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DC DC Resonant Converter
DC DC Resonant Converter
DC DC Resonant Converter
Abstract Step-up DC/DC converter, as a part of the Considering that it is required to have the high efficiency
photovoltaic (PV) system is described in the paper. The system and an electrical isolation the series resonant LLC half-bridge
consists of the mentioned DC/DC converter and single phase converter was chosen [1]. Principal scheme of the LLC
inverter, and they together serve for transmission of the energy
converter is shown in Fig.1. It consists of the half-bridge
from PV panels to the grid. The converter is based on the LLC
resonant architecture. The task of the converter is to increase and inverter, created by power MOSFET switches, from which the
control of the output voltage, which is supply voltage for in the resonant tank is supplied.
cascade connected inverter. The converter also provides the The resonant tank of the converter comprises of series LS
electrical isolation of PV panels from the grid. It is controlled by and parallel inductance LP and the resonant capacitor CR.
an 8-bit microcontroller unit (MCU), which also tracks maximum On secondary side of the transformer there is a full-bridge
power point (MPP) to achieve maximum available power from
rectifier with a filter capacitor.
PV. The converter operates at high switching frequency to
achieve small size of the power transformer. The main benefit of
this converter consists in zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
primary MOSFETs and zero-current switching (ZCS) of the The power MOSFETs are switched with variable frequency
rectifier diodes over the entire operating range. Laboratory with fixed 50% duty cycle and no overlapping. The resonant
model with maximum 95.5% efficiency was built to verify the
properties of the LLC resonant DC/DC converter.
tank has two main resonant frequencies. The higher resonant
frequency fR depends on the series inductance and the
KeywordsLLC resonant converter, ZVS, ZCS. resonant capacitor and is calculated by using (1). The lower
resonant frequency f0 of the resonant tank depends on the
series inductance, the resonant capacitor and also on the series
I. INTRODUCTION inductance (2). If switching frequency is higher than fR, the
converter operates always in the inductive area. It means that
In nowadays the renewable energy resources are used
the resonant tank current lags input voltage square waveform,
increasingly. The photovoltaics is the most dynamically and therefore switches work under ZVS condition. Below the
developing field of the renewable energy sources. It is desired f0 resonant frequency, the resonant tank behaves as a
to use the renewable energy sources with maximal efficiency. capacitive load. Therefore resonant tank current leads the
One of the possibilities how increase the efficiency of a PV input voltage. Switches works under ZCS condition. The area
system, is to increase the efficiency of an inverter. There are between f0 and fR is split by a borderline to the capacitive
quantities of inverters for PV systems on the market. Some and the inductive region. The operating point in this area
inverters include DC/DC step-up converter, depending on depends on the load of the converter. When the switching
whether the inverter is connected to the string of PV panels frequency is equal to the resonant frequency fR, the voltage
with voltage higher than the maximum value of the grid gain of the resonant tank is 1. It means that converter is load
voltage. There is a problem with capacitive currents flowing independent. At normal operation condition, the operating
through the inverter when using thin layer PV panels. One point should be placed near to this resonant frequency. Fig. 2.
possible solution is to use the DC/DC converter with a shows voltage gain curves of resonant tank for few load
transformer. conditions. We can see the capacitive region on the left side of
Described converter should work with input voltage range the borderline and the inductive region on its right side.
from 60V to 100V. The required output voltage (input voltage
1 (1) 1 (2)
for the inverter) is 400V and maximum output power should fR = f0 =
be about 600W. 2 LS C R 2 ( L S + L P )C R
1 (3)
M (Q , f N , ) =
2 2
1 +
+ Q2 fN
1
2 fN
fN
2 Z 0 POUT Z 0 = 2 f R L R
Q= 2
(4) (5)
Fig. 1. Principal scheme of the LLC converter. 8 n 2V OUT
SCYR 2010 - 10th Scientific Conference of Young Researchers FEI TU of Koice
M: 600W
1,8 borderline
Resonant gain characteristics M
M: 500W
1,6 M: 400W
M: 200W
1,2 region
M: 0W
1 borderline
capacitive
0,8
region
0,6 Fig. 3. Characteristic waveforms of collector emitter voltage and
0,60
f0 0,80
fR 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60
collector current of half-bridge switches.
Normalized frequency fn
leakage inductance. But there is problem with inductance ratio connect to the inverter and verify the operation of the whole
between magnetizing and leakage inductance, because the converter.
ratio is very small. One solution is to integrate an air gap into
the magnetic circuit of the transformer. By adjusting the air Efficiency measurement
0,96
gap; we can control the size of the magnetizing inductance and
0,95
thereby also the inductance ratio (6). For winding we must use
0,94
litz-wire to avoid a skin effect in a conductor [8].
Efficiency
High/Low side driver is used for driving of the MOSFETs. 0,93
The driver is controlled by the 8-bit MCU. The circuit has a 0,92
0,9
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 0,89
V. CONCLUSION
The resonant converter with LLC topology has many
advantages compared to other converters. Due to the high
efficiency over the entire operation range, the converter is well
suitable for applications such as PV systems.
Next I am going to build the compact version of the
converter, implement the MPPT function and connect the
converter to the simulated PV panel DC source. Afterwards,