Design of Joints in Steel

Structures

International Seminar

Norwegian Structural Steel Association

Oslo 20 April 2005

Design Procedures of Welded
and Moment Resistant Joints

Dr.-Ing. Klaus Weynand

PSP - Prof. Sedlacek & Partner

Technologien im Bauwesen GmbH, Aachen
Joints in Steel Structures

A B A

C C
A

A A

D
D D

3
Joints in Steel Structures

4
Joints in Steel Structures

5
Joints in Steel Structures

6
Joints in Steel Structures

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Joints in Steel Structures

8
Joints in Steel Structures

16 x M 24, 10.9
M = 660 kNm

12 x M 30, 10.9
M = 648 kNm

9
Contents

Basics and Background

Concepts, methods, procedures
Determination of joint properties
Worked Example
Beam-to-column joints with flush end plate

11
Joints in Frames

M M

Single sided Double sided

joint configuration joint configuration

12
Design of Joints

Old subject of discussion

Separate design for members and joints
Intensive research activities for more
than 20 years
Objective:
JOINTS MEMBERS

13
Joints as Structural Element

Members and joints

Resistance
Ductility
Stiffness
Energy dissipation
/2 /2

Mb.Rd Mj,Rd

member, e.g. beam joint

EI/L Sj,ini

14
Joints as Structural Element

Joint properties

M actual behaviour

Mj,Rd (simplified) design

curve

Sj
cd
15
Joints in Frames

Characterisation
M
?
?
?

Classification
M
1
2 3

16
Joints in Frames

Modelling

Idealisation
M

17
Contents

Basics and Background

Concepts, methods, procedures
Determination of joint properties
Worked Example
Beam-to-column joints with flush end plate

18
Characterisation

Determination of joint properties:

Experiments (test results)
Curve fitting
FEM calculations
Mechanical models
Simplified analytical models

19
Characterisation

Experimental
Joint properties for one joints only
Time / money consuming
Databases

20
Characterisation

Curve fitting
Data bases of test results
Limited field of application
no extrapolation possible

M
M ( ) = a + b 2 + c 3
M ( ) = a ln b ??

21
Characterisation

Finite Element Method

O.K. for welded joints (open and hollow sections)
very complex for bolted joints

22
Characterisation

Mechanical models
Complex models (non-linearities)
Research orientated

M
M N
N
z

Simplified analytical models

Suitable for practical design

23
Characterisation

ENV Annex J of ENV 1993

Beam-to-column joints
Beam-to-beam joints

EN 1993 Part 1.8

Column bases
Beam haunches
M-N interaction
EN 1994
Composite joints

24
Characterisation

bolts
tension
Ft1,Rd
zone

shear panel Ft2,Rd

h h2 h1
M

compression
zone end plate

welded connection bolted connection

Component method
25
Component Method

Step 1: column web column web column web

in shear in compression in tension
Identification of
components

Step 2: F F F
Determination of F3,Rd
F1,Rd F2,Rd
component
properties E k1 E k2 E k3

( )
M
Step 3:
Mj,Rd = min Fi,Rd z
Assembly of Mj,Rd
components E z2
Sj,ini S j,ini =
1
cd k
i

26
Component Method

Determination of component properties

Component tests
FEM calculations
Analytical or mechanical models
(complex or simplified)

Assembly
Also different levels of complexity

27
Basic Joint Components

28
Basic Joint Components

Column bases

Normal forces and

bending moments

Concrete in Anchor bolts

compression in tension / shear 29
Component Properties

Ft /4 Ft /4

Ft /4

Ft /4

Ft

T-stub
m e

l eff

Resistance
Stiffness
30
T-Stub Resistance

3 failure modes of T-stub

Mode1:
Flange yielding

Mode 2:
Combined mechanism

Mode 3:
Bolt failure
31
T-Stub Stiffness

F
2B 2B
Separation of T-stub
n m m n
Q Q
Actual behaviour

F F

0,63F A A 0,63F

m m
0,13F 0,13F
1,25m 1,25m
0,63F 0,63F
Deformation of T-Stub Deformation of bolts
32
T-Stub Stiffness

T-stub in bending

F
2

Fi = k i E i A
1,25 m

0,3235 Fm

'1' 0,1765 Fm

m
33
Assembly of Components

Based on the internal distribution of

forces
Respecting the following criteria
Equilibrium of internal and external forces
thorme
Respect criterion of plasticity statique
Respect criterion of maximum deformation
Compatibility of displacements between
components

34
Assembly of Components

Application to a member section

M .y
y =
H I

full elastic distribution

35
Assembly of Components

Application to a member section

fy
m

max. elastic moment (class 3 section)

36
Assembly of Components

Application to a member section

fy
m

max. plastic moment (class 1 or 2 section)

37
Assembly of Components

Joints with one bolt row only

M
FRd h

M j, Rd = FRd .z

elastic distribution = plastic distribution

38
Assembly of Components

Joints with more than one bolt row

FRd h1
h2
M
hi

Fc
thick end plates FRd
M j,Rd =
h1
i
h 2

full elastic distribution

max. moment = elastic moment
39
Assembly of Components

Joints with more than one bolt row

h1

M h2
hi

thin end plates

elastic distribution, but

not linear for all bolt rows
40
Assembly of Components

Joints with more than one bolt row

FRd h1

M
hi
FRd,i

thin end plates

M j,Rd = FRd,i h i
FRd,i 1,9B t,Rd i

plastic distribution
plastic moment resistance
41
Assembly of Components

Joints with more than one bolt row

FRd,1 h1

M hk
hj
FRd,k

thin end plates

FRd,k
FRd, k > 1,9B t,Rd
M j,Rd = FRd,i h i +
i =1, k hk
j
h 2

j= k +1, n

elastic-plastic distribution
ductile and non-ductile bolt rows
42
Assembly of Components

Joint stiffness
welded, one bolt row Mj
S j,ini =
k3
j
z = ...
M

k1 k 2
E z2
S j,ini =
1
k
i
1 + 2 + 3
Mj = Fz =
z
Fi = k i E i
43
Assembly of Components

Joint stiffness
two or more bolt rows

k 3,1 k4 ,1 k5,1 k10,1

h1 h k 3,2 k4 ,2 k10,2
M
2 k5,2
k1 k2

a)

keff,1 keq

k eff,2
M M z

k1 k2 k1 k 2

b) c)
44
Stiffness Model

M 1 2 3
S j,ini
M j,Rd
M j,Sd
Sj
2/3 M j,Rd

S*j

' * ' cd

45
Contents

Basics and Background

Concepts, methods, procedures
Determination of joint properties
Worked Example
Beam-to-column joints with flush end plate

46
Worked Example

Beam-to-column joint with flush end plate

w= 4 M16 8.8
30 80 30 15
p=60 u=10
V
+ + 3
120 240 M
IPE220
+ + 10
60 HEB140

140 5

Determination of
- Design moment resistance
- Stiffness
47
Coefficients

Column

hwc = hc 2t fc 2rc = 140 2 12 2 12 = 92mm

Avc = Ac 2bc t fc + (t wc + 2rc ) = 4295,6 2 140 12 + (7 + 2 12) 12 = 1307,6mm2

w t fc 80 7
m= 0,8 rc = 0,8 12 = 26,9mm
2 2

bc w 140 80
e= = = 30mm
2 2

t 2fc f yc 12 2 235
mpl , fc = 0,25 = 0,25 = 7691Nmm / mm
M0 ,
11

48
Coefficients

Beam
w= 4 M16 8.8
30 80 30 15
p=60 u=10
+ + 3
120 240 z
IPE220
+ + 10
60
140 5

Lever arm:
t fb 9,2
z = hb + u p = 220 + 10 60 = 165,4 mm
2 2

Wpl , yb f yb 285406 235 106

M c , Rd (Klasse
( class 1 1section
Querschnitt)
) = = = 60,97 kNm
M0 11
,

49
Coefficients

End plate mp2

mp

w t wb 80 5,9
mp = 0,8 2aw = 0,8 2 3 = 33,66mm
2 2

mp 2 = p u t fb 0,8 2a f = 60 10 9,2 0,8 2 5 = 35,14mm

bp w 140 80
ep = = = 30mm
2 2

t p2 f yp 152 235
mpl , p = 0,25 = 0,25 = 12017 Nmm / mm
M0 11,
50
Coefficients

End plate

Coefficients for the determination

of the effective length

mp 33,66
1 = = = 0,529
mp + e p 33,66 + 30

mp 2 35,14
2 = = = 0,552
mp + e p 33,66 + 30

= 5,14

51
Coefficients

Bolts

0,9 f ub As 0,9 800 157 103

Ft , Rd = = = 90,4 kN
Mb 1,25

0,6 f ub As 0,6 800 157 103

Fv , Rd (Abscherflche
( shear plane inim thread ) =
theGewinde) = = 60,3kN
Mb 125
.

1
Lb = t fc + t p + 0,5(hbolt + hnut ) = 12 + 15 + (10 + 13) = 38,5mm
2

52
Components

1. Column web in shear

Resistance

0,9 Avc f y ,cw 0,9 1307,6 235 103

Vwc , Rd = = = 145,2 kN
3 M0 3 11
,
F
Vwp
Transformation parameter
M
Annahme: = 1
z
Vwp Vwc , Rd 145,2
F FRd ,1 = = = 145,2 kN
1

Stiffness

0,385 Avc 0,385 1307,6

k1 = = = 3,044mm
h 1 165,4

53
Components

2. Column web in compression

Resistance

[
beff ,c ,wc = min t fb + 2a f ( )
2 + 2t p + 5 t fc + s ; t fb + a f (
2 + t p + u + 5 t fc + s )]
[
= min 9,2 + 2 5 2 + 2 15 + 5 (12 + 12) ; 9,2 + 5 ]
2 + 15 + 10 + 5 (12 + 12) = 161,27mm

Reduction factors to consider normal stresses and buckling in the column web panel:
com, Ed
Annahme: k wc = min 1,0 ; 1,25 0,5 = 1,0
f y ,wc

beff ,c , wc d c f y ,wc 161,27 92 235

p = 0,932 = 0,932 = 0,543 0,673 = 1,0
Et 2
wc 210000 7 7

1 1
= 1= = = 0,713
( ) 1 + 1,3 (161,27 7 1307,6)
2 2
1 + 1,3 beff ,c , wc t wc / Avc

FRd ,2 = k wc beff ,c, wc t wc f y , wc / M 1 = 1 0,713 1 161,27 7 235 103 11

, = 171,9 kN
54
Components

2. Column web in compression

Stiffness

0,7 beff ,c ,wc t wc 0,7 161,27 7

k2 = = = 8,589mm
hwc 92

Fi = ki E i

55
Components

2. Column web in tension

Resistance

[ ]
beff ,t ,wc = min 2 m ; 4m + 1,25e = min (2 26,9 ; 4 26,9 + 1,25 30) = 145,10mm

1 1
1 = = = 0,749
( ) 1 + 1,3 (145,1 7 1307,6)
2 2
1 + 1,3 beff ,t ,wc t wc / Avc

FRd ,3 = beff ,t ,wc t wc f y ,wc / M 0 = 0,749 145,1 7 235 103 11

, = 162,4 kN

Stiffness

0,7 beff ,t ,wc t wc 0,7 145,1 7

k3 = = = 7,728mm
hwc 92
56
Components

4. Column flange in bending

5. End plate in bending

Equivalent T-Stub

57
Components

Equivalent T-Stub

Ft

Ft /4 Ft /4

Ft /4 m e

Ft /4 l eff

58
Components

4. Column flange in bending

Resistance

leff ,t , fc = beff ,t ,wc = 131,35mm (vgl. Sttzensteg auf Zug )

[ ( ) ]
n = min e ; 1,25m ; bp w / 2 = min (30 ;1,25 26,9 ; 30) = 30mm

Reduction factor to consider normal stresses

in column web:

[ ]
Annahme: k fc = min 1,0 ; 2 f y , fc 180 com, Ed ) / (2 f y , fc 360) = 1,0

59
Components

4. Column flange in bending

Mode 1 Flange yielding

4leff ,t , fc k fc mpl , fc 4 145,1 1 7691

Ffc , Rd ,t 1 = = 103 = 165,9 kN
m 26,9
Mode 2 Combined failure
2 leff ,t , fc k fc mpl , fc + 2 Bt , Rd n
Ffc , Rd ,t 2 =
m+ n
2 145,1 1 7691 + 2 90,4 103 30
= 103 = 134,6kN
26,9 + 30
Mode 3 Bolt failure

Ffc , Rd ,t 3 = 2 Bt , Rd = 2 90,4 = 180,8kN

60
Components

4. Column flange in bending

Resistance

[ ]
FRd ,4 = min Ffc , Rd ,t 1 ; Ffc , Rd ,t 2 = 134,6kN

Stiffness

0,85 leff , fc ,t t 3fc 0,85 145,1 12 3

k4 = = = 10,95mm
m3 26,9 3

61
 Components

5. End plate in bending

Resistance

[ ]
leff ,t , p = min 2 mp ; mp = min (2 33,66 ; 5,14 33,66) = 173,0mm

[ ]
n p = min e p ; 1,25mp ; e = min (30 ; 1,25 33,66 ; 30) = 30mm

4leff ,t , p mpl , p 4 173,0 12017

Fep , Rd ,1 = = 103 = 247,1kN
mp 33,66

2 leff , p ,t mpl , p + 2 Bt , Rd n p 2 173,0 12017 + 2 90,4 103 30

Fep , Rd ,2 = = 103 = 150,5kN
mp + n p 33,66 + 30

[
FRd ,5 = min Fep , Rd ,1 ; Fep , Rd ,2 = 150,5kN ]
62
Components

5. End plate in bending

Stiffness

0,85 leff ,t , p t p3 0,85 173,0 153

k5 = = = 13,014mm
m3p 33,66 3

63
Components

7. Beam flange and web in compression

Resistance

(
FRd ,7 = M c , Rd / hb t fb ) =
60,97
210,8 10 3 = 289,2 kN

Stiffness

k7 =

64
Components

8. Bean web in tension

Resistance

beff ,t ,wb = leff ,t , p = 173,0mm

FRd ,8 = beff ,t ,wb t wb f yb / M 0 = 173,0 5,9 235 103 11

, = 218,1kN

Stiffness

k8 =

65
Components

10. Bolts in tension

Resistance

FRd ,10 = 2 Bt , Rd = 2 90,4 = 180,8kN T-stub mode 3 for components:

Column flange in bending and
End plate in bending

Stiffness

As 157
k10 = 1,6 = 1,6 = 6,525mm
Lb 38,5

66
Step 3 - Assembly

Design moment resistance M j,Rd

Relevant component:

[ ]
FRd = min FRd .i = 134,6kN (Sttzenflansch
( column flangeauf
inBiegung)
bending )

Design plastic moment resistance :

M j , Rd = FRd z = 134,6 165,4 103 = 22,26kNm

Design elastic moment resistcane :

2
M j ,el , Rd = M j , Rd = 14,84 kNm
3

67
Step 3 - Assembly

Stiffness

S j,ini
Initial stiffness:

S j ,ini = E h 2 / 1 ki =
i

210000 165,4 2 106

= = 6413kNm / rad
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3,044 8,589 6,525 7,728 10,95 13,01

Idealised stiffness :

S j = S j ,ini / 2 = 3207 kNm / rad

68
Joints Properties

Design moment-rotations curve

M
M j,Rd
Sj,ini

2/3Mj,Rd
Idealised stiffness
Ersatzsteifigkeit:
Sj
S j = S j,ini /

69
Further Applications

Component method:
Joints in slender sections
Weak axis moment resistant joints
Joints in hollow sections
Standardisation
EN 1993 part 1.8 Design of joints

Future research:
Fire resistance
Fatigue resistance, earth quake resistance

70
Further Applications

Haunches without
flanges

Girders with slender

webs (instability,
buckling)

intermediate stiffeners
71
Further Applications

Additional stiffeners in
extended end plates

72