A GRAMMAR al ARABIC LANGUAGE, ‘TRANSLATED. FROM THE GERMAN OF CASPARI, xp Ror WITH ROMBROUS ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. ar W. WRIGHT, LL.D. {ara Puomeson OF skuute OH TAK UANEAMIFY OF cinmaIDOR, THIRD EDITION neviep ay W. ROBERTSON SMITH, {Use rRorewon OF ARAN DX THE URIVERNTY oF ciommmipuy ax M. J. pe GOBJE, ‘Pormeson oF ARABIC 14 THE URIVRRGTY OF LEYDEN. VOLUME 11. WITH A PREFACE AND ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA BY PIERRE CACHIA LIBRAIRIE DU LIBAN BEIRUTLIBRAIRIE DU LIBAN Riad Solh Square - Beirut a Associated companies, rancher representatives CONTENTS. PART THIRD. SYNTAX. 1 THE SEVERAL COMPONENT PARTS OF A ‘New Impression, 1996 A. THE VERB. L vt 1 a 3 3 4 *) aa the Plupert. Subjunct, in two correlative frente ese 3 oe - . 6 » aftor ti oe PC, a 1» In two correlative conditional clauses, after Spee 2 ee eB » alter dag. Tho Imperfect Indicstive . ‘The Tatin and Greek Impertoct, Sali Gide . rinted in Lebat Printed is Labescn ‘The Fatare-Perteot, ial (35) Gf. 9‘The Impertoct Sabjenctive . The Jusive, after 5 and Wi. a in two correlative conditional claoen alter Spy ote z ‘Tho Energetic % The Moods. ‘The Subjusctive 5 Tha Baljonnie ober BLS gh oe wf a fa alter Gh, oe » after AS ” ater 3 3 . ater 45 e ater ” 0 prokihivons (vi Dy wine, and — » in the sped of ‘two ‘correlative con. ditional clauses » rr ts i, ae alter LSet, as a negative imperative, with J . ‘The Energia of the Ieperative oe ge eg vel BRRBeees see al “a “2 3 43 conrEnrs, 3, The Government of the Vorb . (0) The Accumtivo 5 (©) Te Objective Component in the Acematve : ‘Two Objective Complements in the Aseustive . ‘The Accusative of the pias, otc, a2 the sbeclute object, GLI Soak. Ccastraction of Mh Sire Ome dt the Subject with the Nomen Actionis ‘Une ot «J withthe Gentiva to expres the Obes: tive Complement of tha-Nomen Actions = Government of the Nomina Agéntis or Pasticiplen. ‘Use of «J with Uhe Genitive to oxpram the Objeo- tive Complement of the Purticipls Cousirdetion of Verbal Adjectives Coasirution of Comparstives snd Superlatives of the form fall. ‘The Aowuatie altar «Vorb which i ender, aa att “5: snr hak de . atter 53, Js, Jas « ater 5 TH). The Voutive 2 ke » after 1G, ota, expressed by the Nominative ” ste ae ee by te Accumtive . . attr Gd oe GHG. nm lter ty : Tie Asctive ater J, wed gtCONTENTS. (B) Tho Adverbial Complement ‘Tho Prodivate of ijde >t the Gib Tho Prodicato of Ls and J, when 4& Aide a te whe (= 7 om) bape has hap) bie nm sere, attains his object; VEILS thang (OE posh Bd Loh tcindom ia the strayed camel of the belower ; wherever ha fas is (= if he ‘shall have found it ompohers), ha log hold of ¢t (will lay bold of i¢)— 0 (©) If the perfect afer Sy, Gi, ba, do. ia to retain ite original ‘meaning, then (te, or one of the Gyid> Sitzit the sisters of the cord Hina (ouch 23 315 10 become, Jb t0 be by day, Ej to bo by night, pve! t0 be in the morning, .y-ol to be in the evening), rust be in- Sencar rises e meee is ‘at be indicated by the particle For example: ithe Cy 9 Ge SB hanged if bie ict is (han eon) torn in front, sho D * [The verb in the protasis may never be « Jsle- Jad an aplastic rb, such os have bat one tense and no infinitive, as agi, ys. Comp. § 187, b. In negative clausos the jussive with 3 is employed 12) with very rare oxooptions as Korn i. 140 Sail S231 5355 acy 88 Jk SST yhyl comm though thou abouldest bring crory Wind of spn 1 tees vibe hoes bom pian the Sriptore, et thy Hole they will not follow, tor Iyness 21)16 Past Tam—Syntas Be A has qpoken the broth; glesS lab ily SET 26 by 7 ys boww aioe tn Ged, place your trust in Hii; Sy Cat 3h 5H es Lite F Sieh S5d accapt my ascues readily or (at least) be indulgent, Uf I have commitiod 0 crime or o fuslt.—(@) But if the perlect after these words is to have the histori souse (English past ‘toa, § 1, «), the verb Gilde, oF one.of its “sisters,” mast be prefixed to the correlative clanses; og. Uyhlj tghihy Cy tye if they cnerted B thomaroes to attate on objec, thay attained it [135 181 (chee Silos ASST hiskis BATT ce and whenever one of the wild animale come to wit hin, Bo tae it hie prey ; SB Jk5 Sah of ES thos and at often a0 he would throw off hs allegiance, he entered the desert}; ‘though it is slao suliciont that the correlstivo clauses should be dependent upon others that are historical; as laf cadesst Gy © praising (Ged), for, sohenever I waderstood (anything), I said, Praiee belongs to God. [(0) If, however, the verb xs one of ita sisters, after these words, is followed by an imperfect or'« participle, we most render i by the prevent (§ 181), an gigi OO ALF Siyens chile oy 9 le God, ton flow me; BR Sha Uo SB Sf SS Jet 5 hy See Sh Sy Setial yp me i it lal for thm to ona what God. hath created in their wombs f thay belie én God; S8 D eis. 3 Gp Sle 5 iS 3 hs Sth iy tow speakers the truth, show haat Billed no; if thow Hee, thow hast dlopraced mo] Ban. a ‘What has boon said of the temporal ti} in § 5, rem. 0, {a alao applicable to the conditional (yp for ‘this case, however, the Innguage slvoys casploys the pectoct, never the imperfect in- dicative, after the conditions! word ; that is to say, the condition fa lovariahly represmnted, in reforenoe to the otnditioned, as « $7 ‘Tha Verb—1. The States or Tenses. w completed action, and not ay one in program. On the alternative A oo of the Jussive, soe 13 and 17, ¢ Rex. b The apodosis of Ci (Cal spp), like tha of 5) rom.) is frequently omitted, when tho voutext resdily saggests it; 1 Sanath te SEU Sy Cet ce GAS i gh Gy if 0 onest man of the Muslions bear witwew in thy fagour, (yoo! and well); ut fm, demand of Winn the oath: Ne SS d Sategy SS hay Sep E531 57 thew repentest ond renantent what thon hast B ssi (goed sod sult, 0 I sell foryitn the) but if not Z will order the alert fog thes alive, [Ooasp $186, rom. o, Fogtnote. By this omission 513 thouyh (§ 11,,c, rom. @) scquiren the’ meaning of evorthaeos, on in the mying’ of the Prophot Gy (fej! ride her (Gh camel) weverthelees (thovgh she bo destined for sacrifice), List, xvi. 178] Reve. Tr et om bier wee relatives, os, Sh Ga ‘nimple relative adverb, without any admixture of the conditional signification of Sj, perfects dependent upon them retain their original sense, . a 7. After the particle U3, as long as, while, as often as (Vol. i, 5.867, p), the perfect takes the meaning of the imperfect (present or fatare); a3. tpab say you never meet with harm 61,1, as long as you toe! hth Ay Sa BoT gf iit Ai D men are careless, as long as they lice in this world (lit. remain in the We of this world); GS 35 G DTT wild not forget the, as ong 6s sun viet; Sah 35563 2di care anncers, as often as (or whenever) you call it, If this imperfect is to be historical, the rule laid down in §6, d, must be observed. The negative as long as not in always expressed by 2) Lé with the juasive (v0e § 12). Raw, The Arab grammarians regerd this Us Sb Kis ~ 3Ao Sgitsj, Lin, ax equivalent to a verbal noun or infinitive in the accamative of time. ‘They say that Go ‘This cannot, however, be the case, for whence then woul! come the conversive force of this Lot It is in fact only a variety, in ite pplication to time, of the byl Us or conditional ma (8 6, «). B® The Imperfect Indicatior (gybpoit gyhedeSi) doen not in itself express any iden of timo; it moraly indicates » Begum, incomplete, cadaring exintence, either in preaat, pst, or Suture tine, Hones it siguifios -— (@) An oct which does not take place nt any ove particulate time, to the exclusion of any other time, but which takes place at all times, ‘or rather, in speaking of which no notice ix taken of time, duration (the indcAaite prevent); 1 aie and (od directa them (wan propos, God disper); ‘an him), ©) Aw act which, thongh commence at the time of speaking, in uot yet completed, cutinnes during the present time (the definite prevent); w4 Saghaa Noy tg bi Céad Anos seheat go are doing. Hence ita we na a historical yrosont in lively descriptions of D past events; og gle Iki, yoy IG ial Geb dal 5 ot ES GENS cid Tatts, Be ont Tran, and pat on my coat of mail, und seize my acord, and oust my shld on my breast (0) An ack which into take place hereafter (Uhe simple ater); an ES i Se SB ged SS IS nd Jour day (én hick) 6 sad ahall et marke vatinfection for a soul ut oll, oF shalt gice cgthing an w satnfaction for 4 mal; ey ais ASAT ASE aocet but Gad will judge beteeen them on the day of the reonrrection—To vender the fatarity of the act sill moro distinct, $8] Tha Verb—1. The States or Tenens the adverb Jy (Vol. i. § 964, «), or ite abbreviated form . (Vo $561, 8), én the ond, is profited to the verb; as ah Saki 6 gehead 5-5 0b 5 and wherwer does this maliciounly and wrong. Sally, wo will burn hie with lnltfre; niga yb Sigh we will aplain it in ite (proper) place; ihe Sde Spab Sse A8ts thon Seen Cave ese ee en eerie of Hine Si may hve the sasaveetive J prefix to ih an B wre Se S555 om erly thy Lah st gine the of povornment, spe TS aS Stl Spe La SASS ont 7 ao See ee es ms 6 band of men or women, —Rave torn tre whi, 5, ad 5. [Rax. 6. The simple futare hes sometimes the amee of « polite order or request; an Ud ed Ug5i5 CipdpalS ‘5 ul den bent: Deer sat; enw wit ence wom oor sale (Toast ih 544, 1 T)s 5 SoS ahh 61S S235 juiry ls ond he said to Tih: Baw th as ae, God a tha Ease; 2h til Ht ad Sak, G5 and Hat vod hin: ‘Mis incenity, 0 Prince of the fullifuk end he did oo cena Meth) Da) (@ An ett which wan fature in relation to the peat time of which ‘we mpeck. When this ia the camo, the imporfoot ie simply appended to D ‘the preceding partoot without the intervention of any partile, and forme; ‘ith ite comploment®, » secondary, subordinate clans, exproming the state (SiaH) in which the subject of the previous pertect found himself, when he completed the act expressed by that perfect [jis © That ls to say, any word or words governed by, or otherwise connected with, it,20 Pant Turno.—Byntos. A 5582); an tight <0] Ae he came to him to visit A 535 1 de came to 0 apring of water to drink; pH hb gst aS SFIS shew He coated Himself on the throne to administer the rule (of the Univers); iby S215 SE5l he ont to inform hin of thio; Koad sees aot de determined to cirenmvont the Jews, Ap. xix. 96, Le RS} (0) An act which continues during the past time. In this case B too the iexpoefect is epponded to the perfect without the interposition of any connective partic, and forms, with its complement, « sond- ary, enbordionte clause, exproming the state (Jicii) in which the subject of the previous perfect found himecf, when he did what that on ys hos wo Boy OG Sj A Zaid came laughing ; 133 Scot Wi be returned, congratulating Kimee/ on (it. praising) his morning-oalt ; aay (AS Si te © leading (a8 it word) my heart by ite bridle; set Hal H5, 255 and we remained watching for him as one watches for the nnw-moons of toy Meet hk gx Cals SMS endo of then came to bi, wolking baskfully | Shit 0 sath Iylles and they én the ovesing, womping. As the above examples ee eee a tales coset sored in Regi by ‘the paztioiple. D ‘Raw. a After the nogative particle ‘j, the impertect retains ite ‘general ides of incompleteness and duration; as 34 Gal 212) esd ‘he sweat out, not knowing, oc swithout mowing, shore he tas; Seth pli 585 the tibrat (man) done nos rope the stingy. _—After the negative particle ls it takes the meaning of the present; an acne Bal Ey GUST Bie 16 men te not declared sight cy th a asi Suilt Si $9] The Vorb—t, The Staten or Teeee. a ‘wabeligvers among thoes who possess « (remaled) honk, and among A ths polytholats, do not wish that any good should be ovet down jo you from your Lord; ART Se Bi GTS Sy SH Gaal GOTH ld Salt oad Su OS oy aiid deat 356 ahi they saho hide the book which Ged hath sont owen, and buy sith it something of small price, sheet moallow down into their bellies nothing bus fre, and Ged will nit speak to them on the dey of Judgment. ‘Ren. 6. According to the Arab grammarians, the imperfect B indloetive ia used Jeli, o indiote prevent time (patel Stasi), and GAY, o indicate future time (SAEAi, lun correctly rete ©, ‘To express the imperfect of the Greek and Latin languages, the in frequently prozod to the imperfect; an jah Lat Stee ise wae fond of pstry and pate; 13a 933 Jd Lilo tte he he wad to ide out every day several tines; 333% ight Gis 6 aa lb nd there wand to be (stationed) im it (tho city) 2 gusral with thousand men; Sgliit As Stel iylide Sey smo sho waed to live with the princes. If thin signification ia to ‘ba ‘attached to several imperfocts, it is wuficient to prefix Cide to the fit alone—If one or more perfocta precede the imperfect, oF if the context clearly shows that tho verb in the imporfoct has the sense of the Latin imperfect, Ade need not be prefixed to it; D 0 Hees hs li Sete oA Us tgASS nd they follned what ‘he ovid spirits road (or recited, o followed) in the reign of Solomon ; FS bog bP H ghBS 5 SS oy, Why thn ad yo Bt the prophets of God before? Hore sh5 and ‘yplifi stand for gl’ ¢ sido and Lagi Ade, (80 in pootry after JS; ace Voli § 363, 6, footnote, BB]38 Parr Tarnp.—Aystas, “gio A 10. ‘To express the faturo-perfoct, the imperfect of Gide (Si) ia frequently pix to the perfec, tho particle 5 being MW nets intempo Por empl, ils ies of Saket a Sally alls ay attiy coghs Jaki Bw oh Sead 5 al Gl gay SBF tlk AC Gt old SHAE oS cand I shall hire rms people to carry it to mg house, and I shall be the last of them ($0 depart), and thers shall not have boen left (shall not B by left) behind me anything to decupy my mind with the doing or ‘removing of it, and by the trifling poy I give them, I stl have provided help for mgeel/ (v0 00) to spare my own body all the labour, (Baw. Independent clasees introduoed by —Synos, SS 26 A likewise » causstive meaning, For example : aif le 2265 Ae taught Him the science of astronomy ; go} E71 345 Sa 55 I gave Zoid my with water ; ok SLL be a i ste ih Bl mw Be cn Wide gb be ate 09 much bread an he conld); Sect 25h he tet him B taste the sword (ran him through with it); Ligos G24 they gave Zid poisoned wine to drink; EST iihs! be gave him the book; 52h ALF 2555 God gave im his life; CsAiT 385 he gave him tk in abundance; Yn2 1355 he recited a poem to me; chil 6325 gall God has deprived kien of the Blessing of learning ; O81 et atte shes eee we (with) 0 beating which pained me; ils Sabi 3 HAT G5 C he. p, ae you know well, Vit. he beat me (with) the secting Sie men you—This objective complement, ‘which is oalled by the Arsb grammarians ho yah, the absolute object t, or ydeaahi (s00 Vol. i. § 195, rem.), is used in the two following ways (@) When it stands alove and undefined (722), it is employed eb sor strogtining, or mit for maging, in tad D eter forse to the verb; og, 135 ASS He hath mambarad thom (with) sumboriag (L0. with am exact numbering); 3351 © The undetermined object in each phrases as Iya 25-5 may, howerer, where tho snes allows or requires it assume & more definite meaning, and be viowed as an sccustive of time; og. Sygh 135 many be translated hey trovelled a long time, soil. Syple Ute). + Because it does not, ike the object in « narrower sense, depend aly upon a verb thet governs one, two, or three sccusatives in the ‘active volo, of one oF two sovunstives in the pamive. $36] Te Verb—8. Government of the Verb.—(a) The Accu 58 Co Segii otis Ss sen the corth alll be shebn (it) shai! A (ce. shaken eiletiy), and the monntains be crumbled (wit) crumbling (ie crumbled to dust); SRT WETS and they disdain (with) a Ree. Por sil greater emphasis the maydar may be repeated, B is i SIT OBS 6 sh the srt ha eran i erushing, crushing. [Ram 3. For the sume parpooe sometimes the Danley 0 vet rloing to the lope! sabes pt et nominative, as dag, dep be cawtad Kinedl/ strenuonely (properly Me oueny seerted ‘tel, Socoma reat eertion); 155 5.3 he sone ‘refesndly in error (prop. his error beam ervor indeed) $335 525. Me tone very for Gs Wain, Sst the came thoroughly mad; Saye le Me had « eohoment speech in the phrases Raw. ¢. A mapdar of this kind oasnot, of course, form « dual ‘or plural, for the mere thet of ita doing s0 brings it at once under a diferent head. p> 54 ca only mean he beat me om boo D ‘ferent cccasiona ; and in general the dual or plaral in only ‘mieitle in the cave of « mapdar used 950 (00 the end of the section) when there is « difrence of kinds, as uj (Geo Sh CS SALI 1 wont theo paces (08 ours) of Hid, tha good fond th bad; Utd Ja AY Cos ah Lo. tha 7 toe ‘Thee (with) tr00 kinds of love, (with) the love of afoction, and (with) another love, Because Thow art entitled thereto (or worthy thereof),56 Panr Tarmp.—Syntos. 526 is connected with an adjective or demonstrative Pronoun, @ genitive, or » descriptive or relative clanse (s00 tho examples given abuve), it defines and limita the verbal ides by an addition which is commonly expressed in our family of languages by means of an adverb or a relative clause. It the GLI JAbTi be 2 nomen vies, it is wed 1K%y for enumeration ; and if it be = nomen speciei, or have an adjective, Rex. «Instead of the nomen verbi of a partivalar finite verb, ‘hat of another form of the mime verb, or af another verb of the ‘same meaning, or else a concrete substantive, in tometimes em- ployed ; ax USS (yyold J yo do not advance boldly (IV. and Sead JB tg hE shey fought with one another (VIII) a hard fight Cl) 1 2 EE ma ame S149 (with) an (exclusive) devotion (IT. tT eee aw aay ri teint Su Lagi yl er fal amg ft, £5 GT be ratined becheorile, em ihe! (oe above, 6, rom. 0), uk ts; 8 Ke ga be gE al ae resonree to Waktel for protution from Mofati' as a weak mon ; AL ALS JLLS ie was on intruder at the font, wninvited. Hometimes a specificative term may be interposed, as Ighees Si ool SL do net incline eholly oway (from one of them), pS oTl ARG LEGS 1 tne it to pert, SANG. SS ale, T gave him three whipping, ola ST Gcth LG. 1 sat ‘smoot comfortably; or the mapdar may be omitted, and ita place supplied by another word, as OS 554. (lor oily, LU, 355 U5 1 beat bien (wih) 0 sohip (for b> wip). $27] The Verb—8. Government of the Vorb—(a) The Acous, 57 Bax. 5. The accustive of the nomen verbi remains, a wp A have soon, unchanged, when the active voice, on which it depends, [passes into the passive. It may, however, be changed into the now!- native, when there is no othor subject, provided that it is qualified ‘or speciaioad by some other word (an adjective or » eubetantive in the goaltive) as Sash $5 < 3 5 DO eth BO Se See and pot merely 5b pb, 7. It has boon mentioned above (§ 21), that the nomina verbi B derived from verbs which govern an okjedtive complement in tho seonastive, may be constreed in the sais way as the faite verbs L ‘We shall here enter into some farther Jetails on this 1 (@) If only the objective complement of the set (and not likewise ita mubject) be ‘expressed, it is put after the nomen actionis in the genitive®; unless it be separated from the nomen actionis by one or more words, in which case it is pat in the acousntive, because the genitive oan never be divided from the word that governs it. For ( sons right; pei N63 Soe SSF AL; So heen boing is rover swoary of preying for wal; Wels hs «93 o3i 9 Stab) For to odin 0 dy of fomina on exphan; 235 hy getly hy catting off with swords the heads of some peopis. In \ike manner, the chi putin the acowatie, when thn nomen sonia edad by ‘the article, beouuse s noun, when so defined, cannot take a genitive D ater its on sist AGT Sgn fantle im harming be: enemies; a Se soit os SSE 235 end 1 ait wok dei from srbing Rua. If there be two or more objective complements, they aly ll pt in the guitive; bet womans oly he fet pot © This ia called the objective genitive, to distinguish it trom the subjective genitive or that which designates the subject of the act. wn, a58 Pant Tainp.—Syntas. (927 A in the genitive and the others in the socemtive, Jol 224 GALS AST a iek of ating bread ad meat, for hi: bis AFT ahs US by 15 Cale 35 I had taken her in lieu of my debt from Hanon, for fear of (his) becoming poor and delaying payment, hore lily in in chyme for GA, inatend of fa. (®) If both the subject and the objective complement of the act bbe expressed, three coastractions are permitted. («) The mibject may B be put in the genitive, and the objective complement in the accusative; as aif 0h p Gi alehdll SEF Che in this year the challf pet Gatfar to death lt the chali's Billing G. was én this oar); typi LAG Shoploste: BH then romember God as ye remember your fathers; 3, Beal pit Net crying because of the tetor's having Deaton hime ; Bika LAF Delle Soe gob Ue what is apparent of thy © ingratitude for favours bestnoed upon thee; Susis jbJs Sin Sub ij phe Si arrerasdap said, mentioning how -Aitel preferred him ; SSIyih aly cite aid ins ot GS Py Ge Ste ibn pede for the Jot pera. sing ; 6 Ue Soe settle he oe’ comee to me to obtain « gift not dianppeinted; siuphet hy and ha ia not too Reeny a burden for wa; Sighs SAH Sah 2h i se they sto order hati ‘Tight, and soho do i themscloes*. Raw. 4, When the nomen sgentis is followed by two or more ‘bjoota connected by 5 or Jf, it not rarely happens that the frst C alone in pot in the genitive, and the others in the scousative, the ‘nominal force of the nomen agentis passing, because of the distazice complement, into the vertat; ae mebiis SES chi ate. lily He oho appoints the wight for ret, and the van and moon for the reckoning (0f tim); Wasibs cheryl ST —atgll of im who gives « hundred fine shite (camels) and their attendant Ds pa Seb 3 asics iy Lath St Ji neu (60 our help) or ‘Abed Babb? D (8) If the nomen agentis be derived from « verb which governs ‘two or three objective complements (§§ 24, 25), it takes tho firet either in the scousstive (which ia by far the more usual) or in the genitive, and the others in the acousn aa bad O33 05 cto * (Mubarrad, Kamil, 205, . 16206, L 9 speaks of this verso st sparioas, and says that euch an annezion ie not allowed even by poctical eens. B.S.)68 Part Tutap.—Syntas, $31 AL will dro Ztid in oplendid robe; Vege ij gett Ul, oF get BS T will gi Zid a dirham ; 456 Sad Ete S31 Ja, of UR p25 Sib, doo thou think “Avar indelligont? br a ale Ws ULLAL thie (man) informe Zaid that ‘Amr is going away. ‘Rau. a. If the objective complements of the nomen agentis of a doubly transitive verb bo pronouns, both may be apperided to it Te entsen og, cs hehe gin i to you Gaia Be ah B given me ito oat. (Comp. Vol. 1'§ 187.) ' ‘Ren. } ‘The’ seenesd 6f the two complements of a nomen agentie, or that which iain the sconsative, la very rarely inserted between Te a pre sea ue cole AiG SA ae aid sae ee 0 aids ous abt Sows see bea posi es top A In the former of these exazhples, which is a hall-verse of poetry, ‘this construction has been followed in order to bring the word Cpa JS into the rhyme; in the latter, which is taken from the ova, xiv, 48, the preferable reading is 42; say Wisi a 51. What bas been said in § 29 regenting the uso of the pre- position J after nomina verbi in equally applicable to nomina agentis (a) fis used when the nomen agoatia immediately precedes the object and ia undefined ; a0 I japtt wating thee wonder; 3 Kates (09 D shile she was avoiding him (in which example the undefined nomen a disputations sophist, and not « weker after the truth, This is especially the case when the nomen agentis is in the adverbial aceusntive (§ 44, 0); as fas (2 Uae 25Bt Gy Lis and believe in what I have sont down, confirming thet whick is with you (the $32) The Verd—. eens oft Vorb) fi dee C) Scriptures which ye have alrondy received) ; jolene isa ls i A 3 be Aalted before the city to bosoge it; Uatiy Ue sos dalad sas tals the siovctness of tnowledge is « saficient indnorment and ‘incentive to the intelligent. (0) «Jin alo used when the nomen ageutis St ee ee es we: . pds Clit thoes who hemp the ordinations of God sap 53 ATI ode he expanders of the sre ST AAT o5it a eget Bgh Sit £518) 5550 10 perform one's devotions with reverence fe fhe sareat means of procaring onde daity bread; in (3p BE; is ae . tie Sere a tb aS AAT and ho continued meditating band that thing ‘which governs the body. (¢) Finally, .) is used when s genitive is interpoved between the nomen ageatis and the object; aa.) Goaks se who gave it to me te eat, “gg Ries J must be used instead of the accusstive, when the object of the nomen agontia is rhetorially tranaponed and plaeod before it; 0 Gynayld US tgs and they worahigped us; elite wpa tide s00 did not know tohat sone hidden (in the futare); gl og sop balaphatont (oral schtkegrsn sche 8 long as thou dost not unjustly dieparage him, treate thes with ‘speck —Bo aloo with the finite ver Says) Way) tte Sy if ve D ean eaplain a dream. If the transposed object be a promominal sufix, Gera 518819) may bo employed intend ot ys me Sets So AOS te rip and ta wt yf hs gd. he thinks they mean hin“(in rhyme for Gy Compare § 29, rem. b, and Vol. i. § 189, 6. ia ‘38. If tho verb, from which s nomen patientis is derived, governs thro or three accusatives in the active voice, ite nomen pationtiaretaina cue or two of them, the other having pasted into the nominative; as osm).0 Pant Tarap.—Syntar. (538 A hs ts Sej, aids sorvant (lit. Zaid, his servant (5 190]) a gieen 0 dirham | ID igh Sagilss 33} Zaid's father is thought to bo donding wp; Uibais tyes igel 2U2 Sij Zoid's Sather is informed that ‘Awe ie going oroy. Seo % 2, 35. 88. Verbal adjectives of thoes forms which differ in meaning from the nomias agentis only in being intessiee, moy govern, like the nomina agentis, either the accusstive or the preposition J. Since, B however, their verbal force is very alight, the letter construction is by far the more wana, the former being chiefly poetic. ‘This rale applice principally to the forms Juss and pif (Vol. i. § 202, and rem. 4, $388); move rarely to other forms, such ox Jual (6282), Jal (id), and Jiake (§ 289, rom. 6), Beamples with tho socumtive: Ut Wile Gah OG quill imured to (it. « brother of) warfare, constantly swearing the garments suited for ib; (SRT sR raigs. 5S Jy Gdis © rushing upon death, wading in search of it through the ranks (USC in thyme for 308); gio 55 Ty toned Ge GH gp BLL: Wikgy lh; adorned sith 0 ring, which is wet om amulet, nor mans- fachered by 0 monlior of « dirkam with his hands; Jaiy yap Jag Ut AM amiting with the vgs of the sword the heads of snows och TT Sigh Bost gle Sy ewity abe stirs wp the pasiont D (ce continent) so dasirs (savites desire in them, each in thyme for ge ZA aah lh bry to pie er in, ct oa (G8 in thyme for piby ; Sin SagdS 5S 00 maidens, (one) of them resembling a new moon (in beanty); 333 Bees abt Sy W345 God hears the prayer of him woke calle wpon Him ; yd 3c Bai Som his guard opwinst things that connet injure (him); git $24] The Verb.—8. Government of the Vorb—(a) The Aceve. 71 ed Cink 25 it has come to me (to my hearing) that they abe A defaming (lit. tearing in pieow) my character; Gitigs Shai) dy he fs laughter of the fat onea omong them (iho sbe-camels); “5 pled S30 Gayle haughty, ooking with diadain on the limbo of the Bearers of folehan, eaters of what ie enlaefel; gba agis je Sie gets every herdoned infée, a Nedover of good; 38s BEG, 0 great B cnllactor of books : Jgib GST HSU Sy55 ready to say what the noble say, and to do (it) ; ete. 2A. Verbal adjectives of the form Jail, comespomling to our comparstive ‘und supeclative (Vol. i. § 284), when desived from tran- sitios verbs, take their object inthe genitive with «J, very rarely in the accunative ; on sts hal) 01 54 be seeds after intwladgs more than on do; soli da abt Lit Ses ci the belonr loves God more then C Kimalf; gohss petits ghals sanscl, ASF Soa! the mot ignorant of mom, ond the set opposed of them 10 learning, ond the most inimical of them t0 theta; ABI ph chy I eh they met be sore apt to change i (ra, the later into 14) wheat an interning’ (itr); ig Gye tL S531 nd more ready then WW te emits with ewords the tepe-af heltite (CNG in rhyme for L-NySi, sccos.); Shap Qiks ond « better protector of neighbours. D Bae a. Verbal edjeotives of the form Jaf, derived from verbs ‘in an aetive sense, as in the snoond snd third of the above examples; ‘but when they have © passiee sense*, they take the subject with © ‘Aa there is only one form for the comparative and 1% may be dectved from verbal adjectives of either sctive or passive signification; og. yal from ms loving, or trom Jupys beloved, dear, [Comp. Vol. i. § 236.)n Parr Twinn —Syntas, 1335 a te top a ty cer i ull as opel I Sat Sa the batocer sa more loved of God than any ome; Ga Ch abel 3h he i more hf ome than she. . Rew. b. Verbal adjectives of the form jadi, derived from in transitive verbs [ie. vetha which govern their object by means of 1 preposition, § #3, rem, a}, require the same preposition after them as those verbn an Spl Cighl 1h thie is Hghter, or easier, for me ce ecete fee eg eete tbe g ath ct i aptly BT Se Saab lt gobs aT aft ss BAIT he abetaine more from worldly pleanures, and is quicer to do (good, and keeps farther from {clearer of) crime, and is more eager fer the praise (of God), They often, however, take their signié- tation from one of the derived forms of the verb (generally the second or fourth) ; a8 $3U-LM 2s8t 63 this confirms the evidence tilt wore (trom 3h, TV. of t6 t stand); ceil gat Syed Ss GILL tut the obseurity of «man preserees om better (trom a Tl, oF IV. of Jk to be fay; cn Sah aT J CiaNG the slayiny of unbelicoers increasee the power of ‘M'Toldm and atribes greater terror into thoes who are behind them; (Ase Syed lad chie tosprover ie crop and makes ud YESIT jeb another bevices the anti Chriat la ma (eoous.) with greater fear on your account (than ke dona); ih sa ae gh he hae more need of me than I have of Ki (from J} olin, VTL of ete, to have mend of. See Vol. 4.9336, 2B. The accusative not unfrequently depends upon a verb which is understood. ‘This happens -— (a) In phrases expressive of command (positive or negative), wish, reproach (worded interrogatively), praise, salutation, and tho like, in which we must supply the verb from which the noun in the ccuantive in derived, and to which it nerves an GIT Jyiii cs Meroe: Sy BEA ADS oD al 2a $85] The Verb—8. Government of the Verb.—(a) The Acous. 78 as yy ths Uo SUSI 1285 end sehen yo meet (in battle) thon fo A beliews not, smite their necks (i2. cut off their heads), 0 (at last), when yo have made much slaughter among them, bind fast the fettors ; cand (thereafter) ether show Kindness (by letting them go free) or tabs ransom (for them), whore ABT 510-5 ABT Isindt Co pA, and Fda sids GydlS; —usdT IS ST Gisj 3 carry off camels, 0 Zaraik, as fores carry of (their prey), where Wie I bre be pationt and do not give B Whe gid GH bes seats Ss gently! hs may God give thee rain! ie, Hi, Hf; I GS) may God keep thee! i.e. UE; abt du; BF USS mayest thou stumble! i.e, (nai oS TS, SR Git aheut T be ungrateful after thou hast averted death from me? ie. inde sidoit; ett BIE B55 Wig5T dot thow delay (or c hairs have already come upon thea? the absolute glory of Ged! or ailiz» His absolute glory! sil. T prais (which is an jib} or statement of fact), or C55, gare ctc., praise thow, etc. (which in an 45}, « command or wish) [often used as & phrase expreming wonder); abit itis God forbid! is. abi is Syth 1 seek the refuge of God shave mercy on D me, O my Lord! ie. Ute. Ss (E5 or) Sans obit HS 1 wait intent wpon Thy servis, 0 God! ic. is SHG} wi Lt $5th5 U5 bearing and cbeying, or to hear is to obey, ie, tees Ao-l Hae Bly; 2ake jek wolerme! ie. 25h ped Sa55 tow ort arvieed the best of arrivals; (Litjdo5 (Go with lo and honosr(will 1 do what thon roquient) i.e ipo} ikke; Ga teh, wm, 101% Pant Tramp —Syntas. S35 A ‘Baw. 4. Tn the exten of command, wish, and reproach, the Arab Srammarians regard the verbal nowm, not as a JOfs 5.05 36), oat morely an Jaill cue Shit © eubsitute for the verb, or STi aaT LAGS mupplying the place of the werd ; 0 that, according to theme, JT S25 i imply = ST USI, CHG = i Sd, ant Siet = jie ‘Baw Tn such cance aa Jigitic, and sigg the dua! is regarded Bas being used, not 225 to express hoo cosarions, bat yySBSy pay @)_ In various other cases, in which the verb to be supplied is not ‘that whence the noun in the- accusative in derived, but may be easily svete froin the maaner in which the noun ia uttered and tho circum- stances of the speaker, Such are :— (©) Phrasee expressive of wish, salutation, and the like; as © i Sg may thy mone bo cut of! i US perdition to thes! i.e. Boalt ALT Bai oe FSi Sess AIS laps, weil. SU oe Sits, ‘tho art come to, o hist found, a roomy (conemiont) place, and Sriendly people, and a smooth (comfortable) place; iy ozs, Le iy [57 UES SA, how art come to 0 place where there is plenty af room for the (to a comfortable pines); phrases equivalent to swcloome! Sen2y abit ity Uo5.5 may God give thee plenty of room D and eww !* (8) Phrases in which sn individual is called upon to- guard himself, or = part of his pergon, against some one or some thing rhich one or moro individuals are urged to do nomething or attack some object (idfi In the former caae, the . * [On the phrane Uys Usa comp. § 46, «;'rem. &, footnote] $85) The Vorb.—3. Government of the Verb—(a) Phe cous. 15 speaker may mention (1) sither the persoa who is to be on his guard? A cr (2) the person or thing he is to guard aguinat,ropenting the word not, ab plenware ; or Inetly, (2) both together, connecting them by Soin cin ma cere Bo ly 6, sabe care i. Let BU thee F worm; thy by Soot! weil. tobe care of; BS, thy bead! mil. 35, bond anid; SCSI, or BAIT SZ, the Ken! the do tei. 5 beware of, guard B epnintj gh jg the walt the wall! Ssyall path he child! te child! Seghil Sughil the road! the read! weil. Jad clear ; SIS 0 wind the fin! eid, 5 platy sel ang; aids ae guard thyelf ogainst enmity ; Sims IG) kup clear of tances sions or somfongiod ideas ; Vide Saks 335 tt, or, loan corectly, Wide Sais GF nf, beware of doing 00 and w (where Cf, followed by C the imperfect subjunctive is put instead of the accusative of s noun 28, rom. Ds eH tiny ASE ty nt sate core wet to meade ‘with thie sort of contention ; ESAN kt; thy toad and the veall! ASE 2 ah 5 IG SC J aa, thy bad nd the mnerd! nel, Heh pth hg Sys Gi; SST Sia the foo! tha foo! weil. ghd. svins, attack; DiS His, oe Snct 4 AAJ, be ahoaye Bind to your brother, wil. 33H, cles to; D BAS Aawp your place! acl, 53h; dtiyy SES do on you tts wich sour comes, cil. Sabi, do; 3 Seas I5 4555 Sie omrytting but railing 0 frecborn man! wil. 32. Bousd S53 3 Hib So out; AI gore thee! BES behind thon acl, SN bok; Shedd thy eervae! scl. li, or 520, produce; igs thy sory! ecil. oti sive here, toll .6 Pant THmn.—Symiac, 35 Rex. a. Ifa noun in the acousative he uttered only once, the verb may be added; bat if the aoonsative be repeated, or if there be two ‘scousatives connected by 5, the verb is never expressed.—Vulgarly, ScAST Sill in used inatond of SATS DG}, and the tke, ‘Bau. $. It is only the second pervonal pronoun which is com- monly thus used. Examples of the first and third persons are rare; 6 ES gO sep me from coil wil, 58IF Dy PE gs gi bs ST hath Sacks 5 Goh preserve me from snsing omy Of you throw 68 (oF shor’ af) a hare! voll, Ka Baaths G8 yin itll phe 2 LE G5 TT Sait fle iy PISET 5 HS when a mas reaches wisty, lat hie avi the young twomen (where observe the irrogalar use of (if with substantive), (2) Various phrases, of whith the following may serve as exainples, © We may say to a hunter, pig gle Si the dogs at the antelopes ! sil, Jopt tt loon; oF of w person who is aiming at a target, ails dis the target, by God! scl. vad he will hit; oF if wo hear people shouting st the first appearance of the new moon, ails GS the now moon, by God! acil. 15-011 they have soon ; or to one who tells uss dream, 32 Lig bode what is good and obeering, ecil. Sy thes hast seen or dreamed; or to man who has done something mean, DSL; Lk Sdol alt this out of atinginess? scil. EL&5 inst thow done? Like Sch AS S86 GL 221, to promrw your mather from boing divorced, for if any of you sings a song (it will sesuredly happen). 4g. 02,18. DG) @ Phrases in which » pronoun—generally of the fret, rarely of the second person—is followed by the noun, to whioh it refer, in the scounstive, without any veeb intervening. ‘The object of thia construc- tion—named by the Arab grammarisns yolaih'}i the specificstion or particalorisation (of the pronon)—ia to show that this soousative ix | $86] The Verb.—3. Government of the Verb.—(a) The cous, 77 the noun which the pronoun representa and to which the satemens“A sada rofore. It ia to bo explained by an elipsia of 51 J mean, oF Ab Fepecfy. Beamon: Ai So gin tT Seth wo Arab — Hs. 9, (mean) the Avabe,—are the moet liberal among the generous: Bayt LE iy Sef AYRE S25 swe, the mioribly poor, have wot the ability to bo generous as becomes men; igi °S KegAMh jai we, the bind of prophets, have no heirs (among men); AER! Good ehebit by 00, Tamim, the mist is swept away; 535 gle 9 Uy som 255 1, the Hand Minbar, are poople of high worth : 55 2h As gil he BG ys oi UF sett thou not that Zarirm, the father of Ma'bdd, is one of 1s, the Bind Dari (gah in rhyme for 83); Wind I Cnega LT yo, (I mean) the blioers, grins nob yo; anal all (I assert) Thy ubsolute glory—the grout God ; (, SodT Salen is one of us, the kingfolk of the Pruphet]} reproach, and pity : 0g, SegalT chy Sci praise belongs to Gor, a proimmoorihy; SIT Jah aks SLI kingdom belongs to God, D (che Being) entitled to kingdom ; io §i 320. 54,515 ond his wif, ta (misorable) carrier of firewood ; Sayycil Salli 335 it said cama to mo, the base wicked wreteh; ASG Sekngll ay S353 I passed by him, the poor soreich ; in all of which examples the word «itl, J mean, may be supplied. Rima 5. In auch phrasos an UEGi ther itis for you! gai here's my hand for you! Gai D5 here then is a poom for you!Aa 18 Past Tam. —Bynias, 3s TE 916 sabe the meord! [to « woman] the scosative ix used, because Sigh and Ns (Vol. i. § 368, rom. d) are in point of sense equivalent to Ji cabs (Wild or dtQh Wild, igoi Jd). Similarly, im the phresen 1325 Sela, tej Dale, 1595 igs, wise Zaid 1 Ap, dySBish, tube him ! the sovusative dove net depend upee S215 3 (Gat then showldet seins), to be supplied after the preposition, but ‘upon an imporstive, such as J. or Aji, implied in the prepésition teal, "The tere] meaning in: seine 2d, soho isin fromt of bavide or close by you. Bo aloo in the phrases gp8t Sogn come quichly to the rid (a wort of hash oF stew), where the interjection ix equivalent: to pio cyl; 155 StH gently with Zid treat Zeid with the genitive, gj lj let alone find 343) with the acvasstive, the fitha is a sy or indeclinable ending (as in Gy¢l wheref); whereas with the genitive, it is the ‘termination of the construct scousstive of al; =.355 laseing, letting alons, and 3455, the diminutive of 335, slow ond gentle motion, _gontlonans, Wo wey aloo may Dog, D523}, softly! gently ! WO Ba) BS. gently wich Rid) thea gteloces,, dostan ote, gently with me! the agent (i, ote.) being in the pmitive; [Si U5 D515) driee thew the oli camels gently, Fai i. 139} 20. The adverb Sf traly, certainly, and tho conjunction 3f that, as likewise the particles compounded with theee tro words, ox 66s, but, yot, Ste 00 if, 00 though, and EY becanee (c00 Vol, i. § 368, m, o, nd § 867, 9), tako » following substantive or ‘pronoun (which, seperding to our idiom, ought to be in the nominative, ‘as the subject of & nominal or vorbal proposition) in the scouative, $96] The Vord.—3. Government of the Verb.—(a) The Acous. 79 Decnase the force of the verb fo ae (sy) is omboiliod in these A petticles®. ‘Thia takes place both when the subject immediately J follows has only « subject connected with it, to which ‘the idea of existence inherent in the verb is attributed, that subject ia at, like every other, in the nominative ; as Gigi 45 Sle ppb Gide 435 chore was (or lived) « merchant, and he had (lit. there wore to bis three sons (bap'5 do would mean he war a merchant); di (ide pele JG but he soho hax (lit. to whom there is) much property +100 Past Tuinp—Syntaz. gal A (Sido 59583 what is fated will come to puss. In the former care, the substantive verb is called by the grammarians La5037 (jd, the incomplete or defective, relatice kiua, because it requires au attribute to complete the sense ; in the latter, S457 (de, the complete, abeolite ‘Hina, because it contains the attribute i and does not require ‘any other. Ram. a, Tho subject ia called Gjdo Jul, the noun of kine, Band the predicate Gilde joke the predicate of Kine. The natural soquonce of the three is verl, subject, predicate, ax GE Se) Gide; bat we may ao any ij CI il, ow 5 GO ees Step and ee Or ty (i eral Ui) ener te S25 tld ij 55 and there is none equal unto Him ; in interrogative and alternative sentences, as be 3) Gide bb 1 honour « guest, whether a bo rich or poor {§ 6, a}. ‘This inversion is, however, in some © canes impossible; for example, my brother was my companion most Iw expremed by aby ot i, bonaane gh ey GMb would naturally mean my companion was my brother. [If subject and vradinnts are bowl detain, 1 is allowed, in cao of inversion, 0 put the latter in the nominative, the former in the accusstive, converting thereby the logical subject into the grammatical pre- icate, the logical predicate into the grammatical mubject, as Wij Dab Ste for ij na tbe. Ponta allow themselves to D do the same in other cases, as dpe lay— abi 35 tig for tents ABET 7% Ung (Tab 78, ‘Bam. 5. San T? whet i splints apo, be it tru o flo; i he 8. Government of the Verb—(a) The Accus, 101 OB py Dak Ly Che CSde tr seaming is ‘40 do ond A in a thing, be it what it may, whether good or bad; Spb 35'S USS] Jd /rom the tine they wore pregnant, tt their young were Filing‘ (ie. Spi SR the S55 bays Hh aig on Shem bring ma a beast (10 ride), oven if it be an aes [f 4, rom. 5]. Raw. c. ytd ia rarely merely redundant ; Hol Pt spi ST Std gE AF the heroes of the Bins (bt Bakr B ride upon branded Arab steed; cay ‘Se iy ss Aiyfe \gilde UF and how when thou passers by the dualling of (tribe and of noble neighbours of ours? lhe (bo Sanst i5 and (heir like was not found®, Rew. d The verb (ldo, Athiop. yf; ina, does not occur in Hebrew in the sense of to be, exist, happen, though it is 20 used in Syriao (rare) and Phonician. The construction of the c verb is the samo as that of the Arabic brn sative.—In Hebrew the radical 19 rotaina ita original sigiteation (of to stand (compare Fr. dire, older form sre, and Span. ester, from is supplied by 777) oF PH, Aram. a, Hor, 0 fall (55 } happen, be (compare 53, to full, Aappen, Lak acids, Bog, it full ont), of which the predicate tho be looked pon ttn consti =m 42. The same construction appertaina to certain verbs, called by the grammatians Sid I the sisters of kina, which add some circumstantial or modifying idea to the simple one of existenoa. This may bo: (a) the ides of daration or continuity, a in Jt 10 continue, * [Dilforent from this the use of fo after participle, infinitives and other nomina verbalia, in the sens of he (i) war or wee formerly. ‘Gee many examples in the Gloss, Geogr. and the Gloss. to Tabart. D. G.}102 Past Tama—Syntoe, CAD ‘A to lest, construed in the perfect with the dagogsil U6 (wee § 7, and Vol. i. $867, p), ght 60 remain, to last; ij, ct. (sth Bats, construed, in the perfoct or imperfoct, with « neyative particle; (6) the ides of change or conversion, as in 512, 3b, ary, and Wl, to turn out, to become ; (6) the idea of time, as in fib tobe oF do during the whole deg, SA daring the whole wight, shh ct daybreak, 135 ox eh inthe smorning, go-Sl in the forenoon, C5 oF uth in the coming, al of B which verbs are often used as sitnple synonyms of jié, without any regard to the secondary iden of tinie ; oc, (d) the iden of negation, by which that of existence iiaef ia absolutely deni Bama: 595 oS ih there is no pleasure in life, as long as recollection of death and old age; 33 Uo yeti ye BAB 38 J Gila Gk CLIT do net count thyself among men, as long as anger © has the mastery over thee; Gi Cne’s BT Sis J may God never 5th SF never conse bearing Mois 4 WB they said, we will not cease standiog by it (worshipping it); Bk SeblT 51 the clay became pottery: 100 se HED Gibe seed HT (ie Ctdes and he thought tat the water became sapour, and the capour became water; J6ib D EEGs 19s SSSI Suyh 35 ond thou bast boon old, and hast become a sips hci J GT 5 man is lite nought but the lamp and its light, which becomes ashes ; wai 313 SG the Blacknae of his hair Became whiteness; Una.e gayi Ue sda can enemy never becomes « friend; B52a tym Sb his face became lack; UNM5 that agit Coht Canis end thee who pase the night prosirating themesloes unto their Lord and standing up (in prayer); slave in Makka ; $42] The Verb—8. Government of the Vorb—(a) The Accus, 1 al Weld aed St E25 thon wien to become 6 lawyer skilled in disputation; Sah SAH LE iB ) tabgh 5j apt ay not to one who give you the salutation, Thou ort not a elccer: Spins 206 52 Li one who Anows asd one who dove not nae are wot on an oqality; shad $05 25 Sf doal G ahi gai God hath decreed, O Aen, that I should wot cease to love thee. Raw. a. To the above verbs may be added 3, Xp, and df been Ui ol 5 SNE and cro it om my father's (and) be hat! become soving (recover his sigh, explained ly 2° Sid: SL 3b kh bing bn tng rer dhe Me Saas Bast he sharpened hie knife tll it Seoame like « javelin (i.e. dye S£4)—Of thee verbs three, viz woh Gg and Jip are always L250; the others mi be either Las oe B55 fe 44, ote en, " Raw. b. The verbe ij, Cys 3s and Sth, mut always bo ccvengeaie bby © negative, expremed (as in the above examples wit pend i) or pid, w diate ooh thtadte e385 Nat Std ed 1 ahall nt cst long at Cod proers my ‘ike, through God's grace 10 wear a girdle and ride « noble need (Goa tor C58 dtp in rhyme for Uy) abi FL Wath Epil ond Z onid to her, By God, I will not cnas siting oil [Oomp. § 162, rem.} Rat «The verb es, 10 be found, be extant, exist, is often reckoned one of the te Sal bat erronconsly; for tin ether = may be added to these verbe; see the Gloss. to ‘Ton une ey 3 and tay went out in the morwing with setled A106 Parr Tarep.—Syetas. (342 at & or it in the passive of Japs, which SSS ceiceiTa hen sly rn wo object (itt Syaddin; a0 Ge 1b Ge Senge I not one of them a found pure (in @ pure ctate), where Bye is a Ste oF circum. stantial accusative, or we (Fr. on, Germ. man) do not find ons of them pure, where tpn is the second object [§ 25]. Ra d The negative particles and 9, when oly tebe cencimilated to Lian, oF w00d sil sity in the signifontion of Ive, ‘are also construed with the scoumtive of the predicate, provided (1) that the predicate is placed after the anbject, (2) that the exeoptive particle 4} ia not interposed between nea, (3) that the corroborative particle Gy is not added to U4, and (4) that the subject and predicate of J are both undefined ; og sid thie is not @ human being ; as"Ist oh Vag and they are not ite ehildeon; gical Gb US thay are not thir mathers; 436 5 js5 ts iE B50 55 S51 AIST Ae sate emer, for thre a nothing on earth enduring, and no fortrose com protect (one) from what God hath deorend:; do ante Sy BAS 1 eid thew when thous hadet no companion soho war not foithlom ; but on the contrary, dsene Cal Gf US our habit is not cowardion ; SiS 53h BAN A 585 agp s Sy 8 EN Sy Gye Bent Cucina, ys are either gold wor pure sileor, but ye are pottery. ‘The fourth reatechion ia violated in such vorwss a: Uf 9 ABT 55 S65 ebE Ge So FG Mibe Ca ed ake cats in my Aear’s core, T dmeived no other than her ond rolansd not my love of her (Gh being dainty; GING SUM Sy tgs SILT IF hen either ie preie toon or dees the money remoin—If \s has a second predicate, connected with the first by an adverestive particle, such as Jf) or 58, then the second must be pet in the nominative, se Jj Seth Se (CS ai koi taining but ining, Lo. Sah 5b Ji; but $42] The Vord—8. Government of the Verb—{a) The Accwa. 105 {in any other ense, the accusative is profernble to the nominative, ax A U6 or Jetd “Jj3—Thin government of Ls and Ryall U and Shai 9, Renu. ¢. The above construction of Ls and °j ia alno extended to SE (Vol. i § 183, rom, bp sind to XUUaT gy oF the mepative 'in (eee (Vol i § 362, & and] § 168); an wal 2 GEMS gd Sy he rules over nobody ; iijue Sy sor harm thee; ae giet GY bids ate Lakh, Be 5 oy J5d Ls « man is not (to be counted) deacd when his life comes to an nd, lat when he is wronged, end forsaken (by hia friends); A Gem 55 tt its no tne of ewape aS HE SY ‘it was not ax hour for repentance. ‘The government of Sj seeme to bo restricted to nouns denoting tinie, and either its eubject o predicate is omitted, usually the former (Gelis Gem Sj= C 9h Se bell th i Raw, f- Instead of the accuantiva, tho ido Sigd} may take ator then a vorb in tho imperfect following the constrection of Eth, §9, 0 $8, 0; og ES Sons IT 25 GE I I she wd never to cease sleeping ax Tony as the Ulackamith continued working at any work ; ai jie Cheb and he continued looking at them ; 483 Syacst Soboly Ske, JAH Lje5 and 1 sat down by D ‘him and conversed with him at great length ; AE; 5 jh he became SEE jlo he began to reflect upon auch and such Band yo vould be marvlling ; ea cpl GS Bi and thay wore at night hoping for (or longing for the waters of Bhar: ade AAG 6b ana he bg ringing his hand; 335 HG Leg SL by 00, th wit ot ce inking (ot pking) of oarph (com, 8); SIgh5 SS tty Lay G AoA HA chow site wn “ this connot profit thee B106 Pant Tatnp.—Syntas, Bae never cease, as long as thou livest, to hear of some one being dead, until thou art ha (until thy own turn comes), [The predicate of Gilde and ite sisters may also bo replaced by » preposition and the word it governs, or by a circumstantial! clause, generally with Sra AB Lad th Sin rea Fmt Siohamad by 0 elf; BAB Sa, Sad ty he SSL Gs coo cu La a al glans hn on Thande i ie dewmb.) ‘Bau. g, With the constraction of the (ide Sigéh, mentioned in’ vem. ¢, wo may connect that of the 2; Jal or verbs of appropinquation, These aro principally ‘of two kinds: such ax indent the snple proximity of the predicate, and auch as imply 1 hope of ite osourrenea—(1} ‘To the first class belong 31, AE3h, (2) ido (lat p. sing. perf. 2.56, rarely Zid), impert. 3, purticp. Sid, was originally construed with the accusative of the predicate, ax Gh See (oy aS SAG and wo 1 returned to (the tribe of) Fak, but I was very naar not returning ; but it commonly takes the predicate in the imperfect indicative, as Gi Sb Chand itdo Ey very be was igh lecing wa entroy from ot gode; n Sagh gl og Sle 6 28 Soe after the heorte of part of them had well nigh worse ; (pty SF USB Noh oe Sad 5 Sigehli be found before them (Qho two barriers or hills) « people who could scarcely wndersiand speoch ; Ispthe Uy gee Cipla thom thy sacred her (the cow), but they were neoly mot doing i; ihe SEF ASG gab th sen he strates out ie Banc, com hery os it; rary the entjuntive with SS, SBS AUT ie SS psa GLE Sf See Gr oe naoriy not praying the ‘apr (or afternoon prayer) tilt the oun was nary salting ; lb el SI ALT with my sont war nearly §42] The Verd.—3. Government of the Verb—{(a) The Accus. 107 expiring over hiss (for grief), (8) tg), little used in the perfect, «AL generally takes {i with the subjunctive, more rarely the imperf. che nae indie a ytd tghes EF tba Jad ip WEES DGSt ce is sand if men score caked for the (very) dt, shen it waa said * Give era! they would wall nigh be iingnate owt rejvme; Cbgh Sagi aad, td via Sh StS Sf ond our lad it marty becoming, After our friend departure, « desolate wilderness ; anys wh ASE Gb heh fl from hin fa ib Wely to mack ston vome occasion when he is off his guard. either personal or impersonal, for we may say hey (a8 in the thin of the aliov (os in the Brat), oF SE) aged (‘rhere the real subject of ig) ie the following clause). ‘The form Jig? is a valgasism. (1) 5 (curaly Syd) in only used in the pertoct, and is construed with the import. indie, rarcly with Qj} and the subjanctive; as woke tp bee AST Gb my heart war nearly melting away C from grief ; of gaat hy when their throats (it, ‘necka) were wigh being cut to pisces (with drought or thirst). To thee may be added such verde as ides Soli Ae was near overtaking Vide aki the aa vor ding wo and wy Sih og, ABE GN Say Gidey 5558 ene thy found 0 wall which tos about 10 fall; Sineg Cb hey Sif the sick man is about to dias thy og. Saks SN gicat 2 the lamp was om the point of D ring out; and the like—(2) To the second clan belong «5-5, Gm and TIL (6) yak (lat sing, rarely Sepnd), wwod, we may say, only in the perfect, [and havisig always meaning of the imperfect, mostly in the sense of the indefinite or definite present (§ 8, a, 4)], was originally construed, like 3, with the accusative, aa in the half vers Gils Jo5 i SS J108 Pant Tuinp,—Syntas, (42 do not (abuse me) 20 much, for I may become a faster, and in tho prover Usd si5Al ie perkepe the litle cave may become (moy bring) misfortunes, or perhape U-Gowtir (the name of » well) may become (may bring) misfortunes ; bat generally itis construed with GH and the mubjunotive, a0 2605) GE 28) is perhape your mi Ls what may she porkape dof}; 10 Si JM ANG Sale by 8-8 Ji mey 4s mot be, if & seers ordained you to fight, thas yo would not fight? rarely with the import indio, at ZbiT ay he go) Ae perhaps Ged may bring ome joys t33 aki ob Sa—ih gill ot say G5) porkape some joy may be close behind the sorrow in which thew now art. Thi verb, like GE), ie either personal, Sj oF ight ch an in the above examples, or impersonal, 33) 98 Gi is=8, an ab jade 3s Gb Nyhihi CS oi perkape yo may be ever too thing, though 4 be good for you. Still another construction is possible, viz. with » pronominal suffix in the accusative, -30 SUS or ghd fits, tke JE ($36, rom. /), just an conversely fii masy bo followed ‘by the import. indie. or the subjanctive with Bo on Cah aglh CT Sab ayyS3 5 ane that ltr thee bnoww (whether) perchance the hour is near? Hipp gle sdopaty US ales ALLLLT porhape Ho may aid you against those evildoers. Ow rare, with Gf and the subjanctive; as ght GF i ude oF ih Sak GE (7) Folds, rare, with Gf and tho subjunctive, on LSS SAGER BGLL ee ays aly to rain; he Figid it da Kbely he moy come.—{8) With these two classes of verbs the gremmerians contest « third, which they call gajiif SESST Sil, the core of beginning. Boch are: Sil, Sam Gib (erly Sib and by 55, Jt 2, UES, and La, wo begin, weed, we may say, only in the perfect, and followed by the import. Indic; as dtgly Jag he began to reproach him; Gaby § 44] The Verb—3. Government of the Verb—{a) The Accus. 109 BTS Soe eld gag and they bpm to oe taper of hy the lesen of Paradios (to cover their nakednom); 383 ase Gi ti HE ELE iy Lc. shen 2 an of my guard for @ moment, the mnightingales, dipping in their heads, Began to drink of my ciara; Tas JS ep GLb LH S35 and bpm did the meat among the paople of San't ; pl gp ay05 Loe csi AUST she pigeon began to fly cbout in search of water ; HST cits CoE the woman Began to wait aon; qyitgli Seb ake bopon to ‘reproach me. 43. The adverbial accusative depende— B. On any verbal idea which determines or limite in any way the sabject, verb, or predicate of a sentence, or the whole sentence. In thin case it supplies the place of » preposition with the genitive, or of « conjunctive clause, and amply makes up for tho want of adverbs in Arabic. 44. By tho adverbial accusative in dosignated :— a. ‘The time in or during which an act takes place; as ois ay ALLL the caliph saw him one day wanking his foot ; BIT 256 Syst Bide (aye She drones nt how he shall dio on his ying day 2351 Sho S25, or apc or part of the dey; aydt ah Cb Sy Hee AIM SLT raid not brow twhethor ho came hore yesterday or taday; UMN GAN wats gh SS to their father in the evening ; 3 iis SG retect 00 months spon the choice of a teacher; Eesis) all lé Si 5 45 he did not pase the night on a bed for forty yoars; Phd ib AEas ee FH) The Verb. —3. Government of the Verb.—(a) The Accue Ti 110 Pawr Tuinn.—Bgutew. Rew. &. Poenan isthe wwe of G2, sinc, Ga, gcd th, A sat ED. sel Sdae popec an Ther diy rien a morning of particular day or to a certain fixell time; og. déyii jot T inet him this morning ; jane Friday in the morning, Thuralay in the morning ; i met bien time ufter time ; (Wy A GSE StF ho stood mp ct tinea while lecturing : Soe HGS ABT and 1 continued reflecting for a aH LT GES 7 billed him Last ye in the winter-time; SS 465 Crem he anid at the time of his mecting him (or when he met him) ; 22,85 would monn £ met hin on abs he 5a tthe time when ald age ia dovring nour; 234 st ee B this 3f Aes Sy yEIG i Ciba it aha! mem) a If they, om the : as day they shall ve it, had not tarried (in their graces) sacs an evening BT toed orleans of an sy ee several and indefinite, B on ita mornings gh sn Sagh Sila Sti Tt with hin the pce én eich it in prtormed; ax Jee! Ait gph they raved for long time, ia. Sag 555 ugh job Saks then be taried not Jour miles; gehaigh LABS I walled to parunnge; BNE bm. tong, i. gh eb 5}. (1 tho sumo clans bolong the adverbial phar (SG25) GG Gagd 5S he dtd right and eft; expronsions po SAS once, 34 Sats one day, Aah Sits one night, ond bas be ae seemed ct ay ead ede: ASE (or 8) ay SSE AE ct im fret of al} a meets ape c Rees, «. A mandarin often pat in the accusative of timo by wn seamed s Bai abies aden llipee of some rach word 1s io ati tine Ws bg pide Te may aiil tho wlverbial expressions cpeeal 5 and ACER i i the oe S25 he come of runrng is. cht gxlb 255; Spit. 355 Airerton 2f the right hand and of the left) ; aL ervived atthe sting of the Star (tha Pleiades) ; du} (tf GIT ais hermes tte of te arrival of the caravan OF, pilgrims, ot pts Sghs at the tine of ePrnoon prayer, gd Liha dering te ep of mans 55 peace : { D Lapland ob the ting of the ware; yisahae 3o5 ay al Tx is Us ois wien wingen Ses of pus ear CME ‘waited for him for the space of time in which one might in construed with a vorb conveying the idea of xtoppi { Sphan ace loots ‘Examples of more violent elisious are: aoa ving stopping ‘ pet LIKE f 1 witt not speak to him a long a the to | gatherers of acacia berries (or leaves) are (he. Z will never \ epeak to kim), for yeh it a5 1335 FT will not i 970 0 him as long a the t100 Pointers (the two stars which point to Bi the tae staged ering sist the tte of Ca Mead (oes ¥ the Polestar) enduro (ie. I sill never go to Mim), tor shy 125 the Cabins, ts Pabeed iv ¥ Sagg atl comp. $70, om ad, D. AL] ia