NGHIN CU KH NNG DNG CNG NGH TCH TR LNH

DNG BNG TAN CHY BN NGOI NG TRONG CC H THNG

IU HO KHNG KH TRUNG TM

1. TNG QUAN
Trong mt vi nm gn y, s pht trin mnh v kinh t nc ta ko theo s gia tng
ng k v nhu cu s dng in. Theo Tng Cng Ty in Lc Vit Nam EVN, cc nh my
in ca EVN ch p ng khong 42% tng nhu cu v in trong c nc [11]. V vy, s thiu
ht in nc ta l khng trnh khi. Theo thng k trong mt cao c vn phng hay mt khch
sn th lng in cp cho h thng iu ho khng kh chim t 44 n 55% tng lng in
tiu th [2]. Mc khc, cc h thng iu ho khng kh lun lun c thit k ln hn ti nh
ca n v s gi h thng lm vic ph ti nh trong ngy l rt t, nn xt v hiu qu kinh
t l cha cao.
gim ph ti in vo gi cao im v nng cao hiu qu kinh t cho cc h thng iu
ho khng kh, vic ng dng cng ngh tch tr lnh vo vic cp lnh cho cc h thng iu
ho khng kh l rt hp l v cn thit.

2. NGUYN L CHUNG CA CNG NGH TCH TR LNH:

Nguyn l chung ca cc h thng tch tr lnh l tch tr lnh di nhiu dng: nc lnh,
bng lc h thng ch ph ti thp, gi in r v s dng lng lnh tch tr c cung
cp cho h thng ch ph ti cao, gi in cao.
V cng ngh, c ba phng php c s dng:
- Tch tr lnh dng nc
- Tch tr lnh dng bng
- Tch tr lnh dng mui eutectic
Bng 1. So snh c tnh ca cc phng php tch tr lnh [1].
Cht dng tch Nhit tch tr, Nhit x ti, Nhit bin i Dung tch, m3/kWh
0 0
tr C C pha, 0C

Nc 47 58 / 0,08610.1690
Bng -9 -3 13 0 0,01930.0265
Mui eutectic 46 910 8,3 0,0483

Theo so snh t bng 1, ta thy tch tr lnh bng nc v bng ph hp cho cc h thng
iu ho khng kh do nhit ca qu trnh x ti khng qu cao. Tuy nhin tch tr lnh bng
nc l dng tch tr bng nhit hin nn th tch bn tch tr rt ln khng ph hp vi iu kin
mt bng cho php ti cc thnh ph ln, nn phng php tch tr bng l ph hp nht. iu
kin Vit Nam, tch tr lnh dng Bng Tan Chy Bn Ngoi ng (External melt ice-on-coil) l
gii php hp l v gi thnh thit b thp, tin cy cao v trn ht l vic ch to thit b trong
nc l hon ton c th [9].

3. TCH TR LNH DNG BNG TAN CHY BN NGOI NG (EXTERNAL MELT

ICE-ON-COIL):
Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.02 - 2007

Bn tch tr loi ny gm mt dn lnh t chm trong mt b nc, cht ti lnh (secondary

coolant) nhit thp chy trong ng. Hnh 1 trnh by qu trnh hnh thnh v tan bng trn b
mt ng. Cht ti lnh thng c s dng l Etylen glycol, nng t 2540% [1].

CH NP TI CH X TI

Lp bng trn b mt Nc m hi v t ph ti lnh

Nc ng lm tan bng

Tc nhn lnh hoc cht ti Nc lnh n cp lnh cho ph ti

lnh chy trong ng

Hnh 1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v tan bng trn b mt ng

Glycol sau khi ra khi chiller c tch lm hai nhnh, mt nhnh i vo bn tch tr lnh
to bng v nhnh cn li i n cp lnh trc tip cho ph ti. s dng cho cc h thng iu
ho khng kh bnh thng ta phi dng thm thit b trao i nhit glycol-nc do nhit
glycol thp.
- ch np ti (sn xut bng): Glycol c chiller lnh lm lnh xung n nhit
khong -70C [1], lc ny glycol ch i vo dn lnh ca bn tch tr, bng bt u hnh thnh trn
b mt ng v dy dn ln.
- ch x ti (lm tan bng): Nc hi v t cc h tiu th s c lm lnh ty thuc
vo phng thc vn hnh, nc ra khi bn tch tr c nhit khong 150C c a n cp
lnh cho cc h tiu th [1].
Nu h thng vn hnh theo ch u tin cho chiller th chiller s lun vn hnh ch
y ti cp lnh, khi yu cu ph ti cao hn nng sut lnh ca chiller, bn tch tr lnh s b
vo khong thiu ht ny.
Nu h thng vn hnh theo ch u tin cho bn tch tr th bn tch tr s cp lnh ch
yu, khi yu cu ph ti cao hn kh nng cp lnh ca bn tch tr, chiller mi vn hnh cp
lnh b sung. Phng thc ny khng hiu qu so vi phng thc trn do chiller thng xuyn
khng c vn hnh ch y ti nn hiu qu khng cao.

4. XY DNG M HNH TH NGHIM BN TCH TR LNH DNG BNG TAN

CHY BN NGOI NG:
4.1. M hnh th nghim:
M hnh th nghim hon chnh c xy dng theo s sau y, hnh 2, nhm nh gi
tin cy ca chng trnh c vit m phng chiu dy ca lp bng hnh thnh trn b mt
ng trong thi gian tch tr bng. Hnh 3 trnh by m hnh th nghim c xy dng.
 TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 11, SO 01 - 2008

Ch thch:
1 1. Glycol chiller
2. Bn tch tr bng
3. Ph ti lnh (FCU)
4. Thp gii nhit

Hnh 2. S nguyn l m hnh th nghim

Trong qu trnh thc nghim b dy lp bng hnh thnh trn b mt ng trong cc ln vn
hnh tch tr lnh tng i n nh v gn bng gi tr trung bnh ca c qu trnh thc nghim.

Hnh 3. M hnh th nghim

Cc kt qu o c thc t b dy lp bng to thnh trn b mt ng c th hin hnh 4a
di y:
mm mm
45 45

40 40

35 35

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 h 0
h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Hnh 4a.B dy lp bng trn ng theo thi Hnh 4b. B dy lp bng trn ng theo thi
gian o t thc nghim gian c m phng trn my tnh
Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.02 - 2007

4.2. Kt qu m phng trn my tnh

Thi gian to b dy lp bng trn b mt ngoi ng c tnh theo cng thc di y [8]:
d . qr rx2 rx 1 1 rng 1
= ln ( + ln + )( rx2 rng2 )
2( 0 t 2 ) d rng 2 d M rtr 2 rtr
Trong :
d : khi lng ring ca bng, kg/m3
rx : bn knh lp bng, m
rng : bn knh ngoi ca ng, m
rtr : bn knh trong ca ng, m
d : h s dn nhit ca lp bng, W/m.
M: h s dn nhit ca kim loi ch to ng, W/m.
2: h s ta nhit ca cht ti lnh, W/m2.
t2 : nhit ca cht ti lnh, 0C
0: nhit b mt lp bng, 0C
qr : n nhit ng bng ca nc, kJ/kg
: thi gian to bng, s
Qu trnh hnh thnh lp bng trn b mt ng c m phng li, vi kt qu c trnh by
trn Hnh 4b. Thi gian u b dy bng tng rt nhanh nhng cng v sau qu trnh ny chm li
do lp bng cng dy cng cn tr s trao i nhit gia cht ti lnh v nc.
So snh vi kt qu o c thc t ta thy thi gian u theo m phng trn my tnh, nh th
hin trn Hnh 5a, b dy lp bng hnh thnh ngay sau khi vn hnh my v tng rt nhanh. Cn
thc t qu trnh to bng ch xy ra sau khong 1 gi. iu ny cho thy chng trnh m
phng khng tnh n thi gian gim nhit cho nc trong bn tch tr lnh trc khi to
bng. Nu b qua qu trnh lm lnh nc ban u, nh Hnh 5b, ta thy hai ng cong l thuyt
v thc t gn trng nhau.

mm mm
45 45

40 40

35 35

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 h 0 h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Hnh 5a. So snh qu trnh to bng l thuyt v Hnh 5b. S tng ng ca 2 qu trnh to
thc t bng khi b qua thi gian lm lnh nc ban u

5. TNH TON THIT K BN TCH TR LNH DNG BNG TAN CHY BN

NGOI NG:
T kt qu m phng chiu dy ca lp hnh thnh trn b mt ng trong thi gian tch tr
bng nu trn, mt phn mm han chnh c vit nhm tnh ton thit k bn tch tr lnh
 TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 11, SO 01 - 2008

dng bng tan chy bn ngai ng. Trong bi bo ny, ta tnh ton thit k mt bn tch tr lnh
vi nng sut tch tr 4000 kWh, thi gian tch tr l 10 gi, dn lnh ng ng. Cc thng s
chnh gm:
ng knh ngoi ca ng : Dng= 27mm
ng knh trong ca ng : Dtr = 25mm
Chiu di mt ng : l = 5m
S ng trong mt li : n = 30 ng
S li : z = 34 li
Tng s ng : n1 = 1020 ng
Tng chiu di ng : L1 = 5100 m
Kch thc bn WxHxL : 3800x2240x10500
Tng chi ph ch to bn tch tr lnh nng sut 4000 kWh hin nay ti nc ta vo khong
996.000.000 VN, tng ng vi 250.000 VN /1kWh tch tr .
Ta tnh ton cho trng hp ph ti lnh l mt cao c vn phng, ph ti nh h thng iu
ha khng kh l 4395kW, so snh phng n iu ha khng kh truyn thng v phng n s
dng bn tch tr lnh.
H thng bn tch tr lnh c chn dng tch tr mt phn vn hnh kiu u tin t my,
ngha l khi c yu cu ti lnh cm my lnh s hot ng trc, nu yu cu ph ti cao hn
nng sut lnh thit k ca my th h thng bn tch tr s cung cp phn thiu ht ny.
Gi in, [12]:
- Gi thp im t 22h00 4h00, gi in l 897 ng/kWh.
- Gi bnh thng t 4h00 16h00, gi in l 1551 ng/kWh.
- Gi cao im t 18h00 22h00, gi in l 2530 ng/kWh.
Gi thnh bn tch tr lnh ngoi nhp [7]: 350.000 ng/kWh.
Gi thnh bn tch tr lnh sn xut trong nc: 250.000 ng/kWh.
Ta tnh ton so snh kinh t khi s dng bn tch tr lnh ngoinhp:
Bng 2.Tnh ton kinh t khi s dng bn tch tr lnh ngoinhp
Phng n truyn Phng n tch tr
Ni dung thng bng mt phn
Tng gi thnh u t, triu ng 7127.38 9195.69
Chnh lch u t so vi PA truyn thng,
0.00 2068.31
triu ng
Chi ph nng lng hng nm, triu ng 7766.34 7017.14
Chi ph tit kim hng nm, triu ng 0.00 749.20
S nm thu hi vn, nm 2.76

Qua tnh ton, nu s dng bn tch tr ngoi nhp th thi gian hon vn u t khong 2,67
nm.
Trng hp s dng bn tch tr lnh c sn xut trong nc, kt qu so snh kinh t gia
phng n iu ha khng kh truyn thng v phng n s dng bn tch tr lnh nh sau:
Bng 3.Tnh ton kinh t khi s dng bn tch tr lnh sn xut trong nc
Phng n truyn Phng n tch tr
Ni dung thng bng mt phn
Tng gi thnh u t, triu ng 7127.38 7705.30
Science & Technology Development, Vol 10, No.02 - 2007

Chnh lch u t so vi PA truyn thng,

0.00 577.92
triu ng
Chi ph nng lng hng nm, triu ng 7766.34 7017.14
Chi ph tit kim hng nm, triu ng 0.00 749.20
S nm thu hi vn, nm 0.77
Nh vy nu s dng bn tch tr lnh c ch to trong nc, thi gian hon vn ch ko
di 0,77 nm. Kt qu ny cho thy phng n s dng bn tch tr lnh ch to trong nc gim
i rt nhiu so vi khi s dng bn tch tr lnh nhp khu t nc ngoi. V vi thi gian hon
vn di 1 nm, cng ngh bn tch tr lnh chc chn s c ph bin rng ri trong mt tng
lai rt gn nu Nh nc c nhng chnh sch khuyn khch vic p dng cng ngh ny.

6. KT LUN
Bi bo cp n vn tng hiu qu s dng nng lng trong cc h thng lnh ni
chung v cc h thng iu ha khng kh ni ring, nh vic s dng h thng tch tr nng
lng Vit Nam. y l mt vn khng mi trn th gii tuy nhin hu nh khng c ng
dng ti Vit Nam. Nhng l do chnh l gi thnh u t thit b tch tr lnh ngoi nhp qu cao
v chnh sch qun l nng lng ti nc ta khng cht ch.
V th trong bi vit cp n cc tnh ton k thut v kinh t cho loi bn tch tr lnh
dng Bng Tan Chy Bn Ngoi ng nhm ch to v ng dng ti Vit Nam trong tng lai
gn.
Thi gian sp ti nc ta s chnh thc gia nhp WTO nn cc chnh sch qun l v s dng
nng lng s phi thay i cho ph hp vi xu th ton cu. Hiu qu s dng bn tch tr lnh
s tng rt cao trong tng lai khi nh nc c chnh sch tng gi in khang 15% v s gi
cao im tng ln 7 gi trong ngy so vi ch 4 gi hin nay.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. ASHRAE, Fundamentals Handbook, (2005).

[2]. Bryan Silvetti, PE and Mark MacCracken, PE, Thermal storage and deregulation,
ASHRAE Journal, April, (1998).
[3]. ASHRAE, Design guide for cool thermal storage, (1993).
[4]. FEDERAL, Energy management program, (2000).
[5]. Hong nh Tn, Mt s vn v tnh ton tch tr lnh
[6]. Hong nh Tn, Gio trnh thit b lnh cng nghip Cao hc cng ngh Nhit Lnh
[7]. Ice Chiller, Thermal storage, Baltimore Aircoil, (1997).
[8]. Nguyn c Li, Phm Vn Ty, Bi tp k thut lnh, Nh Xut Bn Gio Dc,
(1996).
[9]. Nguyn Th Bo, Nghin cu thit k bn tch tr lnh cho cc h thng lnh v xy
dng m hnh th nghim, ti nghin cu cp thnh ph 2003-2004
[10]. Nguyn Th Bo, Bn tr lnh: Mt gii php gim chi ph u t v vn hnh, Hi
tho : S dng hiu qu nng lng v bo v mi trng, i Hc Quc Gia v S
Khoa Hc Cng Ngh Mi Trng Thnh ph H Ch Minh 10/2003
[11]. CRISTOPIA Energy system, Technical Manual, (2000).
[12]. Website: www.evn.com.vn