Edge diffractionChapter 1 Units, constants, and conversions Chapter 2 Mathematics Chapter 3 Dynamics and mechanics Chapter 4 Quantum physics Chapter 5 Thermodynamics Chapter 6 Solid State physics Chapter 7 Electromagnetism : Chapter 8 Optics Chapter 9 Astrophysics Index Se A Se The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas is a quick-reference aid for students and pro- fessionals in the physical sciences and engineering. It contains more than 2000 of the most useful formulas and equations found in undergraduate physics courses, covering mathematics, dynamics and mechanics, quantum physics, thermodynamics, solid state physics, electromag- netism, optics, and astrophysics. An exhaustive index allows the required formulas to be located swiftly and simply, and the unique tabular format crisply identifies all the variables involved. The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas comprehensively covers the major topics explored in undergraduate physics courses. It is designed to be a compact, portable, reference book suitable for everyday work, problem solving, or exam revision. All students and professionals in physics, applied mathematics, engineering, and other physical sciences will want to have this essential reference book within easy reach. Graham Woan is a lecturer in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Glasgow. Prior to this he taught physics at the University of Cambridge where he also received his degree in Natural Sciences, specialising in physics, and his PHD, in radio astronomy. His research interests range widely with a special focus on low-frequency radio astronomy. His publications span journals as diverse as Astronomy & Astrophysics, Geophysical Research Letters, Advances in Space Science, the Journal of Navigation and Emergency Prehospital Medicine. He is co-developer of the revolutionary CURSOR radio positioning system, which uses existing broadcast transmitters to determine position, and he is the designer of the Glasgow Millennium Sundial.ESTE LIBRO ES UN BIEN PUBLICO. NADIE TIENE DERECHO A ‘SUBRAYARLO NIA ANOTARLO. EL INFRACTOR DEBERA REPONER EL DOCUMENTO O REINTEGRAR EL IMPORTE DEL MISMO. K.l246082 53(#) | The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas GRAHAM WOAN Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Glasgow CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSFUDLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OFTHE UNIVERSETY OF CAMBRIDGE ‘he Pit Bulg, Trampingon Suee, Cambridge, Unied Kingdom ' Contents (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS “The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Steet, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA. 477 Wilismstown Road, Port Melboure, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alaro6n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa bip/ow.cambridge-ore (© Cambridge University Press 2000 Preface page vii book isin copyright Subject o statutory exception sod tee peioes cf seevaat oaletve loettag sponments, How to use this book 1 : ho reproduction of any pat may take pace witbout : the writen permision of Cambridge University Pres. 1 _ Units, constants, and conversions A / Fist published 2000 LA Introduction, 3 + 12 SI units, 4 + 1.3 Physical constants, 6 Reprinted 2001, 2002 +14 Converting between units, 10 + 1.5 Dimensions, 16 Printed inthe United States of America +1.6 Miscellaneous, 18 i Tpeface Times Roman 10/2 pt. Sytem LEX 279] 2__ Mathematics 19 A catalog record for this book i available from the British Library. 21 Notation, 19 + 2.2 Vectors and matrices, 20 «2.3 Series, summations, and progressions, 27 + 2.4 Complex variables, 30 + 2.5 Trigonometric and hyperbolic formulas, 32 + 2.6 Mensuration, 35 2.7 Differentiation, 40 +28 Integration, 44 + 29 Special functions and polynomials, 46 +2.10 Roots of quadratic and cubic equations, 50 «2.11 Fourier series | Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ‘Woan, Graham, 1963 “The Cambridge handbook of physics formulas / Graham Woan, poem "| ISBN 0-521-57349-1. - ISBN 0-521-57507-9 (pbk.) and transforms, 52 +212 Laplace transforms, 55 * 2.13 Probability and 1. Physics Formulas. Tile statistics, 57 «2.14 Numerical methods, 60 Qcs.we7 1999 . 530.0212 -€c21 5 3 Dynamics and mechanics i) cr 34 Introduction, 63 «3.2 Frames of reference, 64 +33 Gravitation, 66 ISBN 021 57349 1 hardback +34 Particle motion, 68 +35 Rigid body dynamics, 74 + 3.6 Oscillating ISBN 0521 57507 9 paperback systems, 78 * 3.7 Generalised dynamics, 79 + 38 Elasticity, 80 +39 Fluid dynamics, 84 4 Quantum physics 89 4.1 Introduction, 89 +42 Quantum definitions, 90 +4.3 Wave mechanics, 92 + 44 Hydrogenic atoms, 95 +45 Angular momentum, 98 +46 Perturbation theory, 102 + 4.7 High energy and nuclear physics, 103 Thermodynamics 105 541 Introduction, 105 +52 Classical thermodynamics, 106 «53 Gas laws, 110 +5.4 Kinetic theory, 112 + 5.5 Statistical thermodynamics, 114 +5.6 Fluctuations and noise, 116 + 5.7 Radiation processes, 118°6 Solid state physics 6.1 Introduction, 123 + 6.2 Periodic table, 124 + 6.3 Crystalline structure, 126 * 6.4 Lattice dynamics, 129 + 65 Electrons in solids, 132 7_Blectromagnetism 74 Introduction, 135 + 7.2 Static fields, 136 +7.3 Electromagnetic fields (general), 139 +74 Fields associated with media, 142 7.5 Force, torque, and energy, 145 + 7.6 LCR circuits, 147 + 7.7 Transmission lines and waveguides, 150 +7.8 Waves in and out of media, 152 +7.9 Plasma physics, 156 8_ Optics 84 Introduction, 161 + 8.2 Interference, 162 «8.3 Fraunhofer diffraction, 164 +84 Fresnel diffraction, 166 +8.5 Geometrical optics, 168 +86 Polarisation, 170 + 8.7 Coherence (scalar theory), 172 +88 Line radiation, 173 9 Astrophysies 94 Introduction, 175 +9.2 Solar system data, 176 + 9.3 Coordinate transformations (astronomical), 177 +94 Observational astrophysics, 179 +95 Stellar evolution, 181 + 9.6 Cosmology, 184 Index 123 135 161 175 187 Preface In A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking relates that he was warned against including equations in the book because “each equation... would halve the sales.” Despite this dire prediction there is, for a scientific audience, some attraction in doing the exact opposite. The reader should not be misled by this exercise. Although the equations and formulas contained here underpin a good deal of physical science, they are useless unless the reader understands them. Learning physics is not about remembering equations, it is about appr ating the natural structures they express. Although its format should help make some topics clearer, this book is not designed to teach new physics; there are many excellent textbooks to help with that. It is intended to be useful rather than pedagogically complete, so that students can use it for revision and for structuring their knowledge once they understand the physics. More advanced users will benefit from having a compact, internally consistent, source of equations that can quickly deliver the relationship they require in a format that avoids the need to sift through pages of rubric. Some difficult decisions have had to be made to achieve this. First, to be short the book only includes ideas that can be expressed succinctly in equations, without resorting to lengthy explanation. A small number of important topics are therefore absent. For example, Liouville's theorem can be algebraically succinct (@ = 0) but is meaningless unless is thoroughly (and carefully) explained. Anyone who already understands what @ represents will probably not need reminding that it equals zero. Second, empirical equations with numerical coefficients have been largely omitted, as have topics significantly more advanced than are found at undergraduate level. There are simply too many of these to be sensibly and confidently edited into a short handbook. Third, physical data are largely absent, although a periodic table, tables of physical constants, and data on the solar system are all included. Just a sighting of the marvellous (but dimensionally misnamed) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics should be enough to convince the reader that a good science data book is thick. Inevitably there is personal choice in what should or should not be included, and you may feel that an equation that meets the above criteria is missing. If this is the case, I would bbe delighted to hear from you so it can be considered for a subsequent edition. Contact details are at the end of this preface. Likewise, if you spot an error or an inconsistency then please let me know and I will post an erratum on the web page.Acknowledgments This venture is founded on the generosity of colleagues in Glasgow and Cambridge whose inputs have strongly influenced the final product. The expertise of Dave Clarke, Declan Diver, Peter Duffett-Smith, Wolf-Gerrit Frith, Martin Hendry, Rico Ignace, David Ireland, John Simmons, and Harry Ward have been central to its production, as have the linguistic skills of Katie Lowe. I would also like to thank Richard Barrett, Matthew Cartmell, Steve Gull, Martin Hendry, Jim Hough, Darren McDonald, and Ken Riley who all agreed to field-test the book and gave invaluable feedback. My greatest thanks though are to John Shakeshaft who, with remarkable knowledge and skill, worked through the entire manuscript more than once during its production and whose Iegendary red pen hovered over (or descended upon) every equation in the book. What errors remain are, of course, my own, but I take comfort from the fact that without John they would be much more numerous, Contact information A website containing up-to-date information on this handbook and contact details can be found through the Cambridge University Press home pages at hitp://www.cup.org (North America) or http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk (United Kingdom). Production notes This book was typeset by the author in ISTEX 2¢ using the CUP Times fonts. The software packages used were WinEdt, MiKTEX, Mayura Draw, Gnuplot, Ghostscript, Ghostview, and Maple V. How to use this book ‘The format is largely self-explanatory, but a few comments may be helpful. Although it is very tempting to flick through the pages to find what you are looking for, the best starting point is the index. I have tried to make this as extensive as possible, and many equations are indexed more than once, Equations are listed both with their equation number (in square brackets) and the page on which they can be found. The equations themselves are grouped into self-contained and boxed “panels” on the pages. Each panel represents a separate topic, and you will find descriptions of all the variables used at the right-hand side of the panel, usually adjacent to the first equation in which they are used. You should therefore not need to stray outside the panel to understand the notation. Both the panel as a, whole and its individual entries may have footnotes, shown below the panel. Be aware of these, as they contain important additional information and conditions relevant to the topic. Although the panels are self-contained they may use concepts defined elsewhere in the handbook. Often these are cross-referenced, but again the index will help you to locate them if necessary. Notations and definitions are uniform over subject areas unless stated otherwise.Chapter 1 Units, constants, and conversions 1.1 Introduction The determination of physical constants and the definition of the units with which they are measured is a specialised and, to many, hidden branch of science. ‘A quantity with dimensions is one whose value must be expressed relative to one or more standard units. In the spirit of the rest of the book, this section is based around the International System of units (SI). This system uses seven base units (the number is somewhat arbitrary), such as the kilogram and the second, and defines their magnitudes in terms of physical laws or, in the case of the kilogram, an object called the “international prototype of the kilogram” kept in Paris. For convenience there are also a number of derived standards, such as the volt, which are defined as set combinations of the basic seven. Most of the physical observables we regard as being in some sense fundamental, such as the charge on an electron, are now known to better than 1 part per million (ppm). The least well known is the Newtonian constant of gravitation (128 ppm) and the best the Rydberg constant (0.0012 ppm). The dimensionless electron g-factor, representing the magnetic moment of an electron measured in Bohr magnetons, has been determined to 1 part in 10" ‘No matter which base units are used, physical quantities are expressed as the product of a numerical value and a unit. These two components have more-or-less equal standing and can be manipulated by following the usual rules of algebra. So, if 1+ eV = 160.218 x 10- J then 1- J = [1/(160.218 x 10-)]- eV. A measurement of energy, U, with joule as the unit has a numerical value of U/J. The same measurement with electron volt as the unit has a numerical value of U/eV = (U/J):(J/eV) and so on.4 Units, constants, and conversions 1.2 SI units 5 | 1.2 SI units SI base units SEprefixes Physical quantity name symbol Factor prefix symbol | factor prefix symbol length metre =m 10% —yotta.-¥ 107 yocto -y maa kilogram kg 17 zeta, Z 10 Zepto z time second 8 1" eB 10" ato a | electric current ampere A 10 peta PP 10 femto f thermodynamic temperature kelvin = K 10? tera TT 10"? pico p amount of substance mole mol 10° gisa GG 10° nano on luminous intensit candela od mega M 10-6 micro Hy TO kilo k 10% milli, om hecto 107 centi_ | - deca® da lo! decid | ‘SI derived wi SQrdkaOOOSOC~=~—“—SsSSCststs‘CSCS*S*SSS | physical quantity name symbol equivalent units electric capacitance farad F cv"! electric charge coulomb c . . electric conductance siemens s Recognised non-SI_ units electric potential difference volt v Physical quantity — name ‘symbol ST value electric resistance ohm a time minute min 60s energy, work, heat joule I hour h 3600s : force newton N day a 8640s | frequency hertz Hz Plane angle degree . (x/180) rad | illuminance lux Ix minute D (%/10800) rad inductance henry H second " (x /648 000) rad | | luminous flux lumen In length Angstrém A 107m magnetic flux weber ‘Wb fermi* fm 107m magnetic flux density tesla T micron* hm, 10m plane angle radian rad barn b 10-7 m? power, radiant flux watt w litre LL 10-3 m? pressure, stress pascal Pa tonne®® t 10°kg radiation absorbed dose gray Gy ket . pressure bar bar 10°Nm2 radiation dose equivalent* — sievert Sv [ke] energy electron volt eV = 1.60218 x 10-5 radioactive activity becquerel Bq mass unified atomic solid angle steradian st {mass unit = 1.66054 x 10-7 kg | | temperature* degree Celsius °C Roe se oe To distinguish it from the gray, units of Jkg~ should not be used for the sievert in practice. ‘The Celsius temperature, To, i defined from the temperature in kelvin, Tk, by Te = Tk ~ 273.156 Units, constants, and conversions 1.3 Physical constants The following values are in accordance with the 1986 CODATA Recommended Values for the fundamental physical constants (Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 92, 85, 1987). ‘The digits in parentheses represent the 1-c uncertainty in the previous two quoted digits. For example, G = (667259 + 0.00085) x 10-"' m?ke~'s~®, It is important to note that the uncertainties for many of the listed quantities are correlated, so that the uncertainty in any expression using them in combination cannot necessarily be computed from the data presented. Suitable covariance matrices are tabulated in the above article Summary of physical constants speed of light in vacuum® c 2.997924 58 x10'ms~ permeability of vacuum? wm ae x10“ Hm =12.566370614.... x10-7 Hm permittivity of vacuum % Fmt x10? Fm constant of gravitation® G 6.672 59(85) x107U m? kg Planck constant h 6.626 075 5(40) x104Js h/Qr) hi 1.054 $7266(63) x10“, elementary charge e 1,60217733(49) x10“ C magnetic flux quantum, h/(2e) 20678346161) _—x10-* Wb electron volt eV 1.6021773349) x10“ electron mass m. —-9.1093897(54) x10“ kg proton mass m, _ 1.6726231(10) proton/electron mass ratio m,/me 1836.152701(37) unified atomic mass unit u 1,660 5402(10) fine-structure constant, oce?/(2h) 7.297353 08(33) inverse 137.035989 5(61) Rydberg constant, mecx”/(2h) 1.097373 153413) x107mo* Avogadro constant 6.0221367(36) x10 mol Faraday constant, Nae 9.648 530929) x10*C mol molar gas constant 8.314510(70) Jmol Kt Boltzmann constant, R/N, 1.380 658(12) x10 1K Stefan-Boltzmann constant, n2k4/(60Rc2) Bohr magneton, eh/(2m.) be “By defstion, the speed of Fight & exact 2 Also exact, by definition. The standard acceleration due to gravity, gis defined as exactly 9.80665 ms, o 5.67051(19) x10 Wm? K+ 9.2740154(31) x10“ JT 1.3 Physical constants General constants speed of light in vacuum permeability of vacuum permittivity of vacuum impedance of free space constant of gravitation Planck constant in electron volts h/(Qn) in electron volts Planck mass, /fic/G Planck length, h/(mpic) = /AG/ Planck time, In/e = G73 elementary charge magnetic flux quantum, h/(2e) Tosephson frequency/voltage ratio Bohr magneton, ef/(2m) in electron volts in kelvins, /e nuclear magneton, efi/(2mp) in electron volts in Kelvins, ey/k Zeeman splitting constant Atomic constants” fine-structure constant, jioce®/(2h) inverse Rydberg constant, mgco? /(2h) in hertz, Ree in joules, Rohe in electron volts, Rehc/e Bobr radius?, a/(4nRo) ‘See also page 95. "Fined nucleus, mm, Ia te ® 2efh Hs HN 2.997924 58 dn 1 /(we?) =8.854 187817 Hoe =376.730 313 462 6.672.59(85) 6.626075 5(40) 4.135 669 2(12) 1.054 572.66(63) 6.582 1220(20) 2.17671(14) 1.61605(10) 5.390 56(34) 1.602.177 33(49) 2.067 83461(61) 4.835976 7(14) 9.2740154(31) 5.788 382.63(52) 0.671 709. 9(57) 5.050786 6(17) 3.152451 66(28) 3.658 246(31) un/(hc) 4.668643 7(14) Va Ro 5.291 772.49(24) 7.297353 08(33) 137.035 989 5(61) 1.097373 153.4(13) 3.289 841 9499(39) 2.179 8741(13) 1.360 56981(40) 2.566 370614... xio®ms~ x10-7 Hm - x10 Hm Fmt x10“? Fmt a a x10“! m? kg xo*Ts x10“ eVs x10*3s x1o-evs x10-*kg x10-* m x10-#s x10-¥e x10“ wb x10" HzV-t xo TT xloSevT kT x1027 JT! x10-SevT“! x104KT+ x10! mt Tt x10 x10" m+ x10!5Hz x1o8y x10'ev x10 mElectron constants Units, constants, and conversions 1.3 Physical constants ‘Muon constants electron mass ~ Me 9.109 389754) x10" kg ‘muon mass my 18835327(11) x10 kg in electron volts 0.51099906(15)_ Mev in electron volts 105,658 389(34) MeV electron/proton mass ratio rme/my 5446 17013(11) x10 muon/electron mass ratio m/e 206.768 262(30) electron charge -e — —1.60217733(49)_ x10-"C muon charge -e — -1.60217733(49) x10-C electron specific charge -e/m, —1.75881962(53) x10" Ckg™) muon magnetic moment Bu 4.4904514(15) x10-°6 JT“! electron molar mass, Name M, — 5.48579903(13) x10- kemol~ in Bohr magnetons, /j5 4.84197097(71) x10 Compton wavelength, h/(m,c) de 2.426 31058(22) x10- m in nuclear magnetons, p/s 8.890 598 1(13) classical electron radius, aa re 2.81794092(38) x10~m muon g-factor Bu 2.002331 846(17) Thomson cross section, (8/3)72 or 6.6524616(18) x10- m® ae electron magnetic moment He 92847701031) x10-* JT in Bohr magnetons, 2/18 1.001 159652 193(10) . in nuclear magnetons, p/p 1838,282000(37) Bulk physical constants _ electron g-factor, 2se/up fe __ 2.002319 304 386(20) ‘Avogadro constant Na 6022136736) x10 mol atomic mass constant® rm, 1.6605402(10) x10-*7 kg in electron volts 931.494.32(28) MeV Proton constants Faraday constant F —9,6485309(29) x10*Cmol {proton mass ™p 16726231(10) x10 ke | molar gas constant R — 8314510(70) Jmol~ K-* in electron volts 938.27231(28) MeV Boltzmann constant, R/N, k 138065812) x10“ JK proton/electron mass ratio m/e —1836.152701(37) in electron volts 8.617 385(73) x10~°eV K* proton charge e 1.60217733(49) x10" C molar volume (ideal gas at stp)? Vn 2241410(19) x10-?m* mot! proton specific charge e/m, —9.5788309(29) x10’ Ckg* Stefan-Boltzmann constant, xk*/(60Hc*) ¢ +—5.670S1(19) xl0*Wm? K+ | proton molar mass, Nap My 1.007276470(12) x10 kgmot™ [ Wien’ displacement law constant< b= 7m _b _2897756(24) _x10-?mK proton Compton wavelength, h/(mgc) Jey —-*1.321.41002(12). x10" m State pees ear aye for Ee eoaneel ThsPa t sanded srmorghar) proton magnetic moment Mp —-:141060761(47)_ x10-%6 Tt «See also page 12 in Bohr magnetons, tip/up 1.521 032202( in nuclear magnetons, tp/ins 2.792847 386(63) proton gyromagnetic ratio ty 2.67522128(81)__x108s"!T"! Re ee pi@ 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 462 643 383 279 Neutron constants exponential constant (e) 2.718 281 828 459 045 235 360 287 471 352 neutron mass me STASI) IO Te Catalan’s constant 0.915 965 594 177 219 015 054 603 514 932 in electron volts 930.56563(28) MeV Euler's constant® ()) 0.577 215 664 901 532 860 606 512 090 082 neutron/electron mass ratio mg/m, 1838.683 662(40) Feigenbaum’s constant (a) 2.502 907 875 095 892 822 283 902 873 218 ... ee eee mma/me 10013784040) Feigenbaum’s constant (8) 4,669 201 609 102 990 671 853 203 820 466 ... neutron molar mast, Natt Ma 1.008664904(14) x10? kgmot Gibbs constant 1.851 937 051 982 466 170 361 053 370 157 neutron Compton wavelength, h/(mac) Zon (1.319591 1012) x10-* m Mad hens mean eneyoe os eee is neutron magnetic moment mn 96503707180) 10-27 T+ ladelung constant 1,747 564 594 633 182 190 636 212 035 S44 in Bohr magnetons Hole 104187563025) x10 eae eee in nuclear magnetons Ha/wx _1.91304275(45)10 Units, constants, and conversions 1.4 Converting between units un 1.4 Converting between units unit name alue in SI units u The following table lists common (and not so common) measures of physical quantities. carat (metric) 200.0" x10 kg ‘The numerical values given are the SI equivalent of one unit measure of the non-SI unit. cone 45359237 kg Hence 1 astronomical unit equals 149.5979 x 10° m. Those entries identified with a “*” in centare , Lo m i the second column represent exact conversions; so 1 abampere equals exactly 10.0. Note centimetre of Hg (0°C) = 1.333222 x10" Pa that individual entries in this list are not recorded in the index. centimetre of H20 (4°C) 98.060616 Pa chain (engineers’) 30.48" m There is a separate section on temperature conversions after this table. chain (US) 0116s) om Chu 1.899101 x10°y clusee 1.333224 x10-W [amit name ealue ix ST waits 7 Ce 3a S56 5 Aas at ‘A cubit 4512 x107m abcoulomb 100° c oe eo ms pcan rs x10 F cup (US) 236.5882 x10-6 abbenry a 10H curie 370" x10? Bq abmho 10° x10°S darcy 9869233 x10~! m? abohm 10" x10°.0 day 86.4" x10s abvolt 10.0" x10°V day (sidereal) 86.16409 x10°s acre 4.046856 x10°m? debye 3.335641 x10“"Cm amagat (at stp) 44614774 molm™ degree (angle) 1745329 x10-®rad ampere hour 36° x10. C denier 1idil1 — x10~kgm Angstrém 1000" x10-?m digit 19.05" x10-3m apostilb 10" Imm dioptre 10° m arcminute 2908882 x10-rad Dobson unit 100° x10-6m aresecond 4848137 x10-rad dram (avoirdupois) 1.771845 x10 kg are 100.0" m? dyne 100° x10-6N astronomical unit 149.5979 x10? m éyne centimetres 100.0° x10-9J atmosphere (standard) 101.3250" 10° Pa electron volt 1602177 x10- 5 atomic mass unit 1.660540 x10" kg all 1143" m bar 100.0" em 4233333, x10-?m barn 100.0" emu of capacitance 10" x10°F baromil 750.1 emu of current 100° A barrel (UK) 1636592 x10 m’ | emu of electric potential 10.0" x109V barrel (US dry) 115.6271 x10-3m? emu of inductance 10" x10 barrel (US oil) 1589873 x10 m? emu of resistance 10° x10 barrel (US liquid) 1192405 x10-?m? Eétvds unit 10" x10-9m baud 10° on esu of capacitance 1.112650 x10-2F bayre 1000" x10" Pa esu of current 333.5641 x10-2 A biot 100 A esu of electric potential «299.7925. V bolt (US) 36.576 sm esu of inductance 308.7552 x10°H brewster 10° x10-2 nN su of resistance 898.7552 x10 British thermal unit 1.055056 x10°J erg 100.0" x10-°J | bushel (UK) 3636872 x10-3m? faraday 964853 10°C | bushel (US) 35.23907 x10 m* fathom 1.828804 om | butt (UK) 477.3394 x10-3m3 | fermi 10" x10-!5 m cable (US) 219.456 sm Finsen unit 100° x10- Wm | calorie 41g6s° firkin (UK) 4091481 3 candle power (spherical) — 4ar Im firkin (US) 3406871 x10-?mé continued on next page. continued on next pagen Units, constants, and conversions 14 Converting between units 3 unit name value in SE units unit name value in SI units fluid ounce (UK) 2841308 x10-Sm? kilocalorie 4.186 8" x10J fluid ounce (US) 2957353 x10-°m> Kilogram-force 9.806 N | foot 3048" x10? kilowatt hour 36° x10°F ii foot (US sone soasons plies m knot (international) 5144444 x10? ms if es (4°C) ree a) ca 10/x" 10° ced m=? i 1763: x : x “ footlambert 3.426259 cd? iangmnir ey net = footpoundal 2.14011 x10 Teague (nautical int) «S556 m penne (force) it 818 i eee league (nautical, UK) 5.559552 x10 m resnel , F league (statute) 4328032 x10°m funal 10 x10-N light yea ‘ . ight year 9.46073" x10 furlong, 201.168 om ligne 2256" x10-m g (standard acceleration) 980665" ms line 2116667 x10-°m al we ior. xm | (magnetic fux) 100° x10-° Wo | gallon . x10? m? ink (engineers’) 3048° x10 m | gallon (US liquid) a7Bsen2 aa link (US) 2011680 x10m gamma r x litre 10° x10- m? Hil Bass our ST | lumen (at 555 nm) 1.470588 x10 W gilbert 47 x10 Arun — 5 . gill (UK) 142.0654 x10-Sm? a vel we xe ae i m3 , : ail US) see eee | meron 10" x10-6m x/ mil . 6 grade 15.70796 x10-xad mil a) ne pone 7 om x ‘m grain sarees x10 tks mile (international) 1.609344" x10°'m l] mn 7 Bie mile (nautical, int) 1852" x10'm i gram-ra 0 ot mile (nautical, UK) 1.853184 x10°'m | gray 10° Sig! mile per hour 4470" = x10 mst j hand 101.6" x10-°m milliard 10° x10 m? | hartree 4359748 x10-8 millibar 100.0" Pa {i hectare 100° x10 m? millimetre of Hg (0°C) 1333224 Pa hefner 902 x10 od minim (UK) 5919390 x10-° m3 hogshead 238.6697 x10-3m? minim (US) 6161151 x10-9m? | horsepower (boiler) 9.80950 x10°W minute (angle) 2908882 x10-rad | horsepower (electric) a8 w minute 60.0" fi horsepower (metric) 735.4988 W minute (sidereal) 5983617 5 horsepower (UK) 745.6099 W month (lunar) 2551444 x10 i) hour 36 x108s nit 10° 7 i hour (sidereal) 3.590170 x10°s noggin (UK) tip.06s 4 oe m3 hundredweight (UK long) 5080235 kg a Rooate - | hundredweight (US short) 4535924 kg s! Many Am | me a — ounce (avoirdupois) 2834952 x10kg | (| [Ebene eo Hea Se =e iW inch of water (4°C) 249.0740 Pa a ae TH 7 20 an? Hr . x10 m \ jansky 100" x10 Wor He parsee 3085678 x10 jar 10/9 x10°F eck (UK) 9.09218" x10? m? kayser 100.0° m! peck (US) 8809768 x10~?m? continued on next page | continued on next page7 4 Units, constants, and conversions 14 Converting between units 18 unit name value in SI units unit name value in ST units i pennyweight (troy) 1.555174 x10-3kg statmho. 1112650 x10“. perch 5.0292" =m statobm 898.7552 x10. phot 10.0" x10 lx statvolt 299.7925 pica (printers’) 4217518 x10" m. sthéne 10" pint (UK) 568.2612 x10-Sm? stere 10" pint (US dry) 550.6105 x10-6m> stilb 10.0° pint (US liquid) 473.1765 x10-6 m3 stokes 100.0" point (printers’) 351.4598* x10~6m Le 6.350293 poise 100.0" — x10-Pas tablespoon (UK) 14,206 53 pole 5.0292 tablespoon (US) 1478676 x10-m? poncelot 980.665 W teaspoon (UK) 4.735513 x10-6m? pottle 2273045 x10-3m? teaspoon (US) 4928922 x10-6m? pound (avoirdupois) 453.5924 x10 kg tex 10° x10~% kgm“ poundal 1382550 x10-3N therm (EEC) 105.506" x108J pound-force 4448222 N therm (US) 105.4804" x10 promaxwell Lo" Wb thermie 4185407 x10 psi 6.894757 x10°Pa thou 25.4" x10°6m puncheon (UK) 3179746 x10- m? tog 100. x102W'mkK | ms vestse “08 a | 3 z quart (UK) 1136522 x10 m? ean eee raf x10 kg | quart (US dry) 1.101221 10-3 m’ ton (of TNT) 4.184" x10°J quart (US liquid) 946.3529 10-6 m? tor ae uintal (metric) 100.0" kg townsend 10° x10 Vm? | rad 10.0* x10~3 Gy ‘troy ounce 31.10348 x10-$kg. | rayleigh 10/(4r)—x10°s~! m=? srt troy pound 3732417 x10-$kg rem 10.0" x10 Sv troy dram 3.887935 x10-7kg | REN 1/4000" S tun 9546789 x10 m* reyn 689.5 x105 Pas xu 100209 x10" m the ior Parts yard sia" x10 m rod 5.0292" m year (calendar) 31536 x10s eet) SOc year (sidereal) 3155815 x10%s x 5 = itssgos ics ai Com) Fanon year (tropical) 31.5569: 106s | rutherford 10" x10 Bq ; | ae oem iy ‘Temperature conversions = scruple 1.295978 x10~kg From degrees = ‘oo seam 290.9498 x10-3m? Celsius oe C4) | ce tmperatue in second (angle) 4.848137 x10-Srad Calais second (sidereal) 997.2696 x10-3s, From degrees an shake 100.0* x10" s Fabrenheit #27345 (12) | SeeReaba shed 100.0* «107 m? sug 1459390 ke peeinea) (1.3 | 7 temperate in square degree (/180)* st [Ranking | statampere 333.5641 x10“2A stateoulomb 333.5641 x107!2C statfarad 1.112650 x10"? F stathenry 898.7552 x10°H continued on next page.16 Units, constants, and conversions 15 Dimensions The following table lists the dimensions of common physical quantities, together with their conventional symbols and the SI units in which they are usually quoted. The dimensional basis used is length (L), mass (M), time (1), electric current (I), temperature (©), and luminous intensity (J). Physical quantity ‘symbol dimensions ‘ST units acceleration a ur? ms action s uMtTt s angular momentum Ls out mkgs angular speed © uw rads area AS ou m Avogadro constant Nao 1 mol bending moment G@ UmT? Nm Bohr magneton «1 iv Boltzmann constant kks UMT@-+ JKt bulk modulus K Lim tT Pa capacitance c Lwite oF charge (electric) q TI charge density p Ltt conductance G Liwipe os conductivity ° wipe sot couple GT mt Nm current Ri current density ij density e LM | electric displacement D “tr electric field strength E LMT3rt Vet electric polarisability a MTP Cmyv-t electric polarisation P L?Tl Cm? electric potential difference V UMTart ov energy EU GMT J energy density u utM tT Jn? entropy s UmTte+t K+ Faraday constant FE TI Cmol force F LMT? N frequency vf Tt Hz gravitational constant G BMT? m3 kg~ Hall coefficient Rm Tt mci Hamiltonian H Mt? I heat capacity c UmT?@4t IK Hubble constant! H u st impedance Z UMT3? 9 impulse I umT Ns continued on next page ‘The Hubble constant is almost universally quoted in units of kms“! Mpe!. There are about 3.1 x 10 Kilometres in a megaparsec. tr 1.5 Dimensions physical quantity inductance irradiance illuminance Lagrangian length luminous intensity magnetic field strength magnetic flux magnetic flux density magnetic dipole moment ‘magnetic vector potential magnetisation mass mobility molar gas constant ‘moment of inertia momentum number density permeability permittivity Planck constant power Poynting vector pressure radiant intensity resistance Rydberg constant shear modulus specific heat capacity speed Stefan-Boltzmann constant stress surface tension temperature thermal conductivity time velocity viscosity (dynamic) viscosity (kinematic) volume wavevector weight work ‘Young modulus symbol L E. Ey po RAR ORD = WP AYE O ESTES ~ P a dimensions OMT MT? iu UMT L J wh UMTr MT vt LMT ot M wy UmTe+ UM umT is LMT Lucite umT UT MT? wim tT UMT3 BMT ct Lim tT viet ut MT 0-4 LiMT MT e LMT 7 Fr Lt LMT aire B re umT veut Lit? SI units H Wm? ik J n ed Wm?kK4 Wok mst Pas ms “28 Pa Pu18 1.6 Miscellaneous Greek alphabet oe ee A alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta RX ORNS TD Units, constants, and conversions | nu xi omicron pi tho sigma tau upsilon phi chi Chapter 2 Mathematics 2.1 Notation Mathematics is, of course, a vast subject, and so here we concentrate on those mathematical methods and relationships that are most often applied in the physical sciences and engineering. Although there is a high degree of consistency in accepted mathematical notation, there is some variation. For example the spherical harmonics, ¥/", can be written Yi,, and there is some freedom with their signs. In general, the conventions chosen here follow common practice as closely as possible, whilst maintaining consistency with the rest of the handbook. > Psi DEN eHAMVAS x Pi (x) to 1000 decimal places {31415926895 6975323846 2643385279 SODSRALITL 699957510 5820974944 $873078164 0628420099 BA2ETR4825 3421170679 s214s086st 5282305647 0938446095 5058223172 5359408128 4811174802 6410270193 85211055 6446229489 $493038196 429510875 6688534461 2847564823 STROTEDLES 2712019091 4554856692 340348610 4543266482 1335360726 O249141273 1245870066 0631558817 4861520920 9628292540 9171536436 7892530360 0113305305 4882046652 1384146951 9415116094 305727036 5759591959 0921861173 $193261179 3105118848 0744623799 6274956735 1885752724 8912279581 $301194912 5833673362 MOESG6430 8600135494 6995224737 1907021798 6094370277 0539217176 2981767523 S46T4SI846 7663405152 ooseaizri 4526386082 7785771342 7577896081 736S7L7E72 1468440901 7249524301 4654858597 1050792279 6892589285, 4201995611 2129021960 8540344181 5981362977 477130960 5187072113 4899999837 2978049951 0597317328 1605631889 san44souss 3469083006 4252230825 5344685035 2619511881 TIOIO00313 7838752886 5875332089 €142061717 1609147303 $962534904 2875546873 1159562863 8823597875 9375195778 1857780532 1712268066 1300192787 6611195909 2164201989 e to 1000 decimal places T araszarense 5904523536 0287471352 6624977572 4709360995 9574966967 6277240766 3035354759 4571382178 5251664274 “4ces93 2003059821 817439966 2908357290 OSSRED SBSENTEEL 323282794 HHOTEING BZSES07SE1 95210190 1sesa67 930702540 891493488 416707244 T4GDGED 226A0016 BATIIIESS 74248404 310753907 71992069 ssiyoaTet8 396263 184543000 752049538 26602976) 673IL3I0 TOSS28791 2144874704 7230696977 293101416 Sngssnonn 5515108657 46721112 S2389TRAD SOSEHSI696 TOTRSD SBE 4S4H05H87 931638882 308879212 “rT 44995295 1625148220 82695193 GSSSDIEDS 296539849 HES15E00S3929ED0 5979352096 25049117 S0Nr361970 e3ei6an39 7OLss7er9 320683283 THEO $911802528 T5DUHH19§$581530175 671736332 069812509 essies59 0616x381 S95885198 450727386 RESID TH2DSNR SPONSE? 519779610 4BsL98AS C346I2456 ‘sass e2s87715 7862320900 2160990235 38369948 <9LAGD1409 34SI7SBES G4OSHE2S3 520918369 O8HHTOTONS 158396045 TS14059271 4563549061 3031072085 10857505 OSTEO I7HR9S6IDG 679606852 1267154688 970850354 In particular: scalars unit vectors vector cross-product Laplacian operator partial derivatives nth derivative closed surface integral mean value (of x) factorial exponential constant natural logarithm general vectors scalar product gradient operator derivative derivative of r with respect to t closed loop integral matrix binomial coefficient unit imaginary (?=—1) modulus (of x) log to base 107 Mathematics 2.2 Vectors and matrices a 2.2 Vectors and matrices Common three-dimensional coordinate systems Vector algebra Scalar product® — @-b=|allb|c en) 5 * Vector product! a, a, @2) <) ry _: @ b (in) 3) (24) Product rules 5) (26) Tagrange’s on identity a party? (2.21) y 1G x=peosd=rsindcosd (2.18) by @8) pee tyt 4232 ex) Scalar triple cy ql IS sindsing (2.19) product =(bxe)-a=(exa)-b 9) oa, on 0 =arccos(z/r) (2.23) olume of parallelepiped 210) |S, J @=arctan(y/x) (224) Vector triple (a-e)b—(B-c)a (2.11) coordinate system: rectangular spherical polar cylindrical polar product (a-c)b—(a- be (2.12) coordinates of P: (x,y,z) (7,6,6) (0.42) volume element: dxdydz sinddrd0dd pdpdzdd (2.13) metric elements® (h,/3,h3):(1,1,1) (rrsind) (p,1) (2.14) “in an orthogonal coordinate system (Paramteried by coordinates gan) the diferent Ins Reciprocal vectors 015) element di obtained from (4l}?=(h;da:)-+ (ha dan? +0 das) (2.16) Gradient _ [Wector a with Rectangular a, of, of yf salar feta Westar = j coordinates vi= +58 029) | eestor Peet tO a gale aber H(esaben +(eh-aes 17) —E_Eev—vAen__ = 9 _* - — nonorthogoa Ghimteal yy Ay, 1g, ey (2.26) |? iance rom he is0 Known as the "Zot product” or the “nner product™ coordinates edd 20 ies eas 5 tse knowa asthe “oss product.” isa unit vector making a riht-handed set with @ and. Spherical polar af, , 10%, 1 Fy ” , , (256) | le/(7sind) 0 /(rsind) Ir he Spherical polar DD ie 235 V-(Wed 257) coordinates Vxd=| 8/or 0/08 b/8b (2.35) Vx(Vxd) = 0(V-A)—V2A (2.58) | 4 rAg —rAgsind| - -— _— Vector integral transformations General a hh ahs a basis Gana : — orthogonal vxd=— —loyoqs a/dqr a/0as! (2.36) | iy meio jauss's ‘vector fil coordinates Fighahs {70% 10% 01CF Sas (Divergence) f (WAV = f Ads (2.59) | 6% volume element yA, Iiny—gA theorem v s, Se closed surface t 7 V volume enclosed ee S surface adial forms’ Stokes’s ds surface element r V(L/r] (2.41) theorem (x4) = fe Ad (2.60) | £ toop bounding 5 vat (2.37) r 3 dt tne clement Ver=3 (2.38) Ve(r/r (2.42) Wr? =2r (239) vj) (2.43) Green's first fore ds= [ V-(fVg)aV 2.61) V-(r)=4r (240) m “ theorem ; fag. scalar fields V-(r/r)=4n6(r) (2.44) [we eH(VA)(Vg)dV (2.62) ‘Nowe Wat the carl of any purely radial Funstion is ore Sp) & the Disa dela Tanction. a fowe-a AR [aee-senar theorem (2.63)Matrix algebra’ Mathematics 2.2 Vectors and matrices 25 Square matrices? ay a Oe Matrix ay az Oe coca) | 8 mbynmacic definition sy matrix elements Gt Ona _**" Onn Matrix addition C=A+B if cyay+by (2.65) C=AB if cy=cahy (2.66) a (AB)C=A(BC) 67) multiplication 4(B+C)=AB+AC (2.68) Tampoe 44 2) | a mene mt matrix? (AB..N)=W...8A (2.70) | (ometines a, oro) + complex conjent (of Adjoint matrix oe . oe i @: adjoint (r Hemisan (definition 1)° 2) | sit , Hi Hermitian (or Hermitian matrix! H1=H 273) | Bemian or AB= | examples: fay a2 as a an a ay, 32 3 fay Ay at a2 a ay 13 das a) fay bu + arab +arsbat ay, bys + Gabry +a2sba1 3, bys +aszbay +435 bas ba ba bs ‘ayy +b A+B= | a+b 31 +31 aub2+anbataisbs2 aubisbarbss tas ay by +azzbo+az3b32 dn by3-+a22b2s+anabas aybytaxnbn+asbe aubis+ax2bu ta: bss bas bss, ath a+b antbhy ats asy+b32 ass +s “Tonas ae imply summed over repented suis; hence hy e@uas Dx Gaby See also Equation (2.45) Or “Hermitian conjugate matrix” The term ‘matrix and in linear algebra forthe transpose matrix of i both are widely used [e. Equation (280) Hermitian matrices must also be square (see next table). “adjoint” is used in quantum physics forthe transpose conjugate of 's cofactors. These definitions are not compatible, but n trA=ar 2.74) | A square matrix race ‘ay matrix elements t(AB)=tr(BA) 2.75) | oo implciiy =Syau det =e. audny03e... (2.76) | trace . 5 (-1)*!ayMa (2.77) | det determinant (or {A)) eterminant! aa (2.78) | My minor of ekmet ay Cy cofactor of the det(AB...N)=detAdetB...detN (2.79) element ay Adena aaa Tgp | obi nts (definition 2°“ on OH oe Cy _ adja aya = (281) Inverse matrix 7) GUA det 1 (Quang) A (2.82) | wnitmatri (AB...N) 1 Bact (283) Orthogonality 44x =O 284) | 5, Kronecker dtta (= condition ie, AA“ (2.85) if i=, =0 otherwise) e If A=A, Ais symmetric (2.86) cael If A=-A, Aisantisymmetric (287) Unitary matrix U'=U 8) say mi crmitian conjugate examples: A cs fa as on(% he =] a a2 as bay be Co) wA=ay+an+433 tB=bu tbe | det A= ayy 23 433 — 13 023 39 — ns 412 033 + 24 043.032 +034 432.03 — 31 01302 et B= by ba —birba 1 [ tnten anda —anaatanan —a2dn—anan Ata coq | tas tangs — auass—arsds, —au aes barsant 4y42-andy —Ayan+ana% — a142—4Ana%, | [bx —be ie [" © detB ( ‘a Terms are implicitly summed over repeated sufices; hence aay equals Soy aby. Sey. is defined as the natural extension of Equation (2.444) to n-dimeasions (see page $0). My is the determinant ofthe matrix A with the ith row and the jth column deleted. The cofactor C= (—1)*"/M “Or “adjugnte matrix.” See the footnote to Equation (2.71) for a discussion of the term “adjoin.”t 6 Mathematics 2.3 Series, summations, and progressions 27 Commutators 23 Series, summations, and progressions Conmutstor [A.B] AB-BA=—1B,A] 2.89) | 1 commatator | definition | Progressions and summations i (A.B) =[B',A" (2.90) | 1 adjoint ; Adjoint As) 1 (2.90) oT Sp=a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+ (2.102) | n number of terms 2 Distribution [A+ B,C]=1A,C]+1,C] 291) Acithmetic pees (2108) | * mse progression Flat (n=) (2.108) | @ frst tm Association [AB,C]=A(B,C}+1A,C]B 2.92) a 4 commen diference i Associatioi U [B.C] +1A.C} 292) (a+) (2.105) | 1 jast team i Jacobi identity (A,[B.CJ=(BIACI-(GIAB] = (2.93) | Syeatartar?+--bar™ (2.106) Geometric progression (2.107) | + common ratio j Pauli matrices 2.108) | 7 0 ‘) ( a) faces = i 0 (x +x2 Xi (Ja arithmetic mean Pauli matrices i A ; 1 2x2 wnt matric mean qeatrat tay) (2.109) | (04 itm 1 2.94) [8 Pant Geometric _ a ( a) (@ 1) | meen (132% .%)! 2110) | (geometric men ! ‘Anticomim t - | (2.95) | éy Kronecker delta - 1 1 4 | wn | cimmicees Giee(Sedanet)* astn| totem | i Cyclic (2.96) Relative 7 i! pamutation (297) magnitudes (a2 ()e2(en if >0 for alli — (2.112) i L I (2.113) | | Rotation matrices" _ fo (2.114) 1 0 0 (0) matrix for rotation i ih, | 0 —sind cos @ rotation angle ous i cos? 0. sind i tot = O=[0 1 2%) Summation | and sind 0 088, formulas (2.116) | ¢ Gommy integer | | = cosé sind 0) & rotation about 3, | | Rotation Rs(@)=(—sind cos® 0 (2.100) | 8 rotation about x4 eu about x: | ° 0 on > ‘wtation about x i | Baler angles — —_— |e rotaon max _ } cosycosBeose—sinysina cosycosfsina+sinycosa —cosysin a | R(o,B.y) sinycosBeosx—cosysina —sinycosBsina+cosycosa —_sinysinB \| sinBeosa singsina cos (2.119) (2.101 pS z Euler's (2.120) | Euler's constant ‘Ragles are in the righthanded sense for rotation of axes, or the lef ven @ right-handed rotation of @ about the 23.axis using Rs(~6)e-+1'. Conventionally, x1 =x m= Ys ‘Sx0aTF fiven a right-handed rotation of @ about the 25 1g Rs(-8)e-+#"- Conventionally, 2 ECE PIC | | L I janded sense for rotation of vectors. ie, a constant*| | | i 1 | Power series Mathematics 23 Series, summations, and progressions Series expansions nt Binomial (14j'—t¢mee D+ @.121) exptx) (2.133) dora) series? [° poo (2.122) Inf +>) (2134) Ci0 yet 129) on (1+x/n' re as n00 [xinx-+0 as x0 2.130) cosh(x) (2.144) Goratin an — sy six 1 as x0 (2.131) sinh(x) (2.145) (rally) = — —_| [ £6) I) yyspital’s rule) (2.132) tanh(x) (2.146) (wi<2/2) It fla=s(a)=0 or 20 then lime = Sq) (VHépital’s rule) (2.132) L : ‘aroconia)=a/2— arial) Note Wat asinine) fe arcot(s) = /2— arctan) 29| 0 Mathematics 24 Complex variables 31 Inequalities 7 Complex analysis _ - {| ~a2| Slay +a2| s|ay| + laa) s (2147) if f(Z)=u(x,y)+in(, = complex variable | | ‘Triangle ln nl ‘Cauchy- ou at i Pao | | inequality Sral..2% (2.149) i (2.165) | ye rea functions | if Chebyshev and by 2bp2bs>..2b, (2.150) | Canciy= : | inequality * * . Goursat f(z)dz=0 (2.166) | then ny abi (E+) (S») (2.151) [theorem Je | | ist a_/ \‘et ; © mth desvatve | ; Cauchy @asn |? ™ * ses | Cauchy z integral aurentcoefcents y ub 2.152) residue of f() at x9 inequality (Sa ) | formula! (26s) | See of 10) : | =< arn Farce ee Schwarz ° PP > ! j inequality | f Fone] < Hi [feo ax if [eo ax ass) coun (2168) : expansion® il (2.170) | 2.4 Complex variables cS } esidue i Complex numbers theorem fi f(z) dz =2ni) enclosed residues (2.171) i 7 complex vatable “Closed contour inegials are ten isthe counterclockwise see, once | Cartesian form 7= x+y (2.154) a1 $Newessary condition for f(2) to be analytic ata sven point. eae Tf f(z) is analyte within and oa a simple closed curve. Sometimes called “Cauchy’s theorem.” | le Peay 4 fe) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve ¢, encircling 2. i r— smplitude (al 0% f(2), (analytic) in the annular region between concentric circles, c) and cp, centred on zp. ci any closed curve | Co ASS) | pase ea in this region encircling zy J | ; (2.156) Modulus (2is7) modulus of 2 i i} (2.158) amen argz argument of 2 i | Argument iss) | | (2.160) i Complex 2161 |* canis cosiume o | conjugate 16) F i Logarithm? (2.163) | n —imeger il | "Or “magnitude” The principal value of Inzis given by n=O and —* <8.Mathematics 25 Trigonometric and hyperbolic formulas 33 2.5 Trigonometric and hyperbolic formulas Hyperbolic relationships* ‘Trigonometric relationships sinh(x-+y)=sinhxcoshy + coshxsinhy (2.194) e—eeEEeEe>EH cosh(x-+y)=cosh:xcoshy+ sinhxsinh; 2.195) sin(4-B)=sinAcosB +cosAsinB 17) ” ews) 2 =. tanb(x-y) = tanbettanby (2.196) | cos(A:iB) cos Acos BF sinAsinB 2173) Toaakwtanky ) tanAitanB | Sy 1 tan(ALB)= Ten dtanB @.174) coshxcoshy = 5 [eosh(x-+y)-+eosh(x—y)] (2.197) 1 75) 1 cosAcosB= 5 [cos(A+B)+cos(A—B)] (2.175) sinhxcoshy =; [sinh(x+y)+sinh(x—y)] (2.198) i 1 . 1 i sin AcosB = 5 [sin(4-+B)+-sin(4—B)] 2.176) sinhssinhy = [eosh(x+y)—cosh(x—y)] (2199) po TX T sindsinB=$ [tos(A—B)—cos(a+B)] (2.177) 1 (2.200) | | ; Zw | | cost Asin? A= 178) etn set eee i sec? A—tan?A= (2.179) coth?x—esch*x= 1 (2.202) esc? A—cot” A. (2.180) sinh2x=2sinhxcoshx (2.203) San ETT ccosh2x=cosh?x-+sinh?xx (2.204) * a | 2tanhx | c0s2A=¢os? Asin A (2.182) : tanh 2a (2.205) | i} tan2A= 2004 (2.183) sinh3x=3sinhx-+4sinh? x (2.206) ~tand » i sin3ASsind asin’ A ies) cosh3x=4cosh? x—3coshx (2207) i 24 ( TES ike c083A=4cos' A—3cosA (2.185) sinhx+sinhy =2sinh~ $ » cosh™ 5 y (2.208) | | BAB gey | x x | sinA+sinB sin cos AF (2.186) sinhx—sinhy = 2cosh 4? sinh (2.209) | Mt sinA—sinB=2c0s4 £3 sin 45% sy | | coshx-+coshy = 2cosh**2 cosh*—¥ 2.210) \ 5 (2210) | | A+B “De X+Y sian ® | cos A+c08B = cos cos > 28s) | , — coshx—coshy =2sinh * > sinh=>* (2211) A+B. A-B Le x xX [ = tet | | | cosA—cos B= —2sin—— sin (2.189) {\] {\ f\ \ loosh2x+1) (2.212) x | | Ty ‘ > Hit i | 1 | c0s?A= (1400824) (2190) | Sa F(cosh2x—1) 2213) | | 2 : {ik} sin?A=1(1-cos2A) 2191) cosh? x=1(3coshx +-cosh3x) 2.214) itil | 3 c | I cos! A= 4(30084-+00834) (2.192) ° = 1 (einh3x—3sinh>) 2215) | ; | ‘Thewe can be derived from Wgonometicreatonships by wing the | | sin?A= 1 (sind —sin34) (2.193) See eet 34 Mathematics 26 Mensuration ‘Trigonometric and hyperbol Inverse hyperbolic functions ssinhocamsinh—!—In fx--(224-1)"9) ] de Moivre’s theorem —_(cosx-+isinx)*=e™ =cosnx-+isinnx (2216) arsinhx=sinh!x=In[x+(7+1)7] (2.239) | oraz |, of, Tt > Ly 7 a aie arcoshx =cosh“!x=In [x-+(2— 1)" =n ° il 2217) cosha= 5 (e+e) 2.218) | eazy ¥ (2219) sinhx= 5) (2.220) (224 | wict | = t (2221) tanhx. sme (2.222) (2.242) | xi>1 ‘ (2.223) coshix=cosx (2.224) oexsi (2225) sinhix=isinx (2.226) (2.243) > 2.227 = (tanhx)t 2.228 ae : (2227) cothx=(tanhx) (2.228) (2.244) secx=(cosx)* (2.229) sechx=(coshx) (2.230) ° a esex=(sinx) (2.231) z (2.232) us 2.6 Mensuration Inverse trigonometric functions* ] — & / js Be aresi (2233) 1 — Moiré fringes? _ 3. Parallel pattern reece arccosx=aretan (2.234) dy (2-245) | ay grating spacings 4 common grating arose: (2.235) Rotational (2.246) spacing pattern? 8 relative rotation angle arcseex=arctan [e? = »'?] (2.236) ‘Foe walaypy neat aa (8isx/2) ‘From identical gratings, spacing d, witha relative rotation 0 aveste=arcun(!) aan arocosx = 5 —arcsinx e236 | ‘Valid in the angle range 0-20 eRq (2.276) | a cap depts | depth d P depth | Area? E=A+B+C (2261) Volum of ahedagh P| so angle | _ Volume of spherical e(r—4 " e | Ona wait sphere cap, depth d v -§ (2277) | = ° distance from centre | also called the “spherical excess” ss a halfangle subtended Solid angle of a circle =n [1-2 (2.278) a Ir from a point on its Cea ecix_| axis, z from centre =2n(1—cosa) (2279) z ‘Sphere defined by 1" The approximation is exact when ‘Elipsoid defined by x2 /a +y2/b? 22/1 “Curved surface ony. and e~031, giving a maximum error of 11% at e=1Conic sections Mathematics 1. 2.6 Mensuration Curve measure 39 L ofside a Both regular and inegular polyhedra foliow the Buler relation, Taces—edges + verties =2. y Length of plane eo t ee (2.280) | 2) plane curve | ee — 35 Surface of a revolution (2.281) | 4 surface area | ‘Volume of _ revolution yi dx (2282) | volume parabola Radius of dius of curvature (2.283) |? Satire equation ~ parametric form Differential geometry” foci Unit te . | = tangent it tangent (2.284) | curve parameterised by r(t) [ ee 2 Heol eccentricity ‘Unit principal normal (2.285) | » principal normal deers Unit binormal (2.286) | ° vinormal Platonic solids* carreras) (2.287) | x curvature i volume “a srcumradius —_ inradi ; - a) bur surface arec circumradius radius Radius of curvature (2.288) | p — radius of curvature tetrahedron 2 ab aye | Torsion (46,4) a3 4 2 | B (2.289) | 2 torsion cube ; a8 a 6128) . oa 3 3 | 7 (2.290) Brcalasing octahedron @y 2 8 a plane, | (8,12,6) 3 ’ v2 | Frenet’s formulas (2.291) | "ormabplane cahedron [TR a | 50+22V5 ee aaty/5(5+2V5) Gv30+V5) a oe | (2.292) | 3 a oxsia en s+) <2 5 a boa (vie ‘Fora continuous curve in three Gimensions, Gaced by the positon vetor A (20,30,12) 2 sey aV2EEND G\Very