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BI 1: VECTO TRONG KHNG GIAN
A. L THUYT
1. nh ngha v cc php ton
nh ngha, tnh cht, cc php tn v vect trong khng gian c xy dng hn tn tng t nh
trong mt phng.
Lu :

+ Qui tc ba im: Cho ba im A, B, C bt k, ta c: AB BC AC

+ Qui tc hnh bnh hnh: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD, ta c: AB AD AC

+ Qui tc hnh hp: Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD, ta c: AB AD AA ' AC '
+ H thc trung im on thng: Cho I l trung im ca on thng AB, O tu .

Ta c: IA IB 0 ; OA OB 2OI
+ H thc trng tm tam gic: Cho G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC, O tu . Ta c:

GA GB GC 0; OA OB OC 3OG

+ H thc trng tm t din: Cho G l trng tm ca t din ABCD, O tu . Ta c:

GA GB GC GD 0; OA OB OC OD 4OG

+ iu kin hai vect cng phng: a va b cung phng (a 0) ! k R : b ka
+ im M chia on thng AB theo t s k (k 1), O tu . Ta c:

OA kOB
MA kMB; OM
1k
2. S ng phng ca ba vect
Ba vect c gi l ng phng nu cc gi ca chng cng song song vi mt mt phng.

iu kin ba vect ng phng: Cho ba vect a , b , c , trong a va b khng cng phng. Khi

: a , b , c ng phng ! m, n R: c ma nb

Cho ba vect a , b , c khng ng phng, x tu .

Khi : ! m, n, p R: x ma nb pc
3. Tch v hng ca hai vect
Gc gia hai vect trong khng gian:
0
AB u , AC v (u , v ) BAC (0 BAC 1800 )

Khi xc nh gc ca 2 vecto ko cng gc ta phi c gng a v cng gc xc nh gc bng cch

dng vecto bng vecto ban u
Tch v hng ca hai vect trong khng gian:

+ Cho u , v 0 . Khi : u.v u . v .cos(u ,v )

+ Vi u 0 hoac v 0 . Qui c: u.v 0

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+ u v u.v 0

B. BI TP
DNG 1: Chng minh ng thc vecto
Pp: Dng cc quy tc, cng thc hc cm:
Bi 1: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l l mt hnh ch nht.
Chng minh rng:

a. SA SC SB SD
2 2 2 2
b. SA SC SB SD
Gii

a. Gi O l tm ca hnh ch nht. V OA OC nn: SA SC 2 SO (1)

V OB = OD nn SB SD 2SO (2)

So snh (1) v (2) ta suy ra SA SC SB SD
b. Ta c: S
2 2 2
SA (SO OA) SO OA 2SO.OA

M OA OC 0 nn
2 2 2 2 2
SA SC 2 SO OA OC
2 2 2 2 2 B C
Tng t ta c: SB SD 2 SO OB OD
V ABCD l hnh ch nht nn ta c
O
OA OB OC OD A D
2 2 2 2 Hn h 6.2
T suy ra SA SC SB SD
Bi 2: Cho t din ABCD. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD, G l trung im ca on MN.
Chng minh rng:

a. AD BC AC BD 2 MN

b. GA GB GC GD 0
A
c. PA PB PC PD 4 PG vi P l mt im bt k.
M
Gii:
G
a. Ta c: MN MA AD DN v B D

MN MB BC CN
N
Suy ra: 2 MN ( MA MB ) AD BC ( DN CN ) C
Hn h 6 .3
V MA MB DN CN 0 nn 2MN AD BC

Ta suy ra: AD BC AC BD 2MN

b. V GA GB 2GM , GC GD 2GN , GM GN 0 nn GA GB GC 0
c. Vi im P bt k, t kt qu trn ta c:

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( PA PG ) ( PB PG ) ( PC PG ) ( PD PG ) 0

Do : PA PB PC PD 4 PG
DNG 2. chng minh 3 vecto ng phng v phn tch mt vecto theo 3 vecto ko ng phng

Pp:

chng minh ba vect ng phng, ta c th chng minh bng mt trong cc cch:

+ Chng minh cc gi ca ba vect cng song song vi mt mt phng.
+ Da vo iu kin ba vect ng phng:

Nu c m, n R: c ma nb th a , b , c ng phng

phn tch mt vect x theo ba vect a , b , c khng ng phng, ta tm cc s m, n, p sao cho:

x ma nb pc
BI TP
Bi 1: Cho hnh t din ABCD. Gi P v Q ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v CD. Trn cc cnh
AM BN
AC v BD ta ln lt ly cc im M,N sao cho k ( k 0) . Chng minh rng ba vect
AC BD

PQ, PM , PN ng phng.
Gii:
A
V Q l trung im ca cnh DC nn ta c:
1 1
PQ ( PC PD) [( AC AP) ( BD BP) P
2 2
1
[( AC BD) ( AP BP)] G
2 B N D
1
V AP BP 0 nn PQ ( AC BD ) 0 M
2 Q
1 1 C
Theo gi thit ta c AC AM v BD BN Hnh 6.4
k k
1
Do PQ ( AM BN )
2k
1
V: AM AP PM v BN BP PN nn PQ ( AP PM BP PN )
2k
1 1
Vy: PQ PM PN
2k 2k

T h thc trn ta suy ra ba vect PQ, PM , PN ng phng
BI TP TNG T.

1. Cho tam gic ABC. Ly im S nm ngi mt phng (ABC). Trn on SA ly im M sao cho
1
MS 2MA v trn on BC ly im N sao cho NB NC . Chng minh rng ba vect AB , MN , SC
2
ng phng.
2 1
HD: Chng minh MN AB SC .
3 3
2. Cho hnh hp ABCD.EFGH. Gi M, N, I, J, K, L ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AE, CG, AD,
DH, GH, FG; P v Q ln lt l trung im ca NG v JH.

a) Chng minh ba vect MN , FH , PQ ng phng.
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b) Chng minh ba vect IL, JK , AH ng phng.

HD: a) MN , FH , PQ c gi cng song song vi (ABCD).

b) IL, JK , AH c gi cng song song vi (BDG).
3. Cho hnh lng tr ABC.DEF. Gi G, H, I, J, K ln lt l trung im ca AE, EC, CD, BC, BE.

a) Chng minh ba vect AJ , GI , HK ng phng.
FM CN 1
b) Gi M, N ln lt l hai im trn AF v CE sao cho . Cc ng thng v t M v N
FA CE 3

song song vi CF ln lt ct DF v EF ti P v Q. Chng minh ba vect MN , PQ, CF ng phng.
4. Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca CD v DD; G v G ln lt l
trng tm ca cc t din ADMN v BCCD. Chng minh rng ng thng GG v mt phng
(ABBA) song song vi nhau.
1
HD: Chng minh GG ' 5AB AA ' AB , AA ', GG ' ng phng.
8

5. Cho ba vect a , b , c khng ng phng v vect d .

a) Cho d ma nb vi m v n 0. Chng minh cc b ba vect sau khng ng phng:

i) b , c , d ii) a , c , d

b) Cho d ma nb pc vi m, n v p 0. Chng minh cc b ba vect sau khng ng phng: i)

a , b ,d ii) b , c , d iii) a , c , d
HD: S dng phng php phn chng.

6. Cho ba vect a , b , c khc 0 v ba s thc m, n, p 0. Chng minh rng ba vect

x ma nb , y pb mc , z nc pa ng phng.

HD: Chng minh px ny mz 0 .

7. Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.ABC c AA ' a , AB b , AC c . Hy phn tch cc vect B ' C , BC ' theo

cc vect a , b , c .

HD: a) B ' C c a b b) BC ' a c b .
8. Cho t din OABC. Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC.

a) Phn tch vect OG theo cc ba OA, OB,OC .

b) Gi D l trng tm ca t din OABC. Phn tch vect OD theo ba vect OA,OB, OC .

1
1
HD: a) OG OA OB OC b) OD OA OB OC .
3 4
9. Cho hnh hp OABC.DEFG. Gi I l tm ca hnh hp.

a) Phn tch hai vect OI va AG theo ba vect OA, OC ,OD .

b) Phn tch vect BI theo ba vect FE , FG , FI .

1
HD: a) OI OA OC OD , AG OA OC OD . b) BI FE FG FI .
2
10. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.EFGH.

a) Phn tch vect AE theo ba vect AC , AF , AH .

b) Phn tch vect AG theo ba vect AC , AF , AH .

1
1
HD: a) AE AF AH AC b) AG AF AH AC .
2 2

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DNG 3. Hai ng thng vung gc

PP:

Chng minh gc gia hai ng thng bng 900.

Chng minh 2 vect ch phng ca 2 ng thng vung gc vi nhau.
S dng cc tnh cht ca hnh hc phng (nh nh l Pitago, ).

BI TP

Bi 1: Cho t din ABCD c hai cp cnh i din l AB v CD, AC v DB vung gc vi nhau.

Chng minh rng

a) AB.CD AC .DB AD.BC 0
b) cp cnh i din cn li l AD v BC cng vung gc vi nhau.
Gii:

a): AB.CD AC .DB AD.BC 0
Ta c:

AB.CD AB.( AD AC ) AB. AD AB. AC (1)

AC.DB AC.( AB AD) AC. AB AC. AD (2)

AD.BC AD.( AC AB ) AD. AC AD. AB (3)

T (1), (2), (3) ta suy ra AB.CD AC .DB AD.BC 0

b) theo cu a, nu ABCD ngha l AB.CD 0 v AC DB ngha l AC.DB 0 th t h thc (4) ta suy ra

AD.BC 0 ngha l AD BC.
Bi 2:( VD2 trang 170 TT vn anh)
Bi 3 ( VD1: trang 385 L H )

BI TP TNG T.

1. Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC c SA = SB = SC v ASB BSC

CSA
. Chng minh rng SA BC, SB
AC, SC AB.

HD: Chng minh SA.BC = 0
2. Cho t din u ABCD, cnh bng a. Gi O l tm ng trn ngoi tip BCD.
a) Chng minh AO vung gc vi CD.
b) Gi M l trung im ca CD. Tnh gc gia AC v BM.
3
HD: b) cos(AC , BM) .
6
3. Cho t din ABCD c AB = CD = a, AC = BD = b, AD = BC = c.
a) CMR on ni trung im cc cp cnh i din th vung gc vi 2 cnh .
b) Tnh gc hp bi cc cnh i ca t din.
a2 c 2 b2 c2 a2 b2
HD: b) arccos 2
; arccos 2
; arccos .
b a c2
4. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh vi AB = a, AD = 2a, SAB l tam gic vung cn ti
A, M l im trn cnh AD (M A v D). Mt phng (P) qua M song song vi mp(SAB) ct BC, SC,
SD ln lt ti N, P, Q.
a) Chng minh MNPQ l hnh thang vung.
b) t AM = x. Tnh din tch ca MNPQ theo a v x.
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5. Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD c tt c cc cnh u bng nhau. Chng minh rng AC BD, AB
CD, AD CB.

BI 2: NG THNG VUNG GC VI MT PHNG

A. L THUYT

1. nh ngha
d (P) d a, a (P)
2. iu kin ng thng vung gc vi mt phng
a , b (P), a b O
d (P)
d a , d b
3. Tnh cht
Mt phng trung trc ca mt on thng l mt phng vung gc vi on thng ti trung im
ca n.
Mt phng trung trc ca on thng l tp hp cc im cch u hai u mt ca on thng .
a b a b
(P) b a b
(P) a a (P), b (P)
(P) (Q) (P) (Q)
a (Q) (P) Q)
a (P) (P) a ,(Q) a
a (P) a (P)
ba a P)
b (P) a b,(P) b
4. nh l ba ng vung gc
Cho a (P), b (P) , a l hnh chiu ca a trn (P). Khi b a b a
5. Gc gia ng thng v mt phng
Nu d (P) th d ,(P) = 90 .
0

Nu d (P) th d
,(P) = d
, d ' vi d l hnh chiu ca d trn (P).
Ch : 00 d
,(P) 90 .
0

B. BI TP

DNG 1: Chng minh ng thng vung gc vi mp. Hai ng thng vung gc

Pp: chng minh ng thng vung gc vi mp

1. Chng minh ng thng a vung gc vi 2
ng thng b v c ct nhau nm trong mt b ( ), c ( ), b x c
a ( )
phng () . a b, a c

2. Chng minh ng thng a song song vi b

a // b
v b vung gc vi mt phng (). a ( )
b ( )

3. Chng minh ng thng a vung gc vi ( ) //( )

a ( )
mp() v () song song () a ( )

4. Chng minh a l trc ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC ()

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a ( ) ( )
5. Chng minh ng thng a nm trong () v
( ) ( ) b a ( )
vung gc vi giao tuyn b ca hai mt phng
ab
() v () vung gc nhau.

a ( ) ( )
6. Chng minh ng thng a l giao tuyn ca
( ) ( ) a ( )
hai mt phng () v() cng vung gc vi mt
phng th ba (). ( ) ( )

Pp: chng minh ng thng vung gc vi ng thng

1. Dng nh ngha : (
a, b ) 90 o a b

Vi u, v l vect ch phng ca a v b th a b
2. Dng tch v hng
u .v = 0
b // c
3. Chng minh ng thng a vung gc ng a b
thng c song song vi b a c

4. Chng minh ng thng a vung gc vi mt a ( )

phng () cha ng thng b. a b
b ( )
5. Chng minh a v b ng phng ri p dng tnh cht trong hnh hc phng nh : Pytago o, trung tuyn
tam gic cn, tnh cht ng cao,

6. Chng minh a nm trong mp () v a vung gc

vi hnh chiu b ca b trn mt phng () (nh l 3 a ( )
a b
vg) a b ' ch ( ) b

7. Chng minh ng thng a vung gc vi mt a ( P)

mp (P) v (P) song song vi ng thng b a b
b //( P )

Bi tp

Bi 1. Cho t din S.ABC c cnh SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABC) v c ABC l tam gic vung ti B.

a. Chng minh BC vung gc vi mt phng (SAB) v BC SB.

b. Gi AH l ng cao ca tam gic SAB. Chng minh AH SC.

Bi 2. Hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung v c cnh SA vung gc vi mt phng y

(ABCD). Gi H v K ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca im A trn SB v SD.

a. Chng minh BC (SAB), CD (SAD), BD (SAC)

b. Chng minh SC (AHK) v HK (SAC).

Bi 3. Hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thoi ABCD tm O v c SA = SC, SB = SD.

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a. Chng minh ng thng SO vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD).

b. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca SB v SD. Chng minh MN (SAC).

Bi 4: (H Khi B nm 2002)
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD.Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca BB, CD, AD. Chng
minh: MP C ' N .
Gii:
Gi E l trung im CC. Ta c: ME// AD, MP ( MED ' A ')
(1)
Hai tam gic vung CCN v DCE bng nhau
' C
CNC
' ED ' CC
'N C ' NC 900 C ' N ED ' (2)
Do ME // BC ME (CDD ' C ') ME C ' N (3)
T (2) v (3) C ' N ( MED ' A ') C ' N MP N
Bi 5: (H Khi A nm 2007)
Cho hnh chp t gic S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a. Mt bn
SAD l tam gic u v trong mt phng vung gc vi y. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca SB,
BC, CD. Chng minh AM BP.
Gii :
Gi H l trung im AD, do tam gic SAD u nn SH AD S
V (SAD) (ABCD), suy ra SH (ABCD) suy ra SH BP (1)
D thy hai tam gic vung BPC v CHD bng nhau, nn ta c M
CBP
CBP DCH HCB 900 BP CH (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra: BP SHC (3) B
A
Do HC // AN, MN // SC SHC / / MAN (4) H N
D P C
T (3) v (4) suy ra: BP MAN AM BP (pcm)

Bi 6: (H khi B nm 2007)
Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD cnh y bng a. Gi E l im i xng ca im D qua trung im
ca SA. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca AE, BC. Chng minh E
MN BD S
Gii
Ta c SEAD l hnh bnh hnh SE / / DA v SE = DA
SEBC cng l hnh bnh hnh SC / / EB M

Gi P l trung im ca AB. Khi trong cc tam gic EAB v

ABC ta c MP // EB, PN // AC.
P
T suy ra (MNP) // (SAC) (1) A D

Ta c DB AC v BD SH do SH (ABCD) BD SAC H N
B C
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra: DB MNP BD MN (pcm)

BI TP TNG T

1. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh vung tm O. SA (ABCD). Gi H, I, K ln lt l hnh chiu

vung gc ca A trn SB, SC, SD.
a) CMR: BC (SAB), CD (SAD), BD (SAC).
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b) CMR: AH, AK cng vung gc vi SC. T suy ra 3 ng thng AH, AI, AK cng nm trong
mt mt phng.
c) CMR: HK (SAC). T suy ra HK AI.
2. Cho t din SABC c tam gic ABC vung ti B; SA (ABC).
a) Chng minh: BC (SAB).
b) Gi AH l ng cao ca SAB. Chng minh: AH SC.
3. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l hnh thoi tm O. Bit: SA = SC, SB = SD.
a) Chng minh: SO (ABCD).
b) Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh BA, BC. CMR: IJ (SBD).
4. Cho t din ABCD c ABC v DBC l 2 tam gic u. Gi I l trung im ca BC.
a) Chng minh: BC (AID).
b) V ng cao AH ca AID. Chng minh: AH (BCD).
5. Cho t din OABC c OA, OB, OC i mt vung gc vi nhau. Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca
im O trn mp(ABC). Chng minh rng:
a) BC (OAH).
b) H l trc tm ca tam gic ABC.
1 1 1 1
c) .
OH 2 OA2 OB2 OC 2
d) Cc gc ca tam gic ABC u nhn.
6. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh vung cnh a. Mt bn SAB l tam gic u; SAD l tam gic
vung cn nh S. Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD.
a) Tnh cc cnh ca SIJ v chng minh rng SI (SCD), SJ (SAB).
b) Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca S trn IJ. CMR: SH AC.
c) Gi M l mt im thuc ng thng CD sao cho: BM SA. Tnh AM theo a.
a a 3 a 5
HD: a) a, , c)
2 2 2
7. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAB l tam gic u v SC = a 2 . Gi
H v K ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v AD.
a) CMR: SH (ABCD).
b) Chng minh: AC SK v CK SD.
8. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh ch nht c AB = a, BC = a 3 , mt bn SBC vung ti B, mt
bn SCD vung ti D c SD = a 5 .
a) Chng minh: SA (ABCD) v tnh SA.
b) ng thng qua A v vung gc vi AC, ct cc ng thng CB, CD ln lt ti I, J. Gi H l
hnh chiu ca A trn SC. Hy xc nh cc giao im K, L ca SB, SD vi mp(HIJ). CMR: AK
(SBC), AL (SCD).
c) Tnh din tch t gic AKHL.
8a 2
HD: a) a 2 . c) .
15
9. Gi I l 1 im bt k trong ng trn (O;R). CD l dy cung ca (O) qua I. Trn ng thng
vung gc vi mt phng cha ng trn (O) ti I ta ly im S vi OS = R. Gi E l im i tm
ca D trn ng trn (O). Chng minh rng:
a) Tam gic SDE vung ti S.
b) SD CE.
c) Tam gic SCD vung.
10. Cho MAB vung ti M trong mt phng (P). Trn ng thng vung gc vi (P) ti A ta ly 2
im C, D hai bn im A. Gi C l hnh chiu ca C trn MD, H l giao im ca AM v CC.
a) Chng minh: CC (MBD).
b) Gi K l hnh chiu ca H trn AB. CMR: K l trc tm ca BCD.
11. Cho hnh t din ABCD.
a) Chng minh rng: AB CD AC2 AD2 = BC2 BD2.
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b) T suy ra nu mt t din c 2 cp cnh i vung gc vi nhau th cp cnh i cn li cng
vung gc vi nhau
DNG 2: gc gia ng v mt
Pp:
Xc nh gc gia ng thng a v mt phng (P).
Tm giao im O ca a vi (P).
(a
Chon im A a v dng AH (P). Khi AOH ,(P))

BI TP
1. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, tm O; SO (ABCD). Gi M, N ln lt

l trung im ca cc cnh SA v BC. Bit (MN ,(ABCD)) 60 0 .
a) Tnh MN v SO.
b) Tnh gc gia MN v (SBD).
a 10 a 30 5
HD: a) MN = ; SO = b) sin (MN ,(SBD)) .
2 2 5
2. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a; SA (ABCD) v SA = a 6 . Tnh gc
gia:
a) SC v (ABCD) b) SC v (SAB) c) SB v (SAC) d) AC v (SBC)
1 1 21
HD: a) 60 0 b) arctan c) arcsin d) arcsin .
7 14 7
3. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l hnh ch nht; SA (ABCD). Cnh SC = a hp vi y gc
v hp vi mt bn SAB gc .
a) Tnh SA.
b) CMR: AB = a cos( ).cos( ) .
HD: a) a.sin
4. Cho hnh chp SABC, c ABC l tam gic cn, AB = AC = a, BAC . Bit SA, SB, SC u hp vi
mt phng (ABC) gc .
a) CMR: hnh chiu ca S trn mp(ABC) l tm ca ng trn ngoi tip ABC.
b) Tnh khong cch t S n mp(ABC).

a.sin
HD: b) 2 .
cos
5. Cho lng tr ABC.ABC, c y l tam gic u cnh a, AA (ABC). ng cho BC ca mt bn
BCCB hp vi (ABBA) gc 300.
a) Tnh AA.
b) Tnh khong cch t trung im M ca AC n (BAC).
c) Gi N l trung im ca cnh BB. Tnh gc gia MN v (BAC).
a 66 54
HD: a) a 2 . b) . c) arcsin .
11 55
6. Cho lng tr ABC.ABC, c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti A; AA (ABC). on ni trung
im M ca AB v trung im N ca BC c di bng a, MN hp vi y gc v mt bn BCCB
gc .
a) Tnh cc cnh y v cnh bn ca lng tr theo a v .
b) Chng minh rng: cos = 2 sin.
HD: a) AB = AC = 2a.cos; BC = 2a 2 cos; AA = a.sin.

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DNG 3: Xc nh thit din i qua 1 im v vung gc vi ng thng cho trc

Pp:
Tm 2 ng thng ct nhau cng vung gc vi ng thng cho, khi mt phng ct s song song
(hoc cha) vi 2 ng thng y.
BI TP
1. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh thang vung ti A v B vi AB = BC = a, AD = 2a; SA
(ABCD) v SA = 2a. Gi M l 1 im trn cnh AB. Mt phng (P) qua M v vung gc vi AB. t
AM = x (0 < x < a).
a) Tm thit din ca hnh chp vi (P). Thit din l hnh g?
b) Tnh din tch thit din theo a v x.
HD: a) Hnh thang vung b) S = 2a(a x).
2. Cho t din SABC, c y l tam gic u cnh a; SA (ABC) v SA = 2a. Mt phng (P) qua B v
vung gc vi SC. Tm thit din ca t din vi (P) v tnh din tch ca thit din ny.
a2 15
HD: S= .
20
3. Cho t din SABC vi ABC l tam gic vung cn nh B, AB = a. SA (ABC) v SA = a 3 . M l 1
im tu trn cnh AB, t AM = x (0 < x < a). Gi (P) l mt phng qua M v vung gc vi AB.
a) Tm thit din ca t din vi (P).
b) Tnh din tch ca thit din theo a v x. Tm x din tch thit din c gi tr ln nht.
a
HD: b) S = 3 x(a x); S ln nht khi x = .
2
4. Cho hnh t din SABC vi ABC l tam gic u cnh a, SA (ABC) v SA = a. Tm thit din ca t
din vi mt phng (P) v tnh din tch thit din trong cc trng hp sau:
a) (P) qua S v vung gc vi BC.
b) (P) qua A v vung gc vi trung tuyn SI ca tam gic SBC.
c) (P) qua trung im M ca SC v vung gc vi AB.
a2 3 2a2 21 5a2 3
HD: a) . b) . c) .
4 49 32
5. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y l hnh vung cnh a, SA (ABCD) v SA = a 2 . V ng cao AH
ca tam gic SAB.
SH 2
a) CMR: .
SB 3
b) Gi (P) l mt phng qua A v vung gc vi SB. (P) ct hnh chp theo thit din l hnh g? Tnh
5a2 6
din tch thit din. HD: b) S =
18
HAI MT PHNG VUNG GC
A.L THUYT:
1.Gc gia hai mt phng:
a) nh ngha:
Gc gia 2 mt phng l gc gia 2 ng thng ln lt vung gc vi 2 mt phng .
* Nhn xt: Nu 2 mt phng song song hoc trng nhauth ta ni rng gc gia 2 mt phng bng 0 o.
b)Cch xc nh gc gia 2 mt phng ct nhau:
Cho (P) (Q) = c, ly I bt k thuc c
Trong (P) qua I k a c.Trong (Q) qua I k b c.
Khi gc (P), (Q) = gc (a, b).
c)Din tch hnh chiu ca a gic: S = S. cos .
Vi S l din tch a gic nm trong (P), S l din tch hnh chiu vung gc ca a gic trn (Q),
= gc ((P), (Q)).
2.Hai mt phng vung gc:
a) nh ngha: Hai mt phng gi l vung gc vi nhau nu gc ca chng bng 90 o.
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+ Hai mt phng (P), (Q) vung gc vi nhau, k hiu : (P) (Q) hay (Q) (P).
b)Tnh cht :
* iu kin cn v 2 mt phng vung gc vi nhau l mt phng ny cha 1 ng thng vung gc
vi mt phng kia.
Tm tt : (P) (Q) a ( P ) : a (Q) .
* Nu 2 mt phng vung gc vi nhau th bt c ng thng no nm trong mt phng ny v vung gc
vi giao tuyn th vung gc vi mt phng kia.
Tm tt : (P) (Q), (P) (Q) = c, a ( P ), a c a (Q )
* Nu 2 mt phng (P) v (Q) vung gc vi nhau v A l im nm trong (P) th ng thng a i qua im
A v vung gc vi (Q) s nm trong (P).
Tm tt : (P) (Q), A ( P), A, a (Q) a ( P)
* Nu 2 mt phng ct nhau v cn vung gc vi 1 mt phng th giao tuyn ca chng vung gc vi mt
phng .
Tm tt: (P) (Q), ( P) ( R), (Q) ( R) a ( R )
* Qua ng thng a khng vung gc vi mt phng (P) c duy nht 1 mt phng (Q) vung gc vi mt
phng (P).
Tm tt: a ( P) !(Q) a, (Q ) ( P )
3.Hnh lng tr ng, hnh hp ch nht, hnh lp phng:
a)Hnh lng tr ng:
* nh ngha: Hnh lng tr ng l hnh lng tr c cnh bn vung gc vi y.
* Nhn xt: Cc mt bn ca hnh lng tr ng l hnh ch nht v vung gc vi mt y.
b)Hnh lng tr u:
* nh ngha: Hnh lng tru u l hnh lng tr ng c y l a gic u.
* Nhn xt: Cc mt bn ca hnh lng tr u l nhng hnh ch nht bng nhau v vung gc vi mt y
.
c)Hnh hp ng:
* nh ngha: Hnh hp ng l hnh lng tr ng c y l hnh bnh hnh.
* Nhn xt: Trong hnh hp ng 4 mt bn u l hnh ch nht.
d)Hnh hp ch nht:
* nh ngha: Hnh hp ch nht l hnh hp ng c y l hnh ch nht.
* Nhn xt: Tt c 6 mt ca hnh hp ch nht u l hnh ch nht.
e)Hnh lp phng :
* nh ngha: Hnh lp phng l hnh hp ch nht c tt c cc cnh bng nhau.
4.Hnh chp u v hnh chp ct u:
a)Hnh chp u:
* nh ngha: Mt hnh chp c gi l hnh chp u nu y ca n l a gic u v cc cnh bn bng
nhau.
* Nhn xt:
+ ng vung gc vi mt y k t nh gi l ng cao ca hnh chp.
+ Mt hnh chp l hnh chp u y ca n l a gic u v chn ng cao ca hnh chp
trng vi tm ca y.
+ Mt hnh chp l hnh chp u y ca n l a gic u v cc cnh bn to voi mt y cc
gc bng nhau.
b)Hnh chp ct:
* nh ngha: Khi ct hnh chp u bi 1 mt phng song song vi y c 1 hnh chp ct th hnh
chp ct c gi l hnh chp ct u.
* Nhn xt:
+ Hai y ca hnh chp ct u l 2 a gic u ng dng vi nhau.
+ on ni tm 2 y c gi l ng cao ca hnh chp ct u.
+ Trong hnh chp ct u cc mt bn l nhng hnh thang cn bng nhau.

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B.BI TP

DNG 1: Xc nh gc gia 2 mp

Pp: Phng php :

Xc nh gc gia hai mt phng
Phng php :
Cch 1 : Dng nh ngha :
a P

P , Q a
, b trong :
b Q
Q
Cch 2 : Dng nhn xt : q
R P Q
.
R P p
P , Q
p,q p
R
R Q q P
Cch 3 : Dng h qu :
M Q
.
H h ch P M


P , Q M NH
H N m P Q

B. B I TP
1. Cho hnh chp SABC, c y ABC l tam gic vung cn vi BA = BC = a; SA (ABC) v SA = a.
Gi E, F ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v AC.
a) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SAC) v (SBC).
b) Tnh gc gia 2 mt phng (SEF) v (SBC).
3
SAC ),(SBC ) = 60 b) cos ((
a) ( 0
HD: SEF ),(SBC )) .
10
2. Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a, tm O; SA (ABCD). Tnh SA theo a s o ca gc gia hai mt
phng (SCB) v (SCD) bng 60 0.
HD: SA = a.
3. Cho hnh chp SABCD, c y ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip ng trn ng knh AB = 2a;
SA (ABCD) v SA = a 3 .
a) Tnh gc gia 2 mt phng (SAD) v (SBC).
b) Tnh gc gia 2 mt phng (SBC) v (SCD).
10
HD: a) tan ((
SAD),(SBC )) 7 b) cos ((
SBC ),(SCD)) .
5
4. Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a, SA (ABCD) v SA = a 3 . Tnh gc gia cc cp mt phng sau:
a) (SBC) v (ABC) b) (SBD) v (ABD) c) (SAB) v (SCD)
0
HD: a) 60 b) arctan 6 c) 30 0.
a 3 a 6
5. Cho hnh thoi ABCD cnh a, tm O, OB = ; SA (ABCD) v SO = .
3 3
a) Chng minh ASC vung.
b) Chng minh hai mt phng (SAB) v (SAD) vung gc.
c) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABC).
HD: c) 60 0.

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6. Cho hnh chp SABCD c SA (ABCD) v SA = a 2 , y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D vi
AB = 2a, AD = DC = a. Tnh gc gia cc cp mt phng:
a) (SBC) v (ABC) b) (SAB) v (SBC) c) (SBC) v (SCD)
6
HD: a) 45 0 b) 60 0 c) arccos .
3
DNG 2: chng minh 2mp vung gc

Pp:

+) Chng minh mt phng ny cha 1 ng thng vung gc vi mt phng kia.

+) Da vo cch xc nh gc gia 2 mt phng

BI TP

Bi 1: Cho hnh chp S. ABC c SA (ABC). Trong tam gic ABC v cc ng cao AE v CF ct nhau
ti O. Gi H l trc tm ca tam gic SBC.
MR: a) S, H, E thng hng
b) (SBC) (SAE), (SBC) (CFH).
c) OH (SBC).
Gii:
a) + SA (ABC), AE BC SE BC
(Theo nh l 3 ng vung gc)
M H l trc tm ca tam gic SBC nn
S, H, E thng hng
b) * Ta c : BC AE, BC SE
c) BC (SAE)
M BC (SBC) nn (SBC) (SAE).
* V SA (ABC) SA CF v AB CF
CF (SAB) CF SB
Mt khc do H l trc tm tam gic SBC CH SB
T suy ra SB (CFH), m SB ( SBC ) ( SBC ) (CFH )
d) Theo chng minh trn ta c:
+ BC (SAE), OH ( SAE) BC OH
+ SB (CFH), OH (CFH ) SB OH
M BC v SB ct nhau ti B trong mt phng (SBC) OH (SBC).
Bi 2. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a v c cc cnh bn SA = SB = SC = a.
Chng minh:
a. Mt phng (SBD) vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD).
b. Tam gic SBD vung ti S
Gii

a. ABCD l hnh thoi nn c AC BD ti O. Mt khc SA = SC nn c AC SO.

S
Vy AC (SBD). Mt phng (ABCD) cha AC (SBD) nn (ABCD) (SBD).
b. Ta c: SAC = BAC (c c c) m OA = OC nn SO = BO. Mt khc BO =
DO nn SO=OB=OD. Ta suy ra tam gic SBD vung ti S.
Bi 3 Hnh chp S.ABC c cnh SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). Gi H v K
ln lt l trc tm ca cc tam gic ABC v SBC. K
B
a. Chng minh rNG (SAC) (BHK) v (SBC) (BHK) A

H
A'
Hnh 6 .10
C
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b. Tnh din tch tam gic ABC bit rng tam gic SBC c SB = 15cm, SC = 14cm, BC = 13cm v c gc
gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABC) bng 30 0.
Gii:
a. Gi A l giao im ca AH v BC. Ta c BCAA v BCSA suy ra BC(SAA). Do BCSA.
Vy SA i qua K v K l trc tm ca tam gic SBC.
V BH AC v BH SA suy ra BH (SAC)
BH SC
Do SC ( BHK )
BK SC
Vy: (SAC) (BHK)
BC (SAA) do BC HK;
SC (BHK) do SC HK.
T suy ra HK (SBC) v (BHK) (SBC)
b. Gi SSBC l din tch tam gic SBC. Theo cng thc H rng, ta c:
S SBC p ( p a )( p b )( p c) trong p = (13+14+15) = 21
Do S SBC 21(21 13)(21 14)(21 15) 84(cm 2 )
Ta c tam gic ABC l hnh chiu vung gc ca tam gic SBC trn mt phng (ABC). p dng cng thc
S = S cos trong = 300 l gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABC) ta c:
SABC = S = 84.cos300 = 42 3 (cm2)

Bi 4: Cho hnh vung ABCD. Gi S l im trong khng gian sao cho SAB l tam gic u v mt phng
(SAB) vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD).
a)CMR: (SAB) (SAD), (SAB) (SBC).
b)Tnh gc gia 2 mt phng (SAD) v (SBC).
c)Gi H v I ln lt ln lt l trung im ca AB v BC. Chng minh rng (SHC) (SDI).
Gi
a)* Gi H l trung im ca AB.
- V SAB l tam gic u SH AB.
Do (SAB) (ABCD),
(SAB) (ABCD) = AB
SH (ABCD) SH AD (1)
- V ABCD l hnh vung AB AD (2)
- T (1) v (2) AD (SAB).
M AD (SAD). Vy (SAD) (SAB)
* Lp lun tng t ta c (SBC) (SAB)
b)* Xc nh gc gia 2 mt phng (SAD)
v (SBC): A
- Ta c AD (SAD), BC (SBC), AD // BC (SAD) (SBC) = St // AD
- V (SAD) (SAB), (SBC) (SAB) St (SAB) St SA, St SB
Vy gc gia 2 mt phng (SAD) v (SBC) l gc ASB.
* Tnh gc ASB:
V tam gic SAB u nn gc B = 60o
Vy gc gia 2 mt phng (SAD) v (SBC) bng 60o.
c)V ABCD l hnh vung, H, I ln lt l trung im ca AB v BC nn HC DI
Mt khc do SH (ABCD) SH DI.
Vy DI (sHC), m DI (SDI ) ( SDI ) ( SHC ).
Bi 5: Cho hnh chp S. ABCD c y l hnh ch nht tm O, AB = a, BC = 2a v SO (ABCD), t SO
= h. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD.
a) Tnh gc gia mt phng (SMN) vi cc mt phng (SAB) v (SCD).
Tm h thc lin h gia h v a (SMN) (SAB), (SMN) SCD).
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b) Tnh gc gia 2 mt phng (SAB) v (SCD). Tnh h theo a 2 mt Sphng vung gc.
Gii:
a)* Ta c SO (ABCD) SO AB
T gi thit MN AB
AB (SMN ) , m AB (SAB)
nn (SAB) (SMN)
Vy gc gia (SMN) v (SAB) bng 90 o
* Lp lun tng t ta c (SCD) (SMN)
gc gia (SMN) v (SCD) bng 90 o B C
* Cn c vo kt qu trn ta thy vi h
tu ta lun c mt phng (SMN) vung M
gc vi 2 mt phng (SAB) v (SCD). O
N
b)* Xc nh gc gia 2 mt phng (SAB)
v (SCD):
A D
- AB ( SAB), CD (SCD ), AB // CD ( SAB) ( SCD) St // AB // CD
- V (SAB) (SMN ), (SCD ) ( SMN ) St ( SMN ) St SM , St SN
Do SM (SAB), SN ( SCD) gc gia 2 mt phng (SAB) v (SCD) l gc gia 2 ng thng SM v
SN. Gi s gc MSN = .t = gc (SM,SN) cos = cos
*Tnh gc :
- Ta c SM2 = SN2 = h2 + a2, MN = 2a.
- Xt tam gic SMN: MN2 = SM2 + SN2 2 SM.SN.cos
h2 a2 h2 a2
4a2= 2(h2 + a2) 2(h2+ a2).cos cos = cos (1)
h2 a2 h2 a2
Vy gc gia 2 mt phng (SAB) v (SCD) l m cos tho mn (1)
*(SAB) (SCD) = 90o cos 0 h = a.
:BI 6 (H Khi B nm 2006)
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = a 2 , SA = a v
SA ( ABCD ) . Gi M l trung im ca AD. Chng minh ( SAC ) ( SMB ) .
Gii:
Gi s I l giao im ca AC v MB S
Ta c MA = MD v AD // BC nn theo nh l Talet suy ra
1
AI IC
2
1 a2
AC 2 AD 2 DC 2 3a 2 , AI 2 AC 2
9 3 A M
D
2 a
1
1 a 2 a 2 I
MI 2 MB 2 2
a B a 2 C
9 9 2 6

2
2 2 a2 a2 a 2 2
T suy ra AI MI MA
3 6 2
Vy AMI l tam gic vung ti I MB AC (1)
Mt khc SA ( ABCD ) SA MB (2)
T (1),(2) suy ra MB ( SAC ) ( SMB ) ( SAC ) pcm
BI 7: (H khi A nm 2003)
Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD,ABCD y l hnh vung ABCD cnh a, AA = b. Gi M l trung
a
im ca CC. Xc nh t s hai mt phng (ABD) v (MBD) vung gc vi nhau.
b

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Gii :
Ta c AB = AD A ' O BD ( O l tm cua hnh A'
D'
vung ABCD )
Li c MB MD MO BD B' C'

T A ' OM l gc gia hai mt phng (ABD) v
(MBD) b M
V vy ( A ' BD ) ( MBD )
A ' OM 900 D
A
A ' O 2 OM 2 A ' M 2 (1) O
Ta c A ' O 2 A ' B 2 BO 2 B C
a
2
a 2 a2
a 2 b 2 2
b (2)
2 2
b2 a2
OM 2 MC 2 CO 2 (3)
4 2
b2
A ' M 2 A ' C '2 C ' M 2 2a 2 (4)
4
5b 2 b2
T (1), (2), (3) v (4) suy ra a 2 2a 2 b a (do a , b >0)
4 4
a
Vy vi 1 th ( A ' BD ) ( MBD )
b
BI 8: (H Hi Phng nm 2006)
Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC y ABC l tam gic u cnh a, SA = 2a v SA vung gc vi mt
phng y (ABC). Gi I l trung im ca BC. Chng minh hai mt phng (SAI) S
v (SBC) vung gc vi nhau.
Gii:
Do AB = AC AI BC (1)
V AB = AC SB = SC SI BC (2) C
A
T (1) v (2) suy ra BC (SAI) (SBC) (SAI) dpcm
I

BI TP TNG T

1. Cho tam gic u ABC, cnh a. Gi D l im i xng vi A qua BC. Trn ng thng vung gc
vi mp(ABC) ti D ly im S sao cho SD = a 6 . Chng minh hai mt phng (SAB) v (SAC) vung
gc vi nhau.
2. Cho hnh t din ABCD c hai mt ABC v ABD cng vung gc vi y DBC. V cc ng cao
BE, DF ca BCD, ng cao DK ca ACD.
a) Chng minh: AB (BCD).
b) Chng minh 2 mt phng (ABE) v (DFK) cng vung gc vi mp(ADC).
c) Gi O v H ln lt l trc tm ca 2 tam gic BCD v ADC. CMR: OH (ADC).
3. Cho hnh chp SABCD, y ABCD l hnh vung, SA (ABCD).
a) Chng minh (SAC) (SBD).
b) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SAD) v (SCD).
c) Gi BE, DF l hai ng cao ca SBD. CMR: (ACF) (SBC), (AEF) (SAC).
HD: b) 90 0.

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4. Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA (ABCD). Gi M, N l 2 im ln
a 3a
lt trn 2 cnh BC, DC sao cho BM = , DN = . Chng minh 2 mt phng (SAM) v (SMN)
2 4
vung gc vi nhau.
5. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. V BB v CC cng vung gc vi mp(ABC).
a) Chng minh (ABB) (ACC).
b) Gi AH, AK l cc ng cao ca ABC v ABC. Chng minh 2 mt phng (BCCB) v
(ABC) cng vung gc vi mt phng (AHK).
6. Cho hnh chp SABCD, y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAB l tam gic u v vung gc
vi y. Gi I l trung im ca AB.
a) Chng minh rng SI (ABCD), AD (SAB).
b) Tnh gc gia BD v mp(SAD).
c) Tnh gc gia SD v mp(SCI).
6 10
HD: b) arcsin c) arcsin
4 5
BI 5: KHONG CCH
A. L THUYT
1. Khong cch t 1 im ti 1 ng thng ,
O
n 1 mt phng:
Khong cch t im M n ng thng a (hoc
n mt phng (P)) l khong cch gia hai im O
M v H, trong H l hnh chiu ca im M trn
ng thng a ( hoc trn mp(P))
H H
a P
d(O; a) = OH; d(O; (P)) = OH

2. Khong cch gia ng thng v mt phng

song song: a O
Khong cch gia ng thng a v mp(P) song
song vi a l khong cch t mt im no ca
a n mp(P). H
P
d(a;(P)) = OH
3. Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song:
O
l khong cch t mt im bt k trn mt phng P
ny n mt phng kia.
d((P);(Q)) = OH
H
Q

4.Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho A

a
nhau:
l di on vung gc chung ca hai ng
thng .
d(a;b) = AB b
a) Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau B

bng khong cch gia mt trong hai ng thng

v mt phng song song vi n, cha ng
thng cn li.
b) Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau
bng khong cch gia hai mt phng song song
ln lt cha hai ng thng .

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B. BI TP
DNG 1: Tm khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng (hoc n mt ng thng)
PP:
- Xc nh chn ng vung gc trn mt phng (hoc trn ng thng) m cn tnh khong
cch t mt im cho trc n n.
d (M , a) MH
trong H l hnh chiu ca M trn a hoc (P).
d (M ,(P)) MH
- S dng cc h thc lng trong tam gic vung (Bao hm c nh l Pitago), hoc lng
gic tnh cc khong cch cn tm.

BI 1: Bi ton c bn
Cho t din OABC trong OA, OB, OC i mt vung gc vi nhau. K OH (ABC) .
a/ Chng minh H l trc tm tam gic ABC
1 1 1 1
b/ Chng minh h thc 2

OH OA OB OC 2
2 2

Gii:
a/ K OH (ABC), AH BC = M
A
Ta c
OA OB
OH BC , BC OA do OA (OBC)
OA OC H
BC (AOH) BC AH
O C
Lp lun tng t BH AC
Vy H l trc tm ca tam gic ABC.
b/ Theo nh l ba ng vung gc, suy ra MO BC M
Theo h thc lng trong tam gic vung AOM B
1 1 1
ta c 2
(1)
OH OA OM 2
2

Theo h thc lng trong tam gic vung OBC

1 1 1
ta c 2 (2)
OM OB OC 2
2

1 1 1 1
T (1) v (2) suy ra 2
pcm
OH OA OB OC 2
2 2

Nhn xt : y l mt trong cc kt qu c bn nht, nhng c mt ng dng rt to ln trong cc

bi ton v quan h vung gc ca hnh hc khng gian. Cc v d 2 , 3 di y s minh ho cho
iu .
BI 2: (H khi D nm 2002)
Cho hnh t din ABCD c cnh AD vung gc vi mt phng (ABC), ngoi ra AD = AC =
4cm; AB = 3cm; BC = 5cm. Tm khong cch t A n
(BCD). D

Gii :
V AD = AC = 4cm; AB = 3cm; BC = 5cm , 4
suy ra ABC l tam gic vung ti A.Vy AB, AC, AD i mt H
vung gc vi nhau. 4
C
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A
Theo v d 1 ta c : 2
2
2
2
3 5
AH AB AC AD 9 16 16
B
6 34
AH
17
CHNG 3. HNH HC 11 www.DeThiThuDaiHoc.com 19
GV: NGUYN C KIN www.MATHVN.com 01649802923
BI 3: (H khi D nm 2008)
Cho lng tr ng tam gic ABC.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung c BA = BC = a,
cnh bn AA = a 2 . Gi M l trung im ca BC. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng
AM v BC.
Gii:
Gi E l trung im BB
A' C'
Ta c EM // BC suy ra BC / / (AEM)
Suy ra d(BC,AM) = d(BC,(AEM)) = d(C,(AEM)) = B'
d(B,(AEM)) (v MB = MC)
Do tam gic ABC vung ti B nn t din BAEM c BA, BE,
BM i mt vung gc vi nhau. E
A C
Theo v d 1 nu gi BH l chiu cao k t B ca t din ABCD
( H ( AEM ) ) th M
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 a 7 B
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 BH 2
BH BA BE BM a a a a 7
2 4
a 7
d ( AM , B ' C )
7
DNG 2: Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau
PP:
1) Nu nh d1 // (P), trong d2 cha trong (P) th khong cch gia d1 , d2 bng khong cch gia
d1 v (P).
2) Nu nh d1 cha trong (P), d2 cha trong (Q) m (P) // (Q) th khong cch gia d1 v d2 bng
khong cch gia (P) v (Q)
+) Lu : rng nu d1 // (P) th khong cch gia d1 v (P) bng khong cch t mt im bt k
ca d1 n (P). Tng t khong cch gia hai mt phng song song (P) v (Q) bng khong cch t
mt im bt k ca mt phng ny n mt phng kia.
Nhu vy cui cng ta li quy bi ton tm khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau v bi
ton khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng.
BI TP
BI 1. (H khi D nm 2008)
chnh l v d 3 , loi 1 va xt trn
BI 2: (H khi B nm 2007)
Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD cnh y bng a. Gi E l im i xng ca D qua
trung im ca SA. Gi M , N ln lt l trung im ca AE v BC. Tm khong cch gia
hai ng thng MN, AC theo a.
Gii :
E
Gi P l trung im ca AB .Khi MP // AB (1)
Ta c SE // DA v SE = DA SE // BC S
C SE = BC SEBC l hnh bnh hnh EB // SC (2)
Vy t (1) , (2) MP // SC M
Li c PN // AC nn (MNP) // (SAC)
d(MN, AC) = d((MNP),(SAC)) = d(H,(SAC)) = OH = A P B
1 a 2 H
BD O N
4 4
D C
(vi H, O ln lt l giao im ca BD vi NP v AC).
BI 3: ( thi tuyn sinh H khi A 2006)

CHNG 3. HNH HC 11 www.DeThiThuDaiHoc.com 20

GV: NGUYN C KIN www.MATHVN.com 01649802923
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh bng 1. Gi M , N ln lt l trung im ca
AB v CD. Tm khong cch gia hai ng thng AC v MN.
Gii :
Ta c : BC // MN
MN // (ABC) d(MN,AC) = d(MN,(ABC)) = d(M,(ABC)) (1)
Ta c : AI A'B ( AB' A'B = I) A' D'
Li c BC (BAA'B') BC AI
T AI (A'BC) .V th nu k MH // AI (H A'B) B'
C'
1 a 2 I
th MH (A'BC) v d(M,(A'BC)) = MH = AI = (2) A
2 4 H D
2 M N
T (1) , (2) suy ra d(MN,A'C) =
4 B C
Ch : Cc em (hc sinh lp 12) c th gii v d ny bng
phng php th tch.
DNG 3: Bi ton xc nh ng vung gc chung
PP
Nguyn tc chung gii bi ton ny nh sau: Xc nh im M a, N b sao cho
MN a, MN b , khi MN l ng vung gc chung ca c a v b. Vn ch l lm th no
xc nh c hai im M, N?
Phng php tng qut tin hnh nh sau:
- Dng mp(P) cha a v song song vi b. Ly mt im B trn b, k BB (P), B (P)
- Trong (P) qua B dng b // b
N B b
- Gi M = a b ' . T M k MN // BB (N b)
- Khi MN l ng vung gc chung ca hai ng
thng cho nhau a v b.
Tuy nhin nu a v b c cu trc dc bit (th d a v b b'
vung gc vi nhau ) th ta li c cch x l tng ng M B'
P a
v n gin hn.
BI TP
BI 1 Trnh by cch dng ng vung gc chung vi hai ng thng cho nhau v vung gc
vi nhau.
Gii :
Gi s 2 ng thng a, b cho nhau v vung gc nhau. a
Dng (P) qua b vung gc vi a.
Gi s a (P) = M M
b
Trong (P) dng MN vung gc vi b. Khi MN l ng N
P
vung gc chung ca a v b.
Xem mt ng dng ca v d 7 sau y:
BI 2: (H khi B nm 2002)
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A1B1C1D1 cnh a. Tm khong cch gia hai ng thng A1B
v B1D.
Gii :
Ta c AB1 A1B (v BAA1B1 l hnh vung)
A1B AD (v AD (BAA1B1)) A1 a
D1
A1B (B1AD) A1B B1D (1)
V DD1 (A1B1C1D1) DD1 A1C1 B1
G C1
Do A1B1C1D1 l hnh vung nn A1C1 B1D1 H
T A1C1 (B1DD1) A1C1 B1D (2) A
D
CHNG 3. HNH HC 11 www.DeThiThuDaiHoc.com 21
B C
GV: NGUYN C KIN www.MATHVN.com 01649802923
T (1) v (2) suy ra : B1D (A1BC1) (3)
By gi ta tm giao im ca B1D vi (A1BC1) . Gi H l giao im ca AB1 v A1B. Trong
mt cho (B1A1DA) r rng : HC1 B1D = G.
1 1
Do B1H = HA = C1D GH = GC1 G l trng tm ca tam gic A1BC1.
2 2
V A1BC1 l tam gic u nn GH A1B , cn GH B1D v B1D (A1B1C1). Nh th
GH l ng vung gc chung ca A1B v B1D nn n chnh l khong cch gia A1B v
B1D.
1 1 a 2. 3 a 6 a 6
Ta c : GH C1 H d ( A1 B, B1 D )
3 3 6 6 6
Nhn xt :
Trong v d ny v A1B B1D nn cch lm trong v d trn chnh l s thc hnh cc bc
nu trong v d 7.
BI 3 Cho hnh t din u ABCD cnh a = 6 2 cm. Hy xc nh v tnh di on vung gc
chung ca hai ng thng AB v CD.
Gii:
Gi M v N tng ng l cc trung im ca AB v CD. Do A
ABCD l t din u , nn ta c CM AB v DM AB
AB (MCD) AN MN M
L lun tng t ta c : CD (ANB) CD MN.
Vy MN l ng vung gc chung ca AB v CD. B
D
6 2. 3
Ta c : MC = MD = 3 6.
2 N
Vy MN 2 MC 2 CN 2 (3 6) 2 (3 2 ) 2 36 MN 6cm C

BI 4:
Cho t din ABCD c y BCD l tam gic u cnh a v AD = a, AD BC. Khong cch t A n BC
l a. Gi M l trung im ca BC.
Xc nh v tnh on vung gc chung ca AD v BC.
Gii

Gi M l trung im ca BC.
C DM BC ( trung tuyn ca tam gic BCD u)
AD BC (gt)
BC (ADM) c M = BC (ADM).
Trong (ADM) k MN AD. V BC (ADM) nn BC MN.
Suy ra, MN l on vung gc chung ca AD v BC.
1 1
Xt AMD c S AMD MN .AD AH .MD (1)
2 2
Vi H l trung im ca MD AH MD ( AMD cn ti A)
3 3 a 13
C AD = a, MD = a , AH AD 2 DH 2 a 2 a 2
2 16 4
a 13 a 3
.
AH .MD 4 2 a 39 .
T (1) suy ra MN
AD a 8
CHNG 3. HNH HC 11 www.DeThiThuDaiHoc.com 22
GV: NGUYN C KIN www.MATHVN.com 01649802923
BI 5: Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh a.
Dng v tnh on vung gc chung ca BD v CB.
Gii

Gi H = BC BC.
Ta c, BC BC ( ng cho ca hnh vung)
AB BC ( v AB (BCCB), BC (BCCB))
BC (ABC) (ABCD) c H = BC (ABCD).
Trong (ABCD) k MK BD. V BC (ABCD) nn BC MK
Suy ra, MK l on vung gc chung ca BC v BD
Xt BHK BD 'C ' v B chung, K C ' 90 0
HK BH D' C '.BH
HK (1)
D' C ' BD' BD'
a 2
C DC = a, BH = , BD = a 3 ( ng cho ca hnh lp phng)
2
a 2
a.
D' C '.BH 2 a 6.
T (1) suy ra HK
BD' a 3 6
BI 6:
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a tm O v SA (ABCD)
SA = a 6 .
a) Dng v tnh on vung gc chung ca cc ng thng SC v BD.
b) Dng v tnh on vung gc chung ca SC v AD.
Gii

a) Ta c BD AC ( ng cho ca hnh vung).

SA BD ( SA (ABCD))
BD (SAC) m SC (SAC) v O BD (SAC )
Trong (SAC) k OI SC. V BD (SAC) nn BD OI.
Suy ra, OH l on vung gc chung ca BD v SC.
Xt COI CSA v C chung, I A 90 0
OI CO CO.SA
OI (1)
SA SC SC
2
C OC = a , SA = a 6
2
SC SA 2 AC 2 6a 2 2a 2 2 2a ( SAC vung ti A)
a 2
.a 6
CO.SA 2 a 6
T (1) suy ra OI .
SC 2 2a 4
b) Ta c AD // BC AD // (SBC) m SC (SBC).
C BC AB v BC SA BC (SAB) m BC (SBC)
(SAB) (SBC) c SB = (SAB) (SBC)
Trong (SAB) k AH SB AH (SBC).
Trong (SBC) k HM // BC ct SC = M.
T M k MN // = AH ct AD ti N.
V AH (SBC) nn AH SC hay MN SC = M.
AD // (SBC) nn AH AD hay MN AD = N
Suy ra, MN l on vung gc chung ca SC v AD.

CHNG 3. HNH HC 11 www.DeThiThuDaiHoc.com 23

GV: NGUYN C KIN www.MATHVN.com 01649802923
1 1 SA.AB
Xt SAB c S SAB AH .SB SA. AB AH (2)
2 2 SB
C SA = a 6 , AB = a, SB SA 2 AB 2 6a 2 a 2 a 7
SA. AB a 6 .a a 42
T (2) suy ra AH .
SB a 7 7
BI 7:
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thoi cnh a tm O v BA D 60 0 . C SA = SC, SB = SD = a 3 .
a) Dng v tnh on vung gc chung gia AD v SB.
b) Dng v tnh on vung gc chung gia hai ng thng BD v SC.
Gii
a) on vung gc chung ca AD v SB.
Ta c, AD // BC AD // (SBC) m SB (SBC)
Trong (ABCD) qua O k IJ BC, AD.
Khi , BC IJ, BC SO nn BC (SIJ)
Hay (SBC) (SIJ) m SI = (SIJ) (SBC).
Trong (SIJ) k JF SI JF (SBC).
Trong (SBC) k FM // BC ct SB ti M
T M dng MN // = JF ct AD ti N.
V JF (SBC) nn JF SB hay MN SB = M
AD // (SBC) nn JF AD hay MN AD = N
Suy ra, MN l on vung gc chung ca AD v SB.
1 1 SO.IJ
Xt SIJ c S SIJ JF .SI SO.IJ JF
2 2 SI
V ABCD l hnh thoi c BA D 60 nn BD = a, AC = a 3
0

1 1 1 4 4 16 a 3
Trong OAB c 2
2
2
2 2 2 OI
OI OB OC a 3a 3a 4
2
a a 13
Trong SOB c SO SB 2 OB 2 3a 2 .
4 2
13a 2 3a 2 55a 2 a 55
Trong SOI c SI SO 2 OI 2
4 16 16 4
a 13 a 3
.2
SO.IJ 2 4 a 39 .
Suy ra JF
SI a 55 55
4
a 39
Vy on vung gc chung ca AD v SB l MN = JF .
55
b) on vung gc chung ca BD v SC.
Ta c, BD AC v BD SO nn BD (SAC)
Trong (SAC) k OE SC
V OE (SAC) nn BD OE
Suy ra OE l on vung gc chung ca BD v SC.
1 1 1 4 4 64 a 39
Xt SOC c 2
2
2
2
2 2
OE .
OE SO OC 13a 3a 39a 8
a 9
Vy on vungg gc chung ca BD v SC l OE =
8

CHNG 3. HNH HC 11 www.DeThiThuDaiHoc.com 24