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09 3 Structural Response in Fire
09 3 Structural Response in Fire
Structural response
in fire
Frantiek Wald
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables
The mechanical load in the fire design
Simplified
calculation Response
p of the structure exposed
p to fire
Advanced
calculation Levels of accuracy/complexity
Design software
of fire design
Assessment 2
Notes
Repetition Repetition
Mechanical load
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables
Three steps of fire design
Simplified
calculation Fire design Eurocodes
Fire load
Advanced
calculation Fire behaviour
Design software
Modelling of the gas temparature
EN 1991-1-2
Assessment 2 in the fire compartment
Worked example
Assesment
Conclusions
Thermal response
Transfer of heat
Notes and development in structure EN 1991-1-x
EN 199x-1-2
Mechanical load
Structural response
Design of structure at elevated temparature
Lecture 9-1, V001, April 09
3
Objectives
Repetition Repetition
Mechanical load
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables
Structural response
Simplified
calculation Global analyses
Advanced
calculation
At ambient temparature
Design software At elevated temparature
p
Assessment 2
Notes
Part of the structure
The structural element (beam,
(beam colum,
colum connection)
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables
Mechanical load at fire lower compare
Simplified to maximum one at ambiet temparature
calculation
Design software
Described in
Assessment 2
Notes
EN 1991-1-2 procedure to aplly the load
Material properties
Worked example
E.g. offices area with the imposed load Q,
Assesment as the leading variable action
Conclusions
Notes
E fi,d = G + 0,5 Q
Repetition
Mechanical load
Values of factors for buildings
Material properties
Repetition
fi =
0,7
Advanced fi,1 = 0,9
calculation
GGk + Q,1 Qk,1
0,6
fi,1= 0,7
0,5
Design software
fi,1= 0,5
05
0,4
Assessment 2
0,3
fi,1= 0,2
Worked example
Gk is the characteristic value of a p
permanent action
0,2
Assesment 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Q k,1 / G k
Repetition
Material properties
Mechanical load at elevated temparature
Material
properties
Design values of material properties at elevated temparature
Assessment 1
for structures exposed to fire are described by reduction factors
Design tables
of properties at ambient temperature
Simplified
p
calculation
Advanced
X d,fi = k X k / M,fi
calculation
D i software
Design ft k iis reduction
d ti ffactor
t ffor a mechanical
h i l property
t with
ith respectt tto
Assessment 2 temperature
Worked example
Xk is characteristic value of a mechanical p
property
p y for ambient
Assesment temperature design to EN1993-1-1
Conclusions
M,fi is Partial material safety factor for fire situation;
Notes
for thermal & mechanical properties recommended 1,0 10
Repetition
Structural steel
Mechanical load att elevated
l t d temperatures,
t t EN 1993-1-2
1993 1 2
Material
properties
D i software
Design ft 06
0,6 06
0,6
600C
Assessment 2 0,4 0,4
Elastic 700C
Worked example
0,2
0, modulus 0,2 800C
800 C
Assesment
0
Conclusions 0 300 600 900 1200 0 5 10 15 20
Notes Temperature,
p C Strain %
Strain,
Repetition
Concrete
Mechanical load at elevated temperatures, EN 1994-1-2
Material
properties
Material properties
Assessment 1
Where are formulated the combination rules for
Design tables
mechanical actions?
Simplified
calculation
How is defined the redaction factor for load combinations?
Advanced
calculation
How is reduced the yield strength of structural steel
Design software
at 600C?
600 C?
Assessment 2
Repetition
Procedure
Mechanical load f assessing
for i mechanical
h i l response iin fifire
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables
Tabulated
T b l t d data
d t
Simplified Composite structural members
calculation
Classic
Advanced
calculation
Simple calculation models and
Design software Critical temperature
p method traditional
Assessment 2 fi d
fire design
i
Steel and composite structural
Worked example
members
Assesment
Conclusions
Notes
Advanced calculation models
Advanced
All types of structures fire design
Numerical models based FE
Mechanical load
for steel and concrete composite members
Material properties
Assessment 1 Composite
C
Composite
it columns
l
Design tables beams
Simplified
calculation
Advanced
calculation
Design software
Assessment 2
Worked example
Slab
Assesment
Conclusions
Notes
Concrete
for insulation
Repetition
Tabulated data
Mechanical load parameters
t f composite
for it columns
l EN 1994-1-2
1994 1 2
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables ef
Simplified Ac As h Standard Fire
Standard
calculation fire rating
Resistance
Advanced us
calculation ew us Load level
Design software
b R30 R60 R90 R120
Minimum ratio of web to flange thickness ew/ef 05
0,5
Assessment 2 Section
S ti
1 Minimum cross-sectional dimensions for load level fi,t 0,28
Worked example 1.1 minimum dimensions h and b [mm] 160 200 300 400
dimension
1.2 minimum axis distance of reinforcing bars us [mm] - 50 50 70
Assesment 1.3 minimum ratio of reinforcement As/(Ac+As) in % - 4 3 4
Repetition Application
pp of tabulated data
Mechanical load
Material properties
Assessment 1
Conclusions
Rating
g
for nominal standard fire curve
Beams
Columns
Critical temperature procedure
for evaluation of the members in temperature domain
Material properties
Worked example
p 1
Assesment 0,8
About 0,85 k E,
Conclusions 0,6 k y ,
Notes 0,4
0,2
0
0 200 400 600 800 T
Temparature,
t C
Repetition
Beams
Mechanical load Class 1 and 2, laterally restrained
Material properties
Assesment
MRd is the plastic moment resistance of the
Conclusions
cross-section Mpl,Rd for ambient temperature
Notes
design
g
M,0 / M,fi is the ratio of partial safety factors at ambient
and fire situation
Repetition
Beams
Mechanical load Non-uniform temperature distribution
Material properties
Design software
where:
h
Assessment 2 Mfi,,Rd is the design moment resistance
Worked example
p p
of the cross-section for a uniform temperature a
Assesment
1 and 2 are the adaptation factors of non-uniform
Conclusions temperature distribution
Notes
Complex solution
Based on reduction of material properties along the cross-section
hight and distance from the plastic neutral axis
Conclusions
Notes
1 = 0,7
Simplified
Si lifi d
2 = 0,85
,
2 = 1,0
calculation
- in all other cases
Advanced
calculation
Worked example
p 2 = 1,00
,
Assesment
Conclusions
Notes
Repetition
Mechanical load
Critical temperature method
Material properties
Simplified
Si lifi d
On the other hand,, fire resistance should satisfy:
y
calculation Efi,d
Advanced Rfi,d,t Efi,d = Rfi,d,0 = 0 Rfi,d,0 ky, 0
calculation Rfi,d,0
Design software
Assessment 2
In particular, when ky, = 0 the corresponding
Worked example
p
temperature is defined as critical temperature cr
Assesment
Conclusions
In EN 1993-1-2 a formula is given to determine
Notes
critical temperature
1
a,cr = 39,19 ln - 1 + 482
0 9674 03,833
0,9674 3 833
Repetition
Mechanical load
Verification in the time domain
Material properties
Assessment 1
The metod is handly for stress driven resistance
resistance,
Design tables
Simplified
e.g. bending
calculation
Advanced
F
For stability
t bilit problem
bl iis more efficient
ffi i t tto check
h k
calculation
the resistance at certain level of temperature
Design software
Assesment 08
0,8
Mechanical load at fire situation
Resource of resistance
Conclusions
0,6
Notes Collapse
04
0,4
0,2
Repetition Application
Mechanical load of critical temperature method
Material properties
Assessment 1
Assessment 2 Efi,d
Load level in fire fi,t =
Worked example
Rd
Assesment
Conclusions
M,fi
Notes Utilisation level 0 = fi,t
M
Critical temperature cr
Repetition
Mechanical load Ad
Advanced
d calculation
l l ti model
d l
Material properties
Assessment 1 Example
p
Design tables composite cellular beam
Simplified
calculation
Advanced
calculation
Design software
Assessment 2
300 Tested failure mode
Deflection, mm
Worked example
Assesment 250
T t
Test
Conclusions 200
Calculation
Notes 150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 Time, min
Calculation vs test Simulated failure mode
Lecture 9-1, V001, April 09 Acording to DIFISEK+ O. Vassart, ArcelorMittal
26
Objectives
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables
Advanced
calculation Examples Examples
Design software
Abaqus Vulcan
Assessment 2
Ansys Adaptic
Worked example
Assesment
Others Safir
Conclusions Others
Notes
Material properties
Assessment 1
General/Commerical codes Dedicated codes
Design tables
Simplified
calculation
Pros Pros
Advanced
calculation Fast Good price
Design software Reliable Access to source
Assessment 2
Very general Focussed on fire
Worked example
Support
Assesment
Conclusions
Cons
Notes Cons Struggle with large
problems
(Very) expensive
Not support
Black-box
Credibility
Material properties
Assessment 1
What is the difference of classification of cross-sections
Design tables
at ambient and elevated temperatures?
Simplified
calculation
Describe the evaluation of the design moment resistance
Advanced
calculation of a beam of a Class 1 or Class 2 cross-section at
Design software elevated temperature with a uniform temperature?
Assessment 2
How may be treated the non-uniform temperature of
Worked example
a cross-section?
Assesment
Assessment 1
This worked example covers the fire design
Design tables
of a hot-rolled IPE section
Simplified
calculation forming
gppart of floor structure of an office building.
g
Advanced
calculation The beam is uniformly loaded and
Design software restrained against lateral torsional buckling
Assessment 2 b th
by the presents
t off a concretet slab
l b on the
th top
t flange.
fl
Worked example
The beam is to be designed to achieve
Assesment
R15 fire resistance
Conclusions
without the use of fire protection material.
Notes
q
g
l = 7,4 m
Lecture 9-1, V001, April 09
30
Objectives
Material properties
Assessment 1
Material properties
Design tables
Repetition
Mechanical actions
Mechanical load att ambient
bi t temperature
t t
Material properties
Assessment 1 q
Design tables
g
Simplified
calculation
Advanced
calculation
l = 7,4 m
Design software The characteristic value of the load is
Assessment 2
vk = gk + qk = 4,8 +7,2 = 12,6 kN/m
Worked example
Material properties
Simplified tf
calculation rr=15
15
Advanced tw =7,1
calculation h=300
Design software
Assessment 2
Conclusions
Notes
The section is checked at ULS at ambient temperature.
The concrete slab is assumed to provide full lateral restraint
to the beam; therefore, lateral-torsional instability does not
need to be taken into account
account.
Repetition
Mechanical actions
Mechanical load f the
for th fire
fi design
d i situation
it ti
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables The reduction factor for the design load level is equal to
Simplified
calculation gk + 1,1 qk 4,8 + 0,3 7,8
fi = = = 0,393
gk + qk Q 4,8 1,35 + 7,8 1,5
G
Advanced
calculation
Design software
Assessment 2
where for office buildings is taken the factor as 1,1 = 0,3
Worked example
Assesment
Conclusions
Notes
Material properties
Assessment 2
Serviceability Limit State
Worked example Deflection limits are given either in a national annex or in
Assesment other national documents
documents. This limit is a typical value
value.
Conclusions
5 vk l 4 5 12,60 7 400 4 l
Notes = = = 28,0 mm < 29,6 mm =
384 E I y 384 210 000 83,56 10 6 250
OK
The section is satisfactory at ambient temperature.
temperature
Material properties
Assessment 1
Material properties
Assessment 1
Assesment
is used for simply supported beam
beam.
Conclusions
Notes
Material properties
Assessment 1
Advanced 1
calculation a,cr = 39,19 ln 1 + 482 =
0,9674 3,833
Design software 0
Assessment 2 1
= 39,19 ln 3,833
1 + 482 = 677C
Worked example
0,9674 0,275
Assesment
Conclusions
Notes
Material properties
Steel temperature a,cr [C] Am / V , ( Am / V )b [m-1 ]
250 150
Assessment 1 800 200 100 60 40 30 25 20 15 10
100
Material properties
Assessment 1
Assesment
Conclusions
Notes
Repetition Assessment
Mechanical load
Material properties
Assessment 1
What is the difference between the load level and the
Design tables
utilisation level?
Simplified
calculation
For what cases is useful the critical temperature
Advanced
calculation method?
Design software
In which domain is recommended to evaluate the
Assessment 2
resistance in case of stability?
Worked example
Assesment
Conclusions
Notes
Repetition
Assessment 1
Advanced
calculation
For simple worked examples please consult
Design software
AcceesSteel
Assessment 2
For complex worked examples and software
Worked example
Assesment
please consult DIFISEK+
Conclusions
New models for composite slab, connections
Notes
and coldformed elements are finalised
Material properties
Assessment 1
This session
Thi i iis a b
basic
i iinformation
f ti about
b t th
the mechanical
h i l lload d
Design tables of structures exposed to fire and its modeling requires about
Simplified
60 min lecturing and 60 min for tutorial session.
calculation
Advanced
calculation Further readings on the relevant documents from website of
www.access-steel.com and www.difisek.eu.
Design software
Assessment 2
The use of relevant standards of national standard institutions
Worked example are recommended.
Assesment
Conclusions
Formative questions should be well answered before the
Notes summative questions completed within the tutorial session.
Repetition
Mechanical load
Notes to users of the lecture
Material properties
Assessment 1
Design tables
Worked examples for mechanical response
Simplified
calculation
The application of the graph is in AccessSteel example
Advanced Fire design of an unprotected beam using graphs
calculation
Design software
The description of step by step procedure for heat transfer
Assessment 2
i in
is i A
AccessSteel
St l examples l
Worked example Fire design of an unprotected IPE section beam exposed to the
Assesment
standard time temperature curve
Conclusions Fire design of a protected HEB section column exposed to the
Notes
standard temperature time curve
Material properties