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2-1 The center portion of the rubber balloon has a

diameter of d = 100 mm. If the air pressure
within it causes the balloon's diameter to
become d = 125 mm, determine the average
normal strain in the rubber.

Given: d0 := 100mm d := 125mm

Solution:
d d0
:=
d0

mm
= 0.2500 Ans
mm

Ans:
CE
0.00250 mm mm, BD
0.00107 mm mm

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*24. The force applied at the handle of the rigid lever

causes the lever to rotate clockwise about the pin B through G F
an angle of 2. Determine the average normal strain
developed in each wire. The wires are unstretched when the 200 mm 200 mm 300 mm
300 mm
lever is in the horizontal position. E
A B

C D
200 mm
H

Geometry: The lever arm rotates through an angle of u = a b p rad = 0.03491 rad.
2
180
Since u is small, the displacements of points A, C, and D can be approximated by

dA = 200(0.03491) = 6.9813 mm

dC = 300(0.03491) = 10.4720 mm

dD = 500(0.03491) = 17.4533 mm

Average Normal Strain: The unstretched length of wires AH, CG, and DF are
LAH = 200 mm, LCG = 300 mm, and LDF = 300 mm. We obtain
dA 6.9813
(Pavg)AH = = = 0.0349 mm>mm Ans.
LAH 200

= 0.0349 mm>mm
dC 10.4720
(Pavg)CG = = Ans.
LCG 300

= 0.0582 mm>mm
dD 17.4533
(Pavg)DF = = Ans.
LDF 300

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25. The two wires are connected together at A. If the force P

causes point A to be displaced horizontally 2 mm, determine
the normal strain developed in each wire. C

300
mm

30
P
30 A

mm
300

LAC = 23002 + 22 - 2(300)(2) cos 150 = 301.734 mm

LAC - LAC 301.734 - 300
PAC = PAB = = = 0.00578 mm>mm Ans.
LAC 300

Ans:
PAC = PAB = 0.00578 mm>mm

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26. The rubber band of unstretched length 2r0 is forced

down the frustum of the cone. Determine the average r0
normal strain in the band as a function of z.

2r0 h

Geometry: Using similar triangles shown in Fig. a,

h h + h
= ; h = h
r0 2r0

Subsequently, using the result of h

r r0 r0
= ; r = (z + h)
z+h h h

Average Normal Strain: The length of the rubber band as a function of z is

2pr0
L = 2pr = (z +h). With L0 = 2r0, we have
h
2pr0
(z + h) - 2r0
L - L0 h p
Pavg = = = (z + h) - 1 Ans.
L0 2r0 h

Ans:
p
Pavg = (z + h) - 1
h

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27. The pin-connected rigid rods AB and BC are inclined P

at u = 30 when they are unloaded. When the force P is
applied u becomes 30.2. Determine the average normal B
strain developed in wire AC.

u u
600 mm

A C

Geometry: Referring to Fig. a, the unstretched and stretched lengths of wire AD are

LAC = 2(600 sin 30) = 600 mm

LAC = 2(600 sin 30.2) = 603.6239 mm

Average Normal Strain:

LAC - LAC
= 6.04(10 - 3) mm>mm
603.6239 - 600
(Pavg)AC = = Ans.
LAC 600

Ans:
(Pavg)AC = 6.04(10 - 3) mm>mm

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211. The corners B and D of the square plate are given y

the displacements indicated. Determine the average normal
strains along side AB and diagonal DB. A

16 mm

D B
x
3 mm

3 mm 16 mm

C
16 mm 16 mm

Referring to Fig. a,

LAB = 2162 + 162 = 2512 mm

LAB = 2162 + 132 = 2425 mm

LBD = 16 + 16 = 32 mm

LBD = 13 + 13 = 26 mm
Thus,

LAB - LAB 2425 - 2512

A eavg B AB = = = -0.0889 mm>mm Ans.
LAB 2512
LBD - LBD 26 - 32
A eavg B BD = = = - 0.1875 mm>mm Ans.
LBD 32

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214. The force P applied at joint D of the square frame 200 mm 200 mm
causes the frame to sway and form the dashed rhombus. P D E C
Determine the average normal strain developed in wire AC.
Assume the three rods are rigid.
3

400 mm

A
B

Geometry: Referring to Fig. a, the stretched length of LAC of wire AC can be

determined using the cosine law.

LAC = 24002 + 4002 - 2(400)(400) cos 93 = 580.30 mm

The unstretched length of wire AC is

LAC = 24002 + 4002 = 565.69 mm

Average Normal Strain:

LAC - LAC
= 0.0258 mm>mm
580.30 - 565.69
(Pavg)AC = = Ans.
LAC 565.69

Ans:
(Pavg)AC = 0.0258 mm>mm

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215. The force P applied at joint D of the square frame 200 mm 200 mm
causes the frame to sway and form the dashed rhombus. P D E C
Determine the average normal strain developed in wire
AE. Assume the three rods are rigid.
3

400 mm

A
B

Geometry: Referring to Fig. a, the stretched length of LAE of wire AE can be

determined using the cosine law.
LAE = 24002 + 2002 - 2(400)(200) cos 93 = 456.48 mm

The unstretched length of wire AE is

LAE = 24002 +2002 = 447.21 mm

Average Normal Strain:

LAE - LAE
= 0.0207 mm>mm
456.48 - 447.21
(Pavg)AE = = Ans.
LAE 447.21

Ans:
(Pavg)AE = 0.0207 mm>mm

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*216. The triangular plate ABC is deformed into the y

shape shown by the dashed lines. If at A, eAB = 0.0075,
PAC = 0.01 and gxy = 0.005 rad, determine the average
normal strain along edge BC. C

300 mm
gxy

x
A B
400 mm

Average Normal Strain: The stretched length of sides AB and AC are

LAC = (1 + ey)LAC = (1 + 0.01)(300) = 303 mm

LAB = (1 + ex)LAB = (1 + 0.0075)(400) = 403 mm

Also,

b = 89.7135
p 180
u = - 0.005 = 1.5658 rada
2 p rad

The unstretched length of edge BC is

LBC = 23002 + 4002 = 500 mm

and the stretched length of this edge is

LBC = 23032 + 4032 - 2(303)(403) cos 89.7135

= 502.9880 mm

We obtain,

LBC - LBC 502.9880 - 500

PBC = = = 5.98(10 - 3) mm>mm Ans.
LBC 500

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217. The plate is deformed uniformly into the shape y

y
shown by the dashed lines. If at A, gxy = 0.0075 rad., while
PAB = PAF = 0, determine the average shear strain at point
G with respect to the x and y axes.

F E
x
C
600 mm D
gxy
300 mm

x
A G B
= 0.0075 rad a b = 0.4297. Thus,
180 600 mm
Geometry: Here, gxy 300 mm
p rad
c = 90 - 0.4297 = 89.5703 b = 90 + 0.4297 = 90.4297

Subsequently, applying the cosine law to triangles AGF and GBC, Fig. a,

LGF = 26002 + 3002 - 2(600)(300) cos 89.5703 = 668.8049 mm

LGC = 26002 + 3002 - 2(600)(300) cos 90.4297 = 672.8298 mm

Then, applying the sine law to the same triangles,

sin f sin 89.5703

= ; f = 63.7791
600 668.8049

sin a sin 90.4297

= ; a = 26.4787
300 672.8298

Thus,
u = 180 - f - a = 180 - 63.7791 - 26.4787

b = 1.5663 rad
p rad
= 89.7422a
180

Shear Strain:
p p
(gG)xy = - u = - 1.5663 = 4.50(10 - 3) rad Ans.
2 2

Ans:
(gG)xy = 4.50(10 - 3) rad

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218. The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. y

Determine the shear strain gxy at corners A and B if the 5 mm
plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines. 2 mm
4 mm
2 mm B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
D A
400 mm
3 mm

Geometry: For small angles,

2
a = c = = 0.00662252 rad
302

2
b = u = = 0.00496278 rad
403
Shear Strain:

(gB)xy = a + b

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 A 10 - 3 B rad Ans.

(gA)xy = u + c

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 A 10 - 3 B rad Ans.

Ans:
(gB)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad,
(gA)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad

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222. The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is y
given a horizontal displacement of 5 mm. Determine the shear
strain, gxy, at A.
45 800 mm

45
x A A
45 5 mm

800 mm

L = 28002 + 52 - 2(800)(5) cos 135 = 803.54 mm

sin 135 sin u

= ; u = 44.75 = 0.7810 rad
803.54 800
p p
gxy = - 2u = - 2(0.7810)
2 2
= 0.00880 rad Ans.

Ans:
gxy = 0.00880 rad

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226 .

Ans:
1Pavg 2 CA = - 5.59110-3 2 mm>mm

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227. The square plate ABCD is deformed into the shape y

shown by the dashed lines. If DC has a normal strain y x
Px = 0.004, DA has a normal strain Py = 0.005 and at D,
gxy = 0.02 rad, determine the shear strain at point E with 600 mm
A B
respect to the x and y axes.
A B

600 mm E

x
D C C

Average Normal Strain: The stretched length of sides DC and BC are

LDC = (1 + Px)LDC = (1 + 0.004)(600) = 602.4 mm

LBC = (1 + Py)LBC = (1 + 0.005)(600) = 603 mm

Also,

b = 88.854
p 180
a = - 0.02 = 1.5508 rada
2 p rad

b = 91.146
p 180
f = + 0.02 = 1.5908 rada
2 p rad

Thus, the length of CA and DB can be determined using the cosine law with
reference to Fig. a.

LCA = 2602.42 + 6032 - 2(602.4)(603) cos 88.854 = 843.7807 mm

LDB = 2602.42 + 6032 - 2(602.4)(603) cos 91.146 = 860.8273 mm

Thus,
LCA LDB
LEA = = 421.8903 mm LEB = = 430.4137 mm
2 2

Using this result and applying the cosine law to the triangle AEB , Fig. a,

602.42 = 421.89032 + 430.41372 - 2(421.8903)(430.4137) cos u

b = 1.5698 rad
p rad
u = 89.9429a
180

Shear Strain:
p p
(gE)xy = - u = - 1.5698 = 0.996(10 - 3) rad Ans.
2 2

Ans:
(gE)xy = 0.996(10 - 3) rad

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*228. The wire is subjected to a normal strain that is

P (x/L)e(x/L)
2
2
defined by P = (x>L)e - (x>L) . If the wire has an initial x
length L, determine the increase in its length. x

L
1 - (x>L)2
L = xe dx
L L0
2
e - (x>L) L
= -L c d = 31 - (1>e)4
L
2 0 2

3e - 14
L
= Ans.
2e

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229 .

Ans:
1Pavg 2AC = 0.0168 mm >mm,
1gA 2 xy = 0.0116 rad

133