnngsinhmch)trongh.Cctiuphnhot
ngnytiptcthamgiavoqutrnhlmchophnngtintrintothnhsnphm.Snitip
caphnngclpilplimtcchtunhon.Qutrnhtrngilsphttrinmch.Mt
chukcaqutrnhtrongphnngdychuyngilmtxchcaphnngdychuyn.Vd,
iviphnngdychuyntrn,sphttrinmchdinranhsau:

chuk(A)torachaimtxch(1)v(2),cnchuk(B)(3),(4).

Hoc:
 Ttacthnhnghadimchnhsau:

Tngsmtxchsinhratkhisinhmchnlctmchgildimch,hay,shot
ngcbncamttrungtmhotngtrongthigiansngcan.dimchcaphnng
dychuynphthucvoquanhtscatiuphnhotngchnhthnhtrongmtnv
thigianvstiuphnhotngmti(hydit).

3)Sctmch(haytmchhocktthcmch)

iviphnngtrnsctmchcthmtbngphnngsau:

y,phnngthchinbngvachmviM.

Munthchinsctmchphikhhotngcacctiuphnhotng(phnnys
trnhbychitithnmcC).

2Phnloiphnngdychuyn TOP

Cthchiaphnngdychuynraphnngdychuynkhngphnnhnhvphnnhnh.

A.Phnngdychuynkhngphnnhnh

lphnngdychuyn,trongmttiuphnhotngmti,thchcmttiuphn
hotngmixuthin.Vd,phnnggiaClovhydrokhichiusnglloiphnngny.

B.Phnngdychuynphnnhnh
 Nhvy,mttiuphnhotngmti,torahaitiuphnhotngmi,haitiuphn
mimtitorabn(hocba)tiuphnhotngkhc,nhvyphnngtipdinlmtng
nhanhstiuphnhotngtheoquyluthmsm.

Tacthhnhdungsphnngtrn:

Trongmtstrnghpcdngsau:

3Thuytccxutvphnngdychuyn TOP

nghincunhlngphnngdychuyn,chngtasdngthmmtsilng.
 dimchtrungbnh,xcsuttmch,xcsutphnnhnhvxcsuttiptc(haypht
trin)mch.

A.dimchtrungbnhvxcsuttmch

Tccnhnghatrncadimchcthcoidimchtrungbnh lstrungbnh
ccphnngscpgyradomttiuphnhotngtlcsinhmchnlcctmch.

Xcsutctmchccoiltsgiatrnghpchivtngstrnghpkhd.
Trongtngsphnngscpchcmtphnngctmch.

B.Tchydit(mti)tiuphnhotng

C.Lthuytvctmch
 nghccaphnngdychuyn,tcvditrungbnhcamchgnviiukin
caphnng,trchtliukinctmchvsinhmchvmcnocngphthucvo
hnhdng,kchthc,chtliubnh,trngthibmtthnhbnh.

1)Ctmchctrongthtch,ctrongthnhbnh

ngintaxtbnhphnngbgiihnbihaimtphngsongsongAvBthnggc
vimtphngy,cchnhaumtkhongdcmvixngsovimtoy.(Hnh8.1)

Githithaimtphngrngcthbquanhhngcaccthnhkhccabnh.
Tachpnhnrngmitiuphnhotngnthnhbnhubhydit,tclkhngctiu
phnhotngnotntitrnthnhbnh.Nhvy,xuthinmtgradiennngcacctiu
phnhotng,nngnybngkhngthnhbnh,cngxathnhbnhcngtng,tcci
mtphngoy.Mtphngnycchnlmmtphngvunggctnhkhongcchxcmti
thnhbnhAvB.
D.Tcphnngdychuyn

Bygitaxtsbinhacatrungtmhotngtheothigian.LthuytcaSemenov.
4Sn TOP

Ngitaphnbitndychuynvnnhit.

1)Ndychuyn:

Nhngqutrnhtrnhbybcchycahnhpnhinliu,gyrasphttrinmchphn
 Nhngqutrnhtrnhbybcchycahnhpnhinliu,gyrasphttrinmchphn
nhnhrtnhanh,gyrasndychuyn.Ndychuynlnngnhit.

2)Nnhit

Ngcli,sncngcthdinrabngconngkhngphthucvocchphnng
(stiuphnhotngtngtngt).Tcphnngtngdotngnhit,trongkhitc
truynnhitchm.iviphnngtanhit,nhitkhngkpthotrangoivngphnngvitc
huhnsnungnnghnhpphnnglmchotcphnngtngnhanhtngt.Ktqu
dntischyvn.Trongtrnghpnyngitagisnnhithayschynhit.

Vy,nnhitgyradokhngtruynckpthinhitthrangoicaphnngta
nhit.Nhittnglmchophnngdinrangycngnhanhhn.Ktqulmchotcphn
ngtngvhn,dntisn.

iukinnnhit.
5pdngphngphpnngdngchophnngdychuyn TOP
6Phngphpthcnghimnghincuphnngdychuyn TOP

Nhnitrntiuphnhotng(snphmtrunggian)trongphnngdychuynlrt
hotng,trongcuhnhcachngbaogicngctnhtlmtelectroncthn,dophng
phpthcnghimnghincuphnngdychuynchiuqulphngphpcnghngthun
telectron(EPR).

II.PHNNGQUANGHA

1Mu TOP
2Shpthnhsngcamitrngngth TOP
3Ccnhlutquanghacbn TOP

A.nhlutGrotthusDraper

nhlutnykhngnhrngchnhngbcxnocanhsnghphnnghp th th
micthgyrabinihahc.

Tuynhin,nushpthnhsngliukincnchomiphnngquangha,nkhng
philiukin,biv,mtbcxcthchpthmkhnggyrabinhahahcno.

B.nhlutVan'tHoff
4SbinhaquanghaCcgiaioncaphnngquangha TOP
Ngitachiamtphnngquangharabagiaion:

I.Tcdnghpthnhsngkhiu.
II.Qutrnhquanghascp.
III.Phnngthcp.

I.Tcdnghpthnhsngkhiu
 Nhphntchtrnnhngnhlutquanghanitrnmtnhngiucnthitchophn
ngquanghaxyranhngcha.iukinlnnglngcabcxcphvcc
linkttrongphnt.iunychngtavatrnhby.

Tcdnghpthnhsngkhiubtkmtphnngquanghanoutoraphnt
bkchthch.Hiusutlngtcagiaionnytrongastrnghplbngmt.

II.Qutrnhquanghascp

III.Phnngthcp

5Mtsngdngvvaitrcaphnngquangha TOP

A.Squanghpcathcvt(xanh)
 Tiptheolqutrnhlmhinnhdngnhlmvinhm,tcldnggiynhvo
dungdchhydroquinon,sauvodungdchhyposunfit,riraschbngncmy,cuicngl
phikhnh.Phnsngnhtcanhdngngviphntinhtcanhm.(ychniv
chpnhentrng,khngnivnhmu).

C.Sphthunhquang,lnquang
 Sphtlnquangkhcvisphthunhquangvcchphtra.(Xemhnh8.5).electron
bkchthchcthchuynsangmcnnglngmtnkhngcthtrctiptrvtrng
thicbnc.Theochclngtqutrnhchuynnhthlkhngcphp.Nusaukhi
nhncmtnnglnghothano,electronchuynquamcnnglngcaohnthn
micthtrvtrngthicbnngthiphtralngtnhsng.Nichunghintngpht
lnquangkodihnhunhquang.Chtrnckhnngphtlnquanghnchtlngvkh.Cc
sunphuacakimloikimthlnhngchtphtlnquangnhvy.phtlnquangthngi
hictpcht.Hinnayngitadngrtnhiuchtphthunhquanghaylnquanglmsn
mu.

Sphthaquanglsphtnhsngdoktqucamtphnnghahc.Soxyhadung
dchetecapphonylbromuamagieckmtheosphtquangrrt.

Trongdungdchtngoikhngkh,csphtquangmuxanhlcynht,thmvo,
nutdidngnhsngmttri,thphtquangcngrrt.Nhngthdnhlsoxyha
luxiferrintrongconomm,soxyhaphtphovng.

nh hng ca bc x ln cc tinh th l mt vn kh th v. Khi i qua cc tinh th

halogenuavmtskimloikhc,tiaXgyramuctrng.Natricloruachomuvng,cnkali
cloruachomuxanh.

Muscnycquytnhbishpthnhsngcaelectroncgiiphngditc
dngcatiaRoentgenvinnhngchkhngbccionmchimtrongmnglitinhth.
Khinungnngtinhthcchiusngccelectronrivomngtinhthscgiiphng
ravquayvmcnmglngthphnnsphtranhsng.Hintngnycgilspht
quangnhit.

D.Xcnhhiusutlngtbngthcnghim

Khichnqutrnhscpvhiusutlngtscp,cthxcnhcsdinbin
tiptheocaphnngkhinghincunghcngitathngpdngquitcsternvolmer
xcnhhiusutlngt.

Hnh8.6.sphthuccattquangvonngchtA

BitpchngVIII