POLITICAL SCIENCE - SUPPORT MATERIAL

CLASS - XII

2014

TEAM MEMBERS

Dr. O.S. Dhaka Principal : Group Leader

SV FU Block Pitam Pura

Ms. Renu Kashyap (Lecturer : Member)

RPVV Kishan Ganj

Ms. Nishi Prabha (Lecturer : Member)

RPVV Nand Nagri

Mr. Subodh Kumar (Lecturer : Member)

S Co Ed Vidyalaya Kailash Enclave
 DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER

Subject : Political Science Mar. Marks : 100

Class - XII

1. Weightage to form of questions

Form of Question No of Marks of Total Estimated

Questions Each Ques. Mark Time in
Minutes

Long Answer (LA) 5 6 30 55 min.

Short Answer (SA) 10 4 40 70 min.
Very Short Ans. (VSA)-II 10 2 20 30 min.
Very Short Ans. (VSA)-I 10 1 10 10 min.

35 100 165 min.

+ 15 min.
for revision

2. Weightage of content

Part I : Contemporary World Politics

Unit Chapter Marks

1. Cold War Era in World Politics
2. Disintegration of the 'Second World' and the Collapse of Bipolarity 14
3. US Dominance in World Politics
4. Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power 16
5. South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era
6. International Organisations in a Unipolar World
7. Security in Contemporary World 10
8. Environment and Natural Resources
9. Globalisation and its Critics 10

Politics in India since Independence

10. Era of One-Party Dominance
11. Nation-Building and its Problems 16
12. Politics of Planned Development
13. India's External Relations 6
14. Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System 12
15. Crisis of the Constitutional Order
16. Regional Aspiration and Conflicts
17. Rise of New Social Movements
18. Recent Developments in India Politics 16

3. Weightage of Difficulty Level

Estimated difficult level Percentage
Difficult 20%
Average 50%
Easy 30%

4. Scheme of Options : Internal Choice to be provided in all Long Answer Questions of

6 marks each.

5. In order to assess different mental abilities of learners, question paper is likely to include
questions based on passages, visuals such as maps, cartoons, etc. No factual question
will be asked on the information given in the plus (+) boxes in the textbooks.
 BLUE PRINT
Subject : Political Set I and II
Max. Marks : 100 marks
Unit Content/Form of Question Long Answer Short Answer Very Short Answer-II Very Short Answer-I Total
(6 marks) (4 marks) (2 marks) (1 marks)
Contemporary World Politics
I. 1. Cold War Era in World Politics
6(1) 4(1) 2(2) --- 14(4)
2. Disintegration of the 'Second World' and the
collapse of Bipolarity
II. 3. US Domination in World Politics
4. Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power --- 4(3) 2(1) 1(2) 16(6)
5. South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era
III. 6. International Organisation in Unipolar World --- 4(1) 2(2) 1(2) 10(5)
7. Security in Contemporary World
IV. 8. Environment and Natural Resources 6(1) 4(1) --- --- 10(2)
9. Globalisation and its Critics
Politics in India since Independence
V. 10. Nation-Building and its Problems
6(1) 4(1) 2(2) 1(2) 16(6)
11. Era of One Party Dominance
12. Politics of Planned Development
VI. 13. India's External Relations --- 4(1) 2(1) --- 6(2)
VII. 14. Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System 6(1) 4(1) --- 1(2) 12(4)
15. Crisis of the Constitutional Order
VIII. 16. Regional Aspirations conflicts
17. Rise of New Social Movements 6(1) 4(1) 2(2) 1(2) 16(6)
18. Recent Development in Indian Politics
Total 30(5) 40(10) 20(10) 10(10) 100(35)
LA - 5 Questions - 6 marks each
SA - 10 Questions - 4 marks each
* Figures outside the brackets show marks. VSA - II - 10 questions - 2 marks each
* Figures inside the bracket show number of questions. VSA - I - 10 questions - 1 marks each
 v/;k;&1
'khr ;q) dk nkSj
eq[; fcUnq %

izFke o f}rh; fo'o ;q) 1914&18 1939&45 ds i'pkr oS'fod ?kVukvksa ds

dkj.k dbZ cnyko vk,sA
f}rh; fo'o ;q) esa fczVsu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk kal rFkk lksfo;r la?k dks
fot; feyh ftUgsa fe= jk"Vksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA /kqjh jkVksa vFkkZr teZuh]
bVyh rFkk tkiku dks gkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
f}rh; fo'o ;q) dh lekfIr ds lkFk gh 'khr ;q) dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA
'khr ;q) nks lg'kfDr;ksa dh chp 'k=qiw.kZ okrkoj.k FkkA fopkjksa esa erHksnksa ds
gksrs gq, Hkh fo'o dks rhljs fo'o ;q) dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+k ftldk dkj.k
Fkk ijek.kq ce dk vfo"dkj@nksuksa lg'kfDr;ka blls ifjiw.kZZ FkhA
D;wck dk felkby ladV 'khr ;q) dh pje lhek Fkk] tc 1962 esa [kq'pso us
D;wck esa ijek.kq felkbysa rSukr dj nh Fkha@nksuksa xqVksa ds chp [kqn dks csgrj o
'kfDr'kkyh fn[kkus o cukus ds fy, dbZ **lSU;&laf/k;ka dhaA
lSU; laf?k laxBu & vizSy 1949 es ukVks mkj vVykafVd lfU/k laxBu
ftldk ms'; vesfjdk }kjk yksdra= dks cpkukA
1954 esa lhVksa nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ lfU/k laxBu dk ms'; vesfjdk ds usr`Ro
okys lkE;oknh izlkj dks jksdukA
1955 esa cxnkn iSDV] 1955 esa okjlk laf/k vkfnA ifj.kkerk fo'o [kqys rkSj ij
vUrjkZ"Vh; iVy ij nks /kzqoksa esa cSV pqdk FkkA
'khr ;q) ds nk;js vFkkZr fookfnr {ks= %
ckysZu dh ukds cUnh &1948
dksfj;k ladV &1950
fo;ruke esa vejhdh gLr{ksi &1954
D;wck ladV &1962
Hkkjr ikfdLrku ;q) &1971
vQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksi &1979
dkaxksa ladV vkfn@1960 ds 'kq:vkrh n'kd esa
nksuksa xqVksa ls lEcfU/kr jk"Vksa ds chp fooknksa dks xqVfujis{k ns'kksa }kjk lqy>k;k
x;kA
xqVfujis{krk tgka f}&/kzqoh;rk ds fy;s pqukSrh cu dj vk;k ogha nwljh rjQ uo
Lora= jk"Vksa ds fy;s fodkl dh fdj.kA
1 jktuhfrd foKku
 nksa /kzqoh;rk dks pqukSrh % 1961 esa ;qxksLykfo;k ds csyxzsM esa 25 lnL; jk"Vksa us
Hkkjr ds Tokgj yky usg:] felz ds vCnqy xeky ukflj] ;qxksLykfo;k ds VhVks
bUMksusf'k;k ds lqd.kksZa] Nkuk ds okesa ,uwe ds usr`Ro es ,d laxBu dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZA
bu ns'kksa dk 15 okW leesyu 2009 esa felz esa gqvkA ml le; bldh lnL;
la[;k 118 rFkk i;Zos{kdksa dh la[;k 15 FkhA
xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ rVLFkr] i`Fkdrkokn vFkok iyk;u ugha gSA
uo vUrjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk % 1972 esa xqVfujis{k ns'kksa us la;qDr jk"V
ds O;kikj vkSj fodkl ls lEcfU/kr lEesyu UNCTAD esa fodkl ds fy,
,d ubZ O;kikj uhfr dh vksj ,d izLrko izLrqr fd;k ftlls fodflr ns'kksa
rFkk cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ksa }kjk xjhc ns'kksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k u gks ldsA os vius
lalk/kuksa dk Loa; viuh bPNkuqlkj iz;ksx dj ldsaA
Hkkjr o 'khr ;q) % xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dksbZ iyk;u dh uhfr ugha FkhA
'khr ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr essa uo Lora= rFkk lksfo;r las/k ds lkFk lEcU/k r;
djrs le; jk"Vh; fgrksa dks izFkfedrk nsus dh dksf'k'k dhA
'kL= fu;U=.k lfu/k %
5&10&1963 esa ,y Vh ch Vh lhfer ijek.kq ijh{k.k laf/k@LTBT limited Test
Ban Treaty ok;qe.My] ckgjh varfj{k rFkk ty ds vUnj ijek.kq ds ijh{k.k ij
ikcanhA
01&07&68 ,u-ih-Vh ijek.kq vizlkj laf/k N.P.T Non Proliteration Treaty
tuojh 1967 ls iw.kZ ijek.kq 'kfDr leiu jk"V ds vykok dksbZ vU; jk"V
ijek.kq gfFk;kj gkfly ugha djsxkA
1&5&72 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu okrkZ &1
twu 1972 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu okrkZ&2
SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Talk 1&2
1&7&91 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu U;wuhdj.k laf/k &1A
tuojh &1993 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu U;wuhdj.k laf/k 2@START
Strategic Arms Reduction Treatry 1&2

uksV orZeku esa xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dh la[;k bl izdkj gS%&

vfdk & 53 lnL; jk"V] ,f'k;k &36 jk"V
vesfjdk & 26] ;wjksi ds &2] vksf'k;kuk ds &3 rFkk iwoZ lnL; jk"V &4
vtsZUVhuk] ;wxksLyfo;k] lkbizl ,ao ekYVk A i;Zos{kdksa dh la[;k &17 gSA

jktuhfrd foKku 2
,d vadh; iz'u
1. [kq'pso us D;wc esa felkbysa dc rSukr dha \
2. fe= jk"Vksa dh vxqokbZ dkSu dj jgk Fkk \
3. nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn fdu nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvk \
4. rhljs fo'o ds uke ls fdu ns'kksa dks tkuk tkrk gS \
5. xqVfujis{krk dk D;k vfHkizk; gS \
6. iwohZ xBca/ku dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS \
7. 'khr;q) ds nkSjku ds fl)kar us ;q) ugha gksus fn;k \
8. u ns'kksa dk uke fy[ksa tks igys okjlk; laf/k esa 'kkfey Fks vc ;wjksih; la?k ds
lnL; gSa\
9. /kqjh jk"Vksa es dkSu dkSu ls jk"V 'kkfey Fks \ fo'o ekufp= esa mu ns'kksa dks
n'kkZ,saA

3 jktuhfrd foKku
- vesfjdk us tkiku ds fdu nks 'kgjksa ij dc ijek.kq ce fxjk;s \

nks vadh; iz'u

. ,d ?kzqoh;rk o f}&?kzqoh;rk dk D;k vFkZ gS \
. ;wjksi ds ns'k fdl izdkj egk'kfDr;ksa ls tqM+s \
. NksVs ns'k egk'kfDr;ksa ds [kseksa esa fdl dkj.k 'kkfey gq,
. 'khr;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr nksuksa xqVksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa Hkh 'kkfey D;ksas ugha gqvk\
. fu'kL=hdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; D;k fo'o 'kkafr o ln~Hkkouk gsrq es t:jh
gS\
. 'khr;q) ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS \
. 'khr;q) ds lanHkZ esa vijks/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa \
. fe= ns'kksa ds xqV esa dkSu dkSu ls ns'k 'kkfey Fks \
. D;wck ladV ds nkSjku nksuksa xqVks ds usr`Rorkvksa ds uke fy[ksa \
. xqVfujis{krk ls Hkkjr dks D;k ykHk feyk \

pkj vadh; iz'u

. SEATO, CENTO, UNCTAD, NAM, LTBT, N.P.T, SALT, TART ds foLr`r uke
fy[ksaA
. egk'kfDr;ka NksVs ns'kksa dks vius xqV esa 'kkfey D;ksa djrh Fkha \
. lsfo;r la?k ds izfr Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dks Li"V djsaA
. Hkkjr dh xqVfujis{kk dh uhfr dh D;k dg dj vkykspuk dh xbZ \
. Li"V djsa fd xqVfujis{krk ls vfHkizk; i`Fkdrkokn ;k vyxkookn ugha gSA

N% vadh; iz'u
. 'kL= fu;U=.k laf/k;ksa ds ihNs laf/kdUrkZvksa dh D;k lksp jgh gksxh mnkgj.k
lfgr Li"V djsaA
. **'khr;) flQZ tksj&vktekb'k] lSfud xBcU/ku vFkok 'kfDr larqyu dk
ekeyk Hkj ugha Fkk**A dFku dks Li"V djrs gq, vius fopkj rdZ lfgr nsA
. uo varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ls vki D;k le>krs gSA
. nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn fdl izdkj lksfo;r la?kegk'kfDr ds :i esa mHkjk \
. **Hkkjr dks viuh xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dk R;kx dj vesfjdk ds lkFk lfU/k
dj ysuh pkfg,A** D;k vki blls lger gs \ vius mkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ nsaA
. xqVfujis{krk vkUnksyu ls tqM+s usrkvksa ds uke fy[ksa rFkk 'khr;q) dh mRifk ds
izeq[k dkj .k D;k Fks \foLrkj ls O;k[;k djsaA

jktuhfrd foKku 4
,d vadh; iz'uksa ds mkj
. 1962 esa A
. vesfjdkA
. vesfjdk vkSj lsfo;r la/kA
. xqVfujis{krk vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey ns'kA
. 'kfDrlEiUu nksuksa ?kzqoksa esa ls fdlh Hkh xqV esa 'kkfey u gksukA
. okjlk laf/k ds uke lsA
. ikjLifjd vojks/kA
. gaxjh o iksyS.MA
. teZuh] bVyh] rFkk tkikuA
. fgjksf'kek o ukxklkdh ij vxLr 1945 esaA

nks vadh; iz'uksa ds mkj

. ,d /kzqoh;rk vFkkZr fo'o esa ,d gh egk'kfDr dk opZLo tSls orZeku es
vefjdkA
f}&/kzqfo;rk vFkkZr ,slh O;oLFkk tc fo'o nks egk'kfDr;;ksa es caVk gks tSls
f}rh; fo;o ;q) ds i'pkr U.S.A vkSj U.S.S.R
2- if'peh ;wjksi ds vf/kdrj ns'k vesfjdk ds lkFkA
iwohZ ;wjksi ds vf/kdrj ns'k lsfo;r la?kds [kses esaA
. viuh lqj{kk o egk'kfDr;ksa ds izHkko ls cpus gsrqA
. viuh laizHkqUrk o v[k.Mrk dks cpkusa gsrq ] fodkl ds fy;s rFkk xqVckth ls nwj
jg viuh vyx igpku ds fy;sA
. ?kkrd o fouk'kdkjh gfFk;kjksa ij jksdA gka ;s t:jh gSA
. nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ns'kksa ds chp Hk;] vfu'p;] vlqj{kk o dwVuhfrd nkao isp
o vkilh oSpkfjd erHksnksa ds dkj.k ;q) dh lh fLFkfr ij ;q) u gksukA lapkj
lk/kuksa }kjk viuh Js"Brk dk izpkjA
. nkuksa xqVksa }kjk viuh ,d nwljs dks uqdlku igqapkus dh {kerka vijks/k ds dkj.k
;q) ughaA
. fczVsu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] kal rFkk lafo;r la?kA
. tkWu ,Q dsusM+h] fufdrk [kq'psoA
. vUrjk"Vh; fu.kZ; ysus esa vklkuhA

5 jktuhfrd foKku
 v/;k;&2
nks /kzqoh;rk dk vUr

izeq[k fcUnq
nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn o 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku fo'o nks Hkkxksa esa caV pqdk FkkA
cfyZu dh nhokj dk cukuk 'khr ;q) dk lcls cM+k izrhd Fkk ftls 9 uoEcj 1989
esa iwohZ teZuh dh vke turk }kjk fxjk fn;k x;kA blds i'pkr teZuh dk
,dhdj.k gks x;kA 1991 es lksfo;r la?k ds iru ds lkFk lkFk f}&/kzqoh;rk dk Hkh
var gk x;k D;ksafd lksfo;r la?k la?ku jgdj vyx vyx jkT;ksa esa foHkDr gks pqdk
Fkk ,sls esa ,d ek= egk'kfDr vesfjdk gh cpk jgkA

Lksfo;r iz.kkyh
Lksfo;r iz.kkyh Hkkstukcq) vFkZO;oLFkk o jkT; }kjk fu;af=r FkhA ukxfjdksa
dh lqfo/kk ls ysdj fodkl o lapkj ds lk/kuksa ij ljdkj dk ,dek= fu;a=.k FkkA
,dikVhZ O;oLFkk vFkkZr lkE;oknh ny dk cksyckyk FkkA lHkh dqN Fkk ijUrq
ukxfjdksas dks vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk ughas FkhA QyLo:i fojks/kh 'kCn mBus yxs
1970 ds vafre o"kksZ rd vkrs vkrs iw.kZ lksfo;r O;oLFkk yM+[kM+kus yxhA [kk|kUu
dk vk;kr c<+k U.S.S.R vius ns'k dh vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd ekax is'k u dj ldkA

xksckZpkso o fo?kVu
xksckZpkso 1980 ds n'kd ds e/; lksfo;r la?k dh lkE;oknh ikVhZ ds v/;{k
cusA xksckZpkso us O;oLFkk dks lq/kkjuk pkgk ijUrq ladV xgjkrk x;k 1991 esa
;sYrflu ds usr`Ro esa iwohZ ;wjksi ns'kksa us rFkk :l] ;wsu] csyk:l us la?k dh lekfIr
dh ?kks"k.kk dh xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ksa dk dE;wfuLV ikVhZ us fojks/k fd;kA lora= jkT;ksa
dk jk"Vdqy cukA fo'o iVy ij 15 u, x.kjkT; mHkj tk,sA
& *:l* dks lksfo;r la?k dk mkjkf/kdkjh ekuk x;k mls gh lqj{kk ifj"kn
dh LFkkbZ lnL;rk izkIr gqbZ

xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ka & 1985 esa 'kklu o vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus gsrq rhu uhfr;ka
viukbZ %&
1- vFkZoLFkk dh o`f) dks xq.kkRedrk dh vksj ys tkuk vFkkZr mLdksjuh Roj.kA
2- jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj iz'kklfud lq/kkj vFkkZr ifjL=ksedk iquxZBuA
3- lkoZtfud fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa [kqydj fopkj djus dk ukxfjdksa dks vf/kdkj
vFkkZr XykluksLr [kqykiuA

jktuhfrd foKku 6
lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dkj.k
1- vkarfjd detksjh o ckgjh nckcksa ds dkj.k turk dh vkdka{kk,sa iwjhugha gks
ikbZA
2- lallk/kuksa dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx iwohZ ;wjksi ds ns'kksa o ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa o lSU;
lkeku ij [kZp gks jgk FkkA
3- ukxfjd if'peh ns'kksa dh rjDdh ds izfr tkx:d gks pqds Fks os iwathoknh
O;oLFkk pkgrs FksA
4- xfr:) iz'kklu Hkz"Vkpkj lkk dk dsUnzh;dj.kA
5- xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ksa dk lgha o tYn rjhds ls ykxw u fd;k tkukA
6- jk"Voknh Hkkoukvks o laizHkqrk dh bPNkvksa dk mHkjukA

lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds ifj.kke

1- 'khr;q) ds nksj ds la?k"kZ dh lekfIrA
2- gfFk;kjksa dh gksM lekIrA
3- vUrjkZ"Vh; 'kfDr lEcU/kksa esa cnyko@O;oLFkk ,d /kzqoh; gksus dh laHkkouk
c<+hA
4- fo'o ifjn`'; ij u, ns'kksa dk mn;A

'kkad Fkjsih %&

vk?kkr igqapkdj mipkj djuk] lkE;oknh ls iwathoknh dh vksjA fo'o cSad o
vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k }kjk funsZf'kr ekWMy@lkewfgd QkeZ dks futh QkeZ esa
cnyk@eqDr O;kikj uhfr dks lgh ekuk x;k ijUrq ;g ekWMy vlQy jgkA

'kkWd Fkjsih ds ifj.ke %&

& vFkZO;oLFkk rgl&ugl gks xbZA
& :cy eqnzk esa fxjkoVA
& lQy ?kjsyq mRikn ?kVkA
& lekt dY;k.k dh iqjkuh O;oLFkk u"VA
& vkfFkZd vlekurk c<+hA
& laLFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij ughaA
& fokh; laLFkkuksa o bZdke tSls cSad fnokfy;kA
bls bfrgkl dh lcls cMh xjkt lsy Hkh dgh x;kA

iwoZlkE;oknh ns'k o Hkkjr%&

& Hkkjr o :l ds lEcU/k fo'okl o lk>s fgrks ij vk/kkfjr

7 jktuhfrd foKku
& vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lSU; o laLfr ls lacaf/kr fj'rs Fks vkSj vkt Hkh gSA

,d vadh; iz'u%&
1- cfyZu dh nhokj dks dc o fdlds }kjk fxjk;k x;k \
2- lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; dc vfLro esa vk;k \
3- *nwljh nqfu;k* fdls dgk x;k \
4- Lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dSlh Fkh \
5- C.I.S dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \
6- Lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dh izfr es D;k ifjoZru vk;k \
7- loZizFke lksfo;r la?k ls vyx gksus okys o dkSu ls x.kjkT; lkFk pkgrs Fks \
uke fy[ksaA
8- iwohZ ;wjksi esa pSdksLyksokfd;k fdu nks Hkkxksa esa caVk \
9- *'kkWd Fksjsih* dk ekMWy fdlds }kjk funsZf'kr Fkk \
10- Lksfo;r la?k dk mkjkf/kdkjh dkSu cuk \

nks vadh; iz'u%&

1- 'kkWd Fksjsih dk :l ij D;k izHkko iM+k \
2- Lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr ds fdu la;a=ksa esa vkfFkZd enn dh \
3- lksfo;r la?k ds ns'kksa esa vkilh rkyesy o larks"k D;ksa ugha Fkk \
4- dky ekuqlkj fy[ksa%&
vQxku ladV] cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk] lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu] :lh
kafrA
5- *'kkad Fksjsih* dks bfrgkl dh lcls cMh xjkt&lsy* D;ksa dgk x;kA
6- Lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh nks fo'ks"krk,sa fy[ksa \
7- *'kkWd Fksjsih* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
8- fdu nks x.kjkT;ksa esa fgald vyxkooknh vkUnksyu gq, \
9- cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk f}&/kzqoh;rk dk var D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS \

pkj vadh; iz'u

1- uhps fn;s ekufp= esa ls Lora= e/; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks pqu dj fy[ksa \

jktuhfrd foKku 8
fp=

- *lksfo;r la?k dk var lektokn dk var ugha* Li"V djsaA

- **jk"Vh;rk dh Hkkouk vkSj rM+i lksfo;r la?k ds lewps bfrgkl esa dgha tkjh
Fkh vkSj pkgs lq/kkj gksrs ;k uk gksrs] lksfo;r la?k esa van:uh la?k"kZ gksuk gh
Fkk**A dFku ls vki D;k le>rs gS Li"V djsaA
- Lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu dk Hkkjr ds lkFk lEcu/kksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k \
- iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk o lkE;oknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds chp vUrj Li"V djsaA
- lksfo;r la?k dh ljdkj us fdl izdkj ukxfjdksa ds fy, ,d U;ure thou
Lrj lqfuf'pr fd;k \

N% vadh; iz'u
- 'kkad Fksjsih ds ifj.kke dh O;k[;k djsa \
- *ukxfjdksa dks nSfud vko';drkvksa ds lkFk lkFk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk Hkh
pkfg,*A dFku dk fo'ys"k.k lksfo;r la?k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, djsaA
- Lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dkj.kksa dks fy[ksa
- xksckZpkso }kjk pykbZ xbZ lq/kkj uhfr;ksa dk o.kZu djsa \
- lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds ifj.kkeksa dk o.kZu djsaA

9 jktuhfrd foKku
,d vadh; iz'uksa ds mkj %&
- 1989 esa] vketurk }kjkA
- 1917 dh lektoknh kafr ds cknA
- iwohZ ;wjksi ds ns'k lksfo;r la?k es vk x;s Fks] lksfo;r lsuk us mUgsa Qklhokn
rkdrksa ls eqDr djk;k FkkA bu ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd o lkekftd iz.kkyh dks
lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh rtZ ij <+kyk x;kA bUgha ns'kksa dks nwljh nqfu;k dgk x;kA
- ;kstukc) o jkT; ds fu;a=.k esaA
- Common Wealth of Independent States.
- ukSdj'kkgh dk opZLoA
iz.kkyh lektoknh gksrh xbZA
7- :l] ;wsu] csyk:lA
e/; ,sf'k;kbZ x.kjkT;A
8- *psd* rFkk *lyksokfd;k*A
9- fo'o cSad o vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k }kjkA
10- :lA
nksa vadh; iz'uksa ds mkj %&
1- i vkS|ksfxd <+kapk pjejk x;kA
ii 90 izfr'kr m|ksx futh gkFkksa esa pys x;sA
- fHkykbZ] cksdkjks] fo'kk[kiVue bLikr m|ksx rFkk Hkkjr gSohbysfDVdyl dksA
3- i leLr laLFkkuksa ij ,d lkk dk fu;a=.kA
ii lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkdka{kkvksa dk iwjk u gkukA
iii mRiknu o izkS|ksfxd ds {ks= es if'peh ns'kksa ls fiNM+ tkukA
iv miHkksDrk oLrqvks es dehA
- :lh kafr] vQxku ladV] cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk] lksfo;r la?k dk
fo?kVuA
- vkS|ksfxd <+kpk iw.kZr; <+g x;kA 90 izfr'r m|ksx vkSus ikSus nkeksa esa futh
gkFksa es igqap x;sA
- 1- fu;af=r o fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkkA
2- ,d ikVhZ O;oLFkkA
7- vk?kkr igqapkdj mipkj djukA
lkE;okn ls iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh vksjA
8- pspU;k o nkfxLrkuA
9- 1961 esa cuh 'khr;q) dk izrhd ;s nhokj FkhA iwohZ teZu lksfo;r la?k dk o
if'peh teZuh vesfjdk ds {ks= esa FksA 1989 es nhokj fxjus ds Qylo:i
teZuh dk ,dkdj.k o f}&/kzqoh;rk dk var FkhA
jktuhfrd foKku 10
 v/;k;&3
ledkyhu fo'o esa vesfjdh opZLo
izeq[k fcUnq%&
& lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu us lEiw.kZ fo'o dks >d>ksj MkykA ,d egk'fDr
iw.kZr; lekIr gks pqdh Fkh] ogha nwljh egk'kfDr dks ,d /kzqoh; fo'o ds :i esa
ns[kk tk jgk FkkA ftls /khjs /khjs vesfjdh opZLo ds :i es tkuk tkusyxkA
blh ds lkFk u;h fo'o O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA ;s rks ,d vkSipkfjdrk us
1945 es gh dj nh FkhA
& vesfjdk }kjk tkiku ds fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij ijek.kq ce fxjk djA
& ;q) ds nkSjku bldk fu;kZr c<+k o fo'o dh lcls cM+h vkfFkZd 'kfDr cu
x;kA
& la;wDr jk"V }kjk 1991 esa bjkd ds fo:) cy iz;ksx dh vuqefr dks vesfjdh
jk"Vifr tktZcq'k }kjk u;h fo'o O;oLFkk dh laKk nh xbZA

fo'o ij opZLo izHkko%&

bjkd us dqoSr ij geyk fd;k la;qDr jk"V us dqoSr dks vkt+kn djkus dk
QSalyk fy;kA 34 ns'kksa dh feyh tqyh lsuk ftlesa 75 izfr'kr lSfud vesfjdk ds Fks
lsuk ds tujy ukeZu 'oktZdkao ds usr`o esa bjkd dks gjk;k x;kA lkFk gh leqnzh
ekxZ] Lora= O;kikj] mnkjhdj.k] lh-Vh-ch-Vh-] fo'o cSad] vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k vkfFkZd
izfrcU/kksa }kjk izHkko Mkyk x;kA UN us bl ;q) dks *vkijs'ku MstVZ LVkeZ* dk uke
fn;kA
& vesfjdk us bl ;q+) esa ykxr ls T;knk equkQk dek;kA viuh 'kfDr dk
izn'kZu fd;k bls *dEI;wVj ;q) dh laKk nh o **fofM;ks xse okj** dgk x;kA

fDyaVu dk nkSj
1922 ls & 2000 esa fcy fDyaVu us jk"Vifr pqukoksa esa fot; izkIr dh mudh
vUrjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa es fnypLih ugha fn[kkbZ mUgksus yksdra= dks c<+kus] tyok;q
ifjoZru] fo'o O;kikj tSls uje eqnnksa ij tksj fn;kA 1999 esa ;qxksLykfo;k ij lSU;
dk;Zokgh dh xbZ tcfd ogka vYckfu;kbZ yksxksa us vkUnksyu fd;k bldks nckus ds
fy;s ukVks lsukvksa us dkslksoks ij viuk dCtk fd;kA
& 1998 esa uSjksch dsU;k rFkk nkjs&lyke ratkfu;k ds vesfjdh nwrkoklksa ij
ceckjh gqbZ bldk ftEesnkj vydk;nk vkradoknh bLykeh laxBu dks ekuk
x;kA blds izfr'kks/k esa vesfjdh jk"Vifr us **vkijs'ku buQkbZukbZV jhp** dk
vkns'k fn;kA lwMku o vQxkfuLrku es vydk;nk ds fBdkuksa ij wt
felkbyksa ls ceckjh dh xbZA la;qDr jk"V dks Hkh bldh lwpuk ugha nh xbZA
& 9@11 vkSj vkradokn ds fo:) fo'o O;kikjh ;q)%&

11 jktuhfrd foKku
& 11 flrEcj 2001 vkradoknh ?kVuk ds fojks/k esa *vkijs'ku ,UM;wfjax hMe*
pyk;k x;kA vesfjdk us lHkh ns'kksa dks fo'o ls vkradokn dk lQk;k djus es
;ksxnku djus dks dgkA ;g ?kVuk 9@11 ds uke ls tkuh xbZA USA ij dh
xbZ ;s dk;Zokgh vesfjdk dh 'kfDr vkSj opZLo dks [kqyh pqukSrh FkhA
& bl le; vesfjdk dh ckxMksj fjifCyd ikVhZ ds tktZ MCy;w cq'k ds gkFkksa es
Fkh bUgksusa dM+s QSalys fy;sA
& *vkijs'ku ,UM;wfjax hMe* ds rgr vesfjdk us *vydk;nk* vkSj
vQxkfuLrkuds rkkfycku dks fu'kkuk cuk;kA 9@11 dh ?kVuk vydk;nk ds
vkslkek fcu yknsu ds }kjk funsZf'kr FkhA vesfjdk us iwjs fo'o esa fxjrkfj;ka
dh yksxksa dks vyx vyx ns'kksa dh [kqfQ;k tsyksa esa Hkstk x;kA
& la;qDr jk"V dh vuqefr fy;s fcuk 9 ekpZ 2003 esa bjkd ij vke.k fd;kA
lqj{kk ifj"kn ds LFkkbZ lnL;ksa kal :l vkSj phu us bldh vkykspuk dhA
okLro esa vesfjdk bjkd es lnnke gqlSu dk 'kklu lekIr dj ogka ds rsy
HkaMkj ij viuk fu;a=.k LFkkfir djuk pkgrk FkkA *vkijs'ku bjkdh hM+e* ds
uke ls pyk;s bl vfHk;ku es lnnke gqlSu dks cUnh cuk] eqdnek pykus ds
i'pkr fnlEcj 2006 esa Qkalh ns nh xbZA dqN le; ckn bjkd esa vesfjdk ds
f[kykQ fonzksg HkM+d mBsaA
& vesfjdk ,d ek= egk'kfDr ds :i es gS mlus jktuhfr dks viuh bPNkuqlkj
pykus ds iz;kl fd;sA vUrjkZ"Vh; le>kSrksa] leL;kvksa rFkk laxBuksa dh ijokg
ugha dhA
& opZLo %& fo'o jktuhfr esa fofHkUu ns'k o ns'kksa ds lewg rkdr ikus o
dk;e j[kus ds iz;kl yxkrkj djrs gS ;g rkdr lSU; izHkqo] vkfFkZd 'kfDr]
jktuhfrd :rcs vkSj lkaLfrd fodkl ds :I esa gksrh gSA nwljs ds O;ogkj
dks izHkkfor vFkok fu;af=r djus dh {kerk ftlls eupkgk dke djk;k tk
lds opZLo ;k vf/kiR; opZLo ij Hkh vf/kdkj tek [kqn dks lkfcr fd;kA ;fn
ge bfrgkl ds iUus iyVsa rks ik,xsa fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dh 'kfDr LFkkbZ ugha
jgrhA

& vesfjdk dh 'kfDr ds jkLrs es vojks/k %&

1- vejhdk dh laLFkkxr cukoVA ;gka 'kklu ds rhu vaxksa ds chp 'kfDr dk
cVokjk gSA dk;Zikfydk lSU; 'kfDr ij vadq'k yxkus dk dke djrh gSA
2- vejhdh lekt dh izfr mUeqDr gSA ;gka dh turk lSU; vfHk;kuksa ij vadq'k
j[kus es cMh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
3- ukVksa Hkh blds opZLo es vadq'k yxk ldrk gSA D;k bu ns'kksa es cktkj ewyd
vFkZ O;oLFkk pyrh gSA

jktuhfrd foKku 12
& Hkkjr&vesfjdk lEcU/k %& U.S.S.R ds iru i'pkr Hkkjr us viuh viuh
vFkZO;oLFkk dk QSalyk fd;kA bl uhfr ls Hkkjr dh vkfFZkd o`f)nj esa lq/kkj
vk;k ftlds dkj.k Hkkjr vesfjdk lesr dbZ ns'kksa ds fy;s vkfFkZd lg;ksxh
cu x;kA Hkkjr vejhdh laca/k ds chp nks ubZ ckrsa mHkjh bu dk laca/k
izkS|ksfxdh vkSj vejhdk esa cls vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ls gSA
& opZLo ls dSls cpsa %& vUrjkZ"Vh; txr esa bl izdkj ds loky mBrs jgrs gS
ijUrq bldk dksbZ fodYi Hkh ut+j ugh vkrkA ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr] phu o
:l tSls ns'k fey dj ,slk dj ldrs gS ijUrq os [kqn foHksnksa ls Hkjs gSA
& jktuhfrKksa dk rdZ gS blls rks cgrj gS fd opZLo tfur voljksa dk ykHk
mBkuk pkfg, **vFkkZr cSMoSxu** j.kuhfr viukuh pkfg,A ge lHkh fo'o xzke
dh ifjdYiuk esa th jgs gSaA

,d vadh; iz'u
1- ubZ fo'o O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ\
2- ledkyhu fo'o esa vesfjdh opZLo dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZA
3- fDyaVu us fdu eqn~nksa ij tksj fn;kA
4- izFke [kkM+h ;q) fdu ns'kksa ds chp gqvkA
5- vkijs'ku buQkbukbV jhp fdlds 'kklu dky esa pyk;k x;kA
6- dkSu lk ;q) ohfM;ks xse okj ds uke ls tkuk x;kA
7- vkradokn ds f[kykQ pyk, x, fo'oO;kih ;q) dks fdl uke ls tkuk x;kA
8- cSaMoSxu uhfr dk D;k vFkZ gS\
9- 9@11&2001 ds geyksa dk ftEesnkj dkSu Fkk\
10- ^oYMZ okbM osc^ dk fganh vFkZ fy, baVjusV ds lanHkZ esaA
11- gsxseuh 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

nks vadh; iz'u

- ,ech, D;k gS\ bldh LFkkiuk dgka o dc gqbZA
- baVjusV iz.kkyh dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A
- lekt dh mUeqDr&izd`fr vejhdh lSfud dk;Zokfg;ksa ij vadq'k yxkrh gSA
Li"V djsaA
- opZLo dk D;k vFkZ gSA
- daI;wVj ;q) dh laKk fdls o D;ksa nh xbZ\
- 9@11 dh ?kVuk ls vkids fopkj esa vesfjdh dh lksp esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k\
- 11 flracj 2001 esa vejhdk esa D;k ?kVuk ?kVh Fkh\

13 jktuhfrd foKku
pkj vadh; iz'u
- vkijs'ku MstMZ LVkeZ D;k Fkk\
- vejhdk )kjk 2003 esa bjkdh geys dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k djsaA
- bjkd ij vke.k ds ihNs vejhdk dh okLrfod lksp D;k Fkh\
- ^vkWijs'ku ,aM;wfjax fQzMe^ D;k Fkk\
5- leqnzh O;kikj ekxZ SLOCS ij laf{kIr tkudkjh nsaA
- vki fdl izdkj vejhdk dh 'kfDr dk vkdyu izeq[k 'kfDr ds :i esa djksaxs\

Ng vadh; iz'u
1- vk;'kk] tkcw vkSj vkanzsbZ dh dgkfu;ksa D;k dgrh gS\
2- fp= ns[kdj vejhdh opZLo dk fo'ys"k.k djsa&

jktuhfrd foKku 14
3- vejhdk dh l'kDr lsuk dh deku dh lajpuk dk v/;;u dj laf{kIr :i
ls lSU; 'kfDr dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
ekufp= ds vk/kkj ij A

4- vejhdk ds opZLo ls fuiVus ds mik; fy[ksaA

5- oSf'od lkoZtfud oLrq o oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ls laacaf/kr oLrqvksa ds ckjs esa
fy[ksaA

,d vadh; iz'u ds mRrj

1- vkWijs'ku MstMZ LVkeZ ds cknA
2- lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds cknA
3- yksdra=] tyok;q o O;kikj ijA
4- bjkd o vesfjdk )kjk funsZf'kr 34 ns'kksa dh lsuk ds chp
5- jk"Vifr fDyaVu ds 'kklu dky esaA
6- izFke [kkM+h ;q)A
7- vkWijs'ku ,UM;wfjax QzhMe
8- opZLo ds fojks/k esa tkus dh vis{kk mldk Qk;nk mBkukA
9- vydk;nk o rkfyckuA
15 jktuhfrd foKku
10- txr&tksM+rk&tkyA
11- fdlh ,d jkT; dk usr`Ro ;k izHkqRo gksus dh tkudkjh feyrh gS bls 'kCn lsA

nks vadh; iz'u ds mRrj

1- ekLVj vkWQ fctusl ,MfefuLVs'ku dh fMxzhA vesfjdk esa fctusl Ldwy dh
LFkkiuk 1881 esa] ikB~;dze dh 'kq:vkr 1900 esa ,ech, ds :i esa 1950 esaA
2- 1950 esa 'kq:vkr vejhdk ds lSU; vuqla/kku ifj;kstuk dk ifj.kke] oSf'od
ra= ij fuHkZj] vf/kdka'k mixzg vejhdk dsA oSf'od lkoZtfud o vkfFkZd nksuksa
dk mnkgj.kA
3- fo;ruke la?k"kZ esa vejhdh tuer ds izHkko ls gh fojke yxk FkkA
4- nwljs ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor ;k fu;af=r djus dh {kerkA
5- izFke [kkM+h ;q) dks] LekVZ ceksa dk iz;ksx] Vhoh ij O;kid dojstA
6- vkardokn dks fo'oO;kih ?kVuk vFkkZr varjjk"Vh; leL;k ekukA
7- vjc ns'kksa )kjk 19 vigj.kdrkZvksa us pkj vejhdh O;olkf;d ij dCtk dj
nks foeku oYMZ VsM lsaVj ds mRrj o nf{k.k Vkoj ls Vdjk, rhljk isaVkxu ls
o pkSFkk isaflyosfu;k ds [ksr esa fxjkA

jktuhfrd foKku 16
 v/;k; 4
lkk ds oSdfYid dsUnz
eq[k dsUnz fcUnq
& nks /kqzoh; O;oLFkk dh lekfIr ds ckn Li"V gks x;k fd jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd
lkk ds oSdfYid dsUnz vesfjdk ds Hkqo dks pqukSrh ns ldrs gS A ;wjksi esa
;wjksih; la?k o ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k & iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vksa dk laxBu 'kfDr cu dj
mHkjs A phu Hkh ukVdh; rkSj ij vkfFkZd mHkkj ds :Ik esa ns[kk x;k A
& ;wjksih; la?k %& 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fcxM+rs
ns[kk A blds ckn bu ns'kksa esa esy & feyki c<+us yxk A 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku
vejhdk us Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds iquZxBu ds fy;s enn dh ftls ek'kZy ;kstuk ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A 1948 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk
gqbZ A
& vkfFkZd lg;ksx okyh O;oLFkk jktuSfrd Lo:Ik ysrh xbZ A 2005 esa bls fo'o
dh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk ds :Ik esa ns[kk x;k A ldy ?kjsyq mRikn 12000
MkWyj ls Hkh T;knk Fkk] fo'o O;kikj esa Hkkxsnkjh vesjhdk ls rhu xquk A
& ;wjksih; la?k ds nks ns'k kal rFkk fczVsu lqj{kk ifj"n~ ds LFkkbZ lnL; gSa buds
ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj Hkh gS A
& lSU; 'kfDr] rkdr] varfj{k foKku vkSj lapkj kS|ksfxdh ds ekeys esa ;wjksih;
la?k dk fo'o esa nwljk LFkku gS A

vkfl;ku %&
vkfl;ku ds laLFkkidksa & baMksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k] fQyhihal] flaxkiqj rFkk FkkbyS.M
us 1967 esa cSdkad ?kks"k.kk i= ij gLRkk{kj fd;s A
& vkfl;ku ds vkfFkZd leqnk; dk eq[k mn~ns'; vkfl;ku ns'kksa dks lka>k cktkj
rFkk lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodkl esa enn djuk gS A bu ns'kksa us Vdjko jfgr
vkSj lg;ksxkRed esy & feyki ds mnkgj.k is'k fd;s ftls vkfl;ku 'kSyh
dgk x;k A
& fuos'k] Je vkSj lsokvksa ds ekeys esa o eqDr O;kikj {ks= cukus ij /;ku fn,A
& fotu nLrkost 2020 esa vUrjkZ"Vh; leqnk; esa vkfl;ku dh ,d ckgsZeq[kh
Hkwfedk dks eq[krk nh xbZ A
& Hkkjr esa vkfl;ku ds nks lnL; jk"Vksa flaxkiqj rFkk FkkbyS.M ds lkFk eqDr
O;kikj le>kSrk fd;k A

phu
Pkhu us 'kkWd Fksjsih ds ctk; viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks pj.kc) rjhds ls 'kq:
fd;kA 1978 esa phu us vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa vkSj ^[kqys }kj dh uhfr* dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

17 jktuhfrd foKku
SEZ ds fuekZ.k ls fons'kh O;kikj dh c<+ksrjh gqbZ A 2001 esa phu fo'o O;kikj laxBu
esa 'kkfey gqvk A blls fo'o vkfFkZdh ls phu dk tqM+ko gqvk A
& Hkkjr o phu lEcU/k %& 1950 esa frCcr dks gM+Ik ysus ds ckn ls lEcU/kksa esa
ruko jgk A
& 1962 esa v:.kkpy ns'k ds dqN bykdksa o yn~nk[k ds vDlkb & fpu {ks=ksa
dks ysdj ;q) gqvk A 1976 rd dwVuhfrd lEcU/k lekIr jgs A
& 1981 esa lhek fooknksa dks lqy>kus gsrq dbZ okrkZ,sa dh xbZ A
& fnlEcj 1988 esa jktho xka/kh ds nkSjs ds Ik'pkr~ Vdjko Vkyus ds ;kl c<+s A
gky ds o"kks esa Hkkjr & phu us vius fooknksa dks vyx j[krs gq, ikjLifjd
vkfFkZd o O;kikj lEcU/kksa dks c<+k;k gS A
& tkiku us Hkh nwljs fo'o ;q) ds Ik'pkr~ cM+h rsth ls xfr dh A tkiku dh
vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o dh nwljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS A

,d vadh; 'u %&

1 lkk ds nks oSdfYid dsUnzksa ds uke crkb;s \
2 1948 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk fdl ;kstuk ds rgr dh
xbZ \
3 ;wjksih; bdkWuksfed dE;qfuVh dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \
4 ;qjksih; la?k dh eqnzk dk uke fy[ks \
5 ;wjksih; la?k ds >.Ms esa 12 flrkjksa dk D;k vFkZ gS \
6 vkfl;ku dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \
7 dkSu ls nks lnL; lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds LFkkbZ lnL; gSa \;wjksih; la?k ds A
8 phu fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk lnL; dc cuk \
9 1950 esa phu us fdl {ks= ij viuk vf/kdkj tek;k \
10 fdrus le; rd Hkkjr & phu dwVuhfrd lEcU/k ugha jgs \

nks vadh; 'u %&

1 ek'kZy ;kstuk D;k Fkh \
2 SEZ ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
3 {ks=h; laxBuks dks cukus ds D;k mn~ns'; gS \
4 vkfl;ku ds vkfFkZd leqnk; ds mn~ns'; fy[ksa \
5 vkfl;ku ds laLFkkid ns'kksa ds uke fy[ksa \
6 1970 ds n'kd esa phu us dkSu ls nks uhfrxr fu.kZu fy, \
7 ;wjksih; la?k ds >.Ms ds fo"k; esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A
8 ;wjksih; la?k ds nks mn~ns'; fy[ksa \

jktuhfrd foKku 18
9 phu ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds nks udkjkRed igyw fy[ksa \

Pkkj vadh; 'u %&

1 jktho xka/kh }kjk 1988 dh phu dh ;k=k ds Ik'pkr~ Hkkjr phu lEcU/kksa dks
ubZ fn'kk feyh A Li"V djsa A
2 {ks=h; laxBuksa ij HkkSxksfyd fudVrk dk D;k Hkko gksrk gS \
3 Hkkjr & phu ds chp fookn dk o.kZu djks A
4 vUrjkZ"Vh; leqnk; esa vkfl;ku ds l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, D;k dne mBk, tkus
pkfg, A
5 uhps fn;s fp= ds vk/kkj ij phu dh c<+rh rkdr dk fo'ys"k.k djsa A

N % vadh; 'u
1 ;wjksih; la?k ds vkfFkZd {ks= esa D;k Hkko gq, \
2 phuh vFkZO;oLFkk ds mRFkku ds fy;s mkjnk;h dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsa \
3 ;wjksih; la?k dh lk>h fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsa \
4 ;wjksih; la?k ds ekufp= esa iqjkus o u;s lnL; jk"Vksa dks fpfUgr djsa A
5 vkfl;ku ds fr Hkkjr ds utfj;s dk mYys[k djsa A

19 jktuhfrd foKku
,d vadh; 'u ds mkj
1 ;wjksih; la?k o vkfl;ku A
2 ek'kZy ;kstuk A
3 1957 esa A
4 ;wjks A
5 12 lnL; jkT;ksa ds rhd A
6 nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vksa dk lxBu A
7 fczVsu o kal A
8 2001 esa A
9 frCcr ij A
10 1962 ls 1976 rd A

nks vadh; 'u ds mkj

1 1945 ds ckn ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa feyki vesfjdk }kjk 'khr & ;q) ds nkSjku
vFkZO;oLFkk ds iquZxBu gsrq enn A
2 Special Economic Zone ds fuek.kZ ls fons'kh O;kikj esa o`f) A phu fo'o esa
R;{k fons'kh fuos'k ds fy;s vkd"kZd jk"V cu x;k A
3 I ,frgkfld nq'euh o detksfj;ksa dk {ks=h; LRkj ij lek/kku <aw<us gsrq A
II vius {ks=ksa esa 'kkafr iw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=h; O;oLFkk ds fodkl gsrq A
4 I lk>k cktkj rFkk lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl A
II lg;ksxkRed esy & feyki A
5 baMksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k] fQfyihal] flaxkiqj] FkkbyS.M A
6 I 1972 esa vesjhdk ls jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd lEcU/k cuk,s A
II 1978 esa ^[kqys }kj dh uhfr* dh ?kks"k.kk A
7 I lksus ds jax ds flrkjksa dk o`k tks ;wjksih; la?k dh ,drk dks n'kkZrk gS a
II 12 flrkjs ikjEifjd :Ik ls iw.kZrk] lexzrk] vkSj ,drk dk rhd ekuk
tkrk gS A
8 I lka>h eqnzk A
II lka>h lkaLfr A
III lka>h lqj{kk uhfr A
IV lka>kh vkfFkZd uhfr A
VI lka>k >aMk xku] LFkkiuk fnol A
9 I csjkstxkjh dk c<+uk A
II Hkz"Vkpkj esa c<+ksrjh A
III Ik;kZoj.k dks uqdlku A
IV yksxksa ds chp vkfFkZd Qklyk c<+k A
jktuhfrd foKku 20
 v/;k; %& 5
ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k

eq[k fcUnq %&

& 20 oha lnh ds vafre o"kks esa nqfu;k dh utj nf{k.kh ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh vksj eqM
xbZ dkj.k Fkk Hkkjr & ikfdLrku }kjk [kqn dk ijek.kq 'kfDr lEiUu cuk
ysukA ;s ns'k ges'kk gh cM+s laosnu'khy jgs gSa vius la?k"kks o fooknksa ds dkj.kA
& nf{k.k ,f'k;k & ckXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku vkSj
Jhyadk dks eq[;r% nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks= ekurs gSa A bu {ks=ksa dh fof'k"V
HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] Hkk"kkbZ rFkk lkaLfrd lekurk us budh utnhfd;k
c<+kbZ gS A
& 2005 esa vQxkfuLrku dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k o E;kaekj ij Hkh ppkZ dh
tkrh gS ijUrq phu dks bl {ks= dk eq[k jk"V gksrs gq, Hkh nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk
vax ugha ekuk tkrk A
& ^nf{k.k ,f'k;k* gj vFkZ esa fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk gS fQj Hkh Hkw & jktuhfrd
/kjkry ij ,d gS A
& bl {ks= esa yksdra= dk fjdkMZ feyk & tqyk jgk A bu ns'kksa dh turk
yksdra= dh vkdka{kkvksa esa lgHkkxh jgh A
& ikfdLrku esa nks ljdkjksa csuthj HkqV~Vks o uokt & 'kjhQ dh ljdkjksa
dks NksM+dj yksdra= u jg ldk ftldk dkj.k ogk lsuk /keZxq: vkSj Hkw &
Lokeh vfHktuksa ds lkekftd nc ncs dks ekuk tkrk gS A jktuhfrd nyksa ds
LokFkZ o yksdra= ds chp ikfdLrku dh lqj{kk lnSo [krjs esa iM+rh jgh gS A
vejhdk o if'peh ns'kksa us vius & vius LokFkZ gsrq lSU; 'kklu dks c<+kok
fn;k A
& ckXykns'k %& ikfdLrku ls vyx gqvk ;s jk"V iwohZ ikfdLrku dk fgLlk Fkk
tks yksdra= esa fo'okl j[krk Fkk] ;gka ds vf/kdrj ukxfjd Hkkjr iyk;u dj
jgs Fks] Hkkjr ds fy;s ;s 'kj.kkFkhZ leL;k curs tk jgs Fks A 1971 esa Hkkjr &
ikd ;q) dh lekfIr ckaXyns'k cuus ds lkFk gqbZ A 1975 esa 'ks[k eqthcqZjgeku
us lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku dj lalnh; 'kklu .kkyh dks v/;{kkRed .kkyh esa
cny Mkyk] viuh ,d ikVhZ dks NksM vU; ikfVZ;ksa dks lekIr dj fn;kA 1991
ds pqukoksa ds ckn ls vkt rd ogk yksdra= gS A
& usiky %& usiky esa Hkh yksdra= o jkt'kkgh dh yEch tkstgn ds i'pkr~ dh
tMs etcwr ugha gks ikbZ gS A usiky o Hkkjr ds ukxfjd] nksuks ns'kksa ds chp
e/kqj lEcU/k gksus ds dkj.k ,d & nwljs ds ;gk fcuk ikliksVZ o oht+k ds vk&
tk ldrs gS A bu lc ds ckotwn Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ,tsafl;k usiky esa py jgs
ekvksoknh vkUnksyuksa dks viuh lqj{kk ds fy;s [krjk ekurh gS A

21 jktuhfrd foKku
& Jhyadk %& Jhyadk 1948 esa vktkn gqvk nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=ksa esa tkrh; la?k"kZ]
lhek & fookn] unh ty caVokjs ds fookn rFkk lalk/kuksa dks ysdj fookn dk
{ks= jgk gS A Jhyadk dh jktuhfr esa flagyh leqnk; dkQh Hkko'kkyh jgk A
,d cM+h vkcknh blds f[kykQ gS A 1983 ds ckn ls mxz fyVVs ds lHkh
fBdkuksa ij JhyadkbZ lsuk us dCtk dj fy;k gS A rfey laxBu ^fycjs'ku
VkbxlZ vkWQ rfey bye* JhyadkbZ lsuk ds lkFk l'kL= la?k"kZ dj jgk gS A
la?k"kks esa jgus ds ckotwn Hkh blus vkfFkZd o`f) vkSj fodkl ds mPp Lrj dks
gkfly fd;k A vUn:uh la?k"kks ds ckotwn Hkh Jhyadk us yksdra=h; O;oLFkk
dks dk;e j[kk A
& Hkkjr o ikfdLrku bl {ks= ds ,sls nks jk"V gS ftuesa lnSo ruko cuk jgrk gSA
ikfdLrku dh [kqfQ;k ,tsalh vkbZ-,l-vkbZ ij ckXykns'k vkSj usiky ds xqIr
fBdkuksa ls iwoksZkj Hkkjr esa Hkkjr fojks/kh vfHk;kuksa esa Hkkxhnkj gksus dk vkjksi
yxrk jgk gS A d'ehj dh leL;k dk Hkh vkt rd dksbZ gy ugha fudy
ik;kA
& n{ksl dks vkilh erHksnksa ds dkj.k vf/kd lQyrk ugha fey ikrh] le; &
le; ij la?k"kZ o fookn gksrs jgrs gSa fQj Hkh ;s jk"V vkil nksLrh ds fj'rksa o
lg;ksx ds egRo dks le>rs o fuHkkrs gSa A
& ckXykns'k o Hkkjr iwjc pyks dh uhfr dk fgLlk gSa A
& nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds jk"Vksa us feydj 1985 esa n{ksl SAARC dk fuekZ.k fd;k
Fkk A
& SAFTA nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj {ks= le>kSrs ij 2002 esa gLrk{kj
fd;s x;s A 2006 esa ;g Hkkoh gqvk A 2007 eas bu ns'kksa ds chp vkilh O;kikj
esa layXu ns'kksa dk lhek 'kqYd 20 fr'kr de dj fn;k x;k A
& HkwVku ds jktk us Hkh yksdraf=; O;oLFkk dk;e dh o iMkslh jk"Vksa ds lkFk
e/kqj lEcU/k j[ks A
& Hkkjr o HkwVku o ekynho ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa enn dh A HkwVku o ekynho
n{ksl ds lcls 'kkUr ns'k gSa A

,d vadh; 'u %&

1 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds nks ns'kksa ds uke fy[ksa \
2 usiky esa laoS/kkfud jktra= dc rd jgk \
3 o"kZ 2005 esa fdl ns'k dks lkdZ dk lnL; cuk;k x;k \
4 M.D.P dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \
5 lkdZ ns'kksa dk Fke lEesyu dgk gqvk \
6 lkdZ dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \
7 fdu nks ns'kksa esa lSfud o yksdrkaf=r 'kklu jgs \
jktuhfrd foKku 22
8 Jhyadk dh jktuhfr esa fdl leqnk; dk nc nck gS \
9 Hkkjr & Jhyadk le>kSrk dc gqvk \
10 n{ksl lkdZ dk eq[;ky; dgk gS \
11 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds fdl ns'k esa laoS/kkfud jktra= Fkk \
12 eqDr O;kikj laf/k ij gLrk{kj dc gq, \
13 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp 1960 esa fdl laf/k ij gLrk{kj gq, \
14 vFkZ & O;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k loZFke nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds fdl ns'k us fd;k \

nks vadh; 'u %&

1 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
2 lkdZ ds fl)kUrksa ds fo"k; crkb;s \
3 SAARC vkSj SAFTA dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \
4 Lora=rk kfIr ds ckn Jhyadk dks dkSu lh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k \
5 iwohZ ikfdLrku us if'peh ikfdLrku dk fojks/k D;ksa fd;k \
6 nks ,sls elyksa ds uke fy[ks ftu ij Hkkjr o ckaXykns'k esa lg;ksx gS \
7 ikfdLrku esa yksdra= lQy D;ksa ugha gS \
8 Hkkjr o ckXykns'k ds chp vlgefr ds nks eqs dkSu & dkSu ls gSa \
9 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp dkSu ls nks le>kSrs gq,s \

Pkkj vadh; 'u %&

1 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp gky esa D;k le>kSrs gq, \
2 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ekufp= esa ^n{ksl* ds lnL; jk"Vks dks fn[kkb;s A
3 lkdZ ds fl)kUrksa ds fo"k; esa dk'k Mkfy;s A
4 f'keyk le>kSrs ds lanHkZ esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A
5 nf{k.k ,f'k;k es f}& i{kh; lEcU/kksa dks ckgjh 'kfDRk;k dSls Hkkfor djrh gSa \
6 Hkkjr ds /kkuea=h dks phu ls okkkZ gsrq cSBd esa Hkkx ysuk gS A /kkuea=h ds
futh lykgkdkj gksus ds ukrs vki mUgsa fdu eqs ij ckr djus dh lykg nsxsa\

N% vadh; 'u %&

1 Hkkjr ds nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk laca/k dSls jgs \
2 I uhps fn;s dkVZwu esa fdl nqfo/kk dks fn[kkus dk ;kl fd;k x;k gS A
II flag o ck?k fdlds lwpd gS rFkk fdl vksj b'kkjk djrs gSa \

23 jktuhfrd foKku
3 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp fdu eqksa dks ysdj la?k"kZ gksrs jgrs gSa \
4 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ds chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx dh jkg rS;kj djus esa n{ksl dh
Hkwfedk vkSj lhekvksa dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k djsa A nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh csgrjh
ds fy;s vki D;k lq>ko nsxsa \

,d vadh; 'u ds mkj %&

1 Hkkjr] ikfdLrku A
2 2006 rd A
3 vQxkfuLrku A
4 ekynhfo;u MsekssfVd ikVhZ M.D.P A
5 ckXykns'k dh jkt/kkuh ^<+kdk* esa A
6 fnlEcj 1985 esa A
7 ikfdLrku rFkk ckXykns'k A
8 flagyh leqnk; dk A
9 1987 esa A
10 usiky dkBekaMw A
11 usiky A
12 Qjojh 2004] n{ksl ds 12 osa lEesyu esa A
13 fla/kq & ty & laf/k A

jktuhfrd foKku 24
14 Jhyadk us A

nks vadh; 'u ds mkj %&

1 ckXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku rFkk Jhyadk dk laxBu A
2 I lnL; jkT;ksa ds vkUrfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi u djuk A
II xjhch] vf'k{kk] dqiks"k.k tSlh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku A
3 I lkmFk ,f'k;u ,lksf'k,'ku QkWj fjtuy dks & vkWijs'ku A
II lkmFk ,f'k;u h VsM ,xzhesaV A
4 tkrh; la?k"kZ dk] rfeyksa ds fr misf{kr joS;s dk A
5 iwohZ ikfdLrku ij mnwZ Hkk"kk yknus rFkk caxkyh rFkk laLr Hkk"kk ds lkFk
nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k A
6 I cziq= o xaxk unh ds ty cWVokjs ds fy;s QjDdk laf/k A
II vkradokn ij lgefr A
7 lsuk] /keZxq: vkSj Hkw & Lokeh vfHktuksa ds lkekftd nc ncs ds dkj.k A
8 I pdek 'kj.kkFkhZ A
II Hkkjr dh ljdkj ij pVxkWo ioZrh; {ks= esa fonzksg c<+okus] ckaXykns'k ds
kfrd xSl esa lsa/kekjh ij A
9 I rk'kdan le>kSrk A
II f'keyk le>kSrk A

25 jktuhfrd foKku
 v/;k; & 6
vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBu

izeq[k fcUnq
& Fke fo'o ;q) dh fouk'k yhyk ds ckn fo'o dks ;q)ksa dh fofHkf"kdk ls cpkus gsrq
^yhx vkWQ us'kUl* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ysfdu ;s vius ms';ksa dks iwjk djus esa
vlQy jgk ftldk ifj.kke Fkk f}rh; fo'o ;q) A fo'o dks vUrjkZ"Vh; ;q)ksa o
>xMksa dks fuikVs gsrq vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBuksa dh t:jr iM+rh gS A
& ,d ckj fQj ;kl rst gks x;s vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBu cukus ds tks fo'o 'kkafr cuk,
j[kus esa enn djs A la;qDr jk"V dh LFkkiuk dh 'kq:vkr vxLr 1941 esa gh 'kq: gks
xbZ Fkh A
& 26 twu 1950 dks 50 ns'kksa rFkk 15 vDrwcj dks ikSys.M us la;qDr jk"V pkVZj ij
gLrk{kj fd;s bl rjg U.N ds ewy laLFkkid lnL; 51 gSa A
& la;qDr jk"V dk ms'; vUrjkZ"Vh; fo'o 'kkafr dk;e djuk] vUrjkZ"Vh; >xMks dks
jksduk] lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl vkfn A
& 2006 rd bldh lnL; la[;k 192 Fkh A tks vc ebZ 2013 rd gS A U.N ds LFkkbZ
lnL; viuh 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij pqus x;s A mUgsa ohVks ikWoj Hkh feyh A
& blesa lcls egRoiw.kZ in /kku frfuf/k vFkkZr egklfpo gksrk gS A orZeku
egklfpo dk uke cku & dh & ewu gS tks nf{k.k dksfj;k ds gSa A
& 'khr ;q) ds ckn ls la;qDr jk"V esa lq/kkjksa dh ckr rsth ls mBus yxha A lqj{kk ifj"kn
esa LFkkbZ o vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+kus dh ekax tksj idM+us yxh A
& Hkkjr us Hkh la;qDr jk"V esa lq/kkj gsrq lnL;rk c<+kus ij tksj fn;k A Lo;a dks lqj{kk
ifj"kn dk LFkkbZ cukus dh Hkh odkyr dh A Hkkjr ds lkFk & lkFk czkthy] teZuh]
tkiku Hkh bl gksM+ esa 'kkfey gS A
& 2005 esa 60 lky iwjs gksus ds volj ij gksus okyh cSBd esa la;qDr jk"V us U;k;kf/kdkj
ij ppkZ dh xbZ ifj.kker % 2006 dh twu 19 dks ekuokf/kdkj ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk
gqbZA
& la;qDr jk"V ,d /kzqoh; fo'o esa D;k LFkku j[krk gS ;g rks loZfofnr gh gS A vesfjdk
dh dk;Zokfg;ksa o ;ksxnku dks ns[krs gq, bl ckr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd
vejhdk dh rkdr ij jksd yxkus gsrq la;qDr jk"V Hkh iw.kZ l{ke ugha gS A ij ;fn
U.N ds vU; lnL; jk"Vksa ds lkFk fey dj jksd yxkus dh ckr gks rks og l{ke gS A
& ,d /kzqoh; fo'o esa la;qDr jk"V dks klkafxd cukus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr dne mBk,
x;s A
1 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dk xBu A
2 lgL=kfCn fodkl y{; A
3 ,d yksdra= dks"k dk xBu vkfn A
jktuhfrd foKku 26
& la;qDr jk"V ds eq[k vax %&
1 vke lHkk A
2 lqj{kk ifj"kn~ A
3 lfpoky; A
4 vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn~ A
5 vUrjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; A
6 U;kflrk ifj"kn~ A

& la;qDr jk"V dh eq[k ,tsafl;k %&

1 fo'o LokLF; laxBu WHO
2 la;qDr jk"V 'kSf{kd] lkekftd ,oa lkLfrd laxBu UNESCO
3 la;qDr jk"V cky dkss"k UNICEF
4 la;qDr jk"V fodkl dk;Ze UNDEP
5 la;qDr jk"V ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx UNHRC
6 la;qDr jk"V 'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx UNHCR
7 la;qDr jk"V O;kikj ,oa fodkl lEesyu UNCTAD

& la;qDr jk"V us 1948 ls ysdj vc rd vusdksa 'kkafr vfHk;kuksa lQyrk ikbZ gS A
& bldh vusd vUrjkZ"Vh; laLFkk;s Hkh gS tks vius ms';ksa dks iwjk djus esa yxh gS ;s
laLFkk;sa gS %
& 1 fo'o cSad & ekuo fodkl] xzkeh.k fodkl] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk vkfn A
2 vUrjkZ"Vh; vk.kfod tkZ ,stsUlh & ijek.kq kS|ksfxdh dk 'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx A
3 vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k & oSf'od fok O;oLFkk dh ns[k & js[k A
4 ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy & ekuokf/kdkjksa dh j{kk A
5 jsMkl lkslk;Vh & xzhu ihl vkfn A

,d vadh; 'u
1 Hkkjr la;qDr jk"V dh lnL; dc cuk \
2 yhx vkWQ us'kUl dh LFkkiuk dc o D;ksa gqbZ \
3 IMF dk foLr`r :Ik fy[ksa A
4 orZeku esa la;qDr jk"V la?k ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS A
5 la;qDr jk"V dk D;k ms'; gS A
6 vUrjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; dgk gS \
7 vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBu egRoiw.kZ D;ksa gksrs gSa \

27 jktuhfrd foKku
8 vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k dh lnL; la[;k fy[ksa A
9 U.N ds orZeku egk lfpo dkSu gS \
10 U.N dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ \
11 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk dksbZ ,d dk;Z fy[ksa \
12 Ik;kZoj.k ls tqMs vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBu dk uke crkb;s \

nks vadh; 'u

1 cnyrs ifjos'k esa la;qDr jk"V dks klafxd cukus okys nks lq>ko nsa A
2 U.N dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds LFkkbZ lnL;ksa ds uke fy[kksa \
3 fo'oO;kih rki o`f) ls D;k [krjk gS \
4 ekuokf/kdkjksa dh j{kk esa rSukr nks xSj & ljdkjh vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBu dkSu ls gSa \
5 U.N ds fofHkUUk vaxksa ds uke fy[ksa \
6 fo'o cSad ds eq[; dk;Z D;k gSa \
7 vUrjkZ"Vh; vkf.kod tkZ ,tsalh IAEA dh LFkkiuk dk o"kZ o dk;Z dk;Z crkb;s\
8 orZeku esa fo'o ds lEeq[k dkSu & dkSu lh pqukSfr;k gSa \
9 fu"ks/kkf/kdkj Veto Power fdls dgrs gSa \
10 la;qDr jk"V ds bl rhd fpUg ij fVIi.kh djsa \

jktuhfrd foKku 28
Pkkj vadh; 'u
1 gesa vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBuks dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS \
2 la;qDr jk"V vesfjdh opZLo jksdus esa l{ke gS ;k ugha A fl) djks A
3 ,eusLVh b.Vus'kuy dh laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A
4 Hkkjr dks la;qDr jk"V dh lnL;rk ls D;k ykHk gq, gSa \
5 la;qDr jk"V dh eq[k ,tsafl;k dkSu lh gS \

N% vadh; 'u
1 lu~ 2006 rd LFkk;h lnL;ksa }kjk ^ohVks & ikoj* dk bLrseky

ij fn;s o`kkdkj fp= ds vk/kkj ij 2006 rd L

FkkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk bLrseky ^ohVks ikoj* dk fo'ys"k.k Lrqr djsa A

2 f}rh; fo'o ds Ik'pkr fo'o jktuhfr esa vk,s ifjoZruksa dk o.kZu djsa A
3 la;qDr jk"V esa Hkkjr ds ;ksxnku dks Li"V djsa A
4 la;qDr jk"V ds lkykuk ctV esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku djus okys nl ns'kksa ds uke fy[k
dj fo'o ekufp= esa vafdr djsa A
5 lqj{kk ifj"kn esa lq/kkj gsrq vki vius lq>ko rdZ lfgr Lrqr djsa A
6 U.N dks mi;ksxh o Hkkoh cukus ds fy;s D;k fu.kZ; fy;s x,s \

,d vadh; 'u ds mkj %&

1 30 vDVwcj 1950 esa A
2 Fke fo'o ;q) ds ckn] fo'o dks ;q)ksa ls cpkus o 'kkafr dk;e djus ds fy;s A
3 International Monetary Fund vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"kk

29 jktuhfrd foKku
4 193 A
5 I >xMksa dk fuiVkjk lnL; jk"Vksa ds chp A
II lnL;ksa esa vkilh lg;ksx A
6 gsx & uhnjyS.M~l A
7 ;q) o 'kkafr ds ekeyksa esa enn ds fy, A
8 184 A
9 cku dh ewu A
10 24 vDVwcj 1945 A
11 fo'o O;kikj ds fu;eksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk A
12 UNEP la;qDr jk"V Ik;kZoj.k dk;Ze

nks vadh; 'u ds mkj %&

1 1 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dk xBu A
2 ekuokf/kdkj ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk A
2 vesfjdk] fczVsu] :l] kal] phu A
3 1 leqanz dks ty Lrj c<+us dk [krjk A
2 leqnzh rV ds ikl cls 'kgjksa ds Mwcus dk Mj A
4 ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy o ;weu jkbZV~l okp A
5 vke lHkk A
Lkqj{kk ifj"kn~ A
Lkfpoky; A
vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn~
vUrjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; A
U;kflrk ifj"kn~ A
6 f"k] xzkeh.k fodkl] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk] lq'kklu] vk/kkjHkwr <kps iw.kZ vk;ksx c<+kuk A
7 LFkkiuk 1957 esa A ijek.kq tkZ dks lSU; ;ksx jksduk A 'kkafr iw.kZ mi;ksx c<+kuk A
8 vkardokn] tkrh; la?k"kZ] ijek.kq lkj] Ik;kZoj.k gkfu] x`g;q) rFkk tk;ok;q
ifjoZru vkfn A
9 lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dk dksbZ Hkh LFkkbZ lnL; fdlh Hkh QSlys dks jksd ldrk gS A
10 blesa nqfu;k dk uD'kk cuk gqvk gS A pkjksa rjQ tSrwu dh ifk;k gSa tks fo'o 'kkafr
dk ladsr nsrh gSa A

jktuhfrd foKku 30
 v/;k; & 7
ledkyhu fo'o dh lqj{kk
Lej.kh; fcanq %&
Lkqj{kk%& lqj{kk jkT; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro gS A lqj{kk dk vFkZ gksrk gS [krjs ls
eqfDr A ,sls xaHkhj [krjs ftuls gekjs dsanzh; ewY;ksa dks viwj.kh; {kfr igqprh gS] ls
eqfDr A

Lkqj{kk dh nks /kkj.kk, %&

& lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk
& lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk

Lkqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk %&

& lqj{kk dh ikajifjd /kkj.kk dks ge nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV dj le> ldrs gS %&
& ckgjh lqj{kk
& vkarfjd lqj{kk

Lkqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk %&

Lkqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk esa [krjs ds u;s L=ksrksa ls L=ksrksa ls ekuork dh lqj{kk
dh ckr ekuh tkrh gS A blesa vHkko] vdky] egkekjh] kfrd vkinkvksa vkSj
oSf'od rki o`f) vkfn ls lqj{kk ij cy fn;k tkrk gS A

[krjs ds u;s L=ksr %&

& vkradokn
& xjhch
& ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu
& nwf"kr gksrk Ik;kZoj.k
& ,M~l] cMZ yw tSlh egkekfj;k vkfn A

,d vad okys iz'u

1 lqj{kk ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
2 vijks/k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \
3 NPT dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A
4 ijek.kq vlkj laf/k dk D;k Hkko gqvk gS \
5 vkradokn lqj{kk ds fy, ijEijkxr [krjs dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS ;k vijEijkxr
[krjs dh Js.kh esa \
31 jktuhfrd foKku
6 CTBT dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[ksa \
7 vkradokn fdls dgrs gSa \
8 lqj{kk dh ikjEifjd vo/kkj.kk esa lcls cM+k [krjk fdls ekuk tkrk gSa \

2 vad okys 'u

1 lqj{kk dh nks vo/kkj.kk,a dkSu & dkSu lh gSa \
2 ikjEifjd lqj{kk uhfr ds nks rRo crkb, A
3 lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk esa ekus tkus okys dksbZ nks [krjs crkb, A
4 'kkfDr larqyu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
5 D;k ;q) dks fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mfpr ekuk tk ldrk gSa \
6 ijek.kq vlkj laf/k dc gqbZ Fkh \D;k Hkkjr us bl ij gLrk{kj fd, gSa \
7 [krjs ds dksbZ nks u;s L=ksr crkb, \
8 fo'o esa 'kkafr LFkkiuk ds fy, dksbZ nks lq>ko nhft, A

Pkkj vadksa okys 'u

1 fujL=h dj.k ls vki D;k le>rsa gSa \;g D;ksa vko';d gS \ ppkZA dhft, A
2 'kfDr larqyu D;k gS \dksbZ ns'k bls dSls dk;e djrk gS \
3 ekuokf/kdkjksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
4 oSf'od xjhch fdl dkj lqj{kk ds ,d [krjk gS \
5 lqj{kk uhfr ds dksbZ pkj rRo fyf[k, A
6 Ik;kZoj.k nw"k.k fdl dkj ekuork ds fy, ,d xaHkhj [krjs ds :Ik esa Hkj
jgk gS \Li"V dhft, A
7 uhps Nis dkVwZu dk v/;;u djus dh Ik'pkr mkj ns A

jktuhfrd foKku 32
1 fp= esa D;k fn[kkus dk ;kl fd;k tk jgk gS \
2 ijek.kq lEiUu ftu ns'kksa dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k tk jgk gS A uke fy[ksa A

N% vadksa okys 'u

1 ijEijkxr vkSj vijEijkxr lqj{kk esa varj Li"V dhft, !
2 lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls [krjs ds u, L=ksrksa dh foospuk dhft, A
3 D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gS fd egkekfj;k ekuork ds fy, [krjk gS A
rdZ nhft, A
4 Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fdl dkj dh lqj{kk dks kFkfedrk nh
tkuh pkfg, & ikjaifjd vFkok vikajifjd A mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft, A
5 ns'kksa ds lkeus fQygky tks [krjs ekStwn gSa] muesa ikjaifjd gfFk;kj dh lqj{kk
vFkok vojks/k ds fy, lhfer mi;ksx jg x;k gS A bl dFku dh foospuk
dhft, A
6 Lrqr vorj.k i<+ dj mkj nhft, %&

Yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr ls volj mifLFkr jgrs gSa fd fu/kZu vkSj oafpr ukxfjd viuh
vkokt mBkus esa l{ke gks ldsa A yksdrkaf=d jhfr ls fuokZfpr ljdkjksa ij ncko
gksrk gS fd og vkfFkZd lao`f) dks ekuoh; fodkl dk lgxkeh cukus dk ;Ru djsaA
vr% yksdra= ek= jktuhfrd vkn'kZ ugha gS vfirq yksdrkaf=d 'kklu turk dks
vf/kd lqj{kk nku djus dk lk/ku Hkh gS vkSj lk/; Hkh gS A
1 yksdrkaf=d ljdkjksa ij D;k ncko gksrk gS \
2 D;k yksdra= flQZ fu/kZu vkSj oafprksa ds fy, gh Qk;nsean gS \
33 jktuhfrd foKku
3 turk dh vf/kd lqj{kk ds fy, yksdra= D;ksa t:jh gS \

,d vadksa okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 [krjs ls eqfDr A
2 ;q) dh vk'kadk dks jksduk A
3 Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty ijek.kq vlkj laf/k
4 ;g ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ls lEiUu ns'kksa dh la[;k lhfer j[kus esa vkaf'kd lQy
gqbZ gS A
5 vijEijkxr A
6 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty O;kikj ijek.kq ijh{k.k frca/k laf/k
7 jktuhfrd ms';ksa ds fy, dh tkus okyh fgalk ftlls ukxfjdksa esa Hk; iSnk
dj ljdkj ij ncko cuk;k tkrk gS A
8 ckgjh vke.k A

nks vadksa okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 & lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vo/kkj.kk A
& lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd vo/kkj.kk A
2 & 'kfDr larqyu A
& lSU; xBcU/ku A
3 & ckg~; vke.k A
& x`g ;q) A
4 'kfDr larqyu og O;oLFkk gS ftlesa fujarj ;kl jgrk gS fd dksbZ ns'k
'kfDr'kkyh cudj orZeku larqyu dks fcxkM+ u ns A
5 gk A vkRej{kk vkSj nwljksa dks ujlagkj ls cpkus gsrq A
6 1968 esa A ugha A
7 & vkardokn A
& oSf'od fu/kZurk vkfn A
8 & varjkZ"Vh; laLFkkvksa ,oa dkuwuksa dks etcwr cukuk
& fu'kL=hdj.k vkfn

jktuhfrd foKku 34
 v/;k; 8
Ik;kZoj.k vkSj kfrd lalk/ku

Lej.kh; fcanq %&

Ik;kZoj.k vkSj kfrd lalk/ku %&

Ik;kZoj.k vkSj kfrd lalk/ku oSls rks Hkwxksy ds fo"k; gS ysfdu fo'o
jktuhfr esa buds ckjs esa fprk djuk vko';d gks x;k gS D;ksafd Ik;kZoj.k ds fujarj
fouk'k vkSj kfrd lalk/kuksa ds va/kk /kqa/k nksgu ls vkus okyh ih<+h;ks ds fy, thuk
nq % Hkj gks tk,xk A LoPN is; ty dk vHkko ouksa dh dVkbZ] f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh
lhferrk] Hkkstu ijr esa Nsn] c<+rs leqnzrVh; nw"k.k vkSj oSf'od rki o`f) ds pyrs
ekuork ij ,d cgqr cM+k [krjk eaMjk jgk gS A

fo'o dh lka>h laink %&

og lalk/ku ftl ij fdlh ,d dk gd u gksdj iwjs leqnk; dk gd gks]
lka>h laink dgykrs gSa A fo'o dh lka>h laink esa i`Foh dk ok;qeaMy] vaVkdZfVdk]
leqnzh lrg vkSj ck varfj{k] leqnzh ekxZ] baVjusV bR;kfn lfEefyr gS A
oSf'od laink dh lqj{kk varjkZ"Vh; lg;ksx dk;e djus ds fy, 1959 ]
ekafV;y U;k;kpkj 1987 vkSj vaVkdZfVdk Ik;kZoj.kh; U;k;kpkj 1991 vkfn
gq, gSa A
i`Foh lEesyu 1992 %&1992 esa czkthy ds fj;ksa Mh tusafj;ksa esa l;qDr jk"V
la?k dk Ik;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ds eqs ij gq, lEesyu dgk tkrk gS A bl lEesyu esa
tyok;q ifjorZu] tSo fofo/krk vkSj okfudh ds laca/k esa fu;ekpkj fu/kkZfjr gq, A
vesjhdk vkSj phu kfrd lalk/kuksa dk nksgu djus okys lcls cMs+ ns'k gS
tcfd vQxkfuLrku vkSj ekyoh tSls ns'k bl lwph esa lcls uhps vkrs gS A bl chp
phu us igyh ckj ;s ekuk gS fd xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu ds ekeys esa vc os
vesfjdk ds cjkcj vk x;k gS A exj ns[ksaxs rks oks vesfjdk ls dgha ihNs gS A m/kj
MCY;w MCY;w , laxBu dh eq[k ,esdk vU;ksdw us dgk gS fd pknj ls yacs iSj
QSykus ds urhts ge fiNys dqN eghuksa dh ?kVukvksa esa ns[k pqds gSa vkSj fokh;
ladV ls gqvk uqdlku kfrd lalk/kuksa dks gks jgs uqdlku ds vkxs dqN ugha jgk
tk,xk A

D;ksVks ksVksdky 1997 %&

,d varjkZ"Vh; le>kSrk ftlds varxZr gS A fodflr o vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa ds
fy, xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu dks dke djus ds y{; fuf'pr fd, x;s gSa A

35 jktuhfrd foKku
mkj & nf{k.k fookn %&
fo'o ds T;knkrj fodflr ns'k mkjh xksyk)Z esa rFkk T;knkrj fodkl'khy nf{k.k
xksyk)Z esa fLFkr gS A Ik;kZoj.k dks ysdj mkjh o nf{k.kh xksyk)Z ds joS;s esa Ik;kZIr
laj{k.k dh lka>kh ftEesnkjh vFkkZr lcdh cjkcj ftEesnkjh gksuh pkfg, ijarq
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk rdZ gS fd fodflr ns'kksa us Ik;kZoj.k dks T;knk uqdlku
igqpk;k gS blfy, laj{k.k dh ftEesnkjh Hkh mudh T;knk gksuh pkfg, A

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk Hkkjr %&

1 kfrd larqyu dh laLfr & ihiy] rqylh] xk;] lkai] cUnj dh iwtk A
2 fo'o Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ;klksa esa Hkkxhnkjh A
3 tkZ laj{k.k vf/kfu;e & 2001 A
4 iquuZohr tkZ ;ksx c<+kok A
5 LoPN batu] kfrd xSl nw"k.k jfgr rduhd ij tksj us'kuy vkVks &
Q;wy ikfylh A
6 ck;ks Mhty dh tkZ A
7 ijek.kq tkZ dks c<+kok A
8 jkT; nw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ A
9 D;ksVksa ksVksdky ij gLrk{kj 2002 esa A
10 2003 ds fctyh vf/kfu;e esa iquuZok tkZ ds bLrseky dks c<+kok A

jktuhfr esa lalk/ku %& ftl ns'k ds ikl ftrus lalk/ku gksaxs mldh vFkZO;oLFkk
mruh gh etcwr gksxh A
, bekjrh ydM+h %& if'pe ns'kksa us fdf'r;ksa] tyiksrksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, nwljs
ns'kksa ds ouksa ij dCtk fd;k rkfd mudh ukS lsuk etcwr gks vkSj fons'k
O;kikj c<+s A
ch rsy Hk.Mkj %& fodflr ns'kksa us rsy dk fuckZ/k vkiwfrZ ds fy, leqnzh ekxks
ij lsuk rSukr dh A
lh ty & fo'o ds dqN Hkkxksa es thounkf;uh lalk/kuksa dk vHkko gS A

Ekwyoklh %& os yksx tks fdlh ns'k esa cgqr igys ls jgrs vk;s gksa ijUrq ckn esa
nwljs ns'k ds yksx ogka vkdj bu yksxksa dks vius v/khu dj fy;k gks A ewyoklh
viuk thou fof'k"V lkekftd vkfFkZd lkaLfrd jhfr fjoktksa ds lkFk fcrkrs gSaA
1975 esa ewyokfl;ksa dk laxBu World concanil of Indegenous people cuk A

jktuhfrd foKku 36
orZeku lanHkZ %&
oYMZ okbYM QaM MCY;w MCY;w ;w ,Q ;kuh fo'o oU; k.kh dks"k us viuh
rktk fjiksVZ esa dgk gS fd vxj nqfu;k Hkj esa kfrd lalk/kuksa dks ekStwnk jrkj ls
gh bLrseky djus dk pyu tkjh jgk rks vxys rhl lky esa bl t:jr dks iwjk
djus ds fy, nksxquk vf/kd lalk/kuksa dh t:jr gksxh A
n fyfoax IySusV rktk fjiksVZ esa Ik;kZoj.kfonksa us psrkouh nh gS fd kfrd
lalk/kuksa dk ;g ladV ekStwnk fokh; ladV ls dgha T;knk xaHkhj gksxk- fjiksVZ ds
eqrkfcd gkykafd vHkh nqfu;k dk iwjk /;ku vkfFkZd mFky & iqFky ij yxk gS exj
mlls Hkh cM+h ,d cqfu;knh eqf'dy gekjs lkeus vk jgh gS vkSj oks gS kfrd
lalk/kuksa dh Hkkjh deh dh bl v/;;u dk rdZ gS fd 'ks;j cktkj esa gq, 20 [kjc
MkWyj ds uqdlku dh rqyuk vxj gj lky gks jgs 45 [kjc MkWyj ewY; ds kfrd
lalk/kuksa ds uqdlku ls djsa rks ;s vkfFkZd ladV dk vkWdM+k ckSuk lkfcr gksrk gSA
fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd nqfu;k dh rhu pkSFkkbZ vkcknh ikuh] gok vkSj feV~~Vh dk
csrgk'kk bLrseky dj jgh gS A blds vykok taxy ftruh rsth c<+ ugha jgs gS
mlls T;knk rsth ls dkVs tk jgs gSa ] leqnz esa ftruh rsth ls eNfy;k c<+ ugha jgh
gS mlls T;knk rsth ls ekjh tk jgh gS A MCy;w MCy;w ;w , ds oDrk dkWfyu
cVQhYM dk dguk gS fd vke yksx cnyko ds vfHk;ku esa Hkkx ysdj ,d cM+k
vUrj iSnk dj ldrs gS A

phu vesfjdk ftEesnkj %&

cVQhYM us dgk vkfFkZd ladV ds ekeys es geus ns[kk gS fd vxj usrk pkgs
rks oSf'od Lrj ij os feytqydj dke dj ldrs gS vkSj tYnh dj ldrs gS] O;kid
lalk/ku tqVk ldrs gS] ge pkgrs gS fd bldk bLrseky njly fokh; ladV ls Hkh
cM+s vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ladV ls fucVus esa fd;k tkrk gS A

,d vad okys 'u

1 i`Foh lEesyu dc gqvk \
2 Hkkjr us D;ksVks ksVksdky ij dc gLrk{kj fd, \
3 lka>kh laink ls vki D;k le>rs gS \
4 oSf'od rki o`f) Xykscy okfeZx fdls dgrs gS \
5 UNEP dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A
6 ^oSf'od laink* dh lqj{kk ds fy, fd, x, fdUgh nks le>kSrks dk mYys[k
dhft, A
7 oSf'od rki o`f) Xykscy okfeZx dks c<+kok nsus okyh xSlksa ds uke crkb,A
8 mkj & nf{k.k ds ns'kksa ls D;k vfHkk; gS \

37 jktuhfrd foKku
nks vad okys 'u
1 lka>h laink ds nks mnkgj.k nhft, A
2 i`Foh lEesyu fdls dgk tkrk gS \
3 D;ksVks ksVksdky D;k gS \
4 ^fVdk fodkl* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
5 Ik;kZoj.k nw"k.k ds dksbZ nks dkj.k fyf[k, A
6 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, dksbZ nks lq>ko nhft, A
7 Hkkjr vkSj phu dks D;ksVks ksVksdky dh ck/;rkvksa ls NwV nsus dk D;k dkj.k
Fkk \
8 ewyoklh ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
9 fj;ks lEesyu ds dksbZ nks ifj.kke fyf[k, A

pkj vad okys 'u

1 fo'o dh lka>h fojklr dk D;k vFkZ gS \ bldk nksgu vkSj nw"k.k dSls gksrk
gS \
2 i`Foh lEesyu ds ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ dhft, A
3 ewyokfl;ksa vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa ij fVIi.kh dhft, A
4 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds elys ij mkj & nf{k.k fookn D;k gS \Li"V dhft, A
5 D;ksVks ksVksdky ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, A
6 vkids fopkj ls Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, D;k mik; fd, tkus pkfg, A
7 Ik;kZoj.k nw"k.k ds fy, mrjnk;h dkj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft, A
8 dkSu & dkSu ls lalk/ku Hkw & jktuhfr dh n`f"V ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gS \
9 rsy vkSj ikuh fo'o jktuhfr dks msfyr djus okys eqs jgs gSa A Li"V
dhft,A

1 ij cuk fp= jktuhfr foKku dh dkSu lh iqLrd o fdl ikB ls fy;k

x;kA
2 fp= D;k dgus dk ;kj dj jgk gS A
jktuhfrd foKku 38
N% vad okys 'u
1 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu lEesyuksa dk o.kZu dhft, A
2 oSf'od Ik;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ls tqM+s eqs lu~ 1990 ds n'kd ls fofHkUu ns'kksa ds
kFkfed ljksdkj D;ksa cu x, gSa \
3 ^lka>h ftEesokjh ysfdu vyx & vyx Hkwfedk,* ls D;k vfHkk; gS \ge bl
fopkj dks dSls ykxw dj ldrs gSa \
4 fofHkUu ns'kksa ds lkeus lcls xaHkhj pqukSrh oSf'od Ik;kZoj.k dks vkxs dksbZ
uqdlku igqpk, cxSj vkfFkZd fodkl djus dh gS A ;g dSls gks ldrk gS \
dqN mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk le>k,a A

,d vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 1992 esa A
2 2002 esa A
3 lka>h laink ls vfHkk; mu lalk/kuksa ls gS ftu ij ,d dk ugha cfYd iwjs
leqnk; dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS A
4 Ik;kZoj.k nw"k.k ls fo'o ds c<+rs rkieku dks Xykscy okfex dgrs gSa A
5 ;wukbZVsM us'kal ,uok;jesaV ksxzke la;qDr jk"V Ik;kZoj.k dk;Ze
6 vaVkdZfVdk 1959 A
ekafV;y U;k;kpkj 1987 vkfn A
7 dkcZu & Mkb & vkWDlkbM] ehFksu ] gkbMks & yksjks dkcZu A
8 fodflr ns'kksa dks mrj ds ns'k dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd T;knkrj fodflr ns'k
mrjh xksyk)Z esa gS A fodklf'ky ,oa fiNM+s ns'kksa dks nf{k.k ds ns'k dgk tkrk
gS D;ksafd ;s T;knkrj xksyk)Z esa fLFkr gS A

nks vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 & ok;qe.My A
& vaVkdZfVdk vkfn A
2 la;qDr jk"V la?k dk Ik;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ds eqs ij 1992 esa czkthy ds fj;ks
Mh tusfj;ksa esa gq, lEesyu dks i`Foh lEesyu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A
3 ;g xzhu gkl xSlksa Xykscy okfex dks c<+kus okyh xSlksa ds mRltZu dks
jksdus ds fy, fd;k x;k ,d varjkZ"Vh; le>kSrk gS A tks tkiku ds 'kgj
D;ksVks esa 1997 esa gqvk A
4 Ik;kZoj.k dks {kfr igqpk, fcuk fd, tkus okys fodkl dks fVdk fodkl ekuk
tkrk gS A
39 jktuhfrd foKku
5 & tula[;k o`f) A
& xzhu gkml dk mRltZu vkfn A
6 & tula[;k fu;a=.k
& fVdk fodkl vkfn A
7 vkS|ksxhdj.k ds nkSj esa xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu esa Hkkjr vkSj phu dk
[kkl ;ksxnku ugha Fkk blfy, bUgsa D;ksVks ksVksdky dh ck/;rkvksa ls NwV nh
xbZ A
8 oks yksx tks fdlh] LFkku ij vkfndky ls jgrs vk jgs gSa] os ogk ds ewyoklh
yksx dgykrs gSa A

jktuhfrd foKku 40
 v/;k; 9
oS'ohdj.k
Lej.kh; fcanq %&

oS'ohdj.k %&
oS'ohdj.k ,d ,slh fd;k gS ftldk cqfu;knh rRo gS ^okg* A nqfu;k ds fofHkUu
ns'kksa esa ikjLifjd okgA okg vusd dkj ds gks ldrs gS tSls & iwth dk okg]
fopkjksa dk okg oLrqvksa dk okg rFkk O;fDr;ksa dk okg vkfn A oS'ohdj.k rsth ls
cnyrs gq, varjkZ"Vh; ifjos'k esa furkar vfuok;Z f;k gS A ;g yxkrkj c<+ jgh
varjkZ"Vh; vUr fuHkZjrk dk LokHkkfod fodkl gS A

oS'ohdj.k vkSj kS|ksfxdh %&

oS'ohdj.k ds fodkl esa vfo"dkj dk cgqr egRo gS A iwth] oLrq vkSj O;fDr;ksa dh
vkoktkgh esa rsth mUur gksrh kS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k gh laHko gqbZ gS A oS'ohdj.k ds
dkj.k ns'kksa ds chp utnhfd;k c<+h gS A fo'o ds fdlh ,d fgLls esa ?kVus okyh
?kVuk dk vlj fo'o ds nwljs fgLls ij Hkh iM+rk gS A

oS'ohdj.k dk Hkko %&

oS'ohdj.k ,d cgqvk;keh f;k gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd blds Hkko Hkh cgqvk;keh gSa
vkt thou ds gj {ks= esa ge oS'ohdj.k dk Hkko Li"V :Ik ls ns[k ldrs gS A

jktuhfrd Hkko %& oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k mUur lapkj ,oa ;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa ds
pyrs tgk jkT; 'kfDr'kkyh gqvk gS ogha blds dkj.k jkT; ds dk;ks ds {ks= lhfer
gq, gS A dbZ ckj cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa ds ncko ds lkeus jkT; vius
& vku dks vlgk; Hkh eglwl djrs gSa A

vkfFkZd Hkko %&

oS'ohdj.k ds vkfFkZd Hkkoksa esa fo'o O;kikj esa o`f)] vk;kr lEcU/kh frca/kksa es deh]
eqDr cktkj uhfr dks c<+kok] fons'kh iwath fuos'k esa c<+kok] jkstxkj ds oSf'od voljksa
esa o`f) vkfn eq[k gSa A

lkaLfrd Hkko %&

oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laLfr;ksa esa ,d:irk vk;h gS A bl
f;k esa ;g Mj Hkh cuk gqvk gS fd tgk fodflr ns'kksa dh laLfr iwjs lalkj ij
gkoh gksrh tk jgh gS ogha dqN fiNM+s {ks=ksa dh laLfr;k dgha xqe gksrh tk jgh gS A

41 jktuhfrd foKku
oS'ohdj.k dh vkykspuk %& vkykspd oS'ohdj.k dh vkykspuk djrs le; cgqr ls
rdZ nsrs gSa A ftuesa ls dqN eq[k rdZ gS & vehj & xjhc esa c<+rh [kkbZ] ljdkjksa
dh {kerk esa deh] ijaijkxr laLfr dks gkfu] cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dk c<+rk Hkko
vkfn A
okeiUFkh fopkj ds vuqlkj oS'ohdj.k /kuh oxZ dks c<+kok nsdj] /kuh rFkk xjhc ds
vUrj dks c<+k;k gS A
nf{k.k iaFkh fopkjd laLfr;ksa dh ekSfydrk lekIr rFkk ?kjsyw m|ksxksa ij gq, cqjs
Hkko ds dkj.k oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k djrs gS A
fo'o Lrj ij oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k ds fy, World Social Forum uked eap cuk;k
x;k gS b leap dh igyh cSBd 2001 esa iksVZ vyxksjs esa gqbZ A

Hkkjr vkSj oS'ohdj.k %&

fczfV'k Hkkjr dPps eky dk fu;kZrd rFkk rS;kj eky dk vk;krd Fkk A Lora=rk ds
ckn ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, laj{k.k okn dh uhfr viukbZ xbZ ijUrq
vkfFkZd o`f) nj /kheh jgh A 1991 esa fodkl nj c<+kus ds fy, vkfFkZd lq/kkj dj
fons'kh fuos'k ij Hkkjr esa cy fn;k x;k A

Hkkjr fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls oS'ohdj.k dks Hkkfor dj jgk gS

& Hkkjr ls yksx fons'kksa esa tkdj viuh laLfr ,oa jhfr & fjokt dk c<+kok ns
jgs gS A
& Hkkjr esa miyC/k lLrs Je us fo'o ds ns'kksa dks viuh vkSj vkdf"kZr fd;k gS A
& Hkkjr us dEI;wVj ,oa kS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa rhoz xfr djds viuk HkaqRo
tek;k gS A

Hkkjr ds oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k %&

Lkekftd vkUnksyuksa rFkk okeiaFkh fopkjdksa us blds vkfFkZd i{k dk fojks/k fd;k A
nf{k.k iaFkh fopkjdksa us blds lkLfrd i{k dk fojks/k fd;k ftlesa Vh- oh- pSuyksa
ij if'peh Hkko rFkk oSysUVkbu Ms vkfn 'kkfey gSa A

,d baVjus'kuy fjlpZ ds nkos ds vuqlkj %&

& fo'o O;kikj esa vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksih; Hkkxhnkjh ?kV jgh gS vkSj fodkl'khy
ns'k viuh c<rh miHkksDrk ekaxks] [kkl t:jrksa vkSj lLrs ;krk;kr ds dkj.k
vkil esa T;knk ls T;knk O;kikj djus yxs gSa A
& vesfjdk o ;wjksih; daiuh ds fy, ,f'k;k esa dkjksckj LFkkfir djuk rks vklku
gS ysfdu ykxr vkSj dher ds vuqikr esa LFkkuh; mRiknksa ls eqdkcyk dj
ikuk dfBu gS os de ykxr vkSj lhfer ektZu dk ea= tkurh gS A
jktuhfrd foKku 42
& leku vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa okys ns'k ,d nwljs dh t:jrksa dks
csgrj le>rs gS tSls %& Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k jkLrksa ij iapj u gksus okys Vk;jksa
dh t:jr dks phu us le>k A

,d vad okys 'u

1 oS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, A
2 Hkkjr esa oS'ohdj.k dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ \
3 lkaLfrd oSfHkUuhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \
4 MCY;w - Vh vks - WTO dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A
5 ikjLifjd tqM+ko dk D;k vFkZ gS \
6 WSF dk iwjk uke fyf[k, A
7 eSDMksukYMhdj.k ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
8 oS'ohdj.k dk ,d ldkjkRed Hkko crkb, A
9 cgqpfpZr FDI ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
10 oS'ohdj.k ds varxZr Je ds okg dk mnkgj.k nhft, A
11 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \
12 oS'ohdj.k ds fojks/k esa LFkkfir fdlh varjkZ"Vh; laLFkk dk mnkgj.k nhft, A

nks vad okys 'u

1 oS'ohdj.k ds mn; ds nks dkj.k fyf[k, A
2 oS'ohdj.k ds nks jktuhfrd Hkko crkb, A
3 lapkj ds {ks= esa kafr ykus okys nks lk/kuks dk mYys[k dhft, A
4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk ms'; D;k gS \
5 nks egRoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa ds uke fyf[k, A
6 cgqjk"Vh; fuxe ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
7 oS'ohdj.k ds i{k esa nks rdZ nhft, A
8 oYMZ lks'ky Qksje dh igyh cSBd dc vkSj dgk gqbZ Fkh A

pkj vad okys 'u

1 fo'o O;kih ikjLifjd tqM+ko D;k gS \blds dkSu & dkSu ls ?kVd gS \
2 oS'ohdj.k esa kS|ksfxdh ds ;ksxnku dh ppkZ dhft, A
3 oS'ohdj.k ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa nks & nks rdZ nhft, A
4 oS'ohdj.k ds vkfFkZd ifj.kkeksa dh foospuk dhft, A
5 oS'ohdj.k ds lkaLfrd Hkkoksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, A
6 Hkkjr esa oS'ohdj.k ds fojks/kh fdu rdks dk lgkjk ysrs gSa \
43 jktuhfrd foKku
7 Lrqr dkVwZu esa oS'ohdj.k ds fdl igyw ij O;aX; fd;k x;k gS \

N% vad okys 'u

1 oS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ crkrs gq,] blds dkj.kksa ij dk'k Mkfy;s A
2 Hkkjr }kjk viuk;h x;h ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr okLro esa oS'ohdj.k ds fr Lohfr
gh Fkh A vki bl dFku ls fdrus lger gS rdZ nhft, A
3 oS'ohdj.k ds lanHkZ esa fodkl 'khy ns'kksa esa jkT; dh cnyrh Hkwfedk dk
vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, A
4 oS'ohdj.k ds Hkkjr ij iM+s ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed Hkkoksa dh foospuk
dhft, A
5 fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dks i<+dj fuEufyf[kr 'uksa ds mkj nhft, %
;g laxBu oSf'od O;kikj ds fu;eksa dks r; djrk gS A bl laxBu tujy
,xzhesaV vkWu VsM ,aM VSfQd ds mkjkf/kdkjh ds :Ik esa dke djrk gS tks nwljs
fo'o;q) ds ckn vfLro esa vk;k Fkk A buds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 150 gS A gj
QSlyk lHkh lnL;ksa dh lgefr ls fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu vesfjdh ;wjksih; la?k
rFkk tkiku tSlh cM+h vkfFkZd 'kfDr;k fo'o O;kikj ds fu;eksa dks bl rjg
cukus esa dke;kc gks xbZ gS ftlls muds fgr l/krs gks A fodkl 'khy ns'kksa
dh cgq/kk f'kdk;r jgrh gS fd bl laxBu dh dk;Zfof/k ikjn'khZ ugha gs vkSj
cM+h vkfFkZd rkdrs mUgs /kfd;krh gS A
d Lrqr ifDr;ksa esa fdl laxBu dh ckr dh tk jgh gS \ bldk ms'; D;k Fkk\
[k tusjy ,xzhesaV vkWu VsM ,aM VSfQd esa egk'kfDr;ksa dks D;k ykHk gqvk \
x fodkl 'khy ns'k bl ,xzhesaV ls vlUu D;ksa Fks \

jktuhfrd foKku 44
,d vad okys 'uksa ds mkj
1 oS'ohdj.k fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp oLrqvksa] lsokvksa] fopkjksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds Lora=
okg dks dgrs gSa A
2 lu~ 1991 esa A
3 R;sd laLfr nwljh ls vyx vkSj fof'k"V gksrh gS bls gh lkaLfrd
oSfHkUuhdj.k dgrs gS A
4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu World Trade Organisation
5 ikjLifjd tqM+ko dk vFkZ gS fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa vkSj Hkkxksa dk ijLij ,d &
nwljs ds utnhd vkuk A
6 WSF dk iwjk uke fo'o lkekftd Qksje World Social Forum gS A
7 lalkj ds fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laLfr;ksa ij vesfjdh laLfr ds c<+rs Hkko dks
eSDMksukYMhdj.k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A
8 O;kikj vkSj iwth dk fodkl gqvk gS A
9 R;{k fons'k fuos'k QkWju Mk;jsDV bUosLVesaV A ;g fdlh ns'k ds fodkl
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS A
10 Hkkjr ds ;qokvksa }kjk ukSdjh gsrq vesfjdk tkuk vkfn A
11 lu~ 1995 esa A
12 oYMZ lks'ky Qksje WSF A

nks vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 & kS|ksfxdh dk fodkl A
& cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dk mn; vkfn A
2 & jkT; dh {kerk esa deh A
& fofHkUu ns'kksa dh ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk esa o`f) vkfn A
3 & Qksu A
& dEi;wVj A
4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk ms'; fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj dks
c<+kok nsuk gS A
5 & fo'o O;kikj laxBu A
& varjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k vkfn A
6 cgqjk"Vh; fuxe ml dEiuh dks dgrs gS tks ,d ls T;knk ns'kksa esa viuh
xfrfof/k;ka pykrh gS A
7 & fo'o O;kikj esa o`f) A
& ikjLifjd tqM+ko esa o`f) A
8 2001 es czkthy ds iksVksZ vyxsjs esa A

45 jktuhfrd foKku
 Hkkx&2
v/;k;&1
jk"V fuekZ.k dh pqukSfr;k

izeq[k fcUnq%&
& Hkkjr dks ,d lw= es ck/kus] yksdra= dh LFkkiuk rFkk lHk oxZ] /keZ] tkfr]
leqnk; Hkkjr esa jgus okys ds yksxksa dh HkykbZ ds fy, fodkl djuk gh
u, jk"V fuekZ.k dh pqukSfr;k Fkh A
& 14 & 15 vxLr] 1947 dks e/;jk=h fganqLrku vktkn gqvk ysfdu Hkkjr o
ikfdLrku nks jk"Vksa ds vyx & vyx fuekZ.k ls ns'k dh ,drk [kf.Mr gks
xbZ A 14 & 15 vxLr dh e/;jkf= dks tokgj yky usg: dk Hkk"k.k fVLV
fon MsfLVuh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A
& foHkktu dh :Ik js[kk Bhd dkj ls fu/kkZfjr u gksus ds dkj.k ns'k dh turk
bl ckr ls vufHkK Fkh fd oks Hkkjr esa gS ;k ikfdLrku esa A
& foHkktu dh lcls dfBu o Hk;kud vYila[;dksa dh Fkh A ikfdLrku esa fganw
o fl[kksa dh cM+h rknkn Fkh tcfd Hkkjr esa eqlyeku vYila[;dksa dh la[;k
dqy vkcknh dk 12 fr'kr Fkh A 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk iquokZl Hkh ljdkj ds fy,
,d leL;k Fkh A
& ,d nwljh fodV leL;k fgalk o ekjdkV dh Fkh tks nksuksa rjQ dkcw ls ckgj
gks xbZ Fkh A
& yk[kksa 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ns'k dh vktknh dk eryc Fkk cs?kj vkSj csfBdkuk
gksdj eghuksa vkSj dHkh dHkh lkyksa rd fdlh 'kj.kkFkhZ f'kfoj esa ftanxh
xqtkjuk Fkk A
& foHkktu ds nkSjku yxHkx 80 yk[k yksxksa dks lhek ikj tkuk iM+k A 5 ls 10
yk[k yksxksa dks tku ls gkFk /kksuk iM+k A cPps eka & ckai ls fcNqM+ x;s
gt+kjksa efgykvksa dks vxok fd;k x;k dqN ifjokjksa us dqy dh e;kZnk ds uke
ij [kqn dh cgw csfV;ksa dks ekj Mkyk A
& Nk=ksa dks ^xnj* fQYe dk nsrs gq, jkspd rjhds ls ikB dks le>k;k tk ldrk
gS A
30 tuojh 1948 dks xka/kh th dh ,d fganw vfroknh ukFkwjke xksMls }kjk gR;k
ds ckn foHkktu ls tqM+s ks/k o fgalk tknqbZ rkSj ij ean iM+ x;h A
vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa jg x;s ,d vYila[;d eqfLye ifjokj ds le{k vkbZ
leL;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr fQYe ^xeZ gok* lu~ 1973 esa cuh Fkh A
Lora=rk ds le; Hkkjr esa ns'kh fj;klrksa dh la[;k 565 Fkh A ftUgsa fczfV'k
ljdkj mudh LosPNk ij NksM+ xbZ Fkh bu fj;klrksa dk Hkkjr esa foy; ,d
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z Fkk A ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy us Jh oh- ih- esuu ds lkFk bl
jktuhfrd foKku 46
 leL;k dks cM+s gh lqfu;ksftr <ax ls lqy>k;k A
jtokM+ks dk Hkkjrh; la?k us foy; lgefr i= ^ baLVwesaV vkWQ ,Dls'ku* ij
gLrk{kj }kjk gksrk Fkk A
gSnjkckn] d'ehj] twukx<+ o ef.kiqj dk foy; vU; fj;klrksa dh rqyuk esa
FkksM+k dfBu lkfcr gqvk A
dsUnzh; ljdkj 1953 esa jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh A vk;ksx us
viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk fd jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k ogka cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ds
vk/kkj ij fd;k tk;s A
rsyxq Hkk"kh jkT; vka/kz ns'k ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s iksV~Vh Jh jkeqeq us vkej.k
vu'ku fd;k ftlesa mudh e`R;q gks xbZ A
{ks=h; laLfr o {ks=h; vlarqyu ds vk/kkj ij rhu jkT; >kj[k.M] Nkhlx<+
o mkjkapy vc mkjk[k.M lu~ 2000 esa cuk;s x;s gSa A
vka/kz ns'k esa rsyaxkuk] egkjk"V esa fonHkZ o if'peh mkj ns'k esa gfjr ns'k
jkT; cukus ds fy;s vkanksyu vc Hkh py jgs gSa A
Hkk"kk dh leL;k dks gy djus ds fy;s f=Hkk"kk;h QkewZys dks viuk;k x;k FkkA

,d vad okys 'u

1 HkkX;o/kw ls fpj frf{kr HksaV ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
2 Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa jgus okys yksxksa dh D;k vis{kk,sa Fkh \
3 Hkkjr dk foHkktu fdl vk/kkj ij gqvk \
4 [kku vCnqy xQkj [kkWu dkSu Fks \
5 Lora=rk ds le; Hkkjr esa fdrus jtokM+s Fks \
6 jkT; iquZxBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \
7 ns'k ds foHkktu ls Hkkfor nks jkT;ksa ds uke crk,sa \
8 bLVwesaV vkWQ ,Dls'ku D;k Fkk \
9 egkjktk cks/k panz flag dkSu Fks \
10 f} & jk"V dk fl)kar D;k Fkk \

nks vad okys 'u

1 futke fdls dgk tkrk Fkk \Hkkjr esa foy; ds fo"k; esa bldh D;k uhfr Fkh \
2 QSt vgen dkSu Fks \mudk ikfdLrkuh ljdkj ls Vdjko D;ksa cuk jgk \
3 xqtjkr o gfj;k.kk Lora= jkT; cuus ls igys fdu ewy jkT;ksa ds vax Fks \
4 dkSu ls nks jkT; {ks=h; valrqyu dks eqk cukdj vfLrRo esa vk;s \
5 v;`rk izhr; ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ks \
6 jtkdkj dkSu Fks \

47 jktuhfrd foKku
7 Lora= Hkkjr ds mi & /kku ea=h vkSj Fke x`gea=h dkSu Fks] budk Hkkjrh;
fj;klrksa ds fy, D;k ;ksxnku Fkk \
8 jtokM+ksa ds foy; ls lacaf/kr Hkkjr ljdkj dk utfj;k & la{ksi esa crk,s \
pkj vad okys 'u
1 egkRek xka/kh dh gR;k okLro esa lkaLfrd ,drk o /keZfujis{krk ij geyk
Fkk vius mkj dh iqf"V esa lgefr o vlgefr Li"V djsa \
2 la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh tula[;k Hkkjr ds eqdkcys esa ,d pkSFkkbZ gS ysfdu
ogka 51 jkT; gSa A Hkkjr esa 100 ls Hkh T;knk jkT; D;ksa ugha gks ldrs gS \u,
jkT;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa vkbZ leL;kkvsa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Lrqr dFku dks
Li"V djsa \
3 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa fui dks n'kkZ,sa A
, ns'k ds foHkktu ls Hkkfor nks jkT; A
ch nks ,sls jkT; tks igys la?k'kkflr jkT; Fks A
4 gSnjkckn dh fj;klr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh djsa \

N% vad okys 'u

1 Lora=rk ds Ik'pkr ns'k ds le> rhu eq[; pqukSfr;ka D;k Fkh \ bUgs fdl
dkj gy fd;k x;k \
2 1947 dk lky vHkwiwoZ fgalk foLFkkiu dh =klnh dk lky D;ksa Fkk\ D;k
tulk/kkj.k us ns'k ds foHkktu dks lgt :Ik esa Lohdkj fd;k Fkk \ mkj ds
i{k o foIk{k es mnkgj.k Hkh Lrqr dhft;s A
3 uhps fn;s x;s nks fopkjksa esa ls vki fdl fopkj dk leFkZu djsaxs rFkk D;ksa \
Hkkjr dk caVokjk teZuh dh rjg [kRe D;ksa ugha fd;k tk ldrk \ le>kb;sA
4 ns'k dk foHkktu /keZ ds vk/kkj ij gqvk Fkk ikfdLrku us Lo;a bLykfed jk"V
?kksf"kr fd;k D;k bl otg ls Hkkjr vius vki fgUnw jk"V cu x;k A bl
lEcU/k esa vius fopkj dV dhft;s A
5 Hkkjr ds ledkyhu ekufp= esa fj;klrsa@jtokMs+ n'kkZ,sa Lora=rk kfgr ds
Ik'pkr~ jtokM+ksa ds 'kkldksa dk D;k joS;k Fkk \

vFkok

uhps fn, x, ekufp= esa v] c] l] n ds :Ik esa fpfr pkj ns'kh

fj;klrksa dks igpkfu, A buesa ls fdlh ,d fj;klr dk Hkkjr la?k esa foy;
djrs le; tks leL;k vkbZ ] mldk mYys[k dhft, A

jktuhfrd foKku 48
,d vad okys 'uksa ds mkj
1 14 & 15 vxLr dks e/;jk=h dks tokgj yky usg: }kjk fn;k x;k Hkk"k.k A
2 1 ns'k dk 'kklu yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls pyk;k tk,xk A
2 ljdkj lcds Hkys ds fy, dke djsxh A
3 /keZ ds vk/kkj ij A
4 if'pekskj lhekkar ds fufoZokn usrk A
5 65
6 1953 esa A

49 jktuhfrd foKku
7 iatkc vkSj if'pe caxky A
8 jtokM+s Hkkjrh; la?k esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, lger & lgefr i= A
9 ef.kiqj ds egkjktk A
10 nks dkSeksa dk ns'k A

nks vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 gSnjkckn dk 'kkld] gSnjkckn dh fj;klr dks vktkn fj;klr dk ntkZ nsa A
2 mnZw ds egku dfo] okeiaFkh :>ku ds dkj.k A
3 xqtjkr & ckEcs kar] gfj;k.kk & iatkc A
4 >kj[kaM o Nkhlx<+ A
5 iatkch Hkk"kk dh eq[; dfo;=h o dkFkkdkj] in~; Jh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur A
6 gSnjkckn ds futk; ds v)Z lSfud cy A
7 ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy] nslh fj;klrksa dks Hkkjr la?k esa feykus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk A
8 ljdkj dk :[k yphyk Fkk] og dqN bykdksa dks Lok;krk nsus ds fy, rS;kj
Hkh tSlk fd tEew d'kehj esa gqvk A

jktuhfrd foKku 50
 v/;k; 2
,d ny ds HkqRo dk nkSj

izeq[k fcUnq%&
& Lora=rk laxzke ls gh yksdra= ds fr xgjh vkLFkk j[kus okys Hkkjr ds le{k
yksdra= dks LFkkfir djus dh pqukSrh lcls eq[k Fkh A gekjs usrk jktuhfr
dks leL;k ds lek/kku dk mik; ekurs Fks A
& tuojh 1950 esa pquko vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k ysfdu fo'kky tula[;k]
ns'k esa djhc 17 djksM+ ernkrk vkSj ftuesa ls 15 Qhlnh lk{kj & bl
leL;kvksa ds jgrs pquko 1950 esa u gksdj 1952 esa gqvk ftls bfrgkl dk
lcls cM+k tqvk dk uke fn;k x;k A
& ns'k dh ,dek= ikVhZ] ftldk laxBu iwjs ns'k esa Fkk rFkk usg: th ds
egkure O;fDrRo ds Hkko dh otg ls dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks 489 esa ls 384 lhVsa
kIr gqbZ A dE;wfuLV ikVhZ nwljs uacj ij jgha A
& 1957 rFkk 1962 ds pqukoksa esa Hkh dkaxzsl dks fot; gkfly gqbZ A
& dkaxzsl ,d lkekftd vkSj fopkjkRed xBca/ku ds :Ik esa mHkjh] dkaxzsl us
vius vanj 'kkafroknh] kafrdkjh] xjeiaFkh & ujeiaFkh] nf{k.kiaFkh & okeiaFkh]
'kkafroknh & vuqnkj oknh lHkh Hkkx ds e/;ekfxZ;ksa dks lekfgr fd;k A dkaxzsl
,d eap dh rjg Fkh ftl ij vusd lewV] fgr vkSj jktuhfrd ny rd vk
tqVrs Fks A
& xqVksa es rkyesy] lgu'khyrk vkSj dkaxzsl ds xBca/kuh LoHkko us mls vlk/kkj.k
rkdr nh A
& 1950 ds n'kd esa foi{kh ikfVZ;ksa dks uke & ekMk dk frfuf/kRo feyk A
'kq:vkrh o"kks esa dkaxzsl vkSj foi{kh nyksa ds usrkvksa ds chp ikjLifjd lEeku
dk xgjk Hkko Fkk A varfj; ljdkj esa ';kek & lkn eq[kthZ vkSj Mk0
vEcsMdj tSls foi{kh usrkvksa dk 'kkfey gksuk bl ckr dk ek.k Fkk A
& ckn esa nyxr Hkkouk o vkilh laca/kks esa dqVrk vkus yxh rFkk vU;
jktuhfrd nyksa dks egRo feyus ls dkaxzsl ds nkSj dk var gks x;k A

& eq[; foi{kh ikfVZ;k %&

Lora= ikVhZ 1959
Hkkjr tula?k 1951
dE;wfuLV o lks'kfyLV ikVhZ 1948
dsjy caxky o fcgkj esa dE;wfuLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k dk dkQh Hkko jgk A
1964 esa bl ikVhZ dk foHkktu gqvk A

51 jktuhfrd foKku
 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk fuekZ.k vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso us 1948 esa fd;k A ikVhZ
yksdrkaf=d lektokn dh fopkj /kkjk esa fo'okl j[krh Fkh A

,d vad okys 'u

1 Hkkjr ds Fke pquko vk;qDr dk uke fyf[k;s a
2 fdlds vuqlkj ^jktuhfr esa uk;d iwtk dk Hkko lh/ks iru dh vksj ys tkrk
gS* A
3 igys rhu vke pqukoksa esa fdl ikVhZ dk cgqer feyk \
4 Lora= ikVhZ dk xBu dc gqvk \
5 Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \
6 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid dk uke fyf[k;s A
7 Hkkjrh; tula?k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh \
8 ,d ny dh /kkurk dk dky fyf[k;s A
9 uEcwnjhikn dkSu Fks \
10 1957 esa fo/kku lHkh pqukoksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik dsjy esa fdl ikVhZ dks cgqer
feyk \
11 lafo/kku lHkh dh k:Ik lfefr ds v/;{k dkSu Fks \
12 jktuhfr ls lcls T;knk vge nks ckrsa D;k gS \
13 nks ns'kksa ds uke crk,s] tgka ,d ikVhZ dk HkqRo dkusuh vkSj lSU; mik;ks ds
pyrs dk;e gqvk gS A

nks vad okys 'u

1 Hkkjr esa Fke Lora= o fu"i{k pquko dks bfrgkl dk lcls cM+k tqvk D;k
dgk x;k \
2 lh- jkt xksikykpkjh dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft, \
3 PRI D;k gS ] ;g fdl ns'k esa dk;Zjr gS\
4 bafMisaMsV yscj ikVhZ Independent Labour Party ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks]
mUgksus 1956 esa fdl /keZ dks viuk;k A
5 vkt ds le; ;s fdu nyksa ij lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk Hkko ns[kk tk ldrk gS A
6 dkaxzsl .kkyh D;k Fkh A

pkj vad okys 'u

1 mu dkjdksa ij dk'k Mkfy;s ftuds dkj.k dkaxzsl dks Fke vke pqukoksa esa
Hkkjh lQyrk gkfly dh \
2 dE;wufLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k dh uhfr o dk;Ze fyf[k;s A

jktuhfrd foKku 52
3 dkaxzsl fdu vFkks esa ,d fopkjkRed xaBca/ku Fkh \le>kb;s A
4 Fke yksdlHkh ds pqukoksa ds le; Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr
crkb;s A
5 Hkkjr esa pqukoksa ds cnyrs rjhdksa ij dk'k Mkfy;s A
6 if.Mr tokgj yky usg: }kjk Hkkjr esa lkoZHkkSfed erkf/kdkjh ds fy;s fd;s
tkus okys ;klksa ij lEiw.kZ fo'o dh fuxkgsa D;ksa fVdh Fkh \
7 dkaxzsl ds xBca/kuh LoHkko us mls ,d vlk/kkj.k rkdr nh bl lEca/k esa vius
fopkj dV dhft;s A
8 Hkkjrh; dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dk foHkktu dc vkSj D;ksa gqvk \

N% vad okys 'u

1 Hkkjr vkSj eSfDldksa esa ,d ikVhZ ds HkqRo esa D;k varj jgk gS \ dk'k
Mkfy;sA
2 ,d nyh; HkqRo dk Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds pfj= ij D;k frdwy Hkko iM+k \
foLrkj ls le>kb;s A
3 dkaxzsl esa fo|eku fofHkUu fopkj/kkjkRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft;s A
4 Hkkjr esa Fke vke pqukoksa ds lQy gks tkus ij fo'o D;ksa vkokd jg x;k \
mu dkjdksa ij dk'k Mkfy;s ftuds dkj.k pqukoksa ds lQy lapkyu esa ck/kk
gks ldrh Fkh \
5 1996 esa ,e- ds- ,l- ,e us fnYyh esa tulk/kkj.k ds lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks
ysdj ,d jk"Vh; lfefr dk xBu fd;k rkfd lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks jk"Vh;
vfHk;ku dk :Ik fn;k tk lds A blls iwoZ ^miHkksDrk f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/kku
dsUnz* daT;wej ,tqds'ku ,aM fjlpZ lSaVj ] sl dkmafly rFkk 'kkSjh lfefr
us lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk ,d elkSnk Lrkfor fd;k Fkk A 2002 esa ^lwpuk dh
Lora=rk* uked ,d detksj fo/ks;d ikfjr gqvk Fkk] ftls ykxw ugha fd;k
x;k Fkk A o"kZ 2004 esa] ,d vkj- Vh- vkbZ- fo/ks;d dks lnu ds iVy ij j[kk
x;k ftls laln us ikfjr dj fn;k A twu 2005 esa] bl fo/ks;d dks jk"Vifr
dh Lohfr kIr gks xbZ A
1 ,e- ds- ,l- ,l- dk foLr`r :Ik fyf[k, A
2 ^lwpuk dh Lora=rk* uked fo/ks;d] 2002 dks ykxw D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k \
3 ^fo/ks;d dks lnu ds iVy ij j[kk x;k* & bu 'kCnksa dk dkuwu cukus dh
f;k esa D;k vfHkk; gS \

,d vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 lqdqekj lsu A
2 Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj A
53 jktuhfrd foKku
3 dkaxzsl ikVhZ A
4 1959 esa A
5 1885 esa A
6 vkpk;Z ujsanz nso A
7 'ek;k lkn eq[kthZ A
8 1952 & 1962 A
9 dsjy esa dE;qfuLV fo/kk;d ny ds usrk A
10 dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dks A
11 Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj A
12 lkk vkSj frLi/kkZ A
13 E;kaekj] csyk:l] bjhfV;k A

nks vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 lk{kjrk dh deh] ns'k dk fo'kky vkdkj A
2 dkaxzsl ds ofj"B usrk vkSj Lora= Hkkjr ds Fke xoZuj tujy A
3 bLVhV~;w'kuy fjoksY;w'kujh ikVhZ] Lisfu'k esa mls PRI dgk tkrk gS] bldh
LFkkiuk 1929 esa gqbZ A eSfDldksa esa A
4 ch- vkj- vEcsMdj] ckS) /keZ A
5 lektoknh ikVhZ] jk"Vh; turk ny] turk ny lsD;wyj
6 dkaxzsl dk 'kkld ny vkSj foi{k nksuksa dh Hkwfedk dks fuHkkuk & jktuhfr ds
ml dky [kaM dks dkaxzsl .kkyh dgk x;k A

jktuhfrd foKku 54
 v/;k;&3
fu;ksftr fodkl dh jktuhfr

izeq[k fcUnq%&
& forj.kkRed U;k; rFkk 'kh?kzxkeh vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstukc) gksuk
fu;ksftr fodkl dgykrk gS A
& bLikr dks oSf'od Lrj ij ekax c<us ds dkj.k] m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ij mM+hlk
ljdkj dk /;ku x;k A ftlls jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o`f) rks LokHkkfod Fkh]
ysfdu vkfnokfl;ksa ds foLFkkfir gksus dk [krjk vkSj orZEku ;k vkus okyh
ih<+h ds fgrksa esa Vdjko gksus dh laHkkouk Hkh Fkh A
& Hkkjr ds fodkl dk vFkZ vkfFkZd fodkl] HkkSfrd xfr] vkfFkZD lkekftd U;k;
gS] fofHkUu fgrksa ds chp Vdjko gksus ds lkFk gh fodkl dks lcls vko';d
igys ekuk x;k A
& fodkl ds nks ekWMy Fks igyk mnkjoknh iwthoknh ekWMy rFkk nwljk lektoknh
ekWMy A Hkkjr us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dk ekMy ftlesa lkoZtfud o futh {ks=
ds xq.kksa dk lekos'k Fkk] viuk;k A
& ;kstuk vk;ksx 1950 esa xBu v/;{k /kkuea=h HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dk caVokjk]
mRiknu dk fodsUnzhdj.k lHkh ukxfjdksa dks vthfodk ds lk/ku ms'; A
fu;kstu ns'k dh vkfFkZd lkekftd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj Ikj fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh
kfIr ds ;Ru A
ckWEcs ;kstuk & 1944 esa m|ksxifr;ksa dk ,dtqV gks fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk
pykus dk la;qDr Lrko ftlds rgr ljdkj vkS|ksfxd o vU; vkfFkZd fuos'k
ds {ks= esa cM+s dne mBk;s A
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a %& ms'; vkfFkZd fodkl] vkRefuHkZjrk jk"Vh;rk vk; esa
o`f) A
Fke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk %& 1951 & 56 esa f"k {ks= ij tksj] ewy ea= Fkk
& /khjt A
nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk %& 1956 & 61 Hkkjh m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij tkjs]
fo'ks"kK ih- lh- egkyuksfol ewy ea= lkoZtfud {ks= dk fodkl A
dsjy ekWMy %& fodsUnzhr fu;kstu] f'k{kk] Hkwfe lq/kkj LokLF;] xjhch
mUewyu ij tksj A
eq[; fookn %& f"k cuke m|ksx vFkkZr futh {ks= cuke lkoZtfud {ks=
fookn] blh le; Hkwfe lq/kkj ds fy;s xaHkhj ;kl gq, A
& nf{k.k iaFkh o okeiaFkh [kseks us feys tqys ekWMy fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dh
vkykspuk dh A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd blls Hkz"Vkpkj o vdq'kyrk c<+h gS A
dqN vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj ljdkj dks ftruk djuk pkfg;s Fkk mruk ugha
55 jktuhfrd foKku
 fd;k ftlls bl vof/k esa xjhch ls T;knk deh ugha vkbZ A
& [kk| ladV o gfjr kafr 1865 & 67 ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds dqN fgLlksa fo'ks"kdj
fcgkj esa [kk| ladV gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik f"k {ks= esa o`f) o vkRefuHkZjrk
c<+kus ds fy;s gfjr kafr }kjk mRiknu o rduhd esa lq/kkj gqvk A gfjr
kafr ds ldkjkRed o udkjkRed ifj.kke fudys A
& vkijs'ku yM & 1970 esa xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Ze ftlds vUrxZr lgdkjh nw/k
mRikndksa dks mRiknu o forj.k ds jk"VO;kih ra= ls tksM+k x;k A vk.kan 'kgj
xqtjkt AMUL }kjk oxhZt dwfj;j Milk man of India dh
eq[; Hkwfedk Fkh A
& 'osr kafr dks fodkl ds ek/;e ds :Ik esa viuk;k x;k A
& ckn esa cnyko & 1960 esa var esa fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk cnyh A Jherh bfUnjk
xka/kh us jkT; dh Hkwfedk dks fodkl lUnHkZ esa vf/kd egRo fn;k A
& bfUnjk xka/kh us 14 cSdksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k fd;k A

,d vad okys 'u

1 mM+hlk fdl /kkrq ds fy, fo[;kr gS \
2 ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ] ;kstuk vk;ksx dk v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS \
3 futh {ks= ds nks mnkgj.k nhft, A
4 fodkl dk lektoknh ekWMy fdl ns'k us viuk;k Fkk \
5 ih- lh- egkuyksfcl dkSu Fks \
6 'osr kafr D;k Fkh \
7 Hkwfe lq/kkj ls D;k vfHkk;k gS \
8 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vkSj lQy ;kl D;k Fkk \
9 Hkkjr ds dkSu ls nks jkT; f"k ds fygkt ls le`) ekus x, gS \
10 ^tksfuax* 'kCn ls D;k vfHkk; gS \

nks vad okys 'u

1 fu;ksftr fodkl dk vFkZ crkb;s \
2 eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
3 vkWijs'ku yM fdls dgrs gS \
4 mM+hlk ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fr vkfnokfl;ksa ds eu esa mBh fofHkUu
'kadkvksa ds fo"k; esa crk,sa \
5 iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks viukus ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks D;k ykHk gqvk \
6 lkoZtfud {ks= ds eq[; ms'; D;k Fks \
7 fodkl dks ysdj eq[; cgls D;k Fkh \

jktuhfrd foKku 56
8 Hkkjr esa f"k lq/kkj ds fy, D;k dne mBk, x, \
9 dsjy ekWMy ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
10 lkoZtfud {ks= ds nks mnkgj.k nsa \

Pkkj vadksa okys 'u

1 fodsanzhr fu;kstu ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
2 futh {ks= o lkoZtfud {ks= esa varj Li"V djsa \
3 ;kstukdkjksa dk cqfu;knh y{; D;k Fkk \
4 1940 & 50 ds n'kd esa nqfu;k Hkj esa fu;kstu ds i{k esa gok D;ksa cg jgh Fkh\
5 ckWEcs Iyku ij dk'k Mkfy;s A
6 Fke o f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds ms'; esa varj Li"V dhft;s A
7 gfjr kafr ds ldkjkRed o udkjkRed Hkko le>kb;s A
8 mnkjoknh iwathoknh ekWMy o lektoknh ekWMy esa varj le>kb;s A
9 pdcUnh ds ykHk fyf[k;s \
10 lkoZtfud {ks= ds eq[; ms'; crkb;s \

N % vadks okys 'u

1 f"k {ks= ds varxZr Hkwfe & lq/kkjksa ds fy, fd, x, ;klksa dk mYys[k
dhft,\
2 [kk| lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, f"k dh ,d ubZ j.kuhfr cukbZ xbZ A
bl j.kuhfr dk uke fy[krs gq, bl ij ,d fuca/k fy[ksa \
3 fefJr vFkZ O;oLFkk ds ekWMy dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, \
4 1960 ds n'kd ds var esa Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dh n'kk esa ,d u;k eksM+
vk;k bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft, \
5 Hkkjr esa ;kstukc) fodkl esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft, \
6 fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks i<s vkSj fn, x, 'uksa ds mkj nsa \
dqN vkykspd ,sls Hkh Fks ftudk ekuuk Fkk fd ljdkj dks ftruk pkfg, Fkk
mlus ugha fd;k A bu vkykspdksa us /;ku fnyk;k fd turk dh f'k{kk vFkok
fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa ljdkj us dqN fo'ks"k /kujkf'k [kpZ ugha dh A ljdkj us
flQZ mUgha {ks=ksa esa gLr{ksi fd;k tgk futh {ks= tkus ds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkk A
okLro esa] ljdkj us bl dkj ls futh {ks= dh equkQk dekus esa lgk;rk dhA
blds vykok] enn xjhcksa dh gksuh pkfg, Fkh ijarq jkT; ds gLr{ksi ds
ifj.kke Lo:Ik ,d u;k ^e/;oxZ* mB [kM+k gqvk tks fcuk fdlh fo'ks"k
ftEesnkjh ds eksVh ru[okg lfgr vU; lqfo/kkvksa dks Hkksx jgk gS A bl vof/k
esa xjhch esa T;knk deh ugha vkbZ] xjhcksa dk fr'kr dqy tula[;k esa Hkys de
gqvk gks ysfdu mudh la[;k esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS A
57 jktuhfrd foKku
'u %&
1 fodkl ds laca/k esa dqN vkykspdksa dk D;k fopkj Fkk \
2 Lrqr vorj.k ds vuqlkj ^e/;oxZ* dh D;k fo'ks"krk gS \
3 ys[kd dh xjhcksa ds fo"k; esa D;k jk; gS \fy[ksa A

,d vad okys 'uksa ds mkj %&

1 yksV v;Ld A
2 ekpZ 1950] /kkuea=h A
3 [ksrh] fdlkuh] O;kikj A
4 lksfo;r la?k A
5 vFkZ'kkL=h] nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds ;kstukdkj A
6 nw/k rFkk nw?k ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa dks c<kok nsuk os lqpk: :Ik ls mudh fch
djuk A
7 tehu ds NksVs & NksVs VqdM+ksa dks ,d lkFk djuk A
8 tehankjh Fkk dh lekfIr A
9 iatkc] gfj;k.kk] if'peh mkj ns'k A
10 bykdkcanh dh uhfr A

nks vad okys 'uksa ds mkj %&

1 forj.kkRed U;k; rFkk 'kh?kzxkeh vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk o) gksuk A
2 iwath fuos'k ljdkj dk U;wure gLr{ksi A
3 1970 esa xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Ze ftlesa lgdkjh nw/k mRikndksa dks mRiknu vkSj
foi.ku ds jk"VO;kih ra= ls tksM+k x;k A
4 dkjksckj dk foLFkkiu] vkthfodk nhuus dk Mj A
5 vFkZO;oLFkk dh ,d rLohj lkQ gksrh Fkh vkSj ljdkj ysus le; ds fy, blesa
gLr{ksi dj ldrh Fkh A
6 1 ns'k dk rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl A
2 rduhdh fo"k;ksa ;s vkRefuHkZjrk A
7 dqN usrk vkS|ksxhdhj.k dks mfpr jkLrk ekurs Fks rks dqN dh utj esa f"k dk
fodkl t:jh Fkk A
8 1 Hkwfe dh pdcanh A
2 tehankj Fkk dh lekfIrA
9 dsjy ds fodkl vkSj fu;kstu ds jkLrs dks dsjy ekWMYk dgk x;k A
10 f'k{kk] ck/k ifj;kstuk,sa A

jktuhfrd foKku 58
 v/;k;&4
Hkkjr ds fons'k laca/k

'khr ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr Lora= gqvk blh nkSjku ,f'k;k] vhdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk esa
vusd ns'k Lora= gq, buesa ls dqN ns'kksa us nksuksa xqVksa ls nwj jgus dk fu.kZ; fy;k A
1955 esa ,ks & ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh ,drk dk lEesyu ckMqax & b.Mksusf'k;k es gqvk A
;gha ij xqV fujis{k vkUnksyu dh uhao iM+h A xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dk igyk f'k[kj
lEesyu flrEcj 1961 esa csyxzsM & ;wxksLykfo;k esa gqvk A
1 tokgjyky usg: & Hkkjr A
2 xeky vCnqy ukflj & feJ A
3 ek'kZy tkst czkat VhVks & ;wxksLyfo;k A
4 okes ,uqek & ?kkuk A
5 lqdk.kksa & b.Mksusf'k;k A

xqV fujis{krk dh uhfr ds ms'; fl)kUr %&

1 fdlh xqV esa 'kkfey u gksuk A
2 Lora= A fons'kh uhfr A
3 fo'o 'kkfUr o lqj{kk dks c<+kok A
4 lkezkT;okn o mifuos'kokn dk fojks/k A
5 uLy o jaxHksn dk fojks/k A
6 fu'kL=hdj.k dks c<+kok A
7 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k o ekuokf/kdkj ykxw A

Hkkjr dh fons'kh uhfr ds fl)kUr %&

1 xqV fujis{krk A
2 'kkfUriw.kZ lg vfLRRo A
3 iap'khy A
4 lkezkTokn o mifuos'kokn dk fojks/k A
5 ;w,uvks dk leFkZu
6 fcuk 'krZ fons'kh lgk;rk kIr A
7 {ks=h; lg;ksx A
8 fu'kL=hdj.k A
9 fo'o 'kkfUr A

59 jktuhfrd foKku
Hkkjr phu 'kkfUr o la?k"kZ %&
v iap'khy & 29 vSy 1954 dks Hkkjr ds usg: o phu ds pk ,u- ykbZ us bl
le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s A
1 ijLij v[k.Mrk o Hkqlkk dk lEeku A
2 ijLij ykHk o lekurk A
3 vuke.k
4 vgLrk{ksi A
5 'kkfUriw.kZ lg vfLrRo A

ch frCcr %& 1958 esa phu ds fo:) fonzksg] 1959 esa nykbZ ykek dks Hkkjr us
'kj.k nh] Hkkjr phu dVqrkiw.kZ lEcU/k A
lh 1962 esa lhek fookn ds dkj.k nksuks ns'kksa esa ;q) gqvk A ;q) ds dkj.k Hkkjrh;
lkE;oknh ny lhikbvkbZ 1964 esa nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr gqvk ftlesa ,d xqV
ftlus ;q) esa phu dk i{k fy;k Fkk og lhihvkbZ,e dgyk;k A
Mh 1976 ls Hkkjr o phu ds chp jktuf;d laca/kksa dh iqu % 'kq:vkr gqbZ A
bZ rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; /kkuea=h jktho xka/kh 1988 dh phu ;k=k ds ckn ,d u;h
'kq:vkr gqbZ A
,Q flfDde ds foy; ij Hkh phu us ,srjkt trk;k A
th v:.kkpy ns'k ds rokax {ks= ij vHkh phu viuk vf/kdkj trk jgk gS A
,p nksuks ns'kksa ds e/; O;kikfjd laca/k xfreku gS A

Hkkjr & ikfdLrku laca/k %&

1 1948 esa dck;fy;ksa ds os'k esa ikd lsuk dk d'ehj ij vke.k A
2 1965 esas ikfdLrku us xqtjkr ds dPN {ks= dh rjQ ls vke.k fd;k o
ijkftr gqvk A
3 10 tuojh 1966 esa yky cgknqj 'kkL=h o tujy v;wc [kku ds chp
mTcsfdLrku lksfo;r la?k ds rk'kdan esa le>kSrk A
4 Hkkjr ikd ;q) 1971 & ckaXykns'k dk fuekZ.k rFkk bafnjk xka/kh o tqfYQdkj
vyh HkqV~Vks ds chp f'keyk le>kSrk A
5 1999 esa ikfdLrku ls dkjfxy dks eqLr djkus ds fy, vkWijs'ku fot;
pyk;kA
6 jsy & cl lqfo/kk dk foLrkj RkFkk O;kikfjd laca/kksa esa foLrkj A

Hkkjr dh ijek.kq uhfr %&

loZFke 1974 esa jktLFkku ds tSlyesj ftys es iks[kj.k uked LFkku ij Hkkjr us

jktuhfrd foKku 60
viuk igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k A ebZ 1998 esa iks[kj.k esa gh nwljk ijek.kq ijh{k.k
fd;kA ebZ 1998 esa iks[kj.k esa gh nwljk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k A
Ukhfr %&
1 ijek.kq 'kkfDr dk 'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx A
2 HksnHkko jfgr ijek.kq fu'kL=hdj.k ds fr opuc) A
3 vkRej{kk ds fy, ijek.kq gfFk;kj j[ksxk ijUrq igys ;ksx ogha djsxk A
4 1968 dh ijek.kq vlkj lfU/k ,uihVh HksnHkko iw.kZ gS A
5 1995 dh lh- Vh- ch- Vh dk fojks/k A

,d vad okys 'u %&

1 'khr ;q) ds nkSj esa nks jos;kssa esa fdu dkj.kksa ls Vdjko Fkk \
2 xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dk igyk lEesyu dc vkSj dagk gqvk \
3 usQk ;k mkj iwohZ lkeUr fdl jkT; dks dgk tkrk gSa \
4 1971 esa Hkkjr & ikd ;q) ds le; iwohZ ikfdLrku ds eq[k usrk dkSu Fks \
5 Hkkjr us igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k dc fd;k \
6 rk'kdan le>kSrk fdlds chp vkSj dc gqvk \
7 ^bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ* dk xBu fdlus fd;k \
8 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku dk ty fookn fdl laf/k }kjk lqy>k;k x;k \
9 fczVsu }kjk feL= ij vke.k dc fd;k x;k A
10 iap'khy D;k Fkk \

nks vad okys 'u %&

1 fu'L=hdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkk; gS \
2 iap'khy ds dksbZ nks fla)krksa dk mYys[k djsa \
3 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ds dksbZ nks cM+s ms'; crk,sa \
4 Hkkjr us lksfo;r la?k ds lkFk 1971 esa dkSu lh laf/k vkSj D;ksa dh \
5 1980 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr & vesfjdh laca/kks esa [kVkl D;ksa vk xbZ \
6 I N A rFkk N A T O dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[ksa \
7 ekdik C P I M dk xBu fdl dkj gqvk \
8 Hkkjr us lh- Vh- Ckh- Vh- ij gLrk{kj djus ls bUdkj D;ksa fd;k \
9 f'keyk le>kSrk dc vkSj D;ksa gqvk \
10 frCcr ds /kkfeZd xq: dkSu Fks] os Hkkjr esa 'kj.k D;ksa ysuk pkgrs Fks \

61 jktuhfrd foKku
Pkkj vad okys 'u %&
1 ,ks ,f'k;kbZ ,drk LFkkfir djus esa Hkkjr dh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh \
2 1970 esa ikfdLrku dh jktuhfr ij fVIi.kh djsa A
3 Hkkjr phu laca/kksa es ruko ds eq[; fcanq fy[ks \
4 Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dh fr crkus okys laoS/kkfud ko/kku D;k gS \
5 fo'o jktuhfr ds cnyrs lehdj.k fons'k uhfr dks fdl dkj Hkkfor djrs
gSa \
6 Hkkjr ds igys ijek.kq ijh{k.k ds le; Hkkjr dks fdku dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+k \
7 ijek.kq laf/k;ksa dk Hkkjr us fdu dkj.kksa ls fojks/k fd;k \
N% vadks okys 'u %&
1 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dk ewY;kadu djsa \
2 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku laca/kksa ds udkjkRed o ldkjkRed i{kksa dk foospu djsa \
3 Hkkjr & phu laca/kks esa erHksn vkSj lgefr ds fcanq crk,s \
4 Hkkjr ,d vksj fu'kL=hdj.k dks fons'k uhfr ;s txg nsdj leFkZu nsrk gS
nwljh vksj mldk viuk ijek.kq dk;Ze Hkh gSA D;k ;g fojks/kkHkkl gS ;k
vko';drk Li"V djsa \

,d vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lSU; HkqRo] gfFk;kjksa dk fuekZ.k A
2 1961 esa] csyxzsM A
3 v:.kkpy ns'k A
4 'ks[k eqthcqjZjgeku A
5 ebZ 1974 A
6 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h vkSj tujy v;wc [kku] 1966 esa A
7 usrkth lqHkk"k panz cksl A
8 fla/kq ty unh lfa/kA
9 1956 esa A
10 tokgjyky usg: }kjk fons'k uhfr ls lacaf/kr fn;k x;k fl)kar A

nks vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ij jksd yxkuk A
2 1 lHkh ns'kksa dh v[kMrk dk lEeku A
2 'kkafriw.kZ lg & vfLrRo cuk, j[kuk A

jktuhfrd foKku 62
3 1 la;qrk dh j{kk djuk A
2 rsth ls vkfFkZd fodkl A
4 'kkafr o eS=h dh laf/k ikjLifjd vkfFkZd lg;ksx c<+kus ds fy, A
5 1 Hkkjr dk lksfo;r la?k dh vksj >qdko A
2 vesfjdh lSU; xBca/ku esa ikfdLrku dk 'kkfey gksuk A
6 bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ] ukFkZ vVykafVd VhVh vkjxsukbts'ku A
7 1964 esa Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ VwV xbZ A ml ikVhZ esa tks joS;k phu dk
i{k/kj Fkk mlus C P I M dk xBu fd;k A

63 jktuhfrd foKku
 v/;k;&5
dkaxzsl .kkyh % pqukSfr;k vkSj iquZLFkkiuk

izeq[k fcUnq%&
& Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dk tUe 1885 esa gqvk A
& /kkuea=h tokgj yky usg: dh e`R;q ebZ 1964 esa gqbZ blds ckn usg: th dk
jktuhfrd mkjkf/kdkj dkSu \ ,d egRoiw.kZ 'u lcds le{k Fkk A
& xjhck] lkankf;drk] vlekurk] {ks=h; foHkktu dh leL;kvksa ds jgrs dkaxzsl
ikVhZ ds v/;{k ds- dkejkt us viuh ikVhZ ds usrkvksa ls lykg e'kfojk djds
yky cgknqj 'kkL=h dks fufoZjks/k /kkuea=h in gsrq pqu fy;k x;k A
& 11 tuojh 1966 rd 'kkL=h th /kkuea=h jgs A rk'kadn esa mudh e`R;q ds
ckn dkaxzsl flfMadsV ds eksjkj th nslkbZ ds ctk; bafnjk xka/kh dks
/kkuea=hcuk;k fd os vuqHkoghu gSa vkSj fn'kk funsZ'k gsrq flafMdsV ij fuHkZj
jgsaxh A
& nks /kkuea=h dh e`R;q rFkk u;s /kkuea=h dk de vuqHkoh gksuk] Hkkjr ds
pqukoh bfrgkl esa 1967 ds lky dks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ iM+ko ekuk tkrk Fkk A
pkSFkk vke pquko 1967 es gqvk A
& ekulwu dh vlQyrk] [kk| ladV] fons'kh eqnzk ds deh] lSU; [kpsZ esa o`f) ls
vkfFkZd fLFkfr fudV gksus ij foi{kh nyksa us ykHk cUn gksdj tu & vkanksyu
fd, A
& dkaxzsl & iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mkj ns'k] e/; ns'k] fcgkj] if'pe caxky] mM+hlk
enzkl o dsjy 9 jkT;ksa esa ljdkj ugha cuk ldh A bu jkT;ksa esa dkaxzsl ds
vykok nwljs nyksa dh ny cny rFkk xBca/ku dh ljdkj cuh A

nzfoM equs= d"kxe~ & bl ny dks enzkl kar rfeyukMq esa nzfoM+ laLfr dk
leFkZu rFkk fganh fojks/kh vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djds lkk kIr dhA

flafMdsV %& flafMdsV dkaxzsl ds Hkhrj rkdroj vkSj Hkko'kkyh usrkvksa dk lewg
Fkk A blesa fuEu yksx 'kkfey Fks A
1 enzkl ds iwoZ eq[;ea=h & ds- dkejkt
2 cEcbZ ls & ,l- ds- ikfVy A
3 eSlwj dukZVd & ds ,l futfyaxIik A
4 vka/kz ns'k & uhye latho jsM~Mh A
5 if'pe caxky & vrqY; ?kks"k A
& jk"Vifr pquko 1969 & lu~ 1969 esa jk"Vifr tkfdj gqlSu dh e`R;q ds

jktuhfrd foKku 64
 ckn jk"Vifr ij ds pquko esa dkaxzsl flafMdsV us yksdlHkh v/;{k uhye latho
jsM~Mh dks viuk R;k'kh cuk;k ijUrq bafnjk xka/kh us flafMdsV ls vyx
mijk"Vifr oh- oh= fxfj dks R;k'kh cuk;k A
bfUnjk xka/kh us fuokZpdksa ls vUrZ vkRek dh vkokt lquus dks dgka vkSj pqukoksa
esa oh- oh- fxfj fot;h gq, A
& dkaxzsl foHkktu 1969 & jk"Vifr pquko esa gkj ls f[ku gksdj flafMdsV us
bafnjk xka/kh dks dkaxzsl ls fu"dkflr fd;k Fkk bl dkj dkaxzsl dk nks Hkkxksa esa
foHkktu A
1 dkaxzsl vkxsZukbts'ku iqjkuh dkaxszl
2 dkaxzsl fjfDoftfuLV ubZ dkaxzsl
& xSazM vyka;l & 1971 ds pquko ls iwoZ lHkh cMs+ vkSj dkaxszlh xSj lkE;oknh
nyksa dk xBca/ku A
& dkaxzsl iquLFkkZiuk ds ;kl %& bafnjk xka/kh ds }kjk fuEu ;kl fd;s x;saA
1 xjhch gVkvksa dk ukjk
2 fohilZ dh lekfIr
3 cSadks dk jk"Vh;dj.k
4 Hkwfe lq/kkj vkSj gncanh fo/ks;d
5 oafprksa] nfyrksa] vYila[;dksa] efgyk o csjkstxkjksa dh lgk;rk A

,d vad okys 'u %&

1 usg: dh e`R;q ds ckn Hkkjr dk /kkuea=h dkSu cuk \
2 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h us dkSu lk ukjk fn;k \
3 dkaxzsl dk tUe dc gqvk \
4 fdl usrk ds 'kklu dky ds ckn xBca/ku dh 'kq: gqbZ \
5 bafnjk xka/kh /kkuea=h cuus ls iwoZ fdl jktuhfrd in ij dk;Zjr Fkh \
6 foh ilZ D;k gS \
7 feM Ms ehy dh ;kstuk ykxw djus dk Js; fdldks tkrk gS \
8 dkaxzsl esa foHkktu dc gqvk \
+9 loZFke Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; es fdl ikVhZ dh iw.kZ cgqer dh ljdkj cuh \

nks vadh; 'u %&

1 1960 ds n'kd dks fdu dkj.kksa ls [krjukd n'kd dgk tkrk gS \
2 fdl jk"Vifr pquko esa ^varZvkRek* dh vkokt ij ernku ds fy, dgk x;k \
3 pkSFks vke pqukoksa dks jktuhfrd Hkwdai dh laKk D;ksa nh xbZ \
4 bafnjk dky esa dkaxzsl dk tuk/kkj dkSu ls oxZ ds yksx Fks \

65 jktuhfrd foKku
5 bafnjk xka/kh }kjk viuk tuk/kkj c<+kus ds fy, mBk;s x, dksbZ nks dne crk,\
6 Mh- ,e- ds- jktuhfrd ikVhZ us fdl laLfr dk leFkZu vkSj fdl Hkk"kk dk
fojks/k fd;k \
7 xSM vyka;l ls D;k vfHkk; gS \
8 bafnjk xka/kh dks /kkuea=h ds :Ik esa teus es le; D;ksa yxk \
9 1996 esa 'kkL=h th ds ej.kksijkar /kkuea=h in ds fy, la?k"kZ fdu ds chp
gqvk rFkk fdlus ;g in dSls kIr fd;k \

Pkkj vadh; 'u %&

1 lu~ 1971 ds pqukoksa ds D;k ifj.kke ?kfVr gq, \
2 Jhefr bafnjk xka/kh us fnlEcj 1970 esa yksd lHkk Hkax djus dh flQkfj'k djus
dh vko';drk D;ksa eglwl dh \
3 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h dks /kkuea=h cuus ij fdu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+k Fkk \
4 pkSFks yksdlHkk pquko ds le; Hkkjr dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh \
5 dkaxzsl ikVhZ fdu dkj.kksa dks ysdj 1969 esa foHkktu dh f'kdkj gqbZ \
6 fuEu dk laca/k fdlls gS \
d t; toku t; fdlku]
[k xjhch gVkvksa
x bafnjk gVkvks
?k vk;k jke x;k jke
7 fuEu 'kCnksa dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[kksa \
1 P.U.F.
2 S.V.D.
3 C.W.C
4 D.M.K

N% vadh; 'u %&

1 1960 ds n'kd ls vkjaHk gqbZ ny cny dh jktuhfr ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkt
Hkh xzLr gS bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, nycny ds dqHkkoksa dh ppkZ djsa A
2 1967 ds vke pquko ds le; Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd o lkekftd fLFkfr
dk o.kZu djs A
3 pkSFks vke pquko 1967 ds Hkkjrh; jktuhfr Ikj D;k Hkko gq, \
4 bafnjk xka/kh us dkaxzsl dks iquLFkkZfir djus ds fy, D;k j.kuhfr;ka cukbZ Fkh \

jktuhfrd foKku 66
,d vadks ds 'uksa ds mkj
1 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h A
2 t; toku] t; fdlku A
3 1885 A
4 bafnjk xka/kh A
5 x`gea=h A
6 mif/k;ksa dh lekfIr A
7 ds- dkejkt A
8 1969

nks vadks ds 'uksa ds mkj

1 1 xjhch] vlekurk] lkankf;drk o {ks=h; foHkktu ds 'u vulqy>s Fks A
2 ns'k esa yksdrkaf=d ifj;kstukvksa dk vlQy gksuk A
2 oh- oh- fxjh A
3 1 dkaxzsl dh kIr er fr'r rFkk lhV la[;k esa deh
2 dkaxzsl 09 LFkkuksa ij pquko gkjh Fkh A
4 efgyk] nfyr] vkfnoklh] vYila[;d A
5 1 hfo ilZ dh lekfIr A
2 cSadks dk jk"Vh;dj.k A
6 leFkZu & nfoM+ laLfr dk A
fojks/k & fgUnh Hkk"kk dk A
7 1971 ds pquko ds le; xSj lkE;oknh vkSj xSj dkaxzslh foi{kh nyksa }kjk cuk;k
xBca/ku A
8 1 ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr A
2 yksdlHkk pqukoksa dh vxqvkbZ A
9 bafnjk xka/kh o eksjkj th nslkbZ A
bafnjk xka/kh us

67 jktuhfrd foKku
 v/;k; & 6
Ykksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dk ladV
izeq[k fcUnq%&
& 1967 ds ckn ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa cnyko vk jgs Fks] bafnjk xka/kh dh
yksdf;rk pje lhek ij Fkh A bl nkSj esa U;k;ikfydk vkSj ljdkj ds
vkilh fj'rksa esa Hkh ruko vk, A
& jktuhfr O;fDrxr gksrh tk jgh Fkh A dkaxzsl dh VwV ls bafnjk xka/kh vkSj
muds fojksf/k;ksa ds chp erHksn xgjs gks x, Fks A
& lu~ 1973 ls lu~ 1975 ds chp vk;s cnykoksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dh ifj.krh ns'k esa
vkikrdkyhu ykxw djus ds :Ik esa gqbZ A
& bu ?kVukvksa dh gi vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] 'kklfud o U;kf;d lanHkks esa le>
ldrs gS A
& vkfFkZd lanHkZ %& 1971 esa xjhch gVkvksa ds ukjs ds ckotwn ns'k es xjhch
cjdjkj] ckaXykns'k ladV ls vFkZO;oLFkk pjejkbZ rFkk USA us lgk;rk can
dh] vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj fxjrh xbZ] eagxkbZ o csjkstxkjh cnh] ekuwlu dh
vlQyrk ds dkj.k f"k dh iSnkokj esa deh gqbZ rFkk ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dk
osru jksd fn;k x;k A
& jktuhfrd lanHkZ %& tuojh 1974 esa eagxkbZ o Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ xqtjkr
esa rFkk ekpZ 1974 esa fcgkj esa vkanksyu gq,] if'peh caxky ds nkftZfyax ftys
ds uDlyoknh ykus ds bykds esa 1967 ;s fdlku fonzksg gqvk rFkk t; dk'k
ukjk;.k us laiw.kZ kafr dk ukjk fn;k A

'kklfud lUnHkZ %&

1 jsy deZpkfj;ksa us tkWtZ QukZfUMl ds usr`Ro esa cksul o lsok 'krks ds fy,
gM+rky dh A
2 jkeyhyk eSnku %& 25 twu 1975 dks t;dk'k ukjk;.k us lsuk iqfyl o
ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ls ljdkj ds vuSfrd vkS voS/kkfud vkns'kksa dk ikyu u
djus dk vkgoku fd;k A
3 foi{kh nyksa us t;dk'k ukjk;.k dh vxqokbZ esa bafnjk xka/kh ls bLrhQs dh
ekax dh A

U;kf;d lUnHkZ %&

1 ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh] uhfr funsZ'kd dk;Zikfydk ds lEcU/kksa esa ruko
2 1973 esa ljdkj us ofj"Brk dh vuns[kh djds ,- ,u- js dks eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
cuk;k A

jktuhfrd foKku 68
3 12 twu 1975 dks bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; us bafnjk xka/kh ds 1971 ds pquko
dks voS/k ?kksf"kr fd;k A

vkikrdkyhu voLFkk %&

25 twu 1975 dks bafnjk xka/kh us ns'k esa van:uh xM+cM+h dh vk'kadk ds vk/kkj ij
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 352 dks ykxw djk fn; A

vkikrdky dk ifj.kke %&

1 lekpkj i=ksa ehfM;k ij frca/k
2 lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd laxBuksa Ikj frca/k
3 /kjuk] n'kZu ,oa gM+rky ij jksd
4 foi{kh usrkvksa dh fxjRkkjh
5 fuokjd utjacnh dk O;kid ;ksx
6 ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk LFkxu A

vkikrdky ds nkSjku ?kfVr ?kVuk, %&

1 xjhcksa ds fy, chl lw=h ykxw djuk]
2 Hkwfe lq/kkj] Hkw iqufoZrj.k dk nq:Ik;ksx A
3 sl & lsaljf'ki ykxw djuk A
4 foi{kh usrkvksa dh fxjrkjh
5 ulcUnh dk;Ze A

vkikrdky ds lcd %&

1 yksdra= ds fr yksxksa esa vkLFkk c<+h A
2 Hkkjr ls yksdra= dh tM+s feVkuk cgqr dfBu gS A
3 vc vkikrdky vkUrfjd v'kkfUr ds LFkku ij l'kL= fonzksg dh fLFkfr esa
eaf=ifj"kn~ dh jk"Vifr dks fy[kr lykg ds Ik'pkr~ gh yxk;k tk,xk A
4 ukxfjdksa esa ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds fr tkx:drk c<+h A

vkikrdky ds ckn dh jktuhfr %&

1 1997 ds ykslHkk pquko ifj.kke % dkxzsl dh gkj] turk ikVhZ dks cgqer
2 dsUnz esa igyh ckj xSj dkaxzslh ljdkj dk xBu] eksjkjth nslkbZ /kkuea=h cusaA
3 vkikrdky dh tkap ds fy, 'kkg vk;ksx dk xBu A

69 jktuhfrd foKku
Tkurk ikVhZ ljdkj dk 'kklu %&
1 fn'kkghu] dygiw.kZ] detksj usr`Ro ,oa vO;ofLFkr 'kklu dk f'kdkj
2 turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj 18 eghus esa fxj
3 1980 esa e/;kof/k pquko gq, ftlesa bafnjk xka/kh dkaxzsl & 1 Hkkjh cgqer ls
thrh A

,d vad ds 'u
1 xjhch gVkvksa dk ukjk dc vkSj fdlus fn;k \
2 1974 ds fcgkj vkanksyu dk ukjk D;k Fkk \
3 laiw.kZ kafr dk vkgoku fdlus fd;k \
4 pk: etwenkj dkSu Fks \
5 t;dk'k ukjk;.k dks fdu nyksa dk leFkZu feyk \
6 dkaxzsl QkWj Mseksslh dk xBu dc vkSj fdlus fd;k A
7 laln & ekpZ dk usr`Ro dc vkSj fdlus fd;k A
8 Hkkjr esa igyh ckj xSj & dkaxzslh ljdkj dc cuh \
9 'kkg vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh \
10 pkS/kjh pj.k flag fdl dky esa Hkkjr ds /kkuea=h jgs \

nks vadh; 'u

1 xqtjkr esa tuojh 1974 ds Nk= vkanksyu ds dkj.k crkb, \
2 t;dk'k ukjk;.k us fcgkj ds vkanksyudkjh Nk=ksa ds fuea=.k dks fdu 'krks
ij Lohdkj fd;k Fkk \
3 xqtjkt vkSj fcgkj ds Nk= vkanksyuksa ds eq[k usrkvksa ds uke fyf[k, \
4 fuokjd utjcanh dk D;k vFkZ gS \
5 vkikrdky ds nkSjku laoS/kkfud ko/kkuksa fd, x, fdUgh nks ifjorZuksa dk
mYys[k dhft, \
6 sl lsaljf'ki dk fojks/k djus okys fdUgh nks lekpkj i=ksa ds uke fyf[k, \
7 1977 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa ds fdUgh nks ifj.kkeksa dk mYys[k dhft, \
8 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa mu LFkkuksa dks n'kkZ,sa tgka 1977 ds yksd lHkh pquko ;%&
, dkaxzsl gkjh A
ch dkaxszl cqjh rjg ijkftr gqbZ A
lh ,sls jkT; tgka dkaxzsl vkSj mlds lkFkh nyksa dks Hkkjh fot; kIr gqbZ A
Mh sl lsaljf'ki ls D;k vfHkk; gS \

jktuhfrd foKku 70
pkj vadh; 'u
1 1970 ds n'kd esa U;k;ikfydk vkSj ljdkj ds chp la?k"kZ ds eq[k eqn~ns D;k
Fks \
2 sl lsaljf'ki ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, \
3 1977 ds pqukoksa esa igyh ckj xsj dkaxzslh ljdkj cuus ds D;k dkj.k Fks \
4 fuEufyf[kr esa esy fcBk,a %&
d laiw.kZ kafr 1 bafnjk xka/kh
[k xjhch gVkvksa 2 t;dk'k ukjk;.k
x Nk= vkanksyu 3 fcgkj vkUnksyu
?k jsy gM+rky 4 tkWtZ QuhZfMl
5 D;k vkUrfjd v'kkafr ds uke ij vkikrdky yxkuk vko';d Fkk \ vius
mkj ds i{k esa rdZ ns A
6 fcgkj ds Nk= vkUnksyu esa t; dk'k ukjk;.k dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft, \

N% vadh; 'u
1 1975 ds vkikrdky ds dkj.kksa dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dhft, \
2 ^Hkkjr esa 1975 ds vkikrdky ds nkSjku ljdkj us jpukRed vkSj neukRed
nksuksa rjg dh uhfr;ksa dk lgkjk fy;k A vius fopkj O;Dr dhft, A
3 vkikrdky ds eq[k lcdksa dh ppkZ dhft, A

,d vad okys 'uksa ds mkj %&

1 1971 esa ] bafnjk xka/kh A
2 liw.kZ kafr vc ukjk gS A
Hkkoh bfrgkl gekjk gS A
3 t; dk'k ukjk;.k A
4 dE;qfuLV kafrdkjh A
5 Hkkjrh; tula?k] dkaxzsl vks] Hkkjrh; yksdny] lks'kfyLV ikVhZ vkSj xSj
dkaxzslh ny A
6 1977 esa] txthou jk; A
7 1975 esa] t; dk'k ukjk;.k A
8 1977 esa A
9 turk ikVh us 1977 esa A
10 tqykbZ 1979 ls tuojh 1980 ds chp A

71 jktuhfrd foKku
nks vad okys 'uksa ds mkj %&
1 1 c<+rh eagxkbZ A
2 mPp inksa ij tkjh Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ A
2 1 vkanksyu vfglad jgsxk A
2 flQZ fcgkj rd lhfer ugha jgsxk A
3 xqtjkr & eksjkj th nslkbZ A
fcgkj & t; dk'k ukjk;.k A
4 'kd ds vk/kkj ij fxjrkjh lacf/k laoS/kkfud ko/kku A
5 1 /kkuea=h] jk"Vifr ds fuokZpj dks vnkyr esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA
2 yksdlHkh ds dk;Zdky dks 5 ls c<kdj 6 o"kZ djuk A
6 1 bafM;u ,Dlsl 2 LVsVleSu A
7 1 dkaxzsl dh gkj 2 turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj A
8 ekufp= esa SfDVl djokbZ tk, A
9 dqN Nkius ls igys ljdkj ls vuqefr ysuk vko';d A

jktuhfrd foKku 72
 v/;k;&7
Tku vkanksyu dk mn;
Lej.kh; fcanq %&
Tku vkanksyu %&
Ykksdrkaf=d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa dqN leL;k, ,oa ekxsa ,slh gksrh gS ftudksa mBkus
esa jktuhfrd nyksa dh fnypLih ux.; gksrh gSa A ,sls esa turk }kjk pyk, x,
vkanksyu tu & vkanksyu dgykrs gS A 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa xSj jktuhfrd jgus okys es
vkanksyu dbZ ckj ckn esa jktuhfrd #i Hkh ys ysrs gaS A

Hkkjr esa izeq[k tu & vkanksyu %&

& fpidks vkanksyu
& nfyr iSFklZ
& rkM+h fojk/kh vkanksyu
& Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u dk vkanksyu
& ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu
& lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vkanksyu
& tu yksdiky vkanksyu
Tku & vkanksyu dh izfr %&
& jktuhfrd nyksa ls Lora=
& ny vk/kfjr vkanksyu

Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa tu vkanksyu dk egRo %&

& jktuhfrd #i ls misf{kr ekaxks o leL;kvksa dks eq[; /kkjk esa yk,
& vkanksyu dh jktuhfrd ls yksdra= dks l'kDr djus esa lgk;d
& turk esa jktuhfrd tkx#drk QSykus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h
& ljdkj ] iz'kklu ,oa jktuSfrd nyksa dk /;ku fof'k"V ekaxksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh
vksj vk"V djus esa lQy jgs A
& fofHkUu visf{kr oxksZ ds lkFk & lkFk lkekftd ,oa Ik;kZoj.k laca/kh eqn~nks dks
mBkus esa dkjxj fl) gq, A

,d vad ds iz'u
1 fpidks vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dgk gqbZ Fkh \
2 ny vk/kkfjr vkanksyuksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS \
3 fuEu dFku dks 'kq) djds nksckjk fyf[k, %
Hkkjrh; fdlku dk vkanksyu Fkk A
73 jktuhfrd foKku
4 *nfyr iSaFklZ* dk xBu dc vkSj dgk gqvk A
5 ,u- ,Q- ,Q- dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A
6 nfyr iaSFklZ dk xBu fdlus fd;k \
7 rkM+h fojks/kh vkanksyu dh izeq[k usrk dk uke fyf[k, \
8 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u ds izeq[k usrk dk uke fyf[k, \
9 Lkwpuk ds vf/kdkj vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dc gqbZ \
10 Lkwpuk dk vf/kdkj (RTI) vf/kfu;e dc ykxq gq, \
11 ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu dh izeq[k usrk dkSu gS \
12 ueZnk lkxj cka/k fdl jkT; esa gS \

nks vad okys iz'u

1 fpidks vkanksyu dh dksbZ nks ekaxsa fyf[k, \
2 fpidks vkanksyu ds D;k izHkko gq, \
3 nfyr iaSFklZ ds mn; ds D;k dkj.k Fks \
4 nfyr iaSFklZ dh eq[; xfrfof/k;k D;k Fkh \
5 ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk D;k gS \
6 Hkkjrh; fdlku vkanksyu ds rjhds d;k Fks \
7 rkM+h fojk/kh vkanksyu D;k Fkk \
8 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;qfu;u dh dksbZ nks ekx fyf[k, A
9 lwpuk dk vf/kdkj D;k gS \
10 us'kuy fQ'koZd'k Qksje NFF ds izeq[k mn~ns'; fyf[k, \

pkj vad okys iz'u

1 tu vkanksyuks ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, A
2 fpidks vkanksyu ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A
3 fpidks vkanksyu esa 'kq#vkrh ekaxksads vykok vU; cgqr lh ekaxs Hkh tqM+ x;h A
Li"V fdft, A
4 nfyr iaSFklZ us dkSu dkSu lh izeq[k leL;k, mBk;h \
5 ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu us cka/k ifj;kstukvksa dk fojks/k D;ks fd;k \
6 tu vkUnksyuksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS \ny vk/kkfjr o xsj & nyh; vkUnksyu
D;k gksrs gS \
7 fpidks vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ij vius fopkj nhft, A
8 lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk egRo Li"V dhft, A

jktuhfrd foKku 74
9 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u }kjk uCcs ds n'kd esa mBk, x, eqksa vkSj viuk;s x;s
rjhdks ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A
10 rkM+h & fojks/kh vkanksyu us ns'k dk /;ku fdu eqksa dh rjQ [khapk \

6 vad okys iz'u

1 Lora=rk ds ckn cus Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa tkfr ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dh lekfIr
dh O;oLFkk dj nh A blds ckotwn nfyr ;qokvksa dks nfyr iaSFklZ ds xBu
dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+h A
2 21 oha lnh ds Hkkjr esa tu vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk ij vius fopkj O;Dr
dhft,A
3 lekt ds xgjs rukoksa vkSj turk ds {kksHk dks ,d lgh fn'kk nsdj tu
vkanksyuksa us ,d rjg ls yksdra= dh j{kk dh gS A bl dFku ds lanHkZ esa tu
& vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A
4 Lora= Hkkjr ds fdUgha rhu tu & vkanksyu dk o.kZu dhft, A
5 uhps fn, x;s vorj.k dks i<+s vkSj Ikz'uksa ds mkj nsa & %
&&&&& yxHkx lHkh u, lekftd vkanksyu ubZ leL;ksa tSls Ik;kZoj.k dk
fouk'k] efgykvksa dh cngkyh] vkfnoklh laLfr dk uk'k vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa
dk mYya?ku &&&& ds lek/kku dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, mHkjs A buesa ls dksbZ
Hkh vius vki es lektO;oLFkk ds ewyxkeh cnyko ds loky ls ugha tqM+k Fkk
bl vFkZ esa ;s vkanksyu vrhr dh kfrdkjh fopkj/kkjkvksa ls ,dne vyx gS A
ysfdu ;s vkanksyu cM+h cqjh rjg fc[kjs gq, gSa vkSj ;gh budh detksjh gS A
&&&&& lkekftd vkanksyuksa dk ,d cM+k nk;jk ,slh phtks dh pisV es gS fd
og Bksl rFkk ,d tqV tu & vkanksyu dk #i ugh ys ikrk vkSj u gh oafprksa
vkSj xjhcksa ds fy, izklafxd gks ikrk gS A
d u, lkekftd vkanksyu vkSj kfrdkjh fopkj/kkjkvks esa D;k varj gS A
[k ys[kd ds vuqlkj lkekftd vkanksyuksa dh lhek, D;k & D;k gS A

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mkj

1 mrjk[kaM esa A
2 ny vk/kkfjr vkanksyuksa ls vfHkizk; nu vkanksyuks ls gS ftuesa jktuhfrd nyksa
dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS A
3 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u dk vkanksyu eq[;r% le`) fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu Fkk A
4 lu~ 1972 esa egkjk"V es A
5 us'kuy fQ'kodZlZ Qksje A
6 egkjk"V ds nfyr ;qokvksa us A
7 'kjkc canh A
75 jktuhfrd foKku
8 egsanz flag fVdSr A
9 lu~ 1990 es A
10 lu~ 2005 esa A
11 es?kk ikVdj A
12 e/;izns'k esa A

2 vadks okys iz'uksa ds mkj

1 & futh dEifu;ksa }kjk dh tk jgh isM+ks dh dVkbZ #dokuk A
& LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa dk vius izkfrd lalk/kuksa ij fuea=.k
2 & ljdkj dks >qduk iM+k A
& ;g vkanksyu vU; vkanksyuksa ds fy, izsj.kk & lzksr cu x;k A
3 & f'kf{kr nfyr ;qokvksa esa vkks'k
& tkfrxr HksnHkko lekIr djus laca/kh laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa dks ykxw djus esa
ljdkj dh vlQyrk A
4 & nfyrsa ij vR;kpkjksa dks #dokuk ] tkfr izFkk dks lekIr djuk ] Hkwfeghu
xjhc fdlku ] 'kgjh vkS|ksfxd etnwj vkSj nfyr lfgr lkjs oafpr oxksZa dk
,d laxBu cukuk vkSj ,d eap iznku djuk A
5 & ueZnk vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ij 30 cM+s ] 135 e/;e vkSj 3000 NksVs
cka/k cukus dh ifj;kstuk A
6 & /kjuk ] izn'kZu ] ?ksajko ] jSyh vkfn A
7 & rkM+h & fojk/kh vkanksyu vka/kz izns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa }kjk pyk;k
x;k vkanksyu Fkk ftlesa mUgksaus eafnjk dh fch ij izfrca/k yxkus dh ekx dh
Fkh A
8 & Qlyksa dh [kjhn ewY; esa o`f)
& dtZ ekQh
& lLrh fctyh vkfn A
9 & lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds }kjk turk dks ljdkjh nLrkostksa dh izekf.kr
izfrfyfi izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj ] lkoZtfud ?kks"k.kkvksa ls lacaf/kr fjdkMZ
gkfly djus dk vf/kdkj A
10 eNqvkjksa dh vkthfodk dks cpkus ds fy, dkuwuh la?k"kZ eNqvkjksa ds fgrksa ds
fy, laxBu A

jktuhfrd foKku 76
 v/;k;&8
{ks=h; vkadk{kk,a
Lej.kh; fcanq %&
{ks=h; vkdka{kk, %& Hkkjr tSls fofo/krk okys ns'k esa {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dk mHkkj
vR;ar LokHkkfod gS A vko';drk bls ladh.kZ {ks=okn dh ctk; lkFkZd fn'kk nsdj
ns'k dk larqfyr fodkl djus dh gS A

{ks=okn ds dkj.k %&

& lkaLfrd fofHkUurk A
& /kkfeZd fofHkUurk A
& vlarqfyr fodkl A
& HkkSxksfud fofo/krk A
& jktSfufrd LokFkZ vkfn A

{ks=okn ls mHkjs jktuhfrd ny %&

& vle esa vle xt ifj"kn~ A
& iatkc esa vdkyhny A
& tEew d'ehj esa uS'kuy dkasal A
& egkjk"V esa f'ko lsuk A
& rfeyukMw esa D M K vkSj A I D M K
& vka/kz ns'k esa rsyxqns'ke vkfn A

{ks=okn ds nq"ifj.kke %&

& ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dks pqukSfr A
& larqfyr fodkl esa ck/kd A
& yksdrkaf=d f;k esa ck/kd A
& jk"Vh; Hkkouk dks Bsl A
Hkkjr esa {ks=h;rk lEcU/kh eq[k leL;k %&
& d'ehj elyk A

{ks=h; vkdka{kk,a
& iatkc dh leL;k A
& Hkk"kk lEcU/kh fookn A
& iwoksZrj ds jkT;ksa esa {ks=h;rk A

77 jktuhfrd foKku
& vle esa ckgjh yksxksa ds f[kykQ fojks/k A
& nzfoM+ vkanksyu vkfn A

,d vad okys 'u

1 {ks=okn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, A
2 lkr cgus fdls dgk tkrk gS \
3 jktuhfrd ny f'ko lsuk LFkkiuk fdlk jkT; esa gqbZ \
4 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 370 esa D;k ko/kku gS \
5 rsyqxwns'ke fdl jkT; dk eq[k {ks=h; ny gS \
6 Mh- ,e- ds D M K dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A
7 vktknh ds le; tEew & d'ehj ds 'kkld dkSu Fks \
8 vklw dk 'kCn foLrkj dhft, A
9 vkuUniqj lkfgc Lrko fdl jkT; ls lEcfU/kr gS \
10 fjDr LFkku Hkfj;s %&
d'ehj eqn~nk Hkkjr vkSj ------- ds chp fookn dk ,d cM+k dkj.k jgk gS A
11 fuEu dFku dks 'kq) djds iqu % fyf[k, % gjapn flag yksaxksaoky f'ko lsuk ds
usrk jgs gSa A

2 vdksa okys 'u

1 {ks=okn ds mn; ds dksbZ nks dkj.k fyf[k, A
2 lkr cguw jkT;ksa ds uke fyf[k, A
3 tEew & d'ehj ds rhu {ks=ksa ds uke fyf[k, A
4 vkWijs'ku Cyw LVkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
5 1980 esa vdkyh ny dh dksbZ nks ekxs D;k Fkh \
6 fdUgh pkj {ks=h; nyksa ds uke fyf[k, A
7 vklw ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A
8 Hkkjr esa pys fdUgh nks {ks=h; vkanksyuksa dk mYys[k dhft, A
9 {ks=h; vkanksyuksa ds nks lcd fyf[k, A

Pkkj vadksa okys 'u

1 {ks=okn ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh dhft, A
2 {ks=okn ds dkj.kksa ij dk'k Mkfy;s A
3 vyxko okn vkSj {ks=okn esa varj Li"V dhft, A
4 vkuUniqj lkfgc Lrko ds ckjs esa D;k fookn Fks \

jktuhfrd foKku 78
5 iatkc le>kSrs dh eq[; ckrs D;k Fkh \
6 us'kuy dkasl ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A
7 vle vkanksyu fdl dkj lkaLfrd vfHkeku vkSj vkfFkZd fiNMs+iu dk
ifj.kke Fkk \
8 d'ehj elys ij fofHkUu i{k D;k gS \
9 {ks=h; vlarqyu dh leL;k ds fy, lek/kku lq>kb, A
10 iwoksZrj {ks= dh leL;k, D;k gSa \
11 nzfoM+ vkanksyu D;k Fkk \
12 Lrqr vorj.k ds vk/kkj ij fuEu 'uksa ds mkj nhft, %&
gtkfjdk dk ,d xhr ---- ,drk dh fot; ij gS] iwoksZkj ds lkr jkT;ksa dks
bl xhr esa ,d gh ek dh lkr csfV;k dgk x;k gS ---------- es?kky; vius jkLrs
xbZ -------- v:.kkpy Hkh vyx gqbZ vkSj fetksje vle ds }kj ij nwYgs dh rjg
nwljh csVh ls C;kg jpkus dks [kM+k gS ------- bl xhr dk var vleh yksxksa dh
,drk dks cuk, j[kus ds ladYi ds lkFk gksrk gS vkSj blesa ledkyh vle esa
ekStwn NksVh & NksVh dkSeksa dks Hkh vius lkFk ,dtqV j[kus dh ckr dgh xbZ
gS ------- djch vkSj feftax HkkbZ cgu gekjs gh f;tu gSa A

'u %&
d ys[kd ;gk fdl ,drk dh ckr dg jgk gS \
[k iqjkus jkT; vle ls vyx djds iwoksZkj ds vU; jkT; D;ksa cuk, x, \
x D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd Hkkjr ds lHkh {ks=ksa ds ij ,drk dh ;gh ckr ykxw
gks ldrh gS \D;ksa \

6 vdksa okys 'u %&

1 Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls mBus okyh {ks=h; ekxksa ls fofo/krk esa ,drk ds
fl)kar dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS A bl dFku ij fVIi.kh dhft, A
2 gj {ks=h; vkanksyu vyxkooknh ekx dh rjQ vxzlj ugha gksrk A mnkgj.k
nsdj bl rF; dh O;k[;k dhft, A
3 {ks=h; valrqyu ds dkj.kksa ,oa lek/kkuksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft, A
4 orZeku Hkkjr ds le{k ekStwn vulqy>h rhu {ks=h; elyksa dk mYys[k dhft,
tks ns'k dh ,drk ds fy, pqukSfr cus gq, gSa A
5 fn, x, iwokZrj Hkkjr ds js[kk & ekufp= dk v/;;u dhft, ftlesa N% jkT;ksa
dks A , B , C , D , E vkSj I ds lkFk viuh mkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k, a

79 jktuhfrd foKku
 iwoksZkj Hkkjr

phu ] HkwVku ] ckaXykns'k ] if'pe caxky ] caxky dh [kkM+h ] Ek;kekj

1 os nks jkT; tks Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds le; vle jkT; dk Hkkx ugha Fks A
2 bl jkT; ds usrk us 1986 esa jktho xka/kh ds lkFk ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj
fd, A
3 bl jkT; us 1951 esa vius vki dks Hkkjr ls vyx ,d Lora= jkT; ?kksf"kr
dj fn;k Fkk A
4 1972 esa vle jkT; ls dkV dj cuk;k x;k jkT; A
5 Hkkjr esa foy; ds dkj.k ;g jkT; Hkkjr dk 22 ok jkT; cuk A

jktuhfrd foKku 80
1 vad okys 'uksa ds mkj
1 {ks=okn dk vFkZ gS vius {ks= fo'ks"k ds fgrksa dks loksZifj le>uk rFkk vU;
{ks=ksa ds fgrksa dh vusns[kh djuk A
2 iwokZrj Hkkjr ds lkr jkT;ksa dks A
3 egkjk"V A
4 tEew & d'ehj dks fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;k gS A
5 vka/kz ns'k esa A
6 nzfoM+ eqUuss= dM+xe A
7 egkjkt gfj flag A
8 vky vle LVwMsaV~l ;wfu;u A
9 iatkc ls A
10 d'ehj A
11 gjpan flag ykSaxksoky vdkyh ny ds usrk jgs gS A

2 vad okys 'uksa ds mkj

1 & Hkk"kkokn
& tkfrokn
& {ks=h; vlarqyu bR;kfn A
2 vle] es?kky;] f=iqjk] fetksje] ef.kiqj] ukxkySam vkSj v:.kkpy ns'k A
3 tEew d'ehj vkSj yk[k A
4 twu 1984 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Lo.kZ eafnj esa vkardokfn;ksa ds f[kykQ pyk;k
x;k vkijs'ku Fkk A
5 & Hkk[kM+k & ukaxy ifj;kstuk iatkc ds fu;a=.k esa gks A
& paMhx< iatkc dks fn;k tk, A
6 f'ko lsuk] vdkyh ny] rsyxq ns'ke] us'kuy dkasal vkfn A
7 vkWy vle LVwMsaVl ;wfu;u vklw vle dk ,d Nk= laxBu Fkk tks voS/k
vkoklh] caxkyh vkSj vU; ckgjh yksxksa ds ncncs ds f[kykQ Fkk A
8 & iatkc vkanksyu A
& vle vkanksyu A
9 & {ks=h; vkdka{kk,a yksdra= dk gh fgLlk gSa A
& {ks=h; leL;kvksa dk lek/kku okrkZ }kjk yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls djuk pkfg,A

81 jktuhfrd foKku
 v/;k;&9
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa u, cnyko

Lej.kh; fcanq %&

1989 ds ckn u, cnyko %&
1989 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dh gkj gqbZ rFk xBca/ku ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ A
bl izdkj dkaxzsl iz.kky dk lekiu gks x;k A blds ckn jkf"V; jktuhfr esa eaMy
eqs ds }kjk vU; fiNM+k oxZ dk mHkkj vk;k A 1991 esa Hkqxrku ladV ds pyrs ns'k
dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa cnyko fd;k x;k vkSj mnkfjdj.k dh uhfr viuk;h x;h tks
vkxs pydj sHkh jktuhfrd nyksa dh loZlEefr ikus esa lQy jgh A v;k/;k ds
ckcVh efLtn eqs us ns'k dh jktuhfr dks lkEiznkf;d Hkaoj esa my>k fn;k A

xBca/ku dk nkSj %&

1989 rd dsUnzh; jktuhfr esa dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo Fkk ysfdu 1989 ds ckn fdlh Hkh
,d jktuSfrd ny ds fy, vdsys ljdkj cukus yk;d fLFkfr ugha vk;h A blh ds
lkFk 'kq# gqvk feyh & tqyh ljdkjksa dk nkSj vFkkZr xBca/kuksa dk nkSj tksa fujarj
vkt rd tkjh gS A nksuksa cM+h ikfVZ;ksa & dkaxzsl vkSj Hkktik us us vius & vius
lg;ksxh nyksa ds lkFk xBca/ku cuk, gq, gSa A

Uk, eqs %&

20 'krkCnh ds vafre n'kd esa Hkjrh; jkthufr dks >d>ksjus ds fy, eqs lkeus
vk,A lcls igys eaMy eqs us ns'k esa fiNM+s oxZ dks ykecn fd;k blds ckn nfyr
vkSj fiNM+ksa dh lPph gennZ gksus dk ukjk nsdj cl;k ns'k dh jkf"V; jktuhfr esa
vvkus esa lQy jgh A ckcjh efLtn fookn ds ckn fganqRo dh ygj ij lokj ikVhZ
cuus esa lQy jgh A ysfdu vU; nyksa us /keZfujis{krk dh nqgkbZ nsrs gq, mls ljdkj
cukus dk volj nsus ls badkj dj fn;k A vkxs pydj Hkktik us vius fy, fe=
ny <w<s vkSj xBca/ku cukdj pquko yM+k vkSj ljdkj vius fe= nyksa ds lkFk
feydj pquko yM+h vkSj 2004 vkSj 2009 esa vius xBca/ku dh ljdkj cukus esa
lQy jgh A

Uk;h lgefr dk mn; %&

bl cnyko ds nkSj esa cgqr lh ckrsa ,slh gS ftu ij dekscs'k lHkh jktuhfrd nyksa
dh lgefr gS A lgefr ds bu eqksa esa ls dqN gS %& u;h vkfFkd uhfr] nfyr vkSj
fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds lkekftd jktuSfrd nkos dh Lohr ] izkarh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk
rFkk fopkj/kkjk dh txg dk;Zflf) ij cy vkfn A

jktuhfrd foKku 82
,d vad okys iz'u
1 dsUnz esa xBcU/ku ljdkjksa dk vkSj dc 'kq# gqvk \
2 e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks dc ykxw fd;k x;k \
3 vU; fiNM+k oxZ fdls dgrs gS \
4 Hkkjr esa u;h vkfFkZd uhfr dc ykxw dh xbZ \
5 lizax (U.P.A.) dk 'kCn foLrkj D;k gS \
6 jktx (N.D.A) dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A
7 eaMy eqk D;k Fkk \
8 jktho xk/kh dh e`R;q dc gqbZ A blds ckn Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h dkSu cus A
9 cgqtu lekt ikVhZ ds lLFkkid dkSu Fks \
10 1989 dh xBca/ku ljdkj dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k Fkk \

nks vad okys iz'u

1 Hkkjr esa 1989 ds pqukoksa ds ckn D;k cnyko vk, \
2 eaMy vk;ksx dh fdUgh nks flQkfj'kksa dk mYys[k dhft, A
3 xBca/ku ls vki D;k le>rs gS \
4 fuEufyf[kr esa esy djsa %
d lokZuqHkfr dh jktuhfr 1 'kkgckuks ekeyk
[k tkfr vk/kkfjr ny 2 vU; fiNM+k oXkZ dk mHkkj
x ilZuy yk vkSj ySafxd U;k; 3 xBca/ku ljdkj
?k {ks=h; ikfVZ;ksa dh c<+rh rkdr 4 vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ij lgefr
5 xBca/ku dh dksbZ nks fo'ks"krk, fyf[k, A
6 Hkkjr esa gq, lkEiznkf;d naxksa ds nks mnkgj.k fyf[k, A
7 1996 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa lcls cM+h ikfVZ gksus ds ckotwn dks n'kkZ;k x;k
gS\
oh- ih- flag ds usr`Ro okyh jkf"V; ekspkZ ljdkj dh oke ekspkZ ;gk izrhd #i esa
T;ksfr clq vkSj Hkktik ;gk izrhd #i esa ,y- ds- vkMok.kh us leFkZu fn;k Fkk A
os nksuksa dg jgs fd ge ljdkj dks ckgj ls leFkZu nsaxs A

4 vad okys iz'u

1 eaMy vk;ksx vkSj mldh flQkfj'kksa ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A
2 dkaxzsl ds izHkqRo dk nkSj lekIr gks x;k gS A blds ckotwn ns'k dh jktuhfr
ij dkaxzsl dk vlj yxkrkj dk;e gS A D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gS\
vius mkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft, A
83 jktuhfrd foKku
3 'kkgckukssa ekeys ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A
4 Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds mn; ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A
5 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vU; fiNM+k oxZ ds c<+rs izHkko dh ppkZ dhft, A
6 clik ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A
7 xBca/ku ljdkjksa ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa rdZ nhft, A

6 vad okys iz'u

1 20 oha 'kkrkCnh ds vafre n'kd esa Hkjrh; jktuhfr dh fo'ks"kk, fyf[k, A
2 xBc/ku jktuhfr dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, Hkkjr esa gksus okys xBcU/kuksa dh
izfr ds ckjs esa fooj.k nhft, A
3 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa fofHkUu nyksa ds chp O;kid lgefr okys elyksa dh pplZ
dhft, A
4 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa nyksa ds c<+rs egRo dh ppkZ dhft, A
5 1989 ds Ik'pkr~ ls dkaxzsl vkSj Hkktik dh pqukoh lQyrk dh eq[; izo`fr;k
D;k jgh \

1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mkj

1 lu~ 1989 esa A
2 lu~ 1990 esa A
3 vuqlwfpr tkfr (SC) vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ls vyx oxZ tks lkekftd vkSj
'kS{kf.kd #i ls fiNM+s oxZ dks vU; fiNM+k oxZ (OBC) dgk x;k gS A
4 lu~ 1991 esa A
5 la;qDr izxfr'khy xBca/ku (United Progressive Allience)
6 jkf"V; yksdrkaf=d xBca/ku (National democratic Allience)
7 eaMy vk;ksx dh flQkfj'k dks ykxw djus ds ckn blds fojkf/k;ksa vkSj leFkZdksa
ds chp pyk fookn A
8 lu~ 1991 esa A blds ckn ns'k dk iz/kkuea=h ujflEgkjko dks cuk;k x;k A
9 dka'khjke A
10 oh- ih- flag us A
2 vad okys iz'uksa ds mkj
1 & dsanz esa ,d ny ds opZLo dk var
& xBca/ku ;qx dk vkjaEHk gqvk
2 & vU; iNM+k oxZ dks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa esa 27 izfr'kr
vkj{k.k

jktuhfrd foKku 84
 & vU; fiNM+k oxZ dh fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds fy, Hkwfe lq/kkj
3 & xBca/ku dk vFkZ gksrk gS nks ;k vf/kd jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk feydj pquko
yM+uk rFkk ljdkj cukuk A
4 d & IV
[k & II
Xk & I
?k & III
5 & nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jktuSfrd nyksa dh Hkkxhnkjh
& U;wure lka>k dk;Ze (minimum common progressive)
6 & 1984 esa gq, flD[k fojks/kh naxsa
& 2002 esa gq, xqtjkr naxs
7 & ml le; vf/kdka'k ikfVZ;k Hkktik dh uhfr;ksa ds fo#) Fkh A blfy,
Hkktik yksdlHkk esa cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr ugha dj ldh vkSj ljdkj cukus esa
foQy jgh A

85 jktuhfrd foKku
 lSEiy iz'u i= & 1
jktuhfr foKku
d{kk 12

le; 3 ?kaVs vad&100

lkekU; funsZ'k %&
1 iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 & vad & izR;sd dk ^,d^
vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 20 'kCn A
2 iz'u la[;k AA ls 20 & vad & izR;sd ds ^nks^ A
vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 40 'kCn
3 iz'u la[;k & 21 ls 30 & vad & izR;sd ds ^pkj^ A
vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 100 'kCn A
4 iz'u la[;k & 31 ls 35 & vad & izR;sd ds ^N%^ A
vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 150 'kCn A

iz'u 1 isUVkxu D;k gS

iz'u 2 1970 ds pqukoksa esa fdl ikVhZ dks iwohZ ikfdLrku dh lhVksa ij fot; feyh

iz'u 3 orZeku esa la;qDr jk"V ds lnL;ksa dh fdruh la[;k gS 1

iz'u 4 lqj{kk dh ikjEifjd /kkj.kk esa lcls [krjukd fdls ekuk tkrk gS 1

iz'u 5 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk xBu dc gqvk \

bldh fopkj/kkjk dk eq[; fcUnq D;k gS 1

iz'u 6 feYd eSu vkWQ bf.M;k ds uke ls izfl) O;fDr dk uke fy[ksa 1

iz'u 7 dkSu ls ladsr ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; yksdrU= esa ifjiDork gS 1

iz'u 8 rk'kdUn le>kSrk fdu nks ns'kksa ds chp gqvk 1

iz'u 9 Hkkjr dk igyk i;kZoj.kh; vkUnksyu dkSu lk Fkk

rFkk ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk fdl jkT; esa cukbZ xbZ 1

jktuhfrd foKku 86
iz'u 10 tEew & d'ehj dks fdrus jktuhfrd o lkekftd Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k gS 1

iz'u 11 'khr;q) ds nkSjku xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu us fdl izdkj pqukSrh nhA 2

iz'u 12 lksfo;r O;oLFkk ds 1970 ds n'kd ds vafre o"kksZ esa

yM+[kM+kus ds dkj.k fy[ksa A 2

iz'u 13 vkids fopkj ls phu ds vykok dkSu lk ns'k vkfFkZd #i ls 'kfDr dk

oSdfYid dsUnz gks ldrk gSA 2

iz'u 14 lSU; Vdjko vkSj izfr}f}r okys ns'kksa esa fo'okl cgkyh ds
nks mik; fy[ksaA 2

iz'u 15 uhps fy[kh ifaDr;ksa dks i<+ dj mkj nsa &%

lg;ksx ewyd lqj{kk esa Hkh vafre mik; ds #i esa cy & iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
varjk"Vh; fcjknjh mu ljdkjksa ls fucVus ds fy;s cy iz;ksx dh vuqefr ns ldrh
gSa tks viuh gh turk dks ekj jgh gks vFkok xjhch ] egkekjh vkSj izy;adkjh
?kVukvks dh ekj >sy jgh turk ds nq[k & nnZ dh mis{kk dj jgh gks A

1 D;k xjhch ] egkekjh dks cy & iwoZd dkcw esa fd;k tk ldrk gS A
2 ,sls cy iz;ksx ds fdl lko/kkuh dh t#jr gS\ 2

iz'u 16 m|ksxkasa dks lkoZtfud {ks=kssa esa ykus ds D;k nq"ifj.kke fudysA 2

iz'u 17 [kk| ladV ds D;k ifj.kke gq,\ 2

iz'u 18 orZeku ds ctk; ipkl ds n'kd esa nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dh igpku dgha T;knk
Fkh A blds i{k esa rdZ nsa 2
ge yksx vkt dh cfuLcr rc T;knk xjhc ] detksj vkSj u, Fks rks 'kk;n
nqfu;k esa gekjh igpku dgha T;knk Fkh A gS uk fofp= ckr \

iz'u 19 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u us ljdkj ds i{k dkSu lh ekaxsa j[kha 2

iz'u 20 nfyr iSaFklZ dh eq[; xfrfof/k;k D;k jgha 2

87 jktuhfrd foKku
iz'u 21 D;k 'kkWd Fksjsih lkE;okn ls iwthokn dh rjQ lae.k dk lcls csgrj
rjhdk Fkh\ 4

iz'u 22 vesjhdk o Hkkjr ds lEcU/kksa dk o.kZu djsa 4

iz'u 23 vkfl;ku ds izfr Hkkjr ds utfj;s dk o.kZu djs\ 4

iz'u 24 n{ksl dh LFkkiuk ds dksbZ pkj ms'; fy[ksa 4

iz'u 25 la;qDr jk"V esa lq/kkj dk vFkZ gS ] lqj{kk ifj"kn ds <+kpsa esa cnyko A bl
dFku dk lR;kiu djsa A 4

iz'u 26 oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k fdu & fdu vk/kkjksa ij fd;k tkrk gS\ 4

iz'u 27 LorU= Hkkjr esa ykdrU= dks viukus esa dkSu lh pqukSrh Fkh A Hkkjr us bu
pqukSfr;ksa dk lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk dSls fd;kA 4

iz'u 28 bfUnjk xk/kh us dkaxzsl dks iqu% LFkkfir djus ds fy;s D;k j.kuhfr;k
viukbZ Fkh \ 4

iz'u 29 vktknh ds le; ls tEeq & d'ehj dh jktuhfr lnSo fooknxzLr ,oa
la?k"kZ;qDr jgh gS A D;ksa\ 4

iz'u 30 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh dks fpfUgr djrs gq, iwoksZRrj dh
lkr & cguksa ds uke Hkjsa 4

iz'u 31 'khr ;q) ds ruko dks de vFkok esa Hkkjr us D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ
vFkok
Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij fd, x, iz;klksa dk o.kZu djsaA 6

iz'u 32 1960 ds n'kd dh dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds lanHkZ esa ^flafMdsV^ ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
flafMdsV us dkaxzsl ikVhZ esa D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ

vFkok
os ljdkjs ftUgsa yksdra= fojk/kh ekuk tkrk gS ] ernkrk mUgsa Hkkjh n.M nsrs

jktuhfrd foKku 88
 gS A 1975 & 77 dh vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh O;k[;k
djsA 6

iz'u 33 1970 ds n'kd dh uo vUrjkZ"Vh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdyu djsA

vFkok
uhps fy[ks x|ka'k ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds mRRkj ns A
^^yksx viuk ?kj & ckj NkM+us ds fy;s etcwj gq, A nkuksa rjQ ds
vYila[;k vius ?kjksa ls Hkkx [kMs gq, vkSj vLFkkbZ rkSj ij mUgs 'kj.kkFkhZ
f'kfojksa esa iukg ysuh iM+h A dy rd tks yksxksa dk viuk oru gqvk djrk
Fkk] ogha dh iqfyl vFkok LFkkuh; iz'kklu vc bu yksxksa ls #[kkbZ dk
cjrko dj jgk Fkk yksxksa dks lhek ds nwljh rjQ tkuk iM+k vkSj ,slk mUgsa
gj gky esas djuk Fkk A vdlj yksxksa us iSny pydj ;g nwjh r; dh A
lhek de nksuksa vksj gtkjksa dh rknkn esa vkSjrksa dks vxok dj fy;k x;k A
mUgsa tcju 'kknh dj vxok djus okys dk /keZ viukuk iM+k A bTtr
cpkus ds uke ij ?kj dh cgw & csfV;ksa dksa ekj Mkyk x;k A cPps vius
ek& cki ls fcNM+ x;s A
I) yksxksa dks viuk ?kj D;ksa NksM+uk iM+k \
II) foHkktu ds le; fL=;ksa dh D;k nqnZ'kk gqbZ \
IV) vRila[;dksa dk D;k vFkZ gS \
V) lhek ikj yksxksa dh D;k ijs'kkfu;k Fkh\ 6

iz'u 34 'kkg tkap vk;ksx dk xBu D;ksa fd;k x;k \vk;ksx us fjiksZV esa D;k fu"d"kZ
fn,
vFkok
vikafjifjd lqj{kk esa 'kkfey [krjs ds u;s lzksrksa dh O;k[;k djsa 6

iz'u 35 mu ckrksa dk mYys[k djsa ftu ij vf/kdka'k jktuhfrd nykds dh lgefr

gS A
vFkok
vkt ds fo'o esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds opZLo ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh izeq[k
ck/kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa 6

89 jktuhfrd foKku
 BOARD PAPER - 2013
Series : SKS/1 dksM ua-
Code No. 59/1/1
jksy ua- ijh{kkFkhZ dksM dks mkj&iqfLrdk ds eq[k&i`"B
Roll No. ij vo'; fy[ksaA
Candidates must write the Code on the title page
of the answer book.

d`i;k tkp dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i= esa eqfr i`"B 8 gSa

iz'u&i= esa nkfgus gkFk dh vksj fn, x, dksM uEcj dks Nk= iqfLrdk ds eq[k&i`"B fy[ksaA
d`i;k tkp dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i= esa 35 iz'u gSaA
d`i;k iz'u dk mkj fy[kuk 'kq: djus ls igys] iz'u dk ekad vo'; fy[ksaA
bl iz'u&i= dks i<+us ds fy, 15 feuV dk le; fn;k x;k gSA iz'u&i= dk forj.k
iwokZg~u esa 10-15 cts fd;k tk;sxkA 10-15 cts ls 10-30 cts rd Nk= dsoy iz'u&i= dks
i<sa+xs vkSj bl vof/k ds nkSjku o mkj&iqfLrdk dk dksbZ mkj ugha fy[ksxsA
Please check that this question paper contains 8 printed pages.
Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written
on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
Please check that this question paper contains 35 questions.
Please write down the Serial Number of the question before attempting it.
15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper
will be distributed at 10.515 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the students
will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer-
book during this period.

jktuhfr foKku
POLITICAL SCIENCE

Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100

le; 3 ?kaVs vad&100
lkekU; funsZ'k %&
1 lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA
2 iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 & vad & izR;sd dk ^,d^
vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 20 'kCn A
3 iz'u la[;k 11 ls 20 & vad & izR;sd ds ^nks^ A
vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 40 'kCn
4 iz'u la[;k & 21 ls 30 & vad & izR;sd ds ^pkj^ A
vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 100 'kCn A
jktuhfrd foKku 90
5 iz'u la[;k & 31 ls 35 & vad & izR;sd ds ^N%^ A
vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 150 'kCn A
6 iz'u la[;k 30 ekufp= ij vk/kkfjr gSA bldk mkj viuh mkj&iqfLrdk esa
fy[ksaA
General Instructions:
i. All questions are compulsory.
ii. Question numbers 1-10 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should
not exceed 20 words each.
iii. Question numbers 11-20 are of 2 mark each. The answers to these questions
should not exceed 40 words each.
iv. Question numbers 21-30 are of 4 mark each. The answers to these questions
should not exceed 100 words each.
v. Question numbers 31-35 are of 6 mark each. The answers to these questions
should not exceed 150 words each.
vi. Question number 30 is baed on Map. Write the answer in your answer book.

iz'u 1 la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds lanHkZ esa ^9@11* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
What is meant by '9/11' in the context of U.S.A.?

iz'u 2 fuEufyf[kr dFku dks lgh djds iqu% fyf[k,%

vkfl;ku (ASEAN) ls vfHkizk; gS ^nf{k.k iwoZ vhdk jk"Vksa dk laxBuA
Correct the following statement and rewrite:
ASEAN stands for 'Association of South East African Nation'.

iz'u 3 la;qDr jk"V dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds fdrus LFkkbZ rFkk fdrus vLFkkbZ lnL;
gksrs gSa\
How many Permanent Members and how many Non-permanent Members does
the U.N. Security Council have?

iz'u 4 ^lqj{kk* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

What is mean by 'Security'?

iz'u 5 eqfLye yhx }kjk fn;k x;k ^f}&jk"V fl)kar D;k gS\
What is the 'Two Nation Theory' advanced by the Muslim League?

iz'u 6 dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid v/;{k dk uke fyf[k,A 1948 ds

i'pkr bl ikVhZ dks D;k uke fn;k x;k\
Name the founder Present of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was
given to this Party after 1948?

91 jktuhfrd foKku
iz'u 7 Hkkjr esa dkSu ls vke pquko ds ckn] dsa esa igyh ckj dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo
lekIr gqvk\
After which general Election in India did Congress Party lose its dominance for
the first time at the Centre?

iz'u 8 Ykky cgknqj 'kkL=h ds fu/ku ds i'pkr] dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds fdu nks usrkvksa ds
chp] dkaxzsl lalnh; ny dk usrk cuus ds fy, pquko gqvk Fkk\
After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri, which two leaders of the Congress
Party contested against one another to become leader of the Congress
Parliamentary Party?

iz'u 9 ml tu vkanksyu dk uke fyf[k, ftlesa ekx dh xbZ Fkh fd ouksa dh

dVkbZ dk dksbZ Hkh Bsdk fdlh ckgjh O;fDr dks ugh fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
Name the popular movement which demanded that no forest exploiting contract
should be given to any outsider.

iz'u 10 Hkkjr esa fdl o"kZ ls] dsa esa xBca/ku dh ljdkjksa dk ;qx izkjEHk gqvk\
From which year did the era of Coalition Governments at the Centre begin in
India?

iz'u 11 'khr 'kq) ds fy, mkjnk;h nk egk'kfDr;ksa des uke fyf[k,A fo'o ,dy
/kqzoh; dc cuk\
Name the two superpowers responsible for Cold War. When did the world
become unipolar?

iz'u 12 ^'kkWd Fksjsih* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

What is meant by 'Shock Therapy'?

iz'u 13 vkfl;ku (ASEAN) {ks=h; eap dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\ bldk eq[; ms';
D;k Fkk\
When was the ASEAN Regional Forum established? What was its main
objective?

iz'u 14 ^lqj{kk* dh ijaijkxr vo/kkj.k dks Li"V dhft,A

Explain the traditional concept of 'Security'?

iz'u 15 la;qDr jk"V tSls varjkZ"Vh; laxBuksa dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS\
Why are International Organizations like the U.N. required?

jktuhfrd foKku 92
iz'u 16 fdu pkj nslh fj;klrksa us 'kq:&'kq: esa Hkkjrh; la?k esa 'kkfey gksus dk
fojks/k fd;k Fkk\
Which four Princely States of Indian initially resisted to join the Indian Union?

iz'u 17 fodkl ds nks ekWMy dkSu ls gSa\ Hkkjr us dkSu ls ekWMy dks viuk;k\
Which are the two models of development? Which model of development was
adopted by India?

iz'u 18 Hkkjr dh xqV fujis{krk dh uhfr D;k gS\

What is India's Policy of Non-alignment?

iz'u 19 ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk tSlh fodkl ifj;kstukvksa ls lEc) fpark ds

fdUgha nks eqksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
Mention any two issues of concern related to development projects such as
Sardar Sarovar Project.

iz'u 20 eaMy deh'ku dh fdUgha nks flQ+kfj'kksa dk mtkxj dhft,A

Highlight any two recommendations of the Mandal Commission.

iz'u 21 lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dksbZ nks dkj.k Li"V dhft,A

Explain any two reasons for the disintegration of the U.S.S.R.

iz'u 22 varjkZ"Vh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk ds izksRlkgu gsrq] Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa fn, x,]
fdUgha pkj jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd fl)karksa dks lwphc) dhft,A
List any four 'Directive Principles of State Policy'. Given in the Constitution of
India for the Promotion of International peace and security.

iz'u 23 vejhdh opZLo ds jkLrs esa vkus okys fdUgha nks vojks/kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
Describe any two constraints on American Hegemony.

iz'u 24 Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp fookn ds fdUgha nks izeq[k eqksa dk o.kZu
dhft, ftuds dkj.k 1971 dk ;q) gqvkA
Describe any two major issues of conflict between India and Pakistan Leading
to the War of 1971.

iz'u 25 lqj{kk dks [krjs ds fdUgha pkj u;s lzksrksa dh igpku rFkk O;k[;k dhft,A
Identify and explain any four new sources of threat to security.

93 jktuhfrd foKku
iz'u 26 oS'ohdj.k ds fdUgha pkj ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
Explain any four consequences of globalization.

iz'u 27 igys rhu vke pqukoksa esa] dkaxzsl ds izHkqRo ds fdUgha pkj dkj.kksa dks Li"V
dhft,A
Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first
three General Elections.

iz'u 28 ^nfyr isaFklZ* uked laxBu dk xBu dgk vkSj dc gqvk\ bldh fdUgha
rhu xfrfof/k;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
Where and when was the organization 'Dalit Panthers' formed? Describe any
three of its activities.

iz'u 29 ^vkikrdky* vkSj blds bnZ&fxnZ ds le; dks laoS/kkfud ladV dk dky
D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
Why is the 'Emergency' and the period around it known as the period of
Constitutional crisis? Explain.

iz'u 30 fn, x, ;wjksi ds jktuhfrd js[kk ekufp= esa ;wjksih; la?k ds pkj lnL;
ns'kksa dks A, B, C rFkk D }kjk fpfg~ur fd;k x;k gSA uhps nh xbZ tkudkjh
ds vk/kkj ij budh igpku dhft, vkSj viuh mkj iqfLrdk esa buds lgh
uke] lacaf/kr e la[;k ,oa v{kj lfgr fyf[k,%
1- iqrZxky vkSj kal ds chp fLFkr ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d iqjkuk lnL; ns'kA
2- csfYt;e vkSj uhnjySaM ds fudV fLFkr ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d iqjkuk
lnL; ns'kA
3- ;wjksih; la?k ds nks u;s lnL; ns'kA
In the given Political Outline Map of Europe, four member countries of the
European Union have been marked A, B, C and D. Identify them with the help
of information given below and write their correct names in your answer-book
along with their respective serial number and the alphabet concerned:
i. An older member of the European Union Located between Portugal and
France.
ii. An older member of the European Union located near Belgium and
Netherlands.
iii. Two new members of the European Union.

EUROPEAN UNION MAP

jktuhfrd foKku 94
 uksV % fuEufyf[kr iz'u dsoy n`f"Vghu ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, iz'u ekad 30
ds LFkku ij gS%
30-1 ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ esa gqbZ Fkh\
30-2 ;wjksih; la?k dh lk>h eqk dk uke fyf[k,A
30-3 lwjksih; la?k ds fdUgha nks iqjkus lnL; ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k,A
30-4 ;wjksih; la?k ds fdUgha nks u;s lnL; ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k,A
Note: The following question are for Blind Candidates only, in lieu of
Questions number 30.
30.1 In which year was the European Union established?
30.2 Name the common currency of the European Union.
30.3 Write the names of any two older member countries of the European
Union.
30.4 Name any two new member countries of the European Union.

iz'u 31 fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks /;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlds uhps fy[ksa iz'uksa ds
mkj nhft,%
{ks=h; vdka{kkvksa dks nckus dh txg] muds lkFk yksdrkaf=d ckrphr dk
rjhdk viukuk lcls vPNk gksrk gSA t+jk vLlh ds n'kd dh vksj ut+j
nkSM+k, & iatck esa mxzokn dk t+ksj Fkk iwoksZkj esa leL;k, cuh gqbZ FkhA

95 jktuhfrd foKku
 vle ds Nk= vkanksyu dj jgs Fks vkSj d'ehj ?kkVh esa ekgkSy FkkA bu
elyksa dks ljdkj us dkuwu O;oLFkk dh xM+cM+h dk lk/kkj.k ekeyk u
ekudj iwjh xaHkhjrk fn[kkbZA ckrphr ds t+fj;s ljdkj us {ks=h; vkanksyuksa
ds lkFk le>kSrk fd;kA
iz'u
1- {ks=h; vkdka{kk, ns'k dh ,drk ds fy, fdl izdkj [krjk gSa\
2- yksdrkaf=d ckrphr ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
3- vle esa py jgs vkanksyu dk usr`Ro dkSu dj jgs Fks\
4- {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dks larq"V djus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us D;k dne
mBk,\
vFkok
fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks /;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlds uhps fy[ks iz'uksa ds
mkj nhft,%
okLro esa] dka'khjke ds usr`Ro esa O;kogkfjd jktuhfr ij vk/kkfjr ,d
laxBu clik ch,lih dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl laBu dk fo'okl FKk fd
cgqtu vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ vkSj /kkfeZd
vYila[;d ns'k dh vkcknh esa lcls vf/kd Fks vkSj la[;k ds vk/kkj ij
,d et+cwr jktuhfr rkdr FksA
1- dka'khjke us dkSu lk laBu cuk;k\
2- clik ch,lih dk foLr`r :i D;k gS\
3- fdUgha nks vYila[;d lewgksa ds uke fyf[k,A
4- cgqtuksa dks ,d et+cwr jktuhfrd 'kfDr D;ksa le>k tkrk gS\
Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic
negotiations rather than through suppression. Look at the situation in the
eighties - militancy had erupted in Punjab; problems were persisting in the
North-East; students in Assam were agitating; Kashmir Valley was on the boil.
Instead of treating these as simple law and order problems, the Government of
India reached negotiated settlement with regional movements.
Questions
i) How are regional aspirations dangerous for the unity of the country?
ii) What is meant by democratic negotiations?
iii) Who was leading the agitation in Assam?
iv) What steps were taken by the Government of India to respond to the
regional aspirations?
OR
Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
In fact, the BSP under Kanshi Ram's leadership was envisaged as a

jktuhfrd foKku 96
 organization based on pragmatic politics. It derived confidence from the fact
that the Bahujans (SCs, STs, OBCs and religious minorities) constituted the
majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength
of their number.
Questions
i) Which organization was formed by Kanshi Ram?
ii) Give the full form of BSP.
iii) Name any two religious minorities.
iv) Why are the Bahujans considered a formidable political force?

iz'u 32 ^i;kZoj.k ds izfr jkT;ksa dh lk>h ijarq vyx&vyx ft+Eesokfj;k gSaA*

mi;qDr mnkgj.k nsrs gq,] bl dFku dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
'States have common but differentiated responsibilities towards environment.'
Analyse the statement giving suitable examples.
vFkok
i;kZoj.k lEca/kh eqksa ij Hkkjr ds i{k dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
Analyse India's stand on environmental issues.

iz'u 33 1947 esa] fczfV'k bafM;k ds foHkktu ds fdUgha rhu ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k
dhft,A
vFkok
Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu dh izf;k vkSj mlds vk/kkj dh O;k[;k
dhft,A
Explain any three consequences of partition of British India in 1947.
OR
Explain the process and basis of the reorganisation of States of India Union.

iz'u 34 D;k 1975 esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk djuk vfuok;Z Fkk\ fdUgha rhu mi;qDr
rdks }kjk vius mkj dk leFkZu dhft,A
vFkok
1975 esa yxk, x, vkikrdky ls lh[ks fdUgha rhu ikBksa dh O;k[;k
dhft,A
'Was the declaration of emergency in 1975 necessary?' Support your answer
with any three suitable arguments.
OR
Explain any three lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975.
iz'u 35 lksof;r iz.kkyh D;k Fkh\ lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh fdUgha pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk
vkdyu dhft,A
vFkok
97 jktuhfrd foKku
 'khr ;q) ds i'pkr] xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dh izklafxdrk dk ijh{k.k
dhft,A
What was the Soviet System? Assess any four features of the Soviet System.
OR
Examine the relevance of the Non-aligned Movement after the Cold War era.

jktuhfrd foKku 98
 ANSWER-KEY
jktuhfr foKku
POLITICAL SCIENCE

m1 11 flrEcj 2001 dks vigj.kdrkZvksa us foekuksa dks vejhdk dh egoiw.kZ

bekjrksa ^cYMZ VsM lsaVj* vkSj ^isaVkxu* ls Vdjk fn;kA ftls vesjhdh lanHkZ es
9@11 ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

m2 nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vksa dk laxBuA

m3 LFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 5 rFkk vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 ftls 1965 esa
11 ls c<+k dj 15 fd;k x;k FkkA

m4 lqj{kk dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gS ^[krjs ls vkt+knh*A 'kkfUr iw.kZ rjhdksa ls [krjksa ls

fuiVus dh rS;kjh gh lqj{kk gSA

m5 f}&jk"V ds fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z gS /kkfeZd cgqla[;k ds vk/kkj ij foHkktuA

m6 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid v/;{k dk uke vkpk;Z ujsU nso FkkA

m7 1977 esa NBh yksd lHkk pquko esa igyh ckj dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo lekIr gqvkA

m8 bafnjk xk/kh ,oa eksjkjth nslkbZ ds chpA

m9 fpidks vkUnksyuA

m10 1989 ds pqukoksa ds i'pkr xBca/ku ljdkjksa dk ;qx izkjEHk gqvkA

m11 1- vesfjdk iwthoknh egk'kfDr

2- lksfo;r la?k lkE;oknh egk'kfDr
1991 esa] lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds i'pkr fo'o ,dy /kqzoh; cukA

m12 ^'kkWd Fksjsih* vFkkZr vk?kkr igqpkdj mipkj djukA lkE;okn ls iwthokn dh
vksj cnyus dh izf;k Fkh ftls fo'o cSad o vUrjkZ"Vh; eqk dks"k }kjk
pyk;k@fn;k x;k FkkA

99 jktuhfrd foKku
m3 1967 esa ikp ns'kksa us cSadkWd ?kks".kk i= ij gLrk{kj dj vkfl;ku dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZA
vkfl;ku dk eq[; ms'; vkfFkZd fodkl dks rst+ djuk gSA

m14 lqj{kk dh ijEijkxr ?kkj.kk ds vUrZxr ckgjh lqj{kk o vkUrfjd lqj{kk ls tqM+s
elsy vkrs gSA
ckgjh lqj{kk%& lSU; [k+rjs dks fdlh ns'k ds fy;s lcls cM+k o T+;knk
[krjukd ekuk tkrk gSA lSU; geys dh /kedh nsdj laizHkqkk] Lora=rk o ml
ns'k ds dsUh; ewY;ksa dks uqdlku igqpk;k tkrk gSA
vkUrfjd lqj{kk %& bldk lEcU/k ns'k dh van:uh lqj{kk ls gksrk gSA

m15 la;qDr jk"V tSls laxBuksa dh vko';drk blfy, iM+rh gS D;ksafd%&

1- ,sls laBu lg;ks djus] 'kkafr dk;e djus] fooknksa dks lqy>kus dh mik;
o lwpukvksa dks tqVkus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA
2- fu;eksa o ukSdj'kkgh dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dj fo'okl cgkyhA

m16 tEew d'ehj] gSnjkckn] twukx<+ rFkk ef.kiqjA

m17 fodkl ds nks ekWMy mnkjoknh iwathoknh rFkk lektoknh Hkkjr us fefJr
vFkZO;oLFkk dks viuk;k ftlesa futh o lkoZtfud nksuksa ds xq.k gSA

m18 ;g egk'kfDr;ksa ds xqVksa esa 'kkfey u gksus dk vkUnksyu FkkA ysfdu ;g fLFkfr
i`Fkdrkokn vFkok rVLFkrk dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrhA Hkkjr us Hkh vius dks nksuksa
egk'kfDr;ksa ls vyx jg viuh fons'k uhfr dk;e dhA

m19 1- iquZOkl%& yxHkx 245 xko Mwc ds {ks= esa vk jgs Fks ftUgsa nksckjk ls
clkus dh fpark LFkkuh; dk;Zdkkvksa dks FkhA
2- jkstxkj%& blh ls jkstxkj dk eqk Hkh tqMk FkkA iquZokflr yksxksa dks
nksckjk ls O;olk; 'kq: djus o jkstxkj ryk'kus dh leL;k FkhA

m20 1- vU; fiNMs oxks dks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa 277 vkj{k.k dh flQkfj'k dhA
2- dsU o jkT; ljdkj }kjk pyk, tk jgs oSKkfud o rduhdh laLFkkuksa esa
vkschlh ds fy;s 27% vkj{k.k dh ckr dhA
m21 1- lksfo;r la?k esa ,d ny dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ncnck FkkA ljdkj turk
dh bPNk dks iw.kZ dj ikus esa vleFkZ FkhA x.kjkT;ksa ds lewg esa :l dk
vf/kd izHkqo FkkA
jktuhfrd foKku 100
 2- lksfo;r ukxfjdksa dk iwjk vkfFkZd] lkekftd o jktuhfrd thou iwjh
rjg jkT; ds fu;a=.k esa FkkA ukSdj'kkgh dk f'kdatk dlrk tk jgk FkkA

m22 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 51 esa vUrjkZ"Vh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks c<+kus gsrq
uhfr&fun'skd fl)kUrksa esa dgk x;k fd%&
1 vurjkZ"Vh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dh vfHko`f)A
2 jk"Vksa ds chp U;k;laxr o lEekuiwo.kZ laca/kksa dks cukukA
3 laxfBr yksxksa ds ,d&nwljs ls O;ogkjksa esa vUrjkZ"Vh; fof/k vkSj
laf/k&ck/;rkvksa ds izfr vknj c<+kukA
4 vUrjkZ"Vh; fooknksa dh e/;LFkrk }kjk fuiVkjs dks izksRlkguA

m23 1 laLFkkxr cukoV & ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh
O;oLFkk blds dk;Zdkjh vax dks vesfjdk dh lSfud 'kfDr ds vlhfer
iz;ksx ij jksd yxkrh gSA
2 vesfjdh lekt dh mUeqDr izd`fk&nwljk vijks/k buds lekt dh
mUeqDr izd`fk gS tks budh lSfud dk;Zokfg;ksa ij jksd yxkrh gSA

m24 1 Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds chp 1971 esa ckXykns'k dh Lora=rk dks ysdj ;q)
gqvk ftlds QyLo:i iwohZ ikfdLrku ckaXykns'k ds :i esa Lora= gks
x;kA
2 1948 ds ;q) ds QyLo:i d'ehj ds nks fgLls gks x,A ,d fgLlk
ikfdLrku vf/kd`r dgyk;k rFkk nwljk Hkkjr dkA nksuksa ds chp fu;a=.k
lhek js[kk dks ysdj Hkh 1971 esa ;q) gqvkA

m25 1 vkradokn & 11 flrEcj 2001 esa vesfjdk ij gq, geys us bls
fo'oO;kih cuk fn;k rhkh ls vesfjdk o vU; ns'kksa us bl ij /;ku nsuk
vkjEHk fd;kA
2 oSf'od xjhch & lHkh mUur lalk/kuksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh fo'o esa xjhcksa dh
la[;k esa c<+ksrjh gks jgh gSA mkj o nf{k.k ds ns'kksa ds chp fo"kerk c<+h
gSA
3 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh thou ck/kk;sa & 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk fofHkUu ns'kksa esa igqpuk
ogk ds yksxksa ds thou ij lh/kk vlj Mkyrk gSA
4 ,M~l vkSj cMZQyw & bu chekfj;ksa us loZ= vius iSj QSyk yksxksa ds
thou esa Hk; mRiUu fd;k gSA
m26 jktuSfrd izHkko & lwpuk o rduhd dh enn ds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; T+;knk
rkdroj gks x;sA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh /kkj.kk dh txg U;wure gLr{ksidkjh

101 jktuhfrd foKku

 jkT; us ys yhA
vkfFkZd izHkko & vkfFkZd izokg esa rsth vkbZ nqfu;k esa oLrqvksa ds O;kikj esa
btkQk vk;kr ij izfrca/k de gq,sA
lkaLd`frd izHkko & if'peh laLd`fr dk izHkko c<+ jgk gSA igukos o gekjs
[kku&iku esa ;s lkQ fn[krk gSA
lksp dk nk;jk & lHkh jk"V ds ukxfjdksa dh lksp dk nk;jk c<+k lHkh us
,d&nwljs ds fopkjksa dks ubZ rduhd ds tfj;s tkuus o crkus dh dksf'k'k
dhA bUVjusV dk iz;ksx bldk mnkgj.k gSA

m27 1- dfj'kekbZ usrk & bl ikVhZ esa usg: th Fks tks jktuhfr ds lcls
dfj'kekbZ vkSj yksdfiz; usrk FksA mUgksus Lo;a iwjs ns'k ds pquko vfHk;kuksa dh
vxqvkbZ dhA
2- lokZf/kd oksV ikus okys dh thr & ds fl)kUr dk ykHk dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks
feykA
3- jk"Vh; vkUnksyu ds okfjl ds :i esa mUgs pqukoksa esa ykHk feykA vkt+knh
ds vkUnksyu esa vxz.kh jgs usrk dkaxzsl esa FksA
4- laxBu o usVodZ & laxBu esa lHkh fopkj /kkjkvksa ds usrk Fks usVodZ
LFkkuh; Lrj rd FkkA

m28 nfyr iSaFklZ* uked laxBu dk xBu ^egkjk"V* esa ^1972* esa nfyr ;qokvksa }kjk
gqvkA
xfrfof/k;k
& fofHkUu bykdksa esa nfyrksa ij c<+ jgs vR;kpkj ls yM+uk] gks jgs
vR;kpkjksa dk yxkrkj fojks/kA
& ^nfyr iSaFklZ* dh izeq[k fopkj/kkjkRed uhfr Fkh tkfr izFkk dks lekIr
djukA
& Hkwfeghu xjhc fdlku] 'kgjh vkS|ksfxd et+nwj vkSj nfyr lfgr vkSj
oafprksa dks muds vf/kdkj fnykukA

m29 ^vkikrdky* vkSj blds bnZ&fxnZ ds le; dks laoS/kkfud ladV dk dky
blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ml le; lafo/kku ds fu;eksa dh vuns[kh dh xbZ
laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku fd;s x;sA nwljs 'kCnksa esa laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa esa viuh ethZ
ds vuqlkj Qsjcny fd;kA
39ok la'kks/ku ikfjr dj jk"Vifr] mijk"Vifr] iz/kkuea=h] yksdlHkk ds Lihdj
ds fuokZpu ls lEcfU/kr loksZPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;k Nhu yhaA
42 osa la'kks/ku us U;k;ikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa ij jksd yxk nhA

jktuhfrd foKku 102

 vuqPNsn 14] 21 o 22 ds rgr feyus okys lHkh vf/kdkj Nh fy;s x;sA

m30 1- LisuA
2- iw teZuhA
3- iksySaM] psdksLyksokfd;kA

us=ghu fo|kfFk;ksa ds fy,

30-1 ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk 1992 esa gqbZA
30-2 ;wjksA
30-3 kal] bXyS.MA
30-4 iksySaM] gaxjhA

103 jktuhfrd foKku

m31 1- {ks=h; vkdka{kk, ns'k esa vkUrfjd ruko iSnk djrh gSa jktuSfrd
vfLFkjrk dks c<+krh gS ftlls ns'k dh v[kaMrk o ,drk dks [krjk iSnk
gksrk gSA
2- yksdrkaf=d ckrphr ls vfHkizk; gS fd laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds nk;js esa
jg dj leL;k dk lek/kkuA jktuhfrd lqyg t:jhA
3- vle ds Nk=ksa }kjk ftUgsa ^vkWy vle LVwMsaVl ;wfu;u vklw AASU ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ;s xSj&jktuSfrd laxBu gSA
4- Hkkjr ljdkj us {ks= o Hkk"kkbZ lewgksa vFkkZr {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dh larqf"V
gsrq mUgsa viuh laLd`fr cuk, j[kus dk vf/kdkj fn;kA
vFkok
1- dka'khjke ds usr`Ro esa clik (BSP) dk xBu gqvkA
2- cgqtu lektoknh ikVhZA
3- vYila[;d lewg%& 1 2
4- vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ vkSj /kkfeZd
vYila[;d ns'k dh vkcknh esa lcls vf/kd Fks blh vk/kkj ij dgk x;k
fd ;s ,d etcwr jktuhfrd rkdr vFkkZr 'kfDr gSA

m32 ftEesnkjh lk>h ijUrq Hkwfedk;sa vyx&vyx ds lanHkZ esa%&

1- mkjh xksyk)Z ds fodflr jkT;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd %& i;kZoj.k j{kk
cldh ftEesnkjh blds fy;s fodkl dk;ks ij izfrcU/k yxkuk lcdk
leku drZO; gSA
2- nf{k.kh xksyk)Z ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds vuqlkj%& fodkl izf;k ds
nkSjku fodflr ns'kksa us i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr fd;k gS bldh {kfriwfrZ Hkh mUgsa
djuh pkfg,A fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodkl dk /;ku
j[kuk pkfg,A
3- vesfjdk o phu izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk nksgu djus okys lcls cM+s ns'k gS
rFkk vQxkfuLrku o ekyoh tSls ns'k bl lwph esa lcls uhps vkrs gSaA
xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu esa vesfjdk o phu yxHkx leku gSA blds
fy;s bu nksuksa ns'kksa dh ftEesnkjh vf/kd gks tkrh gSA
vFkok
Hkkjr us i;kZoj.k lEca/kh eqksa ij mlds lq/kkj gsrq vusdksa dne mBk,A
1- ^us'kuy vkWVks&;wy ikWfylh* ds varxZr okguksa ds fy, LpNrj b/ku
vfuok;Z dj fn;k gSaA
2- 2001 ds tkZ&laj{k.k vf/kfuf;e ikfjr gqvk ftlesa tkZ ds T+;knk
dkjxj bLrseky dh igydneh dh xbZA
3- 2002 esa D;ksVks izksVksdkWy ij gLrk{kj fd;sA

jktuhfrd foKku 104

 4- 2003 ds fctyh vf/kfu;e ds rgr iquuZok tkZ ds bLrseky dks c<+kok
fn;kA
5- jkT; iznw"k.k cksMZ dk xbuA
6- ck;ks Mht+y dh ;kstuk rFkk fo'o i;kZoj.k laj{k.k iz;klksa esa HkkxhnkjhA

m33 1- lkEiznkf;d naxs & ,d /keZ ds yksxksa us nwljs /keZ ds yksxksa dks csjgeh ls
ekjk mUgksaus ,d&nwljs ds bykdksa esa tkuk NksM+ fn;kA ykgkSj] ve`rlj
rFkk dydkk tSls 'kgjksa esa naxs HkM+d mBsA
2- 'kj.kkFkhZ leL;k & yksx viuk ?kj NksM+us ij etcwj gq,A 80yksxksa dks
lhek ikj tkuk iM+kA cPps ek&cki ls fcNM x,A vLFkkbZ rkSj ij yEcs
le; rd yksxksa dks 'kj.kkFkhZ f'kfojksa esa jguk iM+kA
3- fokh; o iz'kklfud leL;k & ;s leL;k bruh fodV Fkh ftlus vius
gh ns'k esa O;fDr dks ijk;k cuk fn;kA yksxksa ds jkst+xkj fNu x;s]
iz'kklu us muds izfr cs:[kkbZ dk cjrko fd;kA nSfud vko';drkvksa
dks iwjk djus ;k nks oDr dh jksVh rd dk fBdkuk u FkkA
vFkok
Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa dk iquZxBu%&
& gekjh jk"Vh; ljdkj us ,sls lhekdau dks [kkfjt dj fn;k tks
iz'kklfud lqfo/kk ds fygkt ls r; dh xbZ FkhA jkT; dk iquZxBu Hkk"kk
ds vk/kkj ij gksuk r; gqvk rFkk izkarh; dkaxzsl&lfefr;ksa dks Hkk"kkbZ
bykds ds vk/kkj ij cuk;k x;kA
& usrkvksa dks fpark Fkh fd Hkk"kk dks vk/kkj cukus ls ns'k esa vO;oLFkk QSy
ldrh gSA
& iqjkus ekl izkar ds rsyqxq&Hkk"kh {ks=ksa esa fojks/k HkM+d mBsA ljdkj
^gk&uk* dh nqfo/kk esa iMh FkhA
& 1952 esa vka/kz&izns'k ds jkT; cuus ds ckn ;s ekax c<+us yxhA 1953 esa
jkT; iquZxBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] mlus viuh fjiksZV esa ekuk fd
Hkk"kk dk vk/kkj gh mfpr gS blls naxs ugha ,drk c<+sxhA 1956 esa blls
lEcfU/kr vf/kfu;e ikfjr gqvkA ftlds vk/kkj ij 14 jkT; o 6 dsU
'kflr izns'k cusA

m34 ^gk* ljdkj ds vuqlkj vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk fuEufyf[kr rhu dkj.kksa ls

mi;qDr FkhA
1- jktuhfrd la?k"kZ dk eSnku rS;kj gks pqdk FkkA foi{kh ikfVZ;k rFkk t;
izdk'k ukjk;.k ds dkj.k ckj&ckj ?kjuk] izn'kZu o bfUnjk xka/kh ds
bLrhQs dh ekax ds dkj.k 'kklu esa vfLFkjrk c<+ jgh FkhA

105 jktuhfrd foKku

 2- ljdkj us ns'k ds vUnj dh xM+cfM+;ksa dk okLrk nsdj vuqPNsn 352 dks
ykxw fd;kA ljdkj dk rdZ Fkk xaHkhj ladV dh ?kMh dks ns[krs gq,
vkikrdky t:jh gS vkSj ?kks"k.kk dj nh xbZA
3- vfLFkjrk iSnk gksus ls iz'kklu dk /;ku fodkl dk;ks ls Hkax gks jgk gSA
lkjh rkdr dkuwu&cgkyh ij yxkuh iM+rh gSA 'kkg&vk;ksx dks fy[ks
i= esa izxfr'khy dk;ks esa foi{k }kjk ck/kk igqpkus dh ckr fy[kkA
vkikrdky dks mijksDr dkj.kksa ls mfpr Bgjk;kA
vFkok
1- Hkkjr ls yksdra= dks osnkdj ikuk dfBu%& vkikrdky ds nkSjku Hkkjr
yksdrkaf=d ugha jg x;k FkkA ysfdu FkksM+s le; ckn gh lEiw.kZ jk"V dk
dk;Z yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls 'kq: gks x;kA
2- vFkZxr my>ko dk izdV gksuk%& vkikrdky ls lafo/kku esa of.kZr
vkikrdky ds izko/kkuksa ds dqN vFkZxr my>ko Hkh izdV gq, ftUgsa
lqy>k fy;k x;kA vc ^van:uh* vkikrdky flQZ ^l'kL= foksg* dh
fLFkfr esa yxk;k tk ldrk FkkA ea=hifj"kn }kjk jk"Vifr dks fyf[kr
tkudkjh nsuk t:jhA
3- vf/kdkjksa ds izfrtkx:drk%& ukxfjd vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr T+;knk
lpsr gks x,A vnkyrksa us ukxfjd ds vf/kdkjksa ds izfr j{kk esa lh;
Hkwfedk viukbZA

m35 lu~ 1947 dh cksY'ksfod kafr ds ckn lektoknh x.kjkT; dk fuekZ.k gqvk
ftldk ms'; ,d lerkewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk Fkk] tgk iwthokn o
futh laifk dk var dj lekurk ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr lekt dh jpuk
djuk FkkA blh fu;fU=r O;oLFkk dks ^lskfo;r iz.kkyh* dgk x;kA
lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk,sa%&
1- lEifk ij jkT; dk LokfeRo%& futh lEifk dh laLFkk dks lekIr dj
mls iw.kZ; jkT; ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa j[kk x;kA Hkwfe o mRiknu ij jkT;
dk fu;a=.kA
2- forj.k iz.kkyh%& forj.k O;oLFkk Hkh ljdkj ds gkFkksa esa Fkh tgk
ukxfjdksa dks nSfud vko';drk dh oLrq,sa Hkh lekurk ds fl)kUr ds
rgr gh nh tkrh FkhaA
3- jkT; o ikVhZ dh laLFkk dks izkFkfedrk%& lksfo;r iz.kkyh us fuekZrkvksa us
jkT; vkSj ^ikVhZ dh laLFkk* dks izkFkfedrk o ego fn;kA lksfo;r
vFkZo;oLFkk ;kstukc) o jkT; ds fu;U=.k esa FkhA
4- vFkZO;oLFkk o lalk/ku%& lksfo;r la?k dh vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o dh rqyuk esa
dgha T;knk mUur FkhA fo'kky tkZ lalk/ku [kfut rsy] yksgk&bLikr
vkfn FksA lapkj iz.kkyh mUur FkhA
jktuhfrd foKku 106
 vFkok
xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr 'khr;q) ds lanHkZ esa iuih FkhA vktHkh xqVfujis{krk dh
izklafxdrk rFkk izHkkodkfjrk esa dksbZ dHkh ugha vkbZ gSA
D;ksafd%&
1- ;s ,sls NksVs fodkl'khy jk"Vksa dk xqV gS ftUgsa fdlh dk fiNyXxwcuus
dh t:jr ughaA
2- ;g vkUnksyu ekStwnk vlekurkvksa ds fy;s oSdfYid fo'o&O;oLFkk iznku
djrk gSA
3- blds tfj;s vUrjkZ"Vh; O;oLFkk dks yksdra=/kehZ cukus ds iz;kl fd;s
x;s gSA
4- uo&Lora= jk"Vksa dk vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq ekxZ&iz'kLr djrk gSA

107 jktuhfrd foKku