Project T

Water quality analysis of Hemavathi River 2017
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
1.1General
Water quality can be defined as chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water usually in
respect to its suitability for a designated use. As we all know, water as many uses such as recreation, drinking,
fisheries, agriculture and industry. Each of these designated uses has different chemical, physical and biological
standards necessary to support that use. Most of the Earths water is surface water. Surface water that exists
above the surface of the ground. Surface water can contain many constituents including microorganisms,
inorganic, and organic materials. Industrial and agricultural activities are major sources of contamination of
surface water. Fresh water has become a scarce commodity due to over exploitation and pollution of water.
Increasing population and its necessities have led to the deterioration of surface and subsurface water.
The Rivers are a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards a lake or join other
River and ultimately joints ocean or sea. Water quality standards are put in place to ensure the efficient use of
water for a designated purpose. Water quality analysis is to measure the required parameters of water following
standard methods, to check whether they are in accordance with the standard. Hemavathi River starts in the
Western Ghats at an elevation of about 1,219 meters near Ballalarayana durga in the Chikmagalur district of
state Karnataka. It flows through Hassan where it is joined by its chief tributary the Yagachi River, and then
into Mandya district. The average rainfall is very less. As a result of relatively lesser rainfall, the rivers and
streams contain insufficient water almost throughout the year. So for no effective measures to provide safe
drinking water to the people of this state have been taken nor have any programs been launched for the
remediation of these problems.
Water is one of the most important natural resources to sustain life and thus ascertaining its quality is of
prime importance before its use for drinking, agricultural, industrial or recreational purposes. In view of the
present needs to safeguard the freshwater resources, river water quality monitoring programs could be launched
on the basis of existing water quality information and anthropological effects on it. The pollution is alarming
and creates furore among the inhabitants on its bank and has endangered the aquatic life. Therefore it was
decided to study the water quality parameters of the Hemavathi River along with water samples were collected
at the industrial site, upstream side, downstream side, of river Hemavathi. And also the water will be polluted
Department of civil Engineering Page 1 GEC, K.R.PET
due to discharging of industrial wastes into the river and also during rainy seasons the agricultural wastes are
directly discharged to the river, so prevention measures will be taken and to control these activities a separate
oxidation pond was constructed and dumped the wastes into the pond and other process will be carried out.
Water is one of our most precious resources. Lack of water is one of the principal causes of delayed
development. Polluted water is one of the biggest killers we know, responsible for up to 27000 deaths a day in
the worlds poorest countries. Water is the earths most distinctive constituent. It is a natures gift to human
race. It sets the stage for the evolution of life and is an essential constituent of all living beings. Water is widely
used in agriculture, in industries and for human consumption. Owing to the continuous increase in water.
The project was based on testing the quality of water. A total three different sampling sites were chosen
at the downstream side, upstream side and at the disposing industrial wastes at that station. And the samples of
water were collected during the month of February, March and April of those stations. Tests were performed
by analyzing seventeen parameters namely Colour ,Temperature, Odors ,Turbidity, PH, Conductivity,
Alkalinity, Total dissolved solids ,Total hardness ,Dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, Calcium hardness ,
Magnesium hardness ,Fluoride , Chlorine, E-coli .The test results were compared with the standard permissible
limits of the different parameters prescribed by various regulatory bodies.
1.2 Water quality

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of
the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or
purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed.
The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human
contact and drinking water. Water quality can be defined as chemical, physical and biological characteristics
of water usually in respect to its suitability for a designated use.
As we all know, as many uses such as recreation, drinking, fisheries, agriculture and industry. Each of
these designated uses has different chemical, physical and biological standards necessary to support that use,
For example we expect higher standards for water we drink and swim in compared to that used in agriculture
and industry.

1.3 Water quality analysis
Water quality standards are put in place to ensure the efficient use of water for a designated purpose.
Water quality analysis is to measure the required parameters of water following standard methods, to check
whether they are in accordance with the standard.
Different properties were analysed & compared during the course of the project.
Some of the properties analysed are as follows :-
1. Colour
2. Temperature
3. Turbidity
4. Determination of pH
5. Conductivity
6. Total Dissolved Solids
7. Total hardness
8. Dissolved oxygen
9. Calcium hardness
10. Magnesium hardness
11. Fluoride
12. Chemical oxygen demand
13. Determination of Chloride content
14. Alkalinity
15. Bio- chemical oxygen demand
16. E-coli

1.4 Types of water pollution
Toxic substances : The greatest contributors to toxic pollution are herbicides, pesticides and industrial
compounds.
Organic substances : organic pollution occurs when an excess of organic matter, such as manure or sewage,
enters the water.
Thermal pollution: can occur when water is used as a coolant near a power or industrial plant and then is
returned to the aquatic environment at a higher temperature than it was originally
Ecological pollution: takes place when chemical pollution, organic pollution or thermal pollution is caused by
nature rather than by human activity.
1.5 Objectives of the study:-
1. To check whether the water quality is in compliance with the standards and hence, suitable or not for the
designated use.
2. To monitor the efficiency of a system, working for water quality maintenance.
3. To check whether up gradation / change of an existing system of disposal of effluent from sugar mill
industry.
Water quality analysis is of extremely necessary in the sectors of:
1. Public health (especially for drinking water).

2. Industrial use.

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
River water is a major source of drinking in both urban and rural areas. The river water samples were
collected and subjected for a physico-chemical analysis by various investigators. Here we are discussing about
the professors who have investigated to provide an overview of river water quality.
2.1. Literature review on River water

Subaru Sarkar and umesh Mishrahas studied on Analysis on water quality of Harora River in Agartala
sampling of surface water from Harora River, flowing in the city of Agartala, in the north-eastern state of
Tripura was carried out over a stretch of 30 Km and based on the various physicochemical parameters analyzed
a study was performed. A total of 12 different sampling sites were chosen, starting from kalabagan to Joynagar,
on the downstream of the river taking into account the station sources of waste discharge and samples of water
were collected during the summer, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter season from these locations. Tests
were performed by analyzing 13 parameters. The tests results were compared with the standard permissible
limits of the different parameters prescribed by various regulatory bodies. It was noted that many parameters
exceed the prescribed limits. It was found out that water was comparatively less polluted in upstream side than
downstream side and thus unfit for drinking purposes. Appropriate treatment is needed.
Kilo Dey, S.C. Mohapatra and Mrs. Bidyabati Misrahas studied on analysis on water quality of Brahmani
River at Rourkela studied various physicochemical parameters from the River over a period of one year in
2002. It was observed that dilution during rainy season decreases the metal concentration level to a
considerable extent. However it was found out that water was comparatively less polluted in upstream side than
downstream side and thus unfit for drinking purposes. Appropriate treatment is needed.
Dr. M. K. Mahesh, B. R. Sushmitha, H. R. Uma[07] have explained, a water quality analysis( developed by
the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) was applied to Hemavathi river Hassan ,
Karnataka State, India, to study its impact on aquatic life, livestock and to know whether it is suitable for
recreation, irrigation and drinking. The index of the River is rated as poor with respect to drinking, recreation
and livestock, marginal with respect to Aquatic life and excellent for irrigation purpose. The overall water
quality is rated as poor. The water quality is almost always endangered or deteriorated and the conditions often
deviate from natural levels.
Yadav Anoop and Daulta Renu[3]has studied on article An effect of sugar mill on physic-chemical
characteristics of surface water of surrounding area. There are about 650 mills in India, which produces about
13 million tons of molasses, the samples were collected in triplicate from tube well or hand pump from 10
different locations which cover 10Km area around the sugar mill. The study conducted consists of analyzing the
ground water for various physico-chemical parameters, and the test results were exceeding the permissible limit
given by the BIS, and hence the ground water in and around the area of sugar industry is unfit for drinking,
cultivation of aquatic organisms, this water can be used only for irrigation or domestic purposes, but before
using this water for drinking it must be treated and sufficient amount of oxygen should be added by aeration.
R. M. Khan, M. J. Jadhav, I. R. Ustad [14] have explained, in order to understand the water quality of
Triveni river , Physico-chemical parameters were studied and analyzed for the period of one year i.e. December
2010 to November 2011. Various physicochemical parameters, such as water temperature, air temperature, pH,
humidity, conductivity, free Co2, total solid, dissolved oxygen, Total alkalinity, Total hardness, caco3, ca++,
mg++ were studied. The results revealed that there was significant seasonal variation in some physicochemical
parameters and most of the parameters were in normal range and indicated better quality of rivers water. It has
been found that the water is best for drinking purpose in winter and summer seasons.
Pradhan et al., (2003) investigated the quality of drinking water used by the communities and their awareness
regarding water quality and water borne diseases in Bungamati locality in Kathmandu Nepal. The observation
indicated that the factors responsible for contaminating drinking water, lack of protection and proper treatment
of water. The communities are unaware of the quality of water they use. Incidence of water borne diseases
appears to be the common health problem among the sample household in the study region. It is found more
serious during the dry summer.
Amitkumar, M.P Sharma,Naresh Singh Yadavhas studied an article of Assessment of water quality of
Chambal River in Maharashtra. Water quality calculates all the parameters and gives an easy decision making
output to analyse the quality of water. Change in total solid, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen
demand, total phosphorus, nitrates, and turbidity were used for the calculation of water quality. Considering the
above factors an attempt has been made to assess the water quality of Chambal River M.P, India, through seven
parameters of water. This study reveals that the Pollution level of Chambal River has not changed from 2010 to
2013. The River water of Chambal comes under the categories of Good quality. This indicates that very little
anthropogenic activity has been found and it will solve the problem of drinking water nearby area.

Abida Begum and HarikrishnaThe quality of water in four streams of Cauvery River in Mandya District,
where many small scale sugar and brewery distilleries are located, was analyzed. Sampling was carried out
from four streams designated as station 1 (upstream of effluent discharge station) station 2 (effluent discharge
station) and station 3 (downstream of effluent discharge station) station 4 (fresh water stream). The river water
composition is increasingly dominated by Na and CI in the downstream region of river, indicating the influence
of airborne salts with oceanic affinities. Significant spatial variations was observed in water level, turbidity,
transparency, depth, DO, color, BOD, nitrate, nitrite, etc.,, were studied. Low faunal diversity and negative
impact on the biotic and a biotic environment was experienced in station 2,3 throughout the duration of
sampling because of the brewery effluent discharged directly into these two streams .But before using this
water for drinking it must be treated and sufficient amount of oxygen should be added by aeration.
V. B. Y. Sheikh, P. R. Bhosale, B. N. Nagargoje[09] has explained, Physical, chemical, ionic, biological studies
were conducted at (Maharashtra State, India). It is positioned on south east corner of Maharashtra. Nagzari dam
is situated at Nagzari village of Kinwat quality of Nagzari dam. Water is to determine the nutrient status of the
water with reference to drinking water quality as well as irrigational purpose. Also observe the seasonal
variations of selected water parameters and identify the pollution sources dam. The physical and chemical
parameters were analyzed as per APHA revealed that there were fewer variations in the physicochemical, ionic,
heavy metals analysis of the present water quality parameters undertaken and results received through the entire
one year of study showed that the status of water quality is quite normal and within the permissible limit as
mentioned with ISI. Basically this entire premises of the study area is in the remote and tribal also natural area,
hence, the pollution load is minimum. The Nagzari dam in the rural region is relatively clean are main source of
water pollution. There is no industrial pollution in this area. As this study deals with the social and other
important aspects like drinking, domestic, agricultural, irrigation and fishing etc.
S. N. Thitame and G. M. Pondhe [12]

have studied, in present investigation an attempt was made for
assessment of Seasonal Variation in Physico- chemical Characteristics and Quality of Pravara River Water for
Irrigation during year 2008. The study reveals that most of the physicochemical parameters of river water at
five selected sites show moderate variation in their concentration for all seasons. However site 3 and 4 stands
evidence of discharge of waste water from the city in the river. This intern indicated the quality of water for
irrigation in the study area. The Sodium absorption ratio and Residual sodium carbonate values show good
water quality for irrigation. However at site 3 and 4 the values of Kellys index and Soluble Sodium Percentage
exceed their standards in monsoon season indicating doubtful quality of water for irrigation.

2.2 Statement of the problem
The importance of River water for the existence of human society cannot be overemphasized. River
water is the sources of drinking water in both rural and urban. Besides, it is an important source of water for
industrial and agricultural purposes. Water utilization projections for 2010 surface water is about 60%. Being
an important and integral part of the hydrological cycle, its availability depends on the rainfall conditions.
The demand for water has increased over the years and this has led to water scarcity in many parts of
the world. The situation is aggravated by the problem of water pollution or contamination. River water being an
important and integral part of the hydrological cycle, its availability depends on the rainfall conditions.
Banglore is heading towards a fresh water crisis mainly due to improper management of water resources and
environmental degradation, which have led to lack of access to safe water supply. River water crisis is the result
of natural factors and also human activities. During the past decades Bangalores rapidly rising population and
changing lifestyles has also increased the domestic sectors. The quality of river water is getting severely
affected because of the wide spread pollution of surface water. Besides, discharges of untreated wastewater
through industries, agriculture. Domestics and also disposal of solid wastes reducing the quality of fresh water
resources. Hence, a detailed study of ground water quality is required for urban rural and industrial areas.
2.3 Scope of the investigation
Most planning guides for surface water emphasize the assessment of the resource through data
collection, and modelling. In recent years, the quality of surface water has also been recognized as a very
important issue, due to its suitability for various uses. Interpretation of chemical analysis of surface water is of
vital importance in the quality aspect. In the interpretation of surface water chemical data, the analysis is
correlated with one another and with related information. Studies in this regard, commonly involve statistical
analysis of data and preparation of maps, diagrams and graphs. A first step in data interpretation is the
evaluation of the available data with respect to their completeness, accuracy and reliability. Expression of the
relationship of one chemical parameter to another in terms of ratio may make resemblances or differences
among surface water apparent.
2.4 River water quality

River water generally contains dissolved solids, oils grease and in some cases micro-organisms also.
The quality and quantity of these constituents depends on geologic and environmental factors and they are

continuously changing as a result of the reaction of water with contact media and human activities. Water
temperature is an important aspect of River water quality and in a certain location usually uniform throughout
the year.
Study of the factors affecting River water quality may help in the prediction of its future quality as compared
with its present quality. River water quality determinations may be used for other purposes also other than its
suitability for certain uses.
2.5 Sources of River water Contamination

The rapid paces of urbanization, industrialization as well as agricultural activities have made
environmental pollution a growing concern globally. Off all the receptor systems exposed to the contaminants,
River water has received little attention in the past because of the common belief that River water was pristine.
Careless people can also pollute rivers and harm wildlife by pouring things like used car oil and paint into
drains. If oil enters a slow-moving river it forms a rainbow-colored film over the entire surface preventing
oxygen from entering the water. As mentioned above, without oxygen the river is biologically dead.
The main source of River water pollution can be attributed to discharge of untreated waste, dumping of
industrial effluents and runoff from agricultural fields and over exploitation of River water. Many areas of
River water are now contaminated with heavy metals, POPs (Persistent organic pollutants), and nutrients that
have an adverse effect on health. Problems are far more serious when pathogenic organisms, flammable or
explosive substances, or toxic chemicals or their by-products are present. There is no sigh of river pollution
being stopped. It is increasing day by day. There are several sources of water pollution, which work together to
reduce overall river water quality. Industries discharge their liquid waste products into rivers. Our agriculture
practice that uses chemical fertilizers and pesticides also contribute to river pollution as rain water drains these
chemicals into the rivers. A domestic waste that we throw into rivers adds to pollution levels. As pollution
grows, the size of towns and cities also grows. With that the amount of domestic wastes that we throw into river
increases. In most of the towns and cities, the municipal drains carry our wastes to rivers. There are examples
of rivers catching fire because of high pollution levels. This shows how seriously polluted our rivers. River
pollution can be due to the causes of Acid Rain, Industrial pollution, Agricultural pollution, Oil pollution etc..

2.6 Control River Pollution
Controlling river pollution is in our own interest. As citizens of India we have constitutional duty to
protect our environment. Similarly, the government also has a duty to protect the environment for the welfare of
its citizens. There are many ways we can protect the river from pollution. Some immediate ways to control
pollution are:
Industries should install machineries to remove contaminants from their effluents and wastewater. One way to
do so is installation of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) This way we can control pollution at the source itself.
The towns and cities should also have facilities to clean the sewage effluent. All towns and cities must have
Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) that clean up the sewage.
Farmers should give up chemicals and pesticides in farming and should instead adopt organic methods of
farming thus reducing chemical pollution of rivers.
We should stop our religious practices that pollute river water.
Proper drainage and sewage systems should be adopted that will not allow the polluted water to mix with river
water.
Ban on Dhobi Ghats along the side of a river.
2.7 Five major causes for River water pollution in India

There are several causes of river water pollution in India. The main causes are
1. Urbanization
2. Industries
3. Agricultural runoff and improper agricultural practices
4. Withdrawal of water
5. Religious and social practices
2.8 We should contribute to make the rivers clean

As stationed out above, it is our duty to protect our environment. An individual effort may not be sufficient to
clean our rivers, but when all of us contribute towards this goal it becomes a big effort. Thus it can help in
cleaning up our rivers. There are many ways you can contribute towards a clean river in your locality
Promoting communities participation in Local River cleaning up.

Organizing awareness programs and meetings on the river pollution and its threats.
Distribution of literature on the causes and ill effects of river pollution.
Talking to our family and friends for spreading awareness on the importance of good water quality and clean
rivers
2.9 Procedures of Water Quality Analysis
The general flow of procedures of water quality analysis is as follows.
Selection of parameters
Selection of methods
Precision and accuracy of method selected as per requirement
Proper sampling
Proper labelling
Preservation
Analysis
Reporting
Selection of parameters: The parameters of water quality are selected entirely according to the need for a
specific use of that water some examples are,
Drinking: as per WHO/CPCB standards

Industries : as per specific requirement
Irrigation: PH, conductivity, nutrients etc
Domestic consumption: as per BIS standards
Water bodies : as per CPCB guidelines

However some of the most common parameters followed for checking portability and industrial use in India are
as follows,
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS: Temperature, Colour, Odour, Taste, Turbidity, PH, Conductivity, Total
dissolved solids.
CHEMICALPARAMETERS: Hardness, CA, Mg, Chloride, Sulphate, Fluoride, Alkalinity, Nitrate,
Phosphate.
TOXIC METALS: Copper, chromium, cadmium, Zinc, Lead, Mercury, Iron, Manganese.
ORGANIC, NUTRIENT& DEMAND: BOD, COD, Phenols, Oil and grease, Pesticides, Nitrate.
BACTERIOLOGICAL: Total coli form and fecal coli form.
BIOLOGY: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton
RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS: Alpha and Beta emitter.
Selection of methods:
The methods of water quality analysis are selected according to the requirement. The factors playing key
role for the selection of methods are
Volume and number of sample to be analyzed

Cost of analysis
Precision required
Promptness of the analysis as required
Precision and accuracy of method selected as per requirement
What precision and accuracy to be maintained against a particular method is selected according to the need.
The factors influencing this decision includes.
Cost
Parameter
Use
Proper sampling

Proper sampling is a condition for correct measurement of water quality parameters. Even if advanced
techniques and sophisticated tools are used.
Proper labelling
Proper labelling prevents sample misidentification and ensures the responsibility and accountability of
the collector. The sample container should be labelled properly, preferably but attaching an appropriately
inscribed tag or label. Alternatively, the bottle can be labelled directly with a water-proof marker, Barcode
labels are also available nowadays.
Preservation
There is usually a delay between the collection and analysis of a sample. The nature of the sample can
be changed complete and unequivocal preservation of samples, whether domestic wastewater, industrial wastes
or natural waters is a practical impossibility because complete stability for every constituent never can be
achieved. At best, preservation techniques only retard chemical and biological changes that inevitably continue
after sample collection.
No single method of preservation is entirely satisfactory: the preservative is chosen with due regard to the
determinations to be made. Preservation methods are limited to ph. control, chemical addition, the use of amber
and opaque bottles, refrigeration, filtration, and freezing.
Analysis
The samples, after reaching laboratory, are analyzed, according to the requisite parameters, following
standard methods and protocols.
Reporting
The ultimate procedure of water analysis is to prepare a proper report against the submitted requisition.
The report must be authenticated before handing over the authority, submitted the samples for testing. All data
should be kept in the laboratory log and preferably in laboratory database.

Table 2.1Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water (IS 10500: 2003)
Si Permissible Excessive
No Parameters Limit Limit Instruments/Technique Used Units
1 Colour 0.5 0.5

2 Temperature Mercury thermometer 0C
3 Odour not Not
objectionable objectionable
4 Turbidity 05 25 Digital turbidity meter NTU
5 pH 6.5 8.5 Digital ph. meter
6 Conductivity
7 Total dissolved 500 200 Temperature controlled oven Mg/L
solids
8 Total hardness 300 600 EDTA titrimetric Mg/L
9 Dissolved oxygen Winklers method Mg/L
10 COD Titrated with an excess k2cr2o7 Mg/L
11 Calcium hardness 75 200 EDTA titrimetric Mg/L
12 Magnesium 30 100 EDTA titrimetric Mg/L
hardness
13 Fluoride 0.6 1.5 Nalogandha technique Mg/L
14 Chloride 200 1000 chlorination Mg/L
15 Alkalinity Mg/L

2.10 Water quality tests parameters
1. Physical parameters
Colour
Odour and Taste
Turbidity
Conductivity
2. Chemical parameters
pH
Total hardness
Total solids
Chlorides
Calcium hardness
Magnesium hardness
Alkalinity
Fluorides
Iron
Copper
BOD
COD
3. Bacteriological parameters
E-coli

2.11 Environmental significance of parameters
2.11.1 Physical parameters:
Turbidity
Turbidity is objectionable because of
1. Aesthetic considerations and
2. Engineering considerations.
When turbid water in small, transparent container held in light, an aesthetically displeasing opaqueness or
milky coloration is observed. The colloidal matter which exerts turbidity provides adsorption sites for
chemicals that may be harmful or cause undesirable taste and odour and for biological organism may be
harmful.
Conductivity:
1. Electrical conductivity is useful to assess the sources of pollution
2. It is also used indirectly to find out the inorganic dissolved solids.
3. Conductivity data is useful in determining the suitability of water and waste water for disposal on land.
The measure of the ability of an electrolyte solution to conduct electricity is called its conductivity.
Conductivity is also referred to as specific conductance. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter
(S/m). Conductivity of water in Rivers is affected basically by the geology of the area through which the
water is flowing. Rivers running through areas with granite bedrock generally have lower conductivity
because granite is composed of more inert materials that do not ionize (dissolve into ionic components)
when washed into the water. On the other hand, Rivers that run through areas with clay soils tend to have
higher conductivity because of the presence of materials that ionize when washed into the water.
Colour
Pure water is colourless. However, colour is contributed to the natural water by many sources . The
discharge of untreated and partially treated waste water from textile and dyeing operation, pulp and paper
production, tanneries, food processing , chemical production and mining, refining and slaughter operation may
contribute color to the receiving waters.

2.11.2 Chemical parameters
PH
PH (6.5 to 8.5 )has no direct adverse effect on human health. However a lower value below 4 will
produce sour taste and higher value above 8.5 a bitter taste .Higher values of pH result in the scale formation in
heating apparatus and induce trihalomethanes which are causing cancer in human beings. PH below 6.5 starts
corrosion in pipes, thereby releasing toxic metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu etc .according to BIS water for
domestic consumption should have a pH between 6.5 to 8.5.
If human beings are exposed to extreme pH values, it might cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and mucous
membranes. Eye irritation and exacerbation of skin disorders have been associated with pH values greater than
11. In addition, solutions of pH 1012.5 are said to cause hair fibres to swell. In sensitive individuals,
gastrointestinal irritation may also occur. Exposure to low pH values can also result in similar effects.
Chlorides
Chlorides associated with sodium exerts salty taste , when its concentration is more than 250 mg\l
.Magnesium chloride in waqter generates hydrochloric acid after heating which is also highly corrosive and
create problems in boilers.
Hardness
Hard water is the ability of water to cause precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts of higher fatty
acids. Hard water is preferred for irrigation purpose.They form scales on the inner coating of pipelines. Hard
water is useful to the growth of children due ton the presence of calcium.
Fluoride
Fluoride ions have dual significance in water supplies. High concentration of fluoride causes Dental
fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. At the same time a concentration less than 0.6 mg\l results in Dental caris.

Total dissolved solids

Difference of total solids and suspended solids is used to determine the filterable solids by the help of
filtrate and following the procedure as above. In water sample it can also be estimated from conductivity
measurement. The acceptable and
Permissible limits As per IS: 10500-2012 is 500 and 2000 mg/irrespectively.
Total alkalinity
Alkalinity is the sum total of components in the water that tend to elevate the pH to the alkaline side of
neutrality. It is measured by titration with standardized acid to a
pH value of 4.5 and is expressed commonly as milligrams per litre as calcium carbonate (mg/l) as
CaCo3).Commonly occurring materials in water that increase alkalinity are carbonate ,phosphates and
hydroxides. Limestone bedrock and thick deposits of glacial till are good sources of carbonate buffering.
The measure of the ability of an electrolyte solution to conduct electricity is called its conductivity.
Conductivity is also referred to as specific conductance. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m).
Conductivity of water in Rivers is affected basically by the geology of the area through which the water is
flowing. Rivers running through areas with granite bedrock generally have lower conductivity because granite
is composed of more inert materials that do not ionize (dissolve into ionic components) when washed into the
water. On the other hand, Rivers that run through areas with clay soils tend to have higher conductivity because
of the presence of materials that ionize when washed into the water.
2.11.3 Biological parameters
E-coli
These are the most commonly tested indicators of water quality is coli form bacteria. The presence of E-
coli in the water indicates the infiltration of sewage from the drainage. Contamination of the source is caused
by pollution through industrial as well human waste.

2.12 Water borne diseases
The following groups of microorganisms have been linked with the occurrence of water borne diseases.
1. Bacteria
2. Virus
3. Protozoa
Some of the water borne diseases are
1. Typhoid fever
2. Paratyphoid fever
3. Cholera
4. Bacillary dysentery
Bacteria
Bactria is the widely distributed life forms. Pathogenic bacteria Range in length from approximately 0.4
to 14mm (an mm or micrometre equals one Thousand of a millimetre) and 0.2 to 1.2 mm in width. Key
bacterial pathogens responsible for waterborne disease include Legionella, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella and
Vibrio cholera.
Virus
Viruses are inactive when outside of a living host cell. Viruses linked to water Borne diseases have
protein coats that provide protection from environmental hazards and range in size from 0.02 to0.09mm. Unlike
bacteria and protozoa. They contain only one Type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA). Key pathogens include
hepatitis A and network virus.
Protozoa
Protozoa, Common in bodies of water, are much larger than the bacteria and viruses survive harsh
environmental conditions, some species can secrete a protective covering and from a resting stage called a cyst.
Encystment can protect protozoa from drinking water disinfection efforts and facilitate the spread of disease.
Key protozoa being studied as agents of water borne diseases include Giardia and Cryptosporidium.

Some of water borne diseases are
Typhoid fever
This is the most important endemic and epidemic water borne disease of regions where supplies are
drawn from surface sources contaminated by human faeces or urine. This is caused by bacterium salmonella
typhi which occasionally continues to proliferate in the gall bladders of a few patients who, even after recovery
from the primary infection continue to exert the organisms in their faeces or urine for long period, even for life.
Paratyphoid fever
This fever is mostly due to ingestion of contaminated food, especially milk, dried or frozen eggs and
other dairy products. This is caused by bacterium salmonella paratyphoid A, B or C numbers and infectivity of
organisms released to environment are generally smaller than the typhoid fever.
Cholera
This is caused by the bacterium vibrio cholera. Usually the infection is contracted by investigation of
water contaminated by infected human faecal materials. Sometimes it may be contracted by contaminated food
or personal contact. As compared to typhoid fever, cholera is much more violent in its conset (1 to 3 days) and
often more complicating in its clinical course.
Bacillary dysentery
This is caused by bacteria of genus shigella, sh.Flexneri, Sh.Boydii and Sh/Sonnei. This diseases is
mostly contracted due to ingestion of food contaminated by flies or by unhygienic food handlers, It may
sometimes be contracted by consuming water contaminated by human faeces.

Table 2.2 Disease caused by various microbial and general symptoms
Disease Microbial Agent General symptoms

Amebiasis Protozoan Abdominal discomfort, fatigue,
(Entamoebahistolytica) diarrhea.
Campylobacteriosis Bacterium Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea.
(Campylobacter jejune)
Cholera Bacterium Watery diarrhea, vomiting,
(Salmonella typhi) occasional muscle cramps
Typhoid fever Bacterium Fever, headache, constipation,
(Salmonella typhi) appetite loss, nausea.
Cryptosporidiosis Bacterium Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort
(Giardia lamblia)
Giardiasis Protozoan Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort
(Giardia lamblia)
Hepatitis Virus Fever,chills,abdominaldiscomport,
(hepatitis A) jaundice.
Shigellosis Bacterium Fever , diarrhea, bloody stool
(Shigella species)
Viral Gastroenteritis Virus Fever, headache, gastrointestinal
(Norwalk, rotavirus and discomfort.
other type)
2.13 Prevention and Control of water borne diseases

To interrupt the transmission of water borne diseases and thereby reducing their
Morbidity and mortality.

The approach to prevention and control

There is abundant evidence that improving only water quality or only latrines will have little or no effect on the
incidence of water borne diseases. Thus there has to be a holistic intervention approach to these problems. The
prevention and control measures include:
Sanitary disposal of human waste.
Protecting public water supplies from contamination.
Treatment of suspected water supplies, both rural and urban, before consumption.
Keeping fetched water at home safe during storage.
Treatment of known carriers.
Mass treatment during epidemic outbreaks, e.g. at schools, in prisons etc.
Treatment of surface water supplies.
Washing hands with soap and water before preparing or eating food and
After using the latrine.
Health Education.
Health education ensures community involvement and raises the awareness about the effect and preventive
measures of water borne diseases. The provision of health education should not be limited to those visiting
health institutions but in all situations for individuals or groups of people in the communities. The following
stations should be addressed
The causative agents

The mode of transmission
The preventive and control measures, and
The importance of early treatment

CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
3.1 About K R Pet town

K r pet, is the taluk headquarters of Mandya district is 146 KM from Bangalore, Karnataka state
between the latitudinal parallels of 12 66' N & 76 49' E and at an average elevation of about 790 meters
covering an area of about 4,265 sq.kms.
3.2 Town profile

Krishnarajapet TMC is a small town and taluk of Mandya District. The TMC jurisdiction extends up to
5.62 sq. km (2001), with a population of 22580 within 18 wards. Krishnarajpet, located at 12 39' 18" North,
76 29' 18" East and the west of Mandya district, is bounded by Hassan and Mysore districts on its west and
south west, Pandavapura and K.R Pet towns on its south, Mandya CMC and Maddur town on its south east and
Channarayapatna town on its North and Nagamangala on its north east. Krishnarajpet town is well connected
by road network through SH-16.
3.3 Population growth and density

As per provisional reports of Census India, population of k r pet in 2011 is 25946 of which male and
female are 51 %and 49% respectively. The sex ratio of k r pet city is 980 per 1000 males. In education section,
total literates in k r pet city are 77% are males while 63% are females. Average literacy rate of k r pet is 70%
percent. Total children (0-6) in Mandya city are 12% as per figure from Census India report on 2011. In k r pet
city more than 99% of the population speaks Kannada.
3.4 Geomorphology
The k r pet is located in the southern maiden region of the state. The surface topography is in the form
of undulating plain situated at an average elevation of 750- 900m above MSL. There are few sporadic out crops
of rocks as hills and few fertile shallow valleys. In the south-eastern part of the district the k r nagar hill ranges
extending from Mysore District tapers off here. In this portion Cauvery river breaks through the hill ranges and
forms the famous Gaganachukki and Barachukki waterfalls. The Melukote range of hills fallen a broken series
of conspicuous peaks, which reach the altitude of 1159m above MSL, 1064m above MSL, 1050m above MSL
and 1046m above MSL. The Hulikere-Kartigatta hill range near S.R.Patna and bold rugged low peaks near
Sindhugatta are also conspicuous. The general slope in the district is in southeast direction.
3.5 River water sampling in the Study area

The water samples were collected in the Hemavathi River, flowing from Channarayapatna to Kr pet.
In the middle of two cities the water samples will be collected. And one sugar industry will be located on the
bank of Hemavathi River in the Kr pet. The water samples will be collected at the upstream side and
downstream side and at the industries site. Three samples were collected and at the industries the wastes from
the industry will directly discharged into the river and also the agricultural wastes from several villages will be
discharged wastes into the river so thats the river will be polluted, so we are analyzing the water samples it is
suitable for various purposes or not. Three samples were collected and all the samples were tested in the
laboratory of various physical- chemical parameters.

FIG 4.1 STUDY AREA

3.6 Irrigation
Groundwater is the major source of irrigation in the district along with few tanks and lift irrigation
schemes. Ragi is the major crop grown in the district along with other subsidiary crops such as Maize, Cereals
and Groundnut.
3.7 Climate
K r pet is considered to be climatically a well-favored town. The climate of the town is classed as the
seasonally dry tropical savannas climate with four seasons. The dry season with clear bright weather is from
December to February with summer from March to May, followed by the southwest monsoon season from June
to September. October and November constitute the post-monsoon or retreating monsoon season.
3.8 River water related problems

Urbanization has increased rapidly in the last two decades paving way for layouts and industries, in
urban area of k r pet, main problems affecting water are Sewage pollution and Industrial pollution.
Rapid urbanization, IT boom, related economic activities, trade and commerce have exerted enormous
pressure and this has increased the sewage waste into the river. Improper environmental planning has given
room for establishment of new residential layouts without proper sewerage system causes various pollution.
Rapid urbanization in India during the recent decades has given rise to a number of environmental
problems such as water supply, waste water generation and its collection, treatment and disposal.

CHAPTER -4
METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION
4.1 Sequence of Investigation

The entire investigation was accomplished in the following sequence
1. Reconnaissance survey for identifying the water sampling locations
2. River water sampling and analysis
3. Generation of Water Quality Index (WQI)
4. Hydro-chemical analysis of groundwater samples
5. Groundwater quality mapping using Arc GIS software
4.2 Sampling
Sample is a process of collecting representative samples is called sampling. The values of any lab
analysis and text depend upon the methods of sampling.
Methods of sampling
1. Grab sampling
2. Composite sampling
3. Integrated sampling
Grab sampling: A grab sampling is a process of collecting grab sampling from stream is processed in a single
batch at a specific time. The concentration of each parameter is known only at time the sample is collected.
Composite sampling: Is prepared by collecting a series of grab sample over a period of time and combining
them in the preparation to the flow rate to measure at time of each collection.
Integrated sampling: Its obtained by mixing individual sample between taken at a particular time at different
location.
4.3 River water sampling in the Study area

Careful planning and preparation of a groundwater-sampling trip was made to save time and help reduce
the number of difficulties that commonly occur with fieldwork. Correct sampling procedure begins with

thorough preparation in the laboratory before sample collection. Each sample bottle is to be thoroughly cleaned
and protected from any contamination during sample collection, preservation, and shipment to assure a high
quality sample. Filtering equipment is to be rinsed thoroughly to remove any mineral deposits in hoses or
support container vessels. The sample containers and hoses for organic analyses are to be acid-washed and
rinsed several times with deionised water.
Composite sampling has been adopted to collect river water samples. 3 river water samples were
collected in polythene containers of 2 litres capacity for chemical analysis sufficient quantity of water from the
source such that, the sample collected served as a representative sample. The samples thus collected were
transported to the laboratory at freezer condition (4C).
4.4 Analysis of River water Samples

The quality River water was assessed by the analysis of chemical parameters such as pH, colour,
turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, chlorides, total hardness, calcium hardness,
magnesium hardness, alkalinity, and fluorides. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water quality
for various parameters is presented.
The analytical methods used to measure chemical parameters of River water samples collected from all
the sampling stations are listed .The water samples were analyzed adopting standard methods in the
Environmental Laboratory, Dept of Civil Engineering, PES College of EngineeringMandya.
4.5 Experiment
Composite sampling procedure was adopted for the analysis of various water quality parameters as
recommended by standard methods of analysis. Two litter polyethylene bottles were used for the collection of
samples .prior to sample collection, all bottles were washed with dilute acid followed by distilled water and
were dried in an oven . at each sampling location ,water samples were collected in duplicate . Before taking
water samples for DO, BOD determination were collected in BOD bottles. Analysis of water samples was
conducted immediately after collection to avoid unpredictable changes in water sample. As the samples have to
be processed within 1 hour of collection, samples were brought in iced insulated container. The PH of the
samples were measured using PH-meter , turbidity was measured by Nephology Turbidity Meter ,Hardness was
determined using EDTA ,Temperature of water samples was measured in the field using a mercury filled
centigrade thermometer ,DO was measured by Winklers method ,COD can be measured by titrated with an
excess of K2Cr2O7.

4.6 Experimental Procedures
PH
Apparatus Required
1. PH meter
2. Beaker
Procedure
All the samples are taken in the beaker one by one.
The pH value is recorded for all the sample using the pH meter.
Conductivity
Apparatus Required
1. Conductivity meter
2. Potassium Chloride (KCl)
3. Small Beaker
4. Distilled Water
Procedure
First, some amount of Potassium Chloride is taken.
Then, KCl is dissolved in distilled water & the potassium chloride solution is prepared.
Conductivity of KCl is checked using conductivity meter.
If there is some error in the conductivity of KCl, then the settings of the conductivity meter is adjusted
accordingly.
Then, the sample is taken in the beaker.
The conductivity of the sample is measured.
The same procedure is repeated for all the samples.

Total Dissolved Solids

Theory
The definition of TDS says that the dissolved solids which are small enough to survive filtration through a filter
with two micrometre pores are TDS. And that is the procedure used here. The water is evaporated after the
filtration & TDS is measured.
Apparatus Required
1. Conical flask
2. Petridis
3. Oven
4. Weighing machine
Procedure
TDS is measured in continuation to the procedure of finding TSS.
A petridish is taken.
Weight of the petridish is recorded.
Filtered water from the TSS process is transferred into the petridish.
Petridish is then kept in the oven.
The temperature of the oven is set at over 100 C.
After sometime, water is evaporated.
The petridish is then taken out.
The weight of petridish is then recorded.
The initial weight of the petridish is then subtracted from the final weight.
The result which we get is the amount of dissolved solids in 10 ml of water.
It is divided by 10 in order to get the amount of TDS per ml of water.

Hardness
Apparatus Required
1. Conical flask
2. Pipette
3. Burette
Procedure
Measure 25ml of water sample in a conical flask
Add 1ml of ammonia buffer solution, add pinch of perechrome black T indicator sample turns to wine
red colour.
Titrate with standard EDTA solution till the color changes from wine red to blue color.
Note down the volume of EDTA consumed.
Dissolved oxygen
Apparatus Required
1. Conical flask
2. Pipette
3. Burette
Procedure
1. Fill the BOD bottle with a given sample .
2. Remove the stopper of BOD bottle and add 2ml of alkaline iodide ozide close the stopper and mix
thoroughly.
3. When precipitates are form and settle and give clear solution.
4. Add 2ml of conc. H2SO4 and mix thoroughly. All the precipitate will be dissolved .
5. Take 2 or 3 ml of sample BOD bottle in a conical flask.

6. Titrate against standard sodium thiosulphate until pale yellow color appears.
7. Add 2 drops of starch indicator solution turns to blue, continue titration until blue color disappears. Note
down the burette reading.
COD
Apparatus Required
1. Conical flask
2. Pipette
3. Burette
4. Measuring jar
Procedure
Place 0.4 g HgSO4 in the reflux flask.
Take 20 ml of sample into the reflux flask.
Add 10 ml of conc potassium dichromate solution into the reflux flask.
Add slowly 30 ml of H2SO4 reagents and mix thoroughly.
Reflux for a minimum period of 2 hours cool and wash down with distilled water.
Dilute the sample to make up 150 ml and cool.
Titrate excess potassium dichromate solution with 0.1 N ferrous ammonia sulphate solution using
ferroin indicator.
Color changes from blue green to wine red indicate the end station. Note down the burette reading
Chloride
Apparatus Required
1. Conical flask
2. Pipette

3. Burette
4. Measuring jar
Procedure
Measure 25ml of water sample in a conical flask.
Add 1ml of potassium chromate solution to get light yellow color.
Titrate against standard silver nitrate solution till color changes to brick red.
Note down the volume of silver nitrate solution added.
If more potassium chromate is added the color may too soon or not soon enough.
Alkalinity
Apparatus Required
1. Conical flask
2. Pipette
3. Burette
4. Measuring jar
Procedure
Measure 25ml of water sample in a conical flask.
Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
Sample turns to pink, titrate the sample against 0.025 HCL until color changes to colourless. Note down
the mi of HCL used.
Add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator, yellow color appears.
Titrate against 0.025N HCL till color changes from yellow to pink or orange.
Note down the mi of HCL used.

Turbidity
Apparatus Required
1. Turbidity meter
2. Distilled Water
3. Beaker
Procedure
First, the beaker is taken & is washed properly.
Then, distilled water is poured into the beaker.
Turbidity of distilled water is measured by the turbidity meter.
If the turbidity is not zero, then the settings are adjusted as to make it zero.
Then, the beaker is again washed properly.
Then, the sample is poured into the beaker.
The turbidity of the beaker is measured using the turbidity meter.
The same procedure is repeated for all the samples.

Fig. Determination of hardness
Fig. Sampling

Fig. Determination of Conductivity
Fig. Determination of E-Coli

Fig. Determination of PH
Fig. Determination of Turbidity

CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, analysis of river water for the study area k r pet is carried out ,water samples have been
established by determining the physical and chemical characteristics as per standard methods. They have been
listed systematically represented in table.
The parameters namely pH, total dissolved solids and Electrical conductivity know the physical
characteristics of the ground water under the study area. The chemical characteristics of the ground water under
the study area are known by the parameters viz., total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness,
potassium, sodium, nitrate, chloride, sulphate, and alkalinity.
Table 5.1 Water quality specified by Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) and World Health
Organisation (WHO) standards
Parameters Indian standard WHO Standard

Ph 6.5-8.5 7.0-8.0
Turbidity(NTU) 5-25 5-10
Total hardness mg/l 300 100
Calcium mg/l 75 75
Magnesium mg/l 30 30
Chloride mg/l 250 250
TDS ppm 500 1000
Iron mg/l 0.3 0.1
Fluoride mg/l 1.0 1.0
Nitrate mg/l 45 50
Sulphate mg/l 200 250
Total alkalinity mg/l 200 -
E Coli 1NO/100ML 1NO/100ML

5.1 Experiment Result

Sample no 1- Up stream side of Hemavathi River.
Sample no 2-At the industrial disposal site.
Sample no 3-Downstream side of Hemavathi River.
Table 5.2
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE PIONT 01(01)
Sampling month:-FEBRUVARY
Parameters Units SAMPLE NO 01
Tr.no 1 Tr.no 2 Tr. no 3 Average
Colour - 2 4 2 3
Turbidity NTU 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.5
pH - 7.45 7.55 7.36 7.45
Conductivity S/cm 715 724 720 720
TDS mg/L 436 428 432 432
Hardness mg/L 48 46 49 48
Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.9
Calcium Hardness mg/L 38 39 36 38
Magnesium mg/L 10 12 08 10
Hardness
Fluoride mg/L .096 .09 .091 .092
COD mg/L 12 11 12 12
CHLORIDE mg/L 70.97 70.69 70.97 7.97
Alkalinity mg/L 110 112 108 110
BOD mg/L 3.96 4.1 3.89 3.98
E-COLI NO/100ml 12 13 15 13/100

Table 5.3
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLING STATION 02(01)
Sampling month: - FEBRUVARY
Parameters Units Sample no 02
Tr.no 1 Tr. no 2 Tr. no 3 Average

Colour - 3 4 4 4
Odour -
Temperature C
pH - 8.43 8.35 8.23 8.33
TDS mg/L 376 372 369 372
Hardness mg/L 284 285 284 284
Hardness
Fluoride mg/L 0.41 0.39 0.42 0.41
COD mg/L 45 46 43 45
CHLORIDE mg/L 90.98 90.80 91 90.92
BOD mg/L 11.21 11.23 11.33 11.256
E-COLI NO/100ml 6 8 7 7/100

Table 5.4
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLING PIONT 03(01)
Parameters Units SAMPLE NO 01
Tr.1 Tr.2 Tr.3 Average
Colour 4 3 5 4
Odour -
Temperature C
pH - 7.23 7.23 7.13 7.20
TDS mg/L 396 398 394 396
Hardness
Fluoride mg/L .12 .13 .11 .12
COD mg/L 23 24 22 23
CHLORIDE mg/L 63.98 63.85 63.99 63.94
BOD mg/L 8.83 8.71 8.69 8.74
E-COLI No/100ml 6 5 9 7

Table 5.5
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS 02 SAMPLING STATION 01(02)
Sampling month: MARCH
Colour 1 2 2 2
Odour -
Temperature C
Turbidity NTU 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.633
pH - 7.35 7.68 7.36 7.46
TDS mg/L 436 432 432 433.33
Hardness mg/L 114 113 115 114
Magnesium mg/L 40 41 40 40.33
Hardness
Calcium Hardness mg/L 74 72 75 73.66
Fluoride mg/L .089 .09 .091 .090
COD mg/L 12.33 13.6 13.65 13.19
CHLORIDE mg/L 69.25 68.26 69.338 68.94
BOD mg/L 5.32 5.11 5.22 5.216
E-coli No/100m 7 8 7 8

Table 5.6
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS 02 OF SAMPLING STATION 02(02)
Sampling month: - MARCH
Colour 4 2 3 3
Odour -
Temperature C
Turbidity NTU 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.633
pH - 8.7 8.62 8.43 8.533
TDS mg/L 379 378 382 379.66
Hardness mg/L 284 285 284 284
Dissolved mg/L 4.22 4.13 4.12 4.156
Oxygen
Magnesium mg/L 60 61.33 63.2 61.51
Hardness
Calcium Hardness mg/L 224 223.67 220.8 222.49
Fluoride mg/L .42 .38 .423 .407
COD mg/L 56.2 57.6 57.3 57.4
CHLORIDE mg/L 92.36 93.26 92.3 92.64
Alkalinity mg/L 398 399 397 397.66
BOD mg/L 10.11 10.23 10.21 10.183
E-coli NO/100ml 6 7 8 7

Table 5.7
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS 02 SAPLING STATION 03(02)
Sampling month: - MARCH
Parameters Units Sample no -03
Colour 4 3 2 3
Odour -
Temperature C
pH - 7.1 7.29`` 7.23 7.206
TDS mg/L 392 392 394 396
Calcium Hardness mg/L 70.3 69.3 71.2 70.26
Magnesium hardness mg/L 19.7 24.7 20.8 21.74
Fluoride mg/L .13 .123 .12 .1243
COD mg/L 27.63 29.65 29.36 28.88
CHLORIDE mg/L 65.3 64.7 65.25 65.083
BOD mg/L 7.49 7.50 7.47 7.48
E-coli NO/100ml 6 8 7 7

Table 5.8
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS 03 SAMPLING STATION 01(03)
Sampling month: - APRIL
Parameters Units Sample no - 01
Colour 1 1 2 2
Odour -
Temperature C
Turbidity NTU 2.9 2.75 2.89 2.84
pH - 7.37 7.41 7.49 7.42
Conductivity S/cm 750 752 749 750.33
TDS mg/L 451 449 448 449.33
Hardness mg/L 148.2 142.1 145.01 145.34
Magnesium Hardness mg/L 66.9 61.9 64.71 64.74
Fluoride mg/L .091 .093 .092 .092
COD mg/L 14.33 12.36 13.23 13.30
CHLORIDE mg/L 71.01 69.089 72.23 70.776
Alkalinity mg/L 117.6 119.23 118.23 118.35
BOD mg/L 4.12 4.11 4.10 4.11
E-coli No/100ml 10 8 11 10

Table 5.9
Sampling month:- APRIL

Parameters Units Sample no - 02
Colour 2 3 3 3
Odour -
Temperature C
Turbidity NTU 5.9 6.0 5.89 5.93
pH - 8.75 8.8 8.77 8.77
Conductivity S/cm 723 720 719 720.66
TDS mg/L 390 388 387 388.33
Hardness mg/L 290 289 287 288.66
Magnesium mg/L 61 60.7 59.37 60.35
Hardness
Fluoride mg/L .45 .41 .432 .430
COD mg/L 57.2 57.1 58.23 57.51
CHLORIDE mg/L 91.96 92.89 92.56 92.47
Alkalinity mg/L 399.2 401.2 402.23 400.87
BOD mg/L 12.13 12.11 12.01 12.08
E-coli NO/100ml 7 8 7 8

Table 5.10
Parameters Units Sample no -03
Colour 2 3 1 2
Odour -
Temperature C
Turbidity NTU 3.1 3.18 3.11 3.13
pH - 7.3` 7.33 7.29 7.30
TDS mg/L 401 399 402 400.66
Hardness mg/L 105.3 106.2 106.1 105.86
Magnesium mg/L 27.23 29.1 28.3 28.21
Hardness
Fluoride mg/L .17 .169 .181 .1733
COD mg/L 28.23 27.92 27.92 28.01
CHLORIDE mg/L 67.23 66.12 68.1 67.15
Alkalinity mg/L 139.32 140.29 138.1 139.24
BOD mg/L 8.31 8.21 8.29 8.27
E-COLI No/100ml 12 11 10 11

Table 5.11
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE PIONT 01 AVARAGE
Parameters Units SAMPLING STATION 01
Colour 3 2 2 3
Odour -
Temperature C
Turbidity NTU 1.5 2.633 2.84 2.3254
pH - 7.45 7.46 7.42 7.44
Conductivity S/cm 720 742 750.33 737.44
TDS mg/L 432 433.33 449.33 438.22
Hardness mg/L 48 114 145.34 102.44
Magnesium mg/L 10 40.33 64.74 38.35
Hardness
Fluoride mg/L .092 .090 .092 0.0913
COD mg/L 12 13.19 13.30 12.83
CHLORIDE mg/L 7.97 68.94 70.776 49.2
Alkalinity mg/L 110 111 118.35 113.11
BOD mg/L 3.98 5.216 4.11 4.43
E-COLI No/100ml 13 8 10 11

Table 5.12
Sampling month:- MARCH
Colour 3 3 4 4
Odour -
Temperature C
Turbidity NTU 2.4 5.633 5.93 4.65
pH - 8.33 8.533 8.77 8.57
Conductivity S/cm 620 700 720.66 680.22
TDS mg/L 372 379.66 388.33 381.33
Hardness mg/L 284 284 288.66 285.55
Magnesium mg/L 95 61.51 60.35 72.286
Hardness
Fluoride mg/L 0.41 .407 .430 0.41
COD mg/L 45 57.4 57.51 53.30
CHLORIDE mg/L 90.92 92.64 92.47 92.03
Alkalinity mg/L 388 397.66 400.87 395.51
BOD mg/L 11.256 10.183 12.08 11.76
E-COLI No/100ml 7 7 8 8

Table 5.13
Colour - 4 3 2 3
Odour -
Temperature C
Turbidity NTU 1.5 2.6 3.13 2.41
pH - 7.20 7.206 7.30 7.235
TDS mg/L 396 396 400.66 397.55
Hardness mg/L 84 92 105.86 93.95
Magnesium mg/L 20 21.74 28.21
Hardness 23.31
Fluoride mg/L .12 .1243 .1733 0.139
COD mg/L 23 28.88 28.01 26.63
CHLORIDE mg/L 63.94 65.083 67.15 65.39
Alkalinity mg/L 118 132 139.24 129.74
BOD mg/L 8.74 7.48 8.27 8.163
E-COLI No/100mL 7 7 11 9

5.2 PH
pH is the figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is
neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline. The pH is equal to log 10c, where c is the
hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre.
In our study area, pH of the River water samples ranges from 7.235 to 8.57. And the Maximum
concentration of pH is found in River water sample 2 having PH value 8.57and Minimum concentration of PH
is found in River water sample 3 having PH value 7.235, which are within the permissible limits 6.5- 8.5 given
by Indian Standards, also complies with standard of 7.0-8.0 given by WHO. One of the main objectives in
controlling pH is to produce water that minimizes corrosion or incrustation. These processes, which can cause
considerable damage to the water supply systems, result from complex interactions between pH and other
parameters, such as dissolved solids, dissolved gases, hardness, alkalinity, and temperature. The variation of pH
in the study period is shown below.
pH
10
9.5
8.5
Ph
7.5
7
sampling point 01 sampling point 02 sampling point 3
FIG. 5.1 PH

5.3 Conductivity
Conductivity level in River water is 679s/mm to 734.744s/mm which is within the permissible limit. The
term turbidity refers mainly to the inorganic substances that are dissolved in water.
Conductivity itself is not a human or aquatic health the maximum concentration of Conductivity is found in
River water sample 2 having Conductivity value 734.744 s/mm and minimum concentration of Conductivity
is found in River water sample 679s/mm having Conductivity value , which are within the permissible limits.
EC is negatively correlated with total alkalinity, iron and fluoride. And positively correlated with PH, TDS, Cl,
Total hardness, Ca, Mg, NO3, SO4. It can serve as an indicator of other water quality problems. Water with
high mineral content tends to have higher conductivity, which is a general indication of high dissolved solid
concentration of the water. And also the maximum concentration of Conductivity in sample 2 because in that
station the agricultural waste and industrial wastes are disposed in that station. The variation of Electrical
conductivity in the study period is shown.
CONDUCTIVITY
740
730
720
710
700
690 conductivity
680
670
660
650
sampling point01 sampling point02 sampling point03
FIG 5.2 CONDUCTIVITY

5.4 Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness of fluid caused by large number of individual particles that are generally
invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.
Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes. While some
suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom of the container if a
liquid sample is left to stand very small particles will settle only very slowly sample is regularly agitated or
particles cause the liquid to appear turbid.
In the present study the turbidity values ranged between 2.32to 4.65 NTU. In the present study all the water
samples analyzed are all well within the permissible limits of 05 -25.
In our study area, the maximum concentration of Turbidity is found in River water sample 2 having turbidity
value 4.65 and minimum concentration of Turbidity is found in River water sample 2.325 having turbidity
value , which are within the permissible limits 5-25 given by Indian standards, also complies with standard of
5- 25 given by W.H.O. Hence it is safe for drinking purposes. And also the maximum concentration of turbidity
in sample 2 because in that station the agricultural waste and industrial wastes are disposed in that station.
TURBIDITY
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
turbidity
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
sapling point 1 sapling point 2 sampling point 03
FIG 5.3 Turbidity

5.5 Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solids level in River water is 381.33 to 438.22 mg/l which is within the permissible limit
of 500-1500mg/l. The term total dissolved solids refer mainly to the inorganic substances that are dissolved in
water. The effects of TDS on drinking water quality depend on the levels of its individual components
excessive hardness, taste, mineral depositions and corrosion are common properties of highly mineralized
water.
In our study area, the maximum concentration of Turbidity is found in River water sample having
turbidity value 438.22 and minimum concentration of Turbidity is found in River water sample 381.33 having
turbidity value, which are within the permissible limits 500-1500mg/l given by Indian standards, also complies
with standard of 500-1500mg/l given by W.H.O. Hence it is safe for drinking purposes.
The variation of total dissolved solids in the study period is
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

450
440
430
420
410
400
TDS
390
380
370
360
350
FIG 5.4 Total Dissolved Solids

5.6 Total Hardness:

Total Hardness in the study area ranges from 93.95 to 285.55 mg/Las CaCO3. According to BIS
desirable limit is 300mg/L and permissible limit is 600mg/L. Maximum concentration of TH is found in River
water sample 2 having TH value285.55 mg/L. and Minimum concentration of TH is found in River water
sample 3 having TH value 93.95 mg/L. TH is negatively correlated with total alkalinity, iron and fluoride. And
positively correlated with PH, EC, TDS, Cl, Ca, Mg, NO3, SO4 Hardness is caused by polyvalent metallic ions
dissolved in water, which in natural water are principally magnesium and calcium. Hence the given results of
total hardness will be within the permissible limit, so hence it is suitable for all the purposes.
Hardness is caused by polyvalent metallic ions dissolved in water, which in natural water are principally
magnesium and calcium. So the adverse effects of such hard water are
Soap consumption by hard water cause economic loss to water,
MgSO4 has laxative effects in person unaccustomed to it,
Precipitation by hard water adhere to the surface of tubs and sinks and may stain clothing, dishes and
other items.
HARDNESS
300
250
200
150
HARDNESS
100
50
0
FIG 5.5 Total hardness

5.7 Dissolved Oxygen:

Dissolved oxygen of the River water samples in the study area 4.43 mg/l to 5.44 mg/l which is within
the desirable limit of 6 mg/l as per Indian standards. The maximum concentration of Do is found in River water
sample 3 and minimum concentration of Do is found in River water sample 1 having DO value 4.43mg/l.
Dissolved oxygen is an important parameter in water quality assessment and biological processes prevailing in
the water. The DO values indicate the degree of pollution in the water bodies. The presence of DO enhances the
quality of water and also acceptability. The variation of DO in study period is as shown in the table below.
DO
5
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
DO
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
sapling point 1 sapling point 2 sapling point 3
FIG 5.6 Dissolved Oxygen

5.8 Calcium Hardness

Calcium presence in water results from its passage through the deposits of limestone, dolomite, gypsum
and other calcium bearing rocks. In the present study area, the River water samples have calcium concentration
varying from 64.08mg/l to 213.6 mg/l. And the Maximum calcium concentration is found in River water
sample collected from 2 is 213.6 mg/L. Minimum calcium concentration is 64.08 mg/L found in water collected
from sample 1. Calcium contributes to the total hardness of water and is an important micro nutrient in aquatic
environment. Small concentrations of calcium carbonate prevent corrosion of metal pipes by laying down a
protective coating. But increased concentration of calcium precipitates on heating to form harmful scales in
boilers, pipes and utensils. As per BIS and WHO standards, the permissible limit for calcium is75- 200 mg/L.
Hence the sample 1 will have lower calcium hardness and sample 2 having high calcium hardness... And also
the maximum concentration of calcium hardness in sample 2 because in that station the agricultural waste and
industrial wastes are disposed in that station to the river. Variation of calcium in the study area is shown.
CALCIUM HARDNESS
250
200
150
CALCIUM HARDNESS
100
50
0
FIG 5.7 Calcium hardness

5.9 Magnesium Hardness:

Magnesium concentration in the study area ranges from 23.31mg/l to 72.286 mg/l. In the present study,
the River water samples have the Maximum magnesium concentration is found in River water sample collected
from 2 is 72.286 mg/l. Minimum magnesium concentration is 23.31mg/l found in water sample collected from
3. Magnesium is one of the abundant elements in the earths crust.
It is found in all natural waters and its source lies in rocks. It is an important element contributing to
hardness and a necessary constituent of chlorophyll. High concentrations of magnesium reduce utility of water
for domestic use, while a concentration above 500mg/l imparts an unpleasant taste to water and renders it unfit
for drinking. As per standards the desirable limit of magnesium is 30 mg/l and permissible limit is 100 mg/l.
Hence the water is safe for all the purposes. Compared to all the three samples, the maximum concentration of
magnesium hardness in sample 2 will be higher.
Variations of Magnesium in the study area are shown.
Mg HARDNESS
80
70
60
50
40
Mg hardness
30
20
10
0
FIG 5.8 MAGNESIUM HAEDNESS

5.10 Fluoride
The levels of Fluoride in the River water samples ranged from 0.093 mg/L to 0.41 mg/L which are
within the permissible limit of 1 mg/L as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards. The variation of
fluoride is dependent on a variety of factors such as amount of soluble and insoluble fluoride in source rocks,
the duration of contact of water with rocks and soil temperature, rainfall, oxidation- reduction process. The
presence of small quantities of fluoride in drinking water may prevent tooth decay. Fluoride is poisonous at
high levels, and while dental fluorosis is easily recognized, skeletal damage may not be clinically obvious until
advanced stages have occurred. Often, River waters will contain more than 1.0 ppm, and in these cases, the
water should probably be defluoridated for drinking. Maximum Fluoride concentration is found in River water
sample collected from 2 is 0.41mg/L. Minimum concentration is 0.0913mg/L found in water sample collected
from 1.Compared to all the three samples, the maximum concentration of magnesium hardness in sample 2 will
be higher. The variation of Fluoride in the study period is shown figure.
FLUOIDE
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
fluoide
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
FIG 5.9 Fluoride

5.11 Chlorides:
Chloride present in River water samples are in the range of 49.2mg/l to 92.03mg/l, which is within the
permissible limit of 250 mg/l as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards and this affects the taste of the
water. Maximum chloride concentration is found in River water sample collected from 2 is 92.03mg/l.
Minimum chloride concentration is found in groundwater sample 2 is 49.2mg/l. This occurs may be due to
saline water intrusion. Chloride is a widely distributed element in all types of rocks in one or the other form. Its
affinity towards sodium is high. Therefore, its concentration is high in ground waters, where the temperature is
high and rainfall is less. Soil porosity and permeability also has a key role in building up the chlorides
concentration. Hence it is suitable for all the purposes. The variation of Chlorides in the study period is as
shown.
CHLORIDE
100
90
80
70
60
50
CHLORIDE
40
30
20
10
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
FIG 5.10 CHLORIDE

5.12 Total Alkalinity:

Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize acids Alkaline compounds in the water
such as bicarbonates carbonates, and hydroxides remove H+ ions and lower the acidity of the water (which
means increased pH).
Total Alkalinity of the samples are in the range of 113.11 to 395.51mg/L. Maximum concentration is found in
ground water sample collected from 2 is 395.51mg/L. Minimum concentration is113.11 mg/L found in water
sample of 1. Total alkalinity is negatively correlated with iron and fluoride, nitrate, sulphate. And positively
correlated with PH, EC, TDS, Cl, Total hardness, Ca, Mg, The total alkalinity levels of all the water samples
are high thus, resisting acidification of the groundwater samples. The variation of total alkalinity in the study
period is shown.
ALKALINITY
450
400
350
300
250
Alkalinity
200
150
100
50
0
SAMPLING POINT 01 SAMPLING POINT 02 SAMPLING POINT 03
FIG 5.11 Alkalinity

5.13 Colour
Colour in water is primarily a concern of water quality for aesthetic reason. Coloured water gives the
appearance of being unfit to drink. Even though the water may be perfectly safe for public use. On the other
hand, colour can indicate the presence of organic substance, such as algae or humid compounds. The intensity
of sewage colour is due to the strength and condition of sewage. Colour developed by dissolved solids,
dissolved gases, decomposition of vegetarian organic matter, microorganisms, excess of iron and manganese
etc.
In the present study the colour is varied from a minimum 3 to 4 HSU. The BIS acceptable limit for
colour is 25 Hazen units. In the present study all the water samples analyzed are all well within the permissible
limits
colour
4.5
3.5
2.5
2 colour
1.5
0.5
0
sampling point 1 sampling point2 sampling point 03
FIG 5.12 Colours

5.14 E-coli
E-Coli forms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that
other potentially harm full bacteria may be present. Coli forms were found in more samples than allowed and
this was a warning of potential problems with the treatment process or pipes which distribute the water.
In this present study the E-coli value varies from 9-11 colonies/100ml of sample the permissible limit is
1number/100 ml of sample according to BIS standards in this study all the samples are exceed the limit. Sample
3 is more contaminated.
E-COLI
12
10
6
E-COLI
0
FIG 5.13 E-Coli

5.15 BOD
Biological oxygen demand is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organism to
break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.
The levels of Biological oxygen demand in the River water samples ranged from 4.43mg/L to 11.76mg/L
which are not within the permissible limit as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards. Maximum
concentration BOD is found in River water sample collected from 2 is 11.76mg/L .Minimum concentration is
4.43mg/L found in water sample collected from 1.Compared to all the three samples, the maximum
concentration of magnesium hardness in sample 2 will be higher. The variation of BOD in the study period is
shown figure. Hence it is not suitable for domestic purpose
BOD
14
12
10
BOD
6
0
samling point 01 samling point 02 samling point 03
FIG 5.14 BOD

5.16 COD
Chemical oxygen demand is a measurement of the oxygen require to oxidise the soluble and particulate
organic matter. The levels of Chemical oxygen demand in the River water samples ranged from 12.83mg/L to
53.30mg/L which are not within the permissible limit as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards.
Maximum concentration COD is found in River water sample collected from 2 is 53.30mg/L .Minimum
concentration is 12.83mg/L found in water sample collected from 1.Compared to all the three samples, the
maximum concentration of COD in sample 2 will be higher. The variation of Fluoride in the study period is
shown figure. Hence it is not suitable for domestic purpose
COD
60
50
40
30
COD
20
10
0
FIG 5.15 COD

5.17 Heavy metal analysis
Heavy metals are loosely defined, but they are a subset of atomic elements that exhibit metallic
properties, such as transition metals and other metalloid elements.
Table 5.13 Water quality of heavy metals specified by Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) and
World Health Organisation (WHO) standard
SL.NO PARAMETERS UNIT BIS LIMIT
01 Iron(Fe) mg/l 0.1

02 Lead(Pb) mg/l .0.01
03 Arsenic(As) mg/l 0.01
04 Nickel(Ni) mg/l 0.02
05 Chromium(Cr) mg/l 0.05
06 Cadmium(Cd) mg/l 0.003
Water quality analysis of heavy metals sampling station02
SI.NO Parameters Unit Result

01 Iron(Fe) mg/l 8.83
02 Lead(Pb) mg/l 0.01
03 Arsenic(As) mg/l 0.01
04 Nickel(Ni) mg/l 0.01
05 Chromium(Cr) mg/l 0.005
06 Cadmium(Cd) mg/l 0.003

The heavy metals were tested in the laboratory of sampling station 2 because due to the disposal of
industrial waste and agricultural wastes to the river at the sampling station 2.Minerals are an important element
in human nutrition but any minerals in excess is harmful. If iron is excessive amount of iron in drinking water is
not good for the body. And all parameters were found that all are in the desirable limit expect iron. The metal
iron will be containing excess results of 8.83 at the sampling station 2. So precaution measures will be taken to
dispose the industrial wastes and also it will affect the living beings. Having too much of iron in water will
cause a stain in clothes, glasswares and household fixtures sinks and tubs. Iron can also accumulate and
solidify inside household pipes and can completely restrict and block the flow of water.

CONCLUSIONS
After the careful study of analysis, interpretation and discussions of the numerical data following
conclusions have been drawn for the Hemavathi River water of KR pet. The River water is crystal clear,
odourless, and palatable. Water is soft in almost all the sampling stations. As there is no considerable increase
in Dissolved oxygen and fluoride chloride and alkalinity, it shows that there is no possible contamination of
river water. The concentration of BOD and COD is not within the permissible limit. The hardness is reported, it
is by calcium itself, which is also within the permissible limits. It has been revealed by the analysis that
industrial effluents have no severe effect on the quality of river water of K. But the E-coli in the river water are
higher and it is not within the permissible limits. The analysis reveals that the river water of the area, needs
certain degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the industrial and
agricultural contamination.
The source of pollution in the study area is identified principally as industrial and agricultural wastes.
And also the heavy metals are tested in the laboratory for the sampling station 2 and it will not within the
permissible limit. The water contains excess amount of iron (8.83 mg/l). So precautionary measures will be
taken to dispose the industrial wastes and also it will affect the living beings. Having too much of iron in water
will cause a stain in clothes, glasswares and household fixtures sinks and tubs. Iron can also accumulate and
solidify inside household pipes and can completely restrict and block the flow of water. So proper treatment
will be given to the water before use.
Compared to all the three samples the sample station 2 will be more polluted compared to the other two
sample stations due to the disposal of industrial, domestic and agricultural wastes.
In this work, Assessment of Hemavathi River water the quality for 3 sampling stations in the study area.
Based on the chemical examinations conducted on River water samples the following conclusions can be
drawn:
The type of water predominates in the study area is BOD and COD type This may be mainly due to
leaching from various rocks into soil and water by weathering and also due to the wastes from industries and
agriculture it will be polluted.

In our study area, pH of the River water samples ranges from 7.24 to 8.57.One of the main objectives in
controlling pH is to produce water that minimizes corrosion or incrustation. These processes, which can cause
considerable damage to the water supply systems, result from complex interactions between pH and other
parameters, such as dissolved solids, dissolved gases, hardness, alkalinity, and temperature.
Total dissolved solids level in ground water is 381.33to 438..22 mg/l which is within the permissible
limit of 500-1500.The effects of TDS on drinking water quality depend on the levels of its individual
components excessive hardness, taste, mineral depositions and corrosion are common properties of highly
mineralized water.
Total Alkalinity of the samples is in the range of 113.11 to 395.5mg/L. The total alkalinity levels of all
the water samples are high thus, and in the sample 2 it will be very high, resisting acidification of the river
water samples.
Total Hardness in the study area ranges from 93.95mg/L to 285.55mg/L Hardness is caused by
polyvalent metallic ions dissolved in water, which in natural water are principally magnesium and calcium.
According to hardness values for the study area are found to be hard for almost all locations and according to
WHO specification and Indian standards it is determined to fall higher edge of the desirable limit.
Calcium concentration varying from 64.2mg/l to 213.6 mg/l. Small concentrations of calcium carbonate
prevent corrosion of metal pipes by laying down a protective coating. But increased concentration of calcium
precipitates on heating to form harmful scales in boilers, pipes and utensils.
E-coli value varies from 8 to 11 colonies/100ml of sample the permissible limit is 1number/100 ml of
sample according to BIS standards in this study all the samples are exceed the limit. Sample 1 contains is more
contaminated.
BOD varies from the River water samples ranged from 4.43mg/L to 11.76mg/L which are not within the
permissible limit as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards. Maximum concentration BOD is found in
River water sample collected from 2 is 11.76mg/L .Minimum concentration is 4.43mg/L found in water sample
collected from 1.Compared to all the three samples, the maximum concentration of magnesium hardness in
sample 2 will be higher. And it is not safe for various purposes.

The levels of Chemical oxygen demand in the River water samples ranged from 12.83mg/L to
53.30mg/L which are not within the permissible limit as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards. It was
found in water sample collected from 1.Compared to all the three samples, the maximum concentration of COD
in sample 2 will be higher.

RECOMMENDATION
The study revealed that the k r pet town comprising lack of adequate sanitary and drainage facilities.
Therefore, an attention of concerned authorities must be made to take appropriate steps in providing
the necessary facilities to supply safe drinking water to the people of this region.
Disposal of solids waste, agricultural residues and waste on a land fill and industrial are highly
nuisance and become a source of water contamination. A proper management of this activity by the
concerned authorities must be made for safe disposal of solid waste and industrial with safe manner
without any nuisance.
Health awareness programs are too conducted periodically for the benefit of public through health
agencies with regard to the impact of water diseases.
The study indicated that the study area contains high degree of hardness. Hence, public may be
advice to use this water after proper treatment like water softening process.
Sampling station 2 will be more contaminated compared to the sampling station 1 and sampling
station3 because in that station industrial and agricultural wastes are disposed, so that precaution will
be taken to dispose the wastes separately.

REFFERENCE
1. Subaru Sarkar and umesh Mishra has studied on Analysis on water quality of Harora River in
Agartala in the year 2012
2. Kallol Dey, S.C. Mohapatra and Mrs. Bidyabati Misra has studied on analysis on water quality of
Brahmani River at Rourkela studied various physicochemical parameters from the River over a period
of one year in 2002.
3. Dr. M. K. Mahesh, B. R. Sushmitha, H. R. Uma have explained, a water quality analysis (
[07]
developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) was applied to Hemavathi
river Hassan , Karnataka State, India
4. Yadav Anoop and Daulta Renu[3] has studied on article An effect of sugar mill on physic-chemical
characteristics of surface water of surrounding area.
5. R. M. Khan, M. J. Jadhav, I. R. Ustad [14] have explained, in order to understand the water quality of
Triveni river , Physico-chemical parameters were studied and analyzed for the period of one year i.e.
December 2010 to November 2011.
6. Pradhan et al., (2003) investigated the quality of drinking water used by the communities and their
awareness regarding water quality and water borne diseases in Bungamati locality in Kathmandu Nepal.
7. Amit kumar, M.P Sharma, Naresh Singh Yadav has studied an article of Assessment of water
quality of Chambal River in Maharashtra.
8. Abida Begum and Harikrishna The quality of water in four streams of Cauvery River in Mandya
District, where many small scale sugar and brewery distilleries are located, was analyzed.
9. V. B. Y. Sheikh, P. R. Bhosale, B. N. Nagargoje has explained, Physical, chemical, ionic, biological
[09]
studies were conducted at (Maharashtra State, India).

10. S. N. Thitame and G. M. Pondhe [12] have studied, in present investigation an attempt was made for assessment
of Seasonal Variation in Physico- chemical Characteristics and Quality of Pravara River Water for Irrigation
during year 2008.
11. Ramesh.Nand Krishnaiah.S , "Determination of water quality index of an urban waterbody of
Bellandur lake in Bangalore city, Karnataka, India ", volume 3 issue 2 nov 2014.
12. K.Yogendra and E.T.Puttaih, "Determination of Water quality index and suitability of an urban
waterbody in Shimoga town,Karnataka",volume 4, issue 2

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Water quality analysis of Hemavathi River 2017

1.2 Water quality

Department of civil Engineering Page 2 GEC, K.R.PET

1.3 Water quality analysis

6. Total Dissolved Solids

10. Magnesium hardness

12. Chemical oxygen demand

13. Determination of Chloride content

15. Bio- chemical oxygen demand

Department of civil Engineering Page 3 GEC, K.R.PET

1.4 Types of water pollution

1.5 Objectives of the study:-

Water quality analysis is of extremely necessary in the sectors of:

1. Public health (especially for drinking water).

Department of civil Engineering Page 4 GEC, K.R.PET

2.1. Literature review on River water

Department of civil Engineering Page 6 GEC, K.R.PET

S. N. Thitame and G. M. Pondhe [12]

Department of civil Engineering Page 7 GEC, K.R.PET

2.2 Statement of the problem

2.3 Scope of the investigation

2.4 River water quality

Department of civil Engineering Page 8 GEC, K.R.PET

2.5 Sources of River water Contamination

Department of civil Engineering Page 9 GEC, K.R.PET

2.6 Control River Pollution

2.7 Five major causes for River water pollution in India

2.8 We should contribute to make the rivers clean

Department of civil Engineering Page 10 GEC, K.R.PET

Precision and accuracy of method selected as per requirement

Drinking: as per WHO/CPCB standards

Department of civil Engineering Page 11 GEC, K.R.PET

Volume and number of sample to be analyzed

Precision and accuracy of method selected as per requirement

Department of civil Engineering Page 12 GEC, K.R.PET

Department of civil Engineering Page 13 GEC, K.R.PET

1 Colour 0.5 0.5

Department of civil Engineering Page 14 GEC, K.R.PET

2.10 Water quality tests parameters

Odour and Taste

Department of civil Engineering Page 15 GEC, K.R.PET

2.11 Environmental significance of parameters

2.11.1 Physical parameters:

Department of civil Engineering Page 16 GEC, K.R.PET

2.11.2 Chemical parameters

Department of civil Engineering Page 17 GEC, K.R.PET

Total dissolved solids

2.11.3 Biological parameters

Department of civil Engineering Page 18 GEC, K.R.PET

2.12 Water borne diseases

Some of the water borne diseases are

Department of civil Engineering Page 19 GEC, K.R.PET

Some of water borne diseases are

Department of civil Engineering Page 20 GEC, K.R.PET

Table 2.2 Disease caused by various microbial and general symptoms

Disease Microbial Agent General symptoms

2.13 Prevention and Control of water borne diseases

Department of civil Engineering Page 21 GEC, K.R.PET

The approach to prevention and control

The causative agents

Department of civil Engineering Page 22 GEC, K.R.PET

3.1 About K R Pet town

3.2 Town profile