% © 3.@) @) From (2): -2x+y=3 3) (1)x(2): Ixt4y = 22 (4) (3)+(4): yr4y=3422 So Sy=25 25 ese Substitute y = 5 into (1): x+26)=11 So x+10=11 x=11-10=1 Hence, the coordinate of the point @ are (1, 5) Using P(2, 7) and Q(1, 5) the length of PQ = J(%— xy +02 = Vi+4 5 Pa,7) os) Hence, the exact length of the line segment PQ is V5 units. 2006 U1 POI a6. Given x7 +2x+y?-4y=4, then complete the squares on the le side as shown below. (42x42 )F (7 —4y42)=44P + So (x41) +(y-2)) =44144=9 Itis in the form (x—a)* +(y-b)° -1,b=2and 1? =9. So the coordinates of the centre of the circle, (a, b) = (-1, 2). The radius of the circle, r= V9 units = 3 units EE CE whereGi) Given -1+3sin@, y=2+3c0s8 then x+1=3sin@, y-2=3c0s@ So (x#1)°+(y-2)? =Gsin@)? + (3c0s6)? =9sin? @+9cos? 8 = %sin® 4+ cos’ 8) =9(1) =9 as expected Hence, x=-1+3sin@, y=2+3cos@ are the parametric ‘equations of the circle. G+? +(y-2) xty=l From (2): y=1—x Substitute y= (x41)? +(1-x-2)? (x41? +(-x-1)" P+ 2xt lex? +204 2x +4x+2-9=0 2x? +4x-7=0 where @=2,b=4andc=~7. Using the quadratic formula: _ 4 t V6 +56 4 _o44v72 a —44V36x2 EOS -446y2 oe2(-2+3V2) 4 =2£3V2 2 3 =-1tiy2 me Hence, the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the circle with the line x+ y=1 are -183N3 2006 U1 P02 Q3. (a) ) Using the points (7, 3) and C(-5, -1), the gradient of AC, m and the equation of a straight line y—y, = m(x—x,) becomes Hence, the equation of the line AC is 3y= x +2. Using the points B(1,—4) and C(-5, -1), the gradient ofUsing the point B(1, 4) and m=2, then the equation of a straight line becomes y-C4)=2(e-1) So yt4=2x-2 2x-2-4 2x-6 Hence the equation of the line BD is y= 2x-6 By=x42 2x-6 a Q2) Substitute y=2x—6 into (1); 3Qx-6)=x42 6x-18=x+2 6x 5x=20 220i =o So ive. => x 4 Substitute y =4 into (2): y=2x-6 2(4)-6 =8-6 =2 Hence the coordinates of M are (4, 2). 2007 U1 P01 a6. nu 3.@G) 0 PD isa tangent to the circle and DC is a radius. => PICH=ItZ = — DC=Sunits=r Hence the length of the radius of the circle is 5 units. i eo foUsing Pythagoras theorem: (5) 0-4 = (x5) + (p44)? =25 Vera The equation of a circle with centre C(h, k) is: And C(5,—4)=9h=5 and k=-4(= -k=4) So (x5) +(y4 49 =F ie, (x5) (7 +4y' = 25 Hence the equation of the circle is (x-5)° +(v +4) 40,0) 38,0) The equation of the x-axis is y= 0. When y=0, then (e-5)° +4? = 25 So (x-5) +16 =25 ie. > So x=5+3=8 and r=5-3=2 => — A(2,0) and B(8,0) Hence the coordinates of the points 4 and B are (2, 0) and (8, 0) respectively.So the gradient of PB, m, = Using the point B(8, 0) and m=— 2 then the equation of a straight line yy, =m(x=%;) becomes (-0=-36-8) 3x46 4 4 Ay =-3x+24 = 3xt4y=24 Hence the equation of the tangent at Bis y=-7x+6 or 3x+4y = 24, net ay=28=> P(0,6) Hence the coordinates of P are (0, 6). owns 000,0) 0. The point D has coordinates (0,~4), The length of PD = PO+OD (6+4) units 0 units Using the points P(0, 6) and B(8, 0), then the length of PB is given = 6-07 +0-67 = 64436 = 100 = 10 units Hence PD = PB. 2007 U1 P02 Q3.2 4@ (i ‘The gradient of PQ, m= So ie. The gradient of the line perpendicular to PQ is 3 Using the point M(3, 4) and m =~, then the equation of a straight linem(x—x,) becomes 4yt5x=15+16=31 Hence, the equation of the line which passes through M and is, perpendicular to PQ is 4y+5x=31, Using the points 0(0, 0), P(-2, 0) and Q(8, 8), and the standard equat of acircle: then ie. And So ie, = = (eal +(y— (0-a)’ +(0-by abs (-2-a)' +(0-by 444ata° +b 444a+r) (8a) +(8-b) 64-16a+a* + 64—16b +5" 128-16a—16b + 128-16(-1)-161 128+16-16/ 144-16b=0 16b = 144 Hence, the coordinates of the centre of the circle through P, Oand Q are (-1, 9).#4 y+ 10e— y+ 11-0 x+y? +10x-12y411=0. yextl Substitute y=x+1 into (1) x +(xtl) +10x-12(+1)+11=0 So x? +x? +2x+1+10x—12x-12+11=0 ie. 2x? 412x-12x+12-12=0 th 2x*=0 where a=2,b=Oande=0 The discriminant, b’ - 4ac = 0° —4(2)0 0=> Equal roots Since the discriminant indicates that the resulting quadratic equation has repeated roots, then the line y= x+1 is a tangent to the circle x7 + y? +10x-12p+11=0. ALTERNATIVELY 1: @ Since x+y? +10x-12y+11=0 Then x +l0xt+y°-12y=-11 So x +10x+5?+y?-12y+6 =-114 57° + 6° ie. (xt 5)? +(y-6)? =-11425+36=50 Itis in the form (x—a)' +(y—-by" The centre of the circle, (a, b) = (-, 6) The radius of the circle, r = V/50 units = 5y2 units“Tangent ry+ind The equation of the line y=x+1=x-y+1=0 where a= 1, b=—I and c= 1. laxtby+d| The perpendicular distance, d = 5y2 units Since the perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle is eq to the radius of the circle, the line y= x+1 is a tangent to the circle x+y? +10x-12y +11=0. The angle between a radius and a tangent at the point of tangency is: right angle, x+y? +10x-12y+11=0 0) yextl > 2x =0 = x=0 when x=0, theny=0+1 Hence, the coordinates of the point of contact of the tangent to the circle are (0, 1).Ver UT is ao 1B. 5.(a) ongent The equation y =x+1=> that the gradient of the line is my =1 The product of the gradient: myn; =1x(-1)=-1. Hence, the line y=.x+1 is a tangent to the circle x+y? +10x-12y+11=0. 2008 (RR) U1 P02 Q4, Given ety -2x-20y+51=0 Then x -2x+y?-20y=-S1 So (x°-2x+1")+(y?-20y +10") = S1+1 +10? ie. (x1)? +(y-10) =-S1+1+100 (x-1 +(y-10) =50 => the centre P(a, b) = P (1, 10) x+y? -2x-20y+51=0 xo2y+ From (2):Substitute x=2y—4 into (1): (2y-4y' +? -2(2y-4)- 20+ 51=0 So 4y? -16y+16+y? -4y4+8-20y+51=0 ie. 4y?+y?-16y—4y—20y+16+8+51=0 c 5y?-40y+75=0 5: yi -8y+15=0 Factorizing: (y- 59-3) = 0 Either Hence, the coordinates are P(1, 10), 4(2, 3) and B(6, 5). Ss x+y? —2x-2y+514 A(x-2y+4)=0 3x? +3y? -16x-40y +113 =0Since x° + y*—2x-20y+51+A(x—2y+4)=0 then using the coordinates of the point P(1, 10) F410? —2(1)-20(10) +514 A(-2x10+4)=0 So 1+100-2-200+51+ A(I-20+4)=0 ie. 152-202+ A(-15)=0 -50-154=0 -154=50 = Hence, the value of 2 is e when 4=—"2, then 3 2x-20y+51+ A(x—-2y+4) =0 becomes Say-2x-20y+51-Bo-2y+4)=0 x3: 3x7 +3y’ -6x-60y+153-10(x—2y +4) =0 Then 3x? +3y?-6x—60y+153—10x+20y—40=0 6x-10x-60y+20y-+153-40=0 ie. 3x? +3y? -16x—40y+113=0 Hence, the equation of circle Cis 3x” +3y? -16x—40y +113 =0. ‘The point P lies on the circumference of the circle with centre Q, so |PO| is the radius of the circle.3x? +3)? -16xr-40y +113=0 ws Hence, the distance, |PQ), between the centres is ~~ unl Praca > Since (« = J +f , then the centre of secre (2,2)Using the points P(1, 10) and (3.2), then the distance |PQ|= J, - x, +02 -1) ETE) (etaThe gradient of PQ, m, ‘The product of the gradients, m, -m, =—x(-2)=—I, therefore the two lines are perpendicular. Moreover PQ is the perpendi bisector of the chord AB, since P and Q are the centres of the The midpoint of AB, M = ( Rte WAY ae Using the points P(1, 10) and (4, 4), then the distance [PM|= (x, — 4) +(2-4,)" = (4-1)? + (4-10 =y3? +(-6)* Henee, the distance | PM| is 3V5 units. Ee Coa(b) (i) Given then So Squaring: (3) (x= 2 9 (ii) The equation (x-2)° +(y—3)' = 25 represents a circle with centre (2, 3) and radius 5 units. The equation = )” = 1 represents an ellipse with central point (2, 3). Clearly, every point in the curve with the Cartesian equation O23? 16 2008 (TT) U1 P02 Q4. =1 lies within the circle (x2)? + (y—3)? = 25 14, 3. (a) (i) The circle Chas equation (x-3)? +(y—4)° = 25. Itis in the form (x—a)’ +(y—b)” So the radius of the circle C, r= 25 units = 5 units. ‘And the coordinates of the centre of C are (a, b) = (3, 4).Given (x3) +(-4)? = 25 then L(2-3 +0-4"1= £09) So 268-3) x1420)-4)2=0 ie. Ay-4) es 3-6 & a 6)=— = Foor Using the point (6, 8) and m= 3 then the equation of a straight yy, =m(x—x,) becomes 3 Desir og Cae) So ponds Bees yo-sxtSGii)_In order to calculate the coordinates of the points of intersection of C with the straight line y =2x+3, we need to solve the following pair of equations simultaneously. (2-3) (9-4)? =25 ® y=2x+3 (2) Substitute y= 2x+3 into (1): (x-3)? +(Qx4+3-4)' =25 Then (x-3)? +(2x-1) = 25 So x -6x49+4x? 4x41 = 25 ie, x 44x*-6x—4x+941-25=0 Sx*-10x-15=0 +5: x -2x-3=0 Factorizing: (x34) =0 Either x-3=0 or or Hence, the coordinates of the points of intersection are: 3,9) and (-1, 1). 2009 U1 P02 Q3. (a) 15. 3.()()The centre of the circle C, (the midpoint of the diameter), M The radius of the circle C,, r= (x, -x,)° + = ¥@-[-1)? +(22-37 Vat +b? The standard equation of a circle is (x-ay +(9-by (x-Ey' + -3) = 5 (x4 1P +00 x +2xtl+y? -6y+ => x+y +2x-6y414+9— a x+y +2x-6y+5= Hence, the equation of the circle C, is x+y t+2x-6y4+5=0. Equation of C, : v+y'+2x—6y+5=0 Equation of C, : xty'+x-Sy=0 (2)-@ x-2x-Sy+6y-5 SoSubstitute y= .x+5 into (1): x7 +(x+5) +2x-6(x+5)+5=0 So x? +10x-+25+2x—-6x—30+5=0 je. x?+x7 +10x+2x-6x+25-30+5=0 2x? +6x=0 a2; x 43x=0 Factorizing x(r+3)=0 Either x=0 x=0 When x=0, ) 0+5=53(0,5) When x=-3, then y=-3+5=2=(-3,2) Alternatively, substitute y=1x+5 into (2): 4 (x+5) +x-3(e+5) So x?+x7+10x+25+x—5x-25= de, xt +x? +10x+x—5x+25-25=0 2x? +6x=0 #2: x43x=0 Hence, the coordinates of the points of intersection of C, and C, are (-3, 2) and (0, 5) ALTERNATIVELY: 3. (b) (i) Substituting (-3, 4) into 24 +2x-6yt5 (3° +4? + 2(-3)-6(4) +5 +16-6-24+5 0-3016. 3.0)@) Substitute (1, 2) into C, Cx ty? +2x-6y+5 =P +2? +2(1)-6(2)+5 =14442-1245 =12-12 =0 Hence the equation of the circle C, is x* + y? +2x-6y+5 2010 U1 P02 Q3. (b) C:x°+y?-2y-15=0 It is the form x°+y° +2fet+2gy+c=0 Thus 2f=0 + f=0 = -f=0 And 2g=-2 = g=-l 3 -g=l So the centre of the circle, (~f-g) = (0, 1). Since L; 0, where x=0 and y=1 then Completing the square. It is the form (x-a)" +(y—' So the centre of the circle, (a, b) = (0, 1). ‘The perpendicular distance from a point P(x;,9) to the line L: Ar+By+C=0 is +By+CSo the perpendicular distance from the centre of the cirele (0, 1) to the line L: x—y+1=0 is ge =1+1 Hence L passes through the centre of the circle C (i) Lix-y+1=0 o C: x+y? -2y-15=0 Q) From (1); pextl @ Substitute y=.x-+1 into (2): x +(x41)-2r41)-15=0 Then x°+x°+2x+1—2x-2-15=0 So 2x? -16=0 42: x -8=0 ie, 8 x=av8 = 422 Substituting x = 22 into (3): Substituting 22 into (3): 2241 Hence the coordinates of P and Q are (2V2, 2V2 +1) and (-2V2,-2V2+)).(b) (iii) Given that then So Given that then So So xo by +0 s the equation of the cirel And * + (y—1)? =16 is the equation of the cire ie. (x-07 +(y-1? = 4 Hence a=4,b=OandcGiven that x-y+1=0 then axel Since AB is perpendicular to L, then the gradient of AB, m Using the point (0, 1) and m then yy, =m(x—,) becomes M(x-0) So Let the centre of the circle C3 = (x, Using the point (0, 1) and r= 4 units then (xP 40-91 So (x0) + (y-If =16 ie. x 4(y-I=16 Substituting y=—x +1 into (2) xt +(-x+1-1) =16 8 x x=dV8=42V2 ALTERNATIVELY: ituting y =—x+1 into the equation of C. x+y? -2p-15=0 x84 (-x+1P -2(-x41)-15=0 P 4x? -2xt142x-2-15=0