ICON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Harvard Referencing and Citation Guidelines

Referencing:
This is a method used to demonstrate to the assessors that a learner has conducted a thorough
and appropriate literature search. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that you have
used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work. As with all
referencing styles, there are two parts: Citing and the Reference List.

Referencing list format:

This is your list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. The list is inclusive
showing books, journals, etc., listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type.

The list should be in Alphabetical Order by author/editor/company name, etc. (No bullet
points or numbering)

PRINTED/PUBLISHED SOURCES

Book: by one Author

Author (surname), Initials. (Year) Title of book (Italic). Edition. (only include this if not the
first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.

Reference List:

Where 1st edition

Baron, D. P. (2008) Business and the Organisation. Chester: Pearson.

Where 3rd edition

Redman, P. (2006) Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open
University in assoc. with Sage.

In text reference:

According to (Baron, 2008) organization structure

Leading social scientist (Redman, 2006; Baron, 2008; Smith, 2008) have noted

Book: by two, three authors

The required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials.(Year) Title of book. Edition (only
include this if not the first edition). Place: Publisher.

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Reference List:

Barker, R., Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J. (1988) Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.

In text reference for the above examples:

A new theory (Barker and Munday, 1988) has challenged traditional thinking

Book: by four or more authors

Author (surname), Initials. et al (Year) Title of book. Edition (only include this if not the first
edition). Place: Publisher.

Reference List:

Grace, B. et al. (1988) A history of the world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

In text reference for the above examples:

Leading business fellows Grace et al (1988) noted that

Foreign Book

Author (surname), initial. (Year) Title of Book [either as given or an English translation in
square brackets] Place of publication Publisher Language of translation in round brackets

Reference List:

Borges, J. L. (1995) [Ficciones] Madrid: Alianza Editorial.

Book: Translated

Author (surname), Initials. (Year) Title of book. Translated from (language) by (name of
translator) Place of publication: Publisher.

Canetti, E. (2001) The voices of Marrakesh: a record of a visit. Translated from German by
J.A.Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.

Multiple Books by same Author published in the same year

Author (surname), Initals.(Year a/b/c) Title of book. Place: Publisher.

Reference List:

Soros, G. (1966a) The road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Soros, G. (1966b) Beyond the road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

In text reference for the above examples:

Soros (1966a) mentioned in his

According to Soros (1966b) modern literature.

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Chapter of edited book or Secondary reference for Book and Journal

When an author refers to another authors work and the primary source is not available

Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials. Year of chapter. Title of chapter followed by In:
Book editor(s) initials and surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name. Year of book. Title
of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers
followed by full-stop.

References List:

Smith, J. (1975) A source of information. In: W. Jones, ed. (2000). One hundred and one
ways to find information about health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 2.

Samson, C. (1970) Problems of information studies in history. In: S. Stone, ed. (2002).
Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, pp. 44-68.

In text reference for the above examples:

(Smith, 1975)
(Samson, 1970)
N.B. You are advised that secondary referencing should be avoided wherever possible
and you should always try to find the original work

Journal Articles

Author (surname), Initials. (Year) Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number
(Issue/Part number), Page number(if single page then use p if more than one page use pp)

References List:

Boughton, J.M. (2002) The Bretton Woods proposal: an in-depth look. Political Science
Quarterly, 42(6), pp.564-78.

Foreign Journal

Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of article [square brackets] Journal title Edition Page
number Language of translation (round brackets)

References List:

Caballero, D. (2003) [Policing without borders] Cambi16. 1(668) pg. 24 (in Spanish)

Report

Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of report (underline or italicise) Publisher Report code
and number (in brackets)

References List:

Dearing, R. (1996) Review of qualifications for 16 19 year olds: quality and rigour in A
Level examinations. London: SCAA Publications (COM/96/467)
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Annual Report:
Corporate author, Year of publication. Full title of annual report (if available), Place of
Publication: Publisher.

Marks & Spencer (2004) The way forward, annual report 2003-2004, London: Marks &
Spencer.

For an e-version of an annual report. The required elements for a reference are:

Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page, [type of medium]Available at:
include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator)[Accessed date]

Marks & Spencer (2004) Annual report 2003-2004. [Online] Available at: http://www-
marks-and-spencer.co.uk/corporate/annual2003/[Accessed 4 June 2005].

Theses

Author (surname), initials. (Year) of submission. Title of theses (underline or italicise)

Degree statement Degree-awarding body

References List:

Hounsome, I. W. (2001) Factors affecting the design and performance of flexible ducts in trench
reinstatements. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Napier University.

Newspaper

Article with author

Author (surname), initials. (Year) Article Title (underline or italicise) Name of Newspaper
Date (day, month, year) Page number

References List:

Ward, L. (2004) Diploma plan to reward lower and higher abilities. The Guardian.18th February, p.4.

Article without an author

Title of publication Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (underline or

italicise) Day and Month Page number

References List:

The Guardian (2004) HSBC CEO has come down at last. 23rd November, p. 10.

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 ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Electronic Book (e-book)

Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of book (underline or italicise) Name of e-book
supplier [Online] Available at: URL (Date accessed)

References List:

Krug, B. and White, S. E. (2004) EBay secrets: how to create Internet auction listings that make
30% more money while selling every item you list. Amazon [Online]. Available at:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/ (Accessed: 16 August 2004).

Articles in Electronic Journal

Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of article (in quotation marks) Title of journal
(underline or italicise) Volume, issue, page numbers Database Name [Online] Available at:
URL of collection (Date accessed).

References List:

Haliday, J. (2004) 'Ford dealers test custom cable ads', Advertising age,75 (42), pg. 6. Proquest
[Online]. Available at: http://proquest.umi.com/ (Accessed: 23 November 2004).

Article in Internet Journal Database

Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of article (underline or italicise) Title of Journal
(underline or italicise) [Online] Volume, issue Available at: URL of web page (Date
accessed).

References List:

Lloyd, J. (2001) Blessed are the pure in heart: globalisation. New Statesman, 23 April [Online].
Available at: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles(Accessed: 23 November 2004).

Online Material in the Internet without Date

Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of article (underline or italicise) [Online], issue
[Online] Available at: URL of web page (Date accessed).
References List:

Lloyd, J. (No Date) Blessed are the pure in heart: globalisation [Online]. Available at:
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles (Accessed: 23 November 2004).

Online Material from Internet without Authors Name

Name of the Organisation, (Year) Title of article (underline or italicise) [Online] Available at:
URL of web page (Date accessed).
References List:

Marks & Spencer (2010) Marks and Spencers Corporate Strategy [Online]. Available at:
http://www.m&s.co.uk/corporate/ (Accessed: 23 November 2004)

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Email

Name of sender and email address, (Year) Message or subject title from posting line. [type of
medium] Recipient's name and email address. Date sent: Including time. Available at: URL
(e.g. details of where message is archived). [Accessed date].

Jones, P. (jones@jones.com), (2005) Mobile phone developments. [email] Message to R. G.

Schmit (r.g.schmit@syy.ac.uk). Sent Monday 7 June 2005, 08:13. Available at:
<http://gog.defer.com/2004_07_01_defer_archive.html> [Accessed 7 July 2005].

N.B: Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted. Copies of such
correspondence should be kept, as these may need to be submitted as an appendix in an
academic submission

Images from the Internet

Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of image (underline or italicise) [Online image]
Available at: URL (Date accessed)

References List:
Marshall, J. (2000) Cathedral clock. [Online image]. Available at:
http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/art/art_cathclock.html (Accessed 23 November 2004).

OTHER SOURCES

Computer Programme
Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of programme (underline or italicise) Version (in
brackets) Form, i.e. Computer programme [in square brackets] Availability, i.e. distributor,
address, order number (if given)
References List:

Sanders, B. and William, B. (2001) Java in 2 semesters. (version 2) [computer programme]

Microsoft Inc. New York.

Atlas
As for books, using the title page to find the information
References List:
The times atlas of the world (2004) London: Times Books.

Video / Film
Title of programme/film (underline or italicise) Year of distribution (in brackets) Director
[Videocassette] Place of distribution: distribution company
References List
All about Eve (1977) Directed by Joseph Mankiewiez [Film]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.

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Television programme

Title of programme (underline or italicise) Year of publication (in brackets) Name of channel
Date of transmission (day/month/time)
References List
Coronation Street (2004) ITV1, 25 November. 19.00hrs.

Audiocassette/CD/DVD
Author (if available, if not use title first) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of recording
(underline or italicise) [Audiocassette] Place of publication: publisher.

References List
Buenos: world Spanish (1995) [Audiocassette or CD or DVD]. London: BBC Books.

QUOTATIONS AND CITING INSIDE THE TEXT

Citation:

When you use another persons work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas, or
by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work. This
acknowledgement is called a citation.

It is important that information taken from another authors work is properly cited and
referenced, giving credit to the original author. This includes the use of direct quotations as
well as summaries, paraphrased information, statements and conclusions. If you do not cite
information in the correct way you will be accused of plagiarism.

This allows the reader to find the source of all the ideas including direct quotations that are
presented in your work in the list provided in the Reference List. The information given at
this point should be the author, and the date of the publication. The aim is to keep it short so
that it does not detract from the text. There are a range of ways of presenting this and
situations that might dictate the style.

You can incorporate references and quotations in a number of ways. The following
examples use the Harvard Referencing.

Short quotations of a sentence or two are enclosed with quotation marks () and included
in the main text.

Short Quotation

In this example, you are making a direct quote. Up to two lines can be included in the body of
the text and must include the page number.

Smith (2003, p. 11) states that Harvard referencing has to be done accurately

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Longer Quotation

This should be indented in a separate paragraph. If part of the quotation is omitted, then this
can be indicated by three dots.

Cottrell (1999, p. 10) in discussing plagiarism states that, plagiarism is using the work of
others without acknowledging your sources of information or inspiration. This includes:
using words more or else exactly as they.

N.B: Longer quotations are separated from the text, placed in their own paragraph and do not
need to be enclosed in quotation marks. Avoid long quotations as they will be picked up by
(Turnitin) as plagiarism. Long words for quotation should be avoided but it is acceptable to
include them if they are presented in the following way.

Citations (inside the text)

If the originators name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year of publication
should follow in brackets.

Example

Smith (2003) found thator, In a recent study Smith (2003) argued that

If the authors name would not naturally be included in the sentence add the authors
name and year of publication in brackets i.e.

Example

Management theories have become much more diverse (Anderson, 1996)

For publications by two authors:

Example

In a recent study (Smith & Jones, 2003) it was argued that

If you are referring to a particular page or section of a work and the authors name
would naturally be included in the sentence the date and page numbers follow in
brackets i.e.

Example

In a recent study Smith (1996, p.26) argued that.

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 If the authors name will not normally be included in the sentence all information is
given in brackets i.e.

Example

In a recent study (Smith, 1996, p.26) it was argued that

In cases where the name of the author cannot be identified, the item should be referred
to by title:

Example

Figures in a recent survey (Tourism trends, 2003. p. 12) showed that

In cases where the date of an item cannot be identified, the item should be cited:

Example

The earliest report (Smith, no date, p. 231) showed that

If the author and date are unknown:

Example

A survey (Tourism trends, no date) showed that

When you refer to a corporate publication e.g. a company report, use the Company
Name:

Example

The recession affected..(Hanson Trust plc, 1990)

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