lkJNirf COILEG

UBR.AR.Y
M.OORE
COLLECTION
RELATING
TO THE
FA~ EAST ~A.-'.Tllh"'ll
CLASS N O . - -
BOOK NO. - -
VOLUM _ __
ACCESSION NO.
137<-4--<o
 ~
- ::: ~
-.~ ~~
1'.t .3'- 1~ }jj. ?t ~ ;lt
JL(l~

.Jit {(_. #.. 1f 11

.... l'it ~ ~ JL r:~~1 ~ ~ .t!; q: ~ft -tr

The Three Character Classic

(Composed by Wang Po Hou during the Sung Dynasty, A.D. 960)
I::NGLISH TRANSLATION WITH NOTI::S
ROMANIZED INTO MANDARIN, CANTONESE AND HOKKIEN
By Chiang Ker Chiu

r... ~~ 1 & 1948 -

* {f /6, &iji .lCJ! -t . -li ~ 'Jt, ~ :Jn 8f.

Guidad by the little Hsiang T"uo, Confucius trod the paths of learned lore:
Than those sages and worthies oF ancient times none e'er loved learning more .
 The Chinese Dynasties
The Five Emperors. .1i. ilJ' B.C. 2852.
Hsia . ~ 2205.
Shang ;tl 1766.
~ 1122.
Chou.
Ch'in.
Han.
*
~~m~,db~
' 255.
206.
Later Han. {.{;.1? ...~~ A.D. 25.
The Three Kingdoms. ~ !;J
Minor Han. !lQ ~ 221.
Wei . ~f;, 220.
Wu.
Western Chin.
*tfu-'i 229.
265.
Eastern Chin. .J!t% 317..
Division between North & South .
Liu Sung. 1~20.
Ch ' i. 479.
Liang. 502.
Ch'en. 557.
Northern Wei. 386.
Western Wei. 535.
Eastern Wei . 534.
Northern Ch 'i.. 550.
Northern Chou. 557.
Sui . 589.
T'ang. 618.
The Five Dynasties .
Posterior Liang. 907.
Posterior T'ang. 923.
Posterior Chin. 936.
Posterior Han. 947.
Posterior Chou . 951 .
Sung . 960.
Southern Sung . 1127.
YUan or Mongol. 1280.
Ming . 1368.
Ch ' ing 1644.
ARTHUR PROBSTHAIN
Oriental Bookaeller
41 Ot, Russell Street
LONDON, W.0.1
 ---
*
MANDARIN : SAN 1 TZ0 4 CHING 1
CANTOI~ESE: cSA. M TS z=? cK ENG
HO KKIEN : SAM J u KE NG
~~
,.~

THE THREE CHARACTER CLASSIC

A. ~ -{<J) ' ti. $. ~-.

jen 2 1
chih ch 'u 1, h~in~
4
pen 3 shan 4
~Yan cchi cch"o, s1ng C I
pun shin=?.
Jtn chi chho, s~ng punI
sian .
ti tEl :ill, ~ tEl ~
.m...3
Hs ing 4 hsiang 1
- chin 4 , h51 2 hsiang 1 yUan .
)
kan~, c..
I
Sing cseung ts~p=?
I
cseung -un.
S~ng s iong kun, I
Sip s iong I
oan .
Chapter I Man's Original Nature
I. All men are born with the same good nature, but as they
grow up, they acquire diffe-rent habits, so they are widely different
in their characters.
i.<l! ching 1 classics, sacred books . t1. hsing 4 nature, disposition.
;i<JJ ch ' u 1 to begin, the beg inning . -l shan 4
good, vir t uous .
tl hsi 2 to learn, accustomed to . ~ yUan 3 far .
~ ;(-. fi, ti.
Ko u 3 4 it.
pu chi ao\ hsin g 4 ch 'i en 1
cKau pat:> klw =>, . )
s 1n g ( I
-nat cts ' in.
K6 pu t kau, s~ng
I
na 1 chh 1an .
Aft 4
~ 1
lit , -JI- J~"A lf-.
Ch iao chih ta o \ kui 4 i3 ch uan 1
Kau) cchi to=?, kwa ? i cchU n.
Kau chi t o, ku i choan .
2. If a man has not been properly taught, his natu re will
gradu a lly be come bad . Th e mo s t important th ing in educati on is
clos e co -opera t io n b.:tween t ea ch e r and pupil.
1
1f ch ' 1en 1 to remo v e, alt e r. it kui 4 valuable, to count valuable .
$f. chuan3
close att e nt ion, 1j nai 3 then, and accordingly .
"0 kou IF [ spec1a
I. ~
if, tao 4
t h e way, t h e pnnctp
Ie .

-1-
 -tt it -lit, ~~ jf~ Jk..
,. 2
Hsi 2 Meng 4 mu 3 , ts~ 2 1n ch'u 3 .
Sik=> Mang~ ~m6, chak~ ~lun cch'u.
Sek Beng bu, tek ltn chhu.

~. 'T ~ lt.
2
pu 4 hsueh , tuan 4 chi 1 chu 4
pat:> hok:>, tUn~ ckei ~ch'u.
put hak; toan ki thu.
3. The mother oF Mencius (the great philosopher, regarded by
the Chine5e as being second only to ConFucius, B.C. 372-289) care-
Fully chose her neighbours wherever she stayed. On one occasion,
on her son's reFusing to study, she rent the web in the loom beFore
his Face.
~t chu 4 shuttle, the shuttle containing JJt ch'u 3 to stay.
the web oF the wooF. f.~ lin 2 neighbours.
iflf tuan 4 cut, cut oFF, make an end oF. 1:f ts~ 2 to choose.

i ,,tit..... J.J, ~ ~ ?i.

Tou 4 Yen 4 Shan 1, 4 fang 1,
1 yu3 I
c .)
Tau~ In) cShan, -yau 1- cfong,
I
To Ian San, IU gi hong,

~i -1-,3 .z 1~ ~~ .
Chiao 4 wu 3 tzu , ming 2 chu 4 yang 2 .
/ ) ~ng ~y~un~.
Kau .ctsz, cmeng ckU
Kau ng6 chu, -b~ng ku ibng.
4.Old Tou Yen Shan (Posterior Chin dynasty) taught his Five
sons by a good method and all oF them became Famous men.
~ chu 4 all, every. t tou
4
a surname, loophole,
.. 1i i 4 -Fang 1 a right method For t~ yang 2 to spread. [den.
teaching children. tM yen 4 the shallow,

Yang 3
~Yeung
16ng
~
pu4
pat:>
put
~i,
chiao\
ckau,
kau,
.X.
Fu 4
F'J
u-
hu
~
chih
cchi
chi
1
.&.
kuo 4 .
kwo).
k6.

~i ~ ;lt, ~rp ~ tt.

4
tuo 4 .
1
Chiao pu4 yen 2 , shih chih 1

to~.
)
Kau pat:> ~1m, cSZ cchi
Kau put gi~m, su chi to.

2-
 5. Only to rear and feed children and not gi ve them ed uc a t ion
is the fath e rs' error . If teachers are not strict in the ir t ea ch ing, th e y
are idle t e achers .
.i!! kou 4 error. ~ yang 3 to rear, to bring up .
4 lazy.
11:1 tuo At yen 2 strict .
-t ~ ;JJ=. Hr 1L.
Tsu 3
'Tsz
pu4
pat:>
*'
hsueh 2 ,
hokJ 1
f et. I
,fei
suo 3
'sho
2
I
!;i .

I
Chu put hbk,- hui so gt' .
.IJ.}J ;f-. 11 it?
Yu
Yau
)
11 pu4
pat:>
*' 2
hsueh .
hokJ
*
lao 3
~16
h~2
!;ho
wei 2 ?
!;wai?
lu put hbk; 16 h& "?
Ul.

6. It is wrong if ch ildren do not study. If they . do not study

during their younger days, what can they do when they are older?

..$. ~ l~,
chuo 2 ,
~ m. ~-
Yu 4 pu4 pu4 ch ' ~ng 2 C h'I 4

Yuk~ pat:> t~uk 0 , pat:> ~sheng he? .

Giok put tok, put seng khL

A ~ ~ -l.
J~n2
~Yan
pu4
pat:>
*'
hsueh
hok:>,
2
1
pu4
pat:>
"*<l
chih 1
,chi
4
I
.1- .
)

Jfn put hbk,- put ti gi.

7. Unpolished Gems ca nnot form ornaments . If a man IS

untaught, he can never know his duties to h is neighbours.

lff.. chuo 2 to polish, work up a g e m. 1 i 2 fit , prop e r, righ t.

~ A -t,3 7i ~' Qt'

Wei 2 j~n2 tsu , fang 1 shao 4 sh ih 2 ,
h.,)
,Wai ~yan 'tsz, ,fong 5 IU ~sh i ,
-u i jfn chu, hong siau 51 ' 1

a ~ill ~~ 15 ift 1 21 .
ch'in 1 shih 1 3
yu 1 h 512 li 3 I .
cts ' an c-yau, ~ lai
,sz tsap~ ~ I.
chh in su I
tu,
I
Sip I~ gt' .

3-
 Chapter 2 Duty to Parents and Superiors
8. In their youth, children should be closely attached to tutors
and Friends in order to learn the rites and observ11nces.
1:1\. i 2 a rite, ceremony. ;tt1~ li 3 -i 2 rites and observances.

t. 1L $!;;, fit ~& fiP.

Hsiang 1 chiu 3 ling 2 , n~ng 2 w~n 1
hsi 2
,Heung 'kau ~I eng, cnang ,wan tsik~.
Hiong kiu l~ng, -l~ng un sek.

7t $l , Hr 1; :fA. .
Hsiao 4 yU 2 ch'in 1, suo 3 tang 1
chih 2 .
' )
H au eli cts'an, 'sho ctong chaP:>
u chhin, s6 tong chip.
9.
A child should know how to obey his parents. When Hsiang
(Later Han dynasty l was nine years old he could warm the bed For
his p!Hents to sleep.
-#._ chih 2 to maintain, keep . ~ hsi 2 a mat. 1/; ling 2 one's age.
'ZEJ t!, .Jt
Flr.. "ti # .
Jung 2 4 4 2
ssu jang 4 li 2 .
A
SUI I neng
) .) I )
cYung sz SUI 1 cnang yeung - clei.
-Hil>ng I
su soe, -l~ng jiong -~~ .

~ -&, 1[ ;t -*a.
Ti 4 chang 3 , i2 hsien 1
chih 1
Tai~ eli t c h'eung, c.
-~ csin cc h i.
Te u ti6ng, gt s1an ti.
I 0. Children must respect their elders. When Jung (A. D.
153-208) W!lS four ye!lrS old, he could resign the bigger though
cherished pear to his elder brother.
k . chang 3 to grow; elders. ~f. jung 2 to blend. [duty.
~1{ jang 4
to give away, yield. !J, ti 4 brotherly love; fraternal

~ ;t, t~, ;.k_ JL P.tfJ.

4
Shou 3
hsiao 4
, till, tz u chien\ w~n 2 .
'Sh11u hau:>, t!li~, t sz:> kin:>, em an.
Siu hau, te, chhu ki~n 1 -bun.

~ jf_ a, i~ jf_ x.
Chih 1 moLi 3 shu\ shih 4 mou
3
w~n 2
cChi ~mau sho:>, shik:> ~mau ,man .
Ti b6 so, sek b6 -bun.

4-
 II. First comes duty to parents and superiors. Study Follows
next. Thus, one will know the laws oF numbers and understand the
letter-text.
it shou 3 the First, h ~ ad, chieF. ;.k_ tz'u 4 the second, a time.

tli7 -t, -t .Ji; Ei' .

2 2
erh 2
2
I' erh shih , shih pllt3 .
Yat:> ~i shap~, shap~ ~I pbk , .
I I .,
It Jf SIp, Sip Jl pek .
1f .Ji; -t, -t tli7 ~.
Pai 3 erh 2 ch'ien 1, ch'ien 1 trh 2 wan 4 .
. I )
Nko ~I cts tn, cts ' in ~I rnan-.
., . ,
Pek Jl chhian, chhian Jl ban .
Chapter 3 General Knowledge
I. Numbers and ClassiFications
12. In numbers, we say From units to tens, tens to hundre ds,
hundreds to thousBnds and thousands to ten thou;ands.
::: ;t ;:#: -1:., Jtt, J.....
San 1 ts 'ai 2 che 3 : T'ien 1, T4
I I Jen 2 .
cS~m ~ts'oi cche: cT'in, Tei~, ~Yan.
Sam chSi chia: Thian, Te, Jfn.
13. The three mighty powers of nature are: Heaven, Earth
and Man.
:: :?(. ;:#: a' ~
'
!L.
San 1 kuang 1 che 3 : Jih\ Yueh\ Hsing 1
cSam ckwong cche: Yat:>, tit), cSing .
Sam kong chia: j lt,- G;~t, Sen g.
14. The three great celestilll lights are: the Sun, the Moon
and the Stors.
----- --
- ~ ;it: ~. ~ ~;
San 1 kang 1 che 3 : chun 1 , ch 'en 2 i4;
cSam ckong cche: ckwan, ~shan ~i;
Sam kong chia: kun, sfn gl;
X
'
1- a; "-., 1-~ Jl]~
Fu\ tzu 3 ch'in 1; Fu t' Fu 4 shun 4
F':> ~fu
U I ctsz cts an; ~Fu, shun~.
hu, chu chhin; hu, hu sun.

~ -
 15. The three binding principles are (I) Prince and minister
mu;t treat e ach other fairly. ( 2) Father and son must love each
other. (3) Husband and wife must be agreeable to each other.
~ kang 1 the large cord of a net, a bond, moral obligations.
Jll}i shun 4 to agree, obey, suit, harmony, obedient, gentle.
---- -----
E)
Yueh 4
tit;!
*
ch ' un 1,
cch ' un,
_j__,
hsia\
h')
a- I
E)
yueh 4
Lit)
~;t'
ch'iu,
cts'au,
~
. '
tung;
ctung;
O~t chhun, ha, oAt chhiu, tong;

Jl:l:. ~ ij~' ~
.. 4
~ ~-
tz'u 3 ssu 4 shih 2 , yun pu4 ch'iung 2 .
c ts ' z sz
) I
wan-
)
pat) k'ung.
shi,
A
chhu sll 51 1 un put ki&ng.
16. The four seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter.
They succeed one another without fail.
~ ch ' iung 2 to exhaust, poor. tl. yun 4 to revolve, transport.

E)
Yueh 4
r!iJ,
nan 2 ,
;It,
pei 3 ,
a
yueh 4
-tffl,
hsi 1,
*-;
tung 1 ;
I
tit;! ~nam, pak), Lit;! csai, ctung;
Oat ISm, pok, obt se, tong;

ll:l:. ~ -:Ji, I! -t 'f. I

tz'u 3 ssu 4 fang 1, ying 4 hu 1 chung
cts ' z ) )
sz cfong, ying ~fu Echung.
chhu sll hong,
.... .~ng h~ tiong .
17. North, south, east and west are called the four directions
which branch off from any central point.
-- ---
E) J)(' :k.., ~. &, ......;
Yueh 4 shui 3 , huo 3 , mu\ chin 1, t'u 3 ;
ut~ cshui, cfo, muk::!, ,kam, Ct'6;
I
Oat SUI 1 h6, bok, kim, th6;

ll=l:. .1i. 1t' $- -t tt.

tz'u 3 wu 3 hsing 2 , p~n3 hu 1 shu 4 .
c ts ' z c-ng c I
sh6J.
hang, pun fu
I I
chhu ngo h~ng, pun h& s6.
18.
Water, fire, wood, metal and earth are called the five
elements and from these all things are classified.

-6-
 a {.::..,
2
~.
4
t', 11:;
Yueh 4
A
Jen , I I chih\ hs in 4 ;
dt~ ~yan, ~I, chi), sun);
s ~n;
A
Oat Jln, gT, d,
~
Jl:!:. :Ji. :f:,, Z- :f-.
tz 'u3 wu 3 ch'ang 2, jung2 A 4
wen .
c lun~.
cts'z -ng ~sheung, ~yung
A
chhu ng6 s i&ng, 1ong bun.
19. Goodwill, justice, decorum, wisdom and truth are the
five principal virtues . They should not be misunderstood or violated.
Z- jung 2 to allow; to pardon . % w~n 4 conFused; disordered.

:f{j '
Tao\
*
~,,.

liang 2 ,
...

shu\
,..
...F1.., ~
mai\
. ~.
shu 3
,
.Sl?.
1'"'-.,
chi 2 ;
/J
To- ~Ieung, shuk~, mak~ , cshl.i, tsik~ ;
'
To, li&ng, siok, bek,
I
su, chek;
11:1:. ~ ~. A Hr ~-
tz'u 3 liu 4 ku 3 , jen 2 suo 3 shih2.
c .
ts z
k
lu J kukJ, ~yan
c
sho shik~.
chhu liok- kok, jfn s6 sit.
20. Paddy, millet, pulse, wheat, fine r1ce and panicled millet
are the six important gra ins consumed by man.
;f.[ chi
2 ponicled millet. :$. shu 3 fine rice.
3
~ ku grain. ;AA, shu 4 pulse, bean sprouts .
2
~ liang millet. ~ tao 4 paddy, rice.
- -- -
-~. 4-, if, $(t' ;k, ~;
Ma 3 , niu 2, yang 2, chi 1 ch\ian 3 , shih 3 ;
~Ma, ~ngau, ~yeung, ckai, chun, 'ch'i;
M~, giu, A
1ong, ke, khian, sf;

Jl:f:.
_,_ -p;
/) !f1, ).... i&].
tz 'u 3 liu 4 ch'u\ jb2 ssu 4 .
c
ts z
chhu
lukJ
1 iok-
ch'ukJ,
th iok,- .
cyan
-Jln
tsz~.
su .
21. Horses, oxen, sheep, fowls, dogs and pigs are the SIX
animals reared and domesticated by man .
4
15 ch ' u domesticated animals. 1i"l ssu 4 to feed, rear .

.7 -
 -t-, ~~. a ~. Hl,
hsi 3 , nu 4 yUeh 4 ai 1, C hU.. 4 I

'hci, no~,' UtJ coi, kU~,

hl, lo, oft ai, khu,
tf&.
/.!!_ ' -?1 ' ~;
yU 4 ;
-t'
ch ' i 1
tt
ch ' ing 2
Jt..
.. 4
ai\ wu\ c hu .
01
.J
1 (/ yu kJ; t s' atJ ct s' ing
.. J .
ku-
~i, on iok ;- chhit -ch~ng ku .
22. Joy, anger, grief, fear, lo ve , hatred and desire llre the
seven huma n passions e x perienced by all.
.:R ai
1
grief, sorrow. 1-~ nu 4 anger, angry .
4
t!l l!:, w u 4 hotr ed, abomin a bl e .
4
chU fe ar, a fr a id.
4
c hU po ss~ ss , tools . * yU 4 d es ire, t o wish.
-----------------
..., ~. $., .E, &,
t 'u3 ke2 ' mu\ sh ih 2 , chin 1 ,
( '~ I
to, kak I mukJ, shikJ, ckam,
t h6, kek, bok,- sek,- kim,

~~ ' +t 2' 1j i\.. -=&=-

1
ssu chu ; nai 3 po 1 yin 1
, sz, chukJ ; ~nai pato cyom.
I
u si, tiok; n~i pat rm.
23 . The eight dist inctive musical sounds can be producecj..from
the gourd, clay, leather, wood, stone, metal, strings and bamboo.
2
Jf- ke leather, to degrade, discharge . ~ j)'ao 2 gourd.
~ .a6?
r&7 ' El '
$1, Jq,
ts~ng 1 ,
1
Kao , tsu 3 , sh&n 1,
,Ko, ctsang, 'tso, cshan,
Ko, cheng, ch6, sin,

!:1 -1-, -t J*'

sh~n 1 tzu 3 , tzu 3 sun 1,
,shan 'tsz, 'tsz ,sUn,
srn chu, chu sun,

-t J*' ~
El '
~;
tzu 3 sun 1, ch ih 4 ts~ng 1, hsUan 2 ;
'tsz, csUn, ch? ctsang, cUn;
chu, sun, ch~ cheng, -hiSn;

a-
 1L ~~. A ~ 1~.
3
na1 chiu
3
tsu ,
2
j~n 2 chih 1
lun 2 .
~yan ~lun.
C I
-nal ckau tsuk), cch i
I
na1 kiu chok-, jtn chi lun.
24. Great-great grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather,
father, self and son, grandson, great-grandson, great-great
grandson are the nine generations in the order of family relation-
ship.
;tl sh~n 1
oneself, the body. ;J'k: sun 1 grandchdd.
'if ~k: ts~ng -sun great-grandchild. 'it ;f.Il. ts~ng 1-tsu 3 great-grand-
1 1

;f.Il. tsu 3 grandfather, ancestor. [Father.

~ ~k: hsuan 2 -sun 1 great-great grandchild. 1J nat 3 it is.
';% ;lil. kao 1-tsu 3 great"great grandfather. ~ tsu 2 kindred.
1~ lun
2
the human relationships, order, in order.

.X., -t ~~, !::..., 1ft.

Fu, 4 tzu 3 ~n 1 , fu I' ts'ung 2 .
Ful )- ctsz cyan, cfu, ts ' ung-.
)

hu, ' chu un, hu, chi6ng.

X. Jl~ -A, JlJ 7.t.

Hsiung 1 ts~ 2 yua, ts~ 2 kung 1
cHing tsak) ~yau, tsak) ckung.
I
Heng chek IU 1 chek kiong .
$., ~. .:h:.. ~
Chang 3 , hsu\ yu3 yu
.. J
p.eng .
2
cCheung, tsu 2, ~yau c-u..
~P ang.
Ti6ng, su,
I
IU
I
u p~ng.

~
Chun 1
m
ts~ 2
~t. ~
ch'~n 2
JilJ ,1;; .
ching\ ts~ 2 chung 1
cKwan tsak) keng), cshan tsak) cchung.
Kun chek k~ng, -stn chek tiong.
!l:t -t ~. A Hr 1~.
Tz'u 3 shih 2 i4, j~n2 suo 3 t'ung 2 .
cTs'z shap 2
.)
~-I ~yan 'sho ct'ung.
Chhu slp gi, jtn
I
so
- A
tong.
25. The following are the ten moral duties which everyone
must observe: Father and son must love each other kindly, husband
.and wife must treat each other agreeably, elder brother must be

-9-
complaisant, and younger brother respectful. Superiors and young
sters must treat one another according to their ranks. Friends must
deal with one another sincerely. The sovereign must esteem his
courtiers and the courtiers must be loyal to his sovereign.
~ chun 1 a sovereign, prince. 1-oJ t'ung 2 bring to the same order
.~ ~n 1 kindness. or rule, make the same.
f:f hsu 4 order, in order of rank. A yu 3 complaisant.
1!.. kung 1 respectful. ~}J yu 4 young, youngsters.

JL "till ik, ~~ ~ 'ft.

hsun 4 meng 2 , hsu 1 chiang 3 chiu 4 .
)
fan ~mung, csli ckong kau:>.
hun b~ng, su kl!ng kiu.
"till ~;!;' a.n11'1 /..
c'J, -?b
"~.
2 2
Hsiang hsun\ 3
ku , ming chu\ tou 4 .
cTs 'eung fan:>, cku, cmeng ku:>, tau~.
-Si~ng hun, k6, -b~n g ku, to.
(2) Classical Books and Others
26. In teaching the young, one must explain to them the full
meanings of words. One must also explain idiomatic expressions
and teach them how to distinguish between the commas and full
stops.
1t chiang 3 to speak, explain. ~1\ hsun 4 tradition, instruction.
% chiu 4 to investigate. t-li ku 3 ;diems, sayings.
"tf hsiang 2 in detail, minutely. '. m~ng 2 the young.
~1\ hsun 4 to instruct, teach. 11\ tou 4 commas, clauses.

~ 1$ ;t, ''t' ;tf ~J).

Wei 2 hsueh 2 ch~ 3 , pi4 yu3 ch'u 1
cWai hokJ cche, pitJ ~yau cch'o.
-ui h~k- chill, pit
I
IU chho.

d'
Hsiao 3
csiu
SillU
*
Hsueh 2
HokJ
Hbk-
~'
chung 1,
cch ung,
chiong,
.:t.
chih 4
ch?
ch~
$.
Shu 1
cShu.
Su.
27. Scholars of Chinese should first study the Learning of
the Young bequeathed by Chu-tzu ( the Learning of the Young is
put into the hands of children and teaches them the art of sprink-
ling water and sweeping and gooJ behaviour. It also pertains on the

-10-
following six accomplishments, viz:- PolitP.ness, Music, Archery,
Driving, Writing and Mathematics) . After the Learning oF the
Young they can study the Four Books ( viz: - Analects of Confucius,
the Works of Mencius, the Doctrine of the Golden Medium and the
Great Learning ) .

~
Lun 4
------------------
~!J_
<>a
Yli 3
;;t,
che 3 ,
-t
shih 2
-
fiil1.
p '1en I .
Lun~ ~u cche, shap~ cP ' ln.
Lun Gu chill, sip phi an.

~ ~ ~ ~ 4 ~.
Ch'Un 2 ti 4 tzu 3 chi 4 shan 4 yen 2
,K'wan tai~ ctsz ke? shin~ cin.
-K~n te chu U s1an -giSn.
28. (I. The Analects of Confucius). In the Analects of Con-
fucius, there are twenty chapters of the winged sayings of the
Sage recorded by his disciples .
~ ch'l.in 2 a group. ;& p'ien 1 a chapter. tf>-J- ti 4-tzu 3 a disc iple.

~ ~ ;;t, k ~ Jl:..
Meng 1 Tzu 2 che 3 , Ch'I l p'1en I chih 3 .
Man 9 ~ cTsz cche, ts 'at::> cP ' In cchi.
Beng Chu chill, chh it ph ian chL

~ ~, ~!?.
1._,;, iJt. {-,
. 2
$:..
Chiang 3 t'2 1 4
tao\ e ' shuo Jen , I
cKong to~, tak::>, shlit 0 ~yan, ~i.
Kang to, tek, so at jfn, gi.
29. (2. The Work of Mencius ) . In the Works of Mencius,
there a re only seven chapters, explaining humanity and righteousness
and discus s ing virtuous conduct and good principles .
-
1'F- 'f Jji 1) ;fL 111.
Tsuo 4 Chung 1
Yung 1
nai 3 K' ung 3 Chi 2 .
Tsok 0 c-nal
/
CHung
,Chung ~Yung K'aP::>
Chok Tiong 18ng na1
I
Kh6ng Khip.

'f ~ 1~. Tl ~ ~.
Chung 1 pu4 p'ien 1 Yung 1 pu4 4
I .
,Chung pat:> cP '1n. ~Yung pat:> yik~ .
Tiong put phi an . 18ng put ek.
-II-
 30. (3. Chung Yung or the Doctrine oF the Golden Medium).
Chung Yung was written by K'ung Chi (grandson of ConFuc ius, B.C.
492-431 ). Chung means the unprejudic e d principles and Yung means
fixed principles.

~ i4 change, alter. ~ p' ien 1 prejudiced, partial.

--- -
1'F- ~ 1) #!! -f_
Tsuo 4
Tsok 0
*
Td 4
T'a1
.)
HsUeh 2
Hok~
na13
c I
na1
I
El
Ts~ng 1
cT sang
Tsu 3 .
'Tsz.
Chok Tai Hbk na1 Cheng Chu.

~ 11?.--
:; , 1lf- _if, .-)...
/o
Tzu 4 hsiu 1, C
h ' I 2 chih 4 p '1ng 2 , chih 4
Tsz 2 ,sau, ~ts
0

a1 h ')
C I
'
~p 1ng, chi 2 .
C::hu siu, ch~ ch~ p~ng, ti 0

.31 . (4. The Great Learning). The Great Learning was written
by Philosopher Ts~ng (disciple oF ConFucius, B.C. 505-?). It teaches
us how to improve our morals and regulate our Family liFe. Our
state may then be rightly governed and our country be made tranqui l
and happy .

:?11'-~ ch'i 2 -chia 1 to regulate a Family . 1~ ~ hsiu 1 -sh~n 1 to improve

~fi 00) chih 4 -kuo 2 to govern a country . one's moral na ture.
-f-~ r p'ing 2 -t'ien 1- hsia 4 to paciFy the empire or country .

~ ?.ml @.., ~ =t ~lft.

Ssu 4 shu 2 .
I
Hsiao 4 Ching 1 tung 1 Shu 1
H1U2 ,Keng ,t'ung, SzJ ,ShU shuk~
Hau Keng thong, SCi Su sick.

-ka ~
~. -9,{; Pf --!b
,,~ .
Ju2
"'
Liu 4 Ching , 1
shih 3 k'~3 tu 2 .
~u Luk 2 ,Keng, 'ch'i 'ho tuk2 ,
I
Ju Lick Keng, 51 kh6 thck .

32. AFter having thoroughly learnt the Filial Code and the
Four Books, s t udents may then study the S ix Classics.
3
~a ju2 as, like . j,{; shih then, to begin.
2
it& shu versed in, to be at home in any subject; ripe, cooked.
ii..t'ung 1 to go through, to understand thoroughly, the whole.
 ~t
<' '
:l, ~.
;f..>J... ' ~ lJ(.,
Shih I I Shu ,
1
14, L3 I I Ch'un I Ch'iu 1;
,Shi, ,Shu, Yik~, Loi, ,Ch'un ,Ts ' au;
Si, Su, h, Le, Chhun Chhiu;

-h f.& ' 'fi ~ 5jt .

chiang 3
1
Liu 4 Ching 1, tang ch'iu 2
Luk~ ,Keng, ,tong 'kong ,k ' au.
Lick Keng, tong kbng kiu.
33. The Six Classics are:- The Book oF Odes, the Records,
the Book oF Changes, the Book oF Rites, the Rites oF Chou, and lhe
Spring and Au t umn Annals . Every Chinese scholar should study them.
%J t~ Chou 1 Li 3 the Rites oF Chou. die. Li 3 Chi 4 th e Boo k oF
$;fJ\.. Ch ' un 1 Ch'iu 1 the Spring an d Autumn Annals. [R ites.
J.b it lh 4 Ching 4 the Book oF Cha nges . '$'tang 1 ought .
~f& Shih 1 Ching
1
the Book oF Od e s. # chiang 3 inquire into .
1 1
:fi if<! Shu Ch ing the Records . $. ch ' iu 2 to seek, osk For.
;f.f ~ Jt, :ff j~ ~.
Yu 3 Lien 2 Shan 1, yu3 Kui 1 Ts'ang 2 ,
Yau c
Lin ,Shan, -yau ,Kwai Ts'ong,
I
lu Lian San, IU Kui Ch&ng,
:ff Pal ~. = ~
14
...
-tf
yu3 Chou 1 1\ san 1 hsiong 2
c
-yau I .,
,Chau Yik~, ,sam Yik~ ts eung.
I
IU Chiu h, sam Ek si6ng .
34.
(I . The Book oF Changes .) The Lien Shan that oF Hsia
dynasty, the Kui Ts ' ang that oF the Shang dynasty and the Chou
lh that oF the Chou dynasty, are three theories oF the Changes in
nature .
.if kui 1 to return, go back, revert. 2
~ ts'ang to keep, store up.
---
;f.f ~. ~. ' ;ff -tnl -tt!.
QO 1
Yu 3
<' '
Tien 3 , Mo , 2 yu3 Hsun\ Kao4,
Yau 'Tin, c-yau
~Me., Fan', Ko',
lu Tian, B&, I
IU Hl1n, Kho,
~ .:tO:
4'f'; :if ~ ~.
yu3 a '
c Shih\ Ming 4 ; Shu 1 chih 1
ao 4 .
yeu Shai~, Ming~; ,Shu ,chi c.'.
I
IU S~, Beng; Su chi o.
-1.3-
 35. (2. The Records). Th e re are the Royal and Ministerial
Canons, the Instructions, the Injunctions, the Solemn Vows, and the
Commands which are the marvellous pieces of the Records.
j)_. ao 4 marvellous, mysterious. -;l}l Mo 2 the Ministerial Canons.
4
~:\ Hsun the Instructions. 5! Shih 4 the Solemn Vows.
4
";it; Kao the Injunctions. ~ Tien 3 the Royal Canons.
4
4/l- Ming the Commands. ::f f.& Shu 1-Ching 1 the Records.
4t %1 I
'.t~ ff %1
if.JL
Wo 3 Chou Kung 1 tsuo 4 Chou 1 La
I
\;Ngo cChau cKung tsok 0 cChau \;Lai.
Ng6 Chiu Kong chok Chiu Lll.
_._
~ 1: fj. ft.
:J,..
/' Ia
4 1 2
Chu L'IU 4 Kuan ts un chih 4 t '3
I .
c .
Chu) LukJ ,Kun \;ts 'un chi 2 t 81.
TU Li6k Koan chun tT the.

36. (3. The Rites of Chou). The Duke of Chou wrote the
Rites of Chou. He appointed the Six Boards (to watch heaven,
earth and the four seasons) in ruling the affairs of the government.

~ chu 4 to fix, compose, write. 1it t'i 3 principle, scope, body.

~ kung 1 a duke. ;(f ts'un 2 to maintain, to keep.

*
~
Ia ,
, .)
Ta1-,
4
IJ'
Hsiao 3
cSiu
H.
chu 4
c hu
.. J
.;f.JL
Li 3
\;Lai
~G .
Chi 4 .
Ke?.
Tai, Si~u chu u KL

~7lf fi<> ~ .<.til ' ~

"'= ::;'... a ' l[jl.. -rr-" '
Shu 4
sh~ng 4
yen , 2
Li ,3
Yueh\ pei 4 .
ShutJ shengJ cin, \;Lai, NgokJ, pei~.
Sut . s~ng -giSn, Le, Gak,- pT.

37. (4. The Book of Rites). Tai Senior (Han dynasty) and
Tai Junior (nephew of the former) commented on the Book of
Rites and retold the sayings of Sages. Here the rules of Rites and
the theory of Music were fully dealt with.

i1 chu 4 to annotate . ilK

to repeat, narrate. shu 4
4
'ft pei prepared, ready, complete . ~ sh~ng 4 a sage, a saint, holy.
'fR tai 4 to wear (ornaments, glasses, cap, flowers, etc.), a surname.
-14-
 ~ JR, a $., ~'Ji ;
Yueh
4 Kuo 2 Hng 1 , yueh 4 Ya 3 , Sung 4 ;
Yeuk) Kwok o ,Fung, yeuk~ ~Nga, Tsung~;
Obt- Kok Hong , obt Nga, Siang;

it r:m -g~ ' 't ~.\ ' ii}l .

hao
4 Ssu 4 Shih 1
, tang 1 f~ng 3 , yung 3
h~~ Sz) ,Shi, ,tong fung), wing2.
ho Su Si, tong hong, eng.
38. (5. The Book of Odes). The four divisions of the Book
of Odes-the Balleds, the Eulogies of the Emperor, the Eulogies of
Feudal Princes and the Sacrificial Songs-should be read by every
scholar.
tm 1~ Ssu 4 Shih 1 the four divisions of the Book of Odes: (I) Kuo 2
F~ng 1 (the Ballads); (2) Hsiao 3 Ya 3 (the eulogies of the emperor);
(3) Ta 4 Ya 3 (the eulogies of the feudal princes) and (4) Sung 4
(the Sacrificial Songs).

i~ U.t -c, 1)-. {'f.

Shih
,Shi
I chi
k er.)
4
wang
~mong,
2
,
*
Ch ' un 1
,Ch'un
Ch ' iu 1
,Ts ' au
tsuo 4 .
tsok 0
Si u be,ng, Chhun Chhiu chok.
i; ~ '1 J1~' 4] 4' -?1 .
Yu 4 pao , pien 3 , pieh 2 shan\ o 4
u~ cP~, 'pin, pit) shin~, ok 0
Gu po, pian, piat sran, ok.
39. (6. The Spring and Autumu Annals). The Spring and Autumn
Annals was lompiled by Confucius ( He treated it as his immortel
work and said of it "By the Spring and Autum,, Annals, men will
know me." ) . In it he recorded historical events, praised virtues and
condemned vices. This book was written in an attempt to revive
ancient customs, as the age of Odes was dying out owing to the
Emperors' gradual loss of power to the Feudal Princes.
~ chi
4
finished, since. J.i) pieh 2 separate, discriminate.
4
o bad, wicked, vice. .!It pien 3 blame, censure.
1
3l pao to praise. ~ yu 4 to borrow, as a methpher .

--
San 1
1ft
Chuan 4
~: ;ff ~'..... if.,
ch~ 3 : yu3 Kung 1 Yang 2 ,
,Sam Chi.Jn~ c
'che: -yau ,Kung ~Yeung,
Sam Toiin chia:
I
IU Kong 18ng,

-15-
 1i- ~. 11 k~ ~.
Tsuo 3 Shih\ yu 3 Ku 3 Liang 2 .
cTso S hi:1, ~y11u KukJ cl~ung.
I
IU Ch6 Si, iu Kok -Liong.
40. The Critics Kung Yang, Tsuo Shih and Ku Liang wrote
three diFferent commentaries on Spring and Autumn Annals. Thes
commentaries were called San Chuan.
~ liang 2 a surname, a beam. ~ shih 4 family name, surname .
~~
~ tit aJl, 7i "Jt -t.
Ching 1
chi 4
ming , 2
fang
I
tu 2 tzu 3 .
cK eng k e1.) cfong tukJ ctsz.
~meng,

Keng u beng, hong tho"k chu.

~& .$. -t- , 1L -Jt. 11 .

Ts'uo 4 ch'i 2 yao\ chi 4 ch'i 2 shih 4 .
Ts\.i t 0 ck'ei iuJ, ke? ck ' ei ~sz.
Choat -kf iau, U -kf su.
41. After mas t ering the Classics, study the books written b y
the great philosophe rs. As these books are plentiful, students shoul d
choose the important passages and commit them to memory.
1i fang 1 then. ~{;:. ts ' uo 4 to pick up, choose.
-1- tzu 3 an honorary epithet, a philosopher, the Master, Confucius .
----
:Ji_ -t ;;#: :.tr m, ~~'
Wu 3 Tzu 3 che 3 : yu3 Hsun 2 , Yang 2 ,
~Ng cTsz cche: c-yau
cSun, c Yeung,
I
Ngo Chu ch ia: IU Sun, -long,

:t <f -t 71. #.
wen 2
!;Man
Chung
,Chung
1 T zu.. 3
cTsz
C h 2

kap~
I *'
Lao 3
~Lo I
Chuang
cChong .
1

Bun Tiong Chu klp L6, Ch o ng.

42. The Five Ph ilosophers were : Hsl.in-tzu, Yang - tzu, Wen -
Chung-tzu, Lao-tz u and Chuang-tzu .
Ji c h uang 1
a surna me , a s t o re, vill a ge, gr ave. 1.1 hs l.i n 2 a surnom e
-.t,;t
~' -J-' iift_, ">l t.t ~.
Ching 1
, T SU 3 I
t ung , I
tu 2 chu
1
sh 1h 3 .
c
cKeng, cTsz, ct' ung, luk~ cchi.i sz .
Keng, Chu, thong, thok chu Su .

16-
 ~ f~\ ' 4;a ~~ ~!!;.
K.ao 3
1
hsi ,
4
chih chung 1 shih.
cHau hai=2, ,chi ,chung cch'i.
I
Kh6 he, ti chiong sr.
(c) Historical Events
43. HBving studied the Classics and books written by some
great philosophers, study the history of the successive dynnsties.
The careful tracing of each geneBiogy will show the rise and decline
of each dynasty.
3
i1t chu 1 Bll, e-very. ;;t k'Bo to exBmine, study .
..;,~ c h ung 1 th e en d . 3

* hsi 4
7-~ sh 'rh
J.!::
connecting link, succession. i!t shih
4
the beginning.
B generation .

*. ' Jl .1: 1ft rt '

Tzu 4 Hsi 1, Nung 2 chih 4 HuBng 2 Ti\
Tsz 2 ,Hei, ,Nung ch? ,Wong T a?,
Chu Hi, -Long ch ~ -Hong H,
- }J_ ' /1; _l:. t!t .
San 1 Hu11ng 2 , chU 1 shang 4 shih 4 .
,Sam ,Wong, ,ku sheung2 shai).
Sam -Hong, ku siong s~.
44. Emperor Fu-hsi (B .C. 2852-2737), Emperor Shen-nung
(B.C. 2737-2627 ) and Emperor Huang-ti (B .C. 2627-2356 ) were
the Three Emperors of High Antiquity.
1
fk chU to live, reside. fL huang 2 an emperor.
~ hsi 1 a name, a surname .
4
it hao to name, to style, to call.
2
.l. nung Bgriculture, farming, a farmer. if tr 4 an emperor .

18, 1f 11;, 1t 4 r.t,

T'ang 2 , Yu 3 y2
U I hao Erh 4 Ti\
c;;T'ong, !;Yau l;u, ho2 1=2 Ta?,
T&ng, lu Gu, ho Ji H,
4lf. .\!I! ' ;ffi. ~ tlt .
ch".~ng
1 1
hsieng
I
i sun) 4 I sheng 4 shih 4
cseung yap) sun , ,ch'eng l;sheng sha?.
siong ip stln, chheng 5eng s~.
45. Emperor Yao (T' ao T ' ang, B.C. 2356-2255 ) and Emperor
S~un ( Yu YU, B.C . 2255-2205) were two celebrated Emperors whose
rergns were known in history as the Golden Age. Both oF them
abdicated threir thones to worthier men.

-17-
;f~ ch'~ng 1 to call, style, praise . -Hf. i to salute, to make a bo w
1

~ sh~ng 4 great, grand, prosperous, f lourishing, abundant, rich.

i/ii sun 4 to abdicate, yi e ld; humble, modest.
}~ T'ang 2 the T' ao T ' ang [~ m] reign, the emperor of this rei g
was ~mperor Yao .
.iff 11; Yu 3 YU 3 the Yu YU reign, the emperor of this reign was
~mperor Shun .

1t 1f ~. ~ 1'1" ~.
Hsia 4 yu3 y3
U I Shang 1 yu3 T'ang 1,
c c- c
~Ha yau -u, cSh~ung yau cT' ong,
Ha
I
IU u, Siong
I
IU Thong,

%] x, ~. ;f$}.
-San . .
Chou 1 W~n 2 , Wu 3 ch ' ~ng 1 1
Wang 2
cChau cMan, ~M6,' cch'eng cSam ~'fong.
Chiu Bun, Bu, chheng S am Ong .
46. King YU of the Hsia dynasty ( B.C. 2205-1766 ) , Kin g
T ' ang of the Shang dynasty (. BC. 1766-1122 ), King W~n ( B.C.
1231-1135 ) and King Wu (B.C. 1165-1116 ) of the Chou dynast y
(B .C. I 122-255) were the Founders of Three Gr e at Dynasties .

)1 1~ .:r, ~ ~ T.
Hsia 4 ch ' uan 2 tzu 3 , chi a 1 t ' ien 1 hsia 4 .
H':>
a ~:: h ' un ctsz, cka ct '1n h')
a.
Ha to an chu, ka thian hii.
tm F.i i'X:.,3 it. 1t .f"J:.
4 3 1 4 4
Ss u pai tsai , ch ' ien Hsia she .
SzJ pako ctsoi, cts . in H':>
a ~sh~ .
SCI pek cha in, chhian Ha Sla.
47 . In the Hsia dynasty, thrones became hered itary and re
mained so for four centuries before the Hsia dynasty was changed .
~ 7\._ r
chi a I t ' ien 1-hsia 4 here d itary mon a rchy .
.it ch ' ien I to change, rem o ve. ;k_r t ' ien 1- hsia 4 th e empire.
1~ ch ' uan 2
to hand down, inherit . it tsai 3 a year.
~J:. sh~ 4 th e empire, country ; an al t ar for the sp irits of the land.

-;~ -1\ 91, ~J -5t iti).

T ' ang 1 fa 1 H s ia\ Kuo 2 hao 4 Shang 1

cT' ong fa t~ H'a:> I Kwok 0 h6=? cSh~ung.
Thong hoat Ha, Ko k ho Siong.

18-
 1f iX., .:f. ~t -c.
pa13 tsdi 3 , chih 4 Chou
4
wang 2 .
c .
pako tsot, chi) Chau~ cmong.
pek chain, ch ~ Tiu -b6ng.
48. The last ~mperor of the Hsia dynasty was conquered by
T'ang who founded the Shang dynasty . This dynasty lasted for more
than six centuries and was ended with ~mperor Chou (the most
infamous ruler of Chinese history).

%] .:. $i M.
2
Chou 1
Wang chu
1
Chou 4 .
,Chau ,Wong ,chu Chau~ .
Chiu ung I
51 tu Tiu.
/\.. 1f iX., /( -&. ~-
Pa 1 pa1 3 tsai 3 , tsui 4 ch'ang 2 chiu3.
Pat o pako 'tsoi, tsui) ,ch'eung 'kau.
Pat pek chain, choe -ti6ng kiu .
%] -ft ~ ~-
Chou 1 ch'e 4 -*-
tung 1 , kang 1 chui4.
,Chau ch'it 0 ctung, ,kong chui~.
Chiu tiAt tong, kong tui.
-~
~ -{- ~. $} ~~ iJL.
Ch'eng 3 ken1 kel ' shang 4 yu2 shui 4 .
'Ch'eng ckon ckwo, sheung~ shui ).
Theng kan ko, siong see .
-a $. ;f)(.' ~ ~ t~r.
Shih 3 Ch ' un 1 Ch ' iu 1 , chung 1 Chan 4 Kuo .
2
'Ch'i cCh'un ,Ts'au, cchung Chin) Kwok 0
Sf Chhun Chhiu, chiong Chian Kok.

Ji. 3 1fi4 ~~ ' -k t.fi tt: .

Wu Pa ch'iang 2 , Ch'i 1 Hsiung 2 ch'u 1.
Ng Pa) ,k 'eung, Ts'at) ,Hung ch'ut).
Ng6 Pi! -ki6ng, Chhit -Hi8ng chhut.
49. Emperor Ch o u was a tyrant and he was killed by Wu who
bec11me Emperor and founded the Chou dynasty . This w11s the
longest dynasty lasting for more then eight hundred yea rs. It was
during this dynasty that the Imperial Capital was transf erred to the
East of the ~mpire (B.C. 770) and in doing so, the Imperial laws

-19-
 lost their influence. The feudal princes wer e fighting among them-
s e lves and sent their diplomats round to persuade one another to
mak e terms . This state oF aFFa irs started From the reign oF Ch'un
Ch'iu (B.C. 772-481) and lasted to th e Warring S t a tes Period
(B. C. 403-247 ). This was also the per iod oF the Five Domineering
Rulers ( Huan -k ung oF Ch ' i [ 11f-~.0.. *), Wen-kung oF Chin[~ ::t*J,
Mu-kung of Ch'in [~-;fJ*J, Hsiang-kung of Sung [~!{ *] and
Chuang - wang of Ch'u [ ;t, ;E.]) and the development of the Seven
Martial Sta,tes ( Ch'in [;{t), Ch ' u [~], Yen [N(;], Ch ' i [1lf-], Han
[.t,f), Chao [~] and Wei [.it]) .
$t chan
11
war, to fight . ~ ch ;u 3 long, a long time.
2
tk. ch'ang long . -t kan 1 a shield .
track, rut of a wheel.~
4
t,it ch 'e a chui 4 to Fall down, fallen .
~~ ch ' iang 2 strong, powerful. ;t{l hsiung 2 martial, male, heroic .
" h'" 3 t o ce rry to the If:: 4 d
~ c eng exteromelimit. :til pa tyrBnnize, omineer .
14, chu 1 to kill, to exterm inote utterly .~ shang 4 approve, persuade,
-f -1(. kan 1-ke 1 shields e nd spoors, wor, 1!L shui 4 persuade. [prefer.
~) kang
1
the Iorge rope which binds the meshes of a net, l11ws.

JM ~ 1\ ~!3 j- 1-jf .
Ying 2 Ch ' in 2 Shih 4 sh ih 3 chien 1 . 4
p1ng .
!;Ying ~Ts'un Shi=? cc h' i ckim peng .
)

~Ag s~
I
Chfn 51 kiam pen g.
1~ i!tl ~I il- 1 ~.
Ch'ulln 2 Erh 4 Shih\ ch ' u 3 , Han\ cheng I.
!;Ch'un I=? Shai), cCh'o, Hon), <;chang.
Toan Ji se, Chh6, Han, cheng.
50. The State of Ch 'i n was the strongest of these Seven
Martidl States. Her ~mperor, Ch'in Shih Huang (B.C. 246-210)
annexed the other six states and united th e m into an l::mpire and
became known as the First Universal l::mpire . He was succeeded
by his son and the dynasty came to llll end when there beglln ll
war betw ee n Ch ' u and Han .
1t chien
1
absorb, unite, attend to se verlll duties at once.
Ati. ying 2 clan name of Ch 'i n Shih Huang (B.C. 221 ).
1if ping 4 to absorb, annex . ;t ch'u 3 a su rname ; clear.
_.....
"'
l'J') ;:fJl. ..tl!-1 il.: 1; }!.
1
Kllo Tsu 3 hsing 1, Han 4 yeh 4 chien 4 .
)
cKo cTso ching, Hon kin) .
'P=?
Ko Ch6 heng, Han giap kian .

-20-
 ~ -f-, _:E. ~ ~.
. 4
. 2
Chih 4 Hsiao 4 p 1ng , Wang 2 Mang 3 ts uan .
Ch? Hau
I )
P ' eng~, cWong Mong shan).
Ch~ Hau P~ng, -OAg Bong chhoan .
51. After conquering Ruler Ch 'u, Han became ~mperor and
was known as ~mperor Han Kao-tsu (B .C. 206-195) and ruled over
the ~mp1re of Ch ' 1n. He was the founder of the Han ~mpire and
Dynasty (B .C. 206-5) His dynasty ended with the reign of ~mperor
Hsiao-p ' ing whose throne was usurped by Weng Mang .
~ meng 3 rude, rustic, undergrowth. t' yeh 4 property, empire .
:i. ts'uan 4 usurp, to rebel against. J8!. hsing 1 to arise, flourish.
;it ~. ~. ~ *- if.'
Kuang 1 Wu 3 hsing I I we12 Tung I
Han 4 I
cKwong M6 chin g, wei cTung Hon),
Kong Bu heng, ui Tong Han,
.!E)
4
ff Jf-,
. 2
~ -M- 4*.
ssu pai 3 n1en , chung 1 yU2 Hsien 4 .
)
sz pako nin, cchung eli Hin) .
su pek Iian, chiong u Hi an .
52. ~mperor Kuang Wu killed Wang Mang and ruled over the
H~n ~mpire. His re ign was the beginning of the Tung Han or Later
Han dynasty (A.D . 25-221 ). This dynasty lasted for more than 40CJ
years and ended with the reign of ~mperor Hsien (A.D. 25-221 ).
~ hsien 4 tb offer to, to offer up. ;#- yU 2 to, at, in.
-------
Q,
Shu , 3
~>t
'
Wei\
0

*
Wu 2,
...
ch~ng 1
il-
Han 4
~\.
Ting 3 ,
Ngai~,
)
Shuk), ~Ng, cchang Hon cT eng,
Siok, - Gui, Go , cheng Han Teng,

- ~. it ~ %
Sen 1 Kuo 2. Ch'i 4 Liang 3 Chin 4 .
cSam Kwok 0 Ngat~ Leung Tsun).
Sam Kok. Gut Liong Ch~n.
53. The dynasties of Western Chin (A.D. 256-316) and ~astern
Chin (A .D. 317-419) came after the Battle oF the Three Kingdoms
(A.D. 220-265) which was Fought between the Stetes oF Shu, Wei
and Wu for the Han Empire.
-21-
.it_ ch' i4 t o re ach or e xtend to, until. -t ch ang 1
to Fight , quarrel,
3
.;Wr ting a t wo-eared tripod, emblem oF a uth ority. [warangle.

~ ~. _ff?, ~ 1-"R.
C h'i 2 ch i\ l 1ang 2 , Ch ' en 2 ch 'eng 2 .
cTs'a i ka1:> , cl e ung , cCh 'an s heng.
-Ch e, k~, - Li&ng, -nn seng

~~. ~~ ~ F~.
We1 2 Nan 2 Ch ' ao 2 , tu 1 Chin 1 Ling 2
eN am cCh ' iu, ,t6 ,Kam ,Leng.
- U rn -T iSu, to Kim -Leng.
54. AFter these two dynasti e s came the Following dynasties:
Liu Sung (A .D. 420-478), Ch ' i ( A.D . 479-50 I), Liang (A.D. 502-556)
and Ch 'e n ( A.D. 537-385). These were known as the Southern
dynast y and t hei r capi t al was at Nanking.
i'R ch 'e ng 2 to receive, continue . m chi 4 to continue ; succession.
4:-fA:. ch in 1 - ling 2 ancient name oF Nanking. .fn ch 'ao 2 a dynasty.
l't ling 2 a high mound, a tomb. ~ tu 1to Found a capital.

iL ft /it
;lt
Pei 3 Y"uan 2 we14 Fen I
*-
Tung 1,
'tff1.
Hsi 1
Pak:J Un Ngai~ cFan cTung, cSai .
Pok GoSn Gui hun Tong, Se .

~3 X %] ~
-t;"
T<i] 41f..
Yu Wen 2
Chou 1 yl.i3 Kao 1 Ch ' i2
c- ( ..
-u Man cChau -u cK6 Ts 'ai .
u Bun Chiu
I
u Ko Che.
55. Yu3n Wei, the North e rn dynasty ( A.D. 386-533) was split
into th ~ Eas ter n Wei ( A.D. 534) and the Western Wei ( A. D. 535 .
Aft e r these came the Northern Chou dyna s ty Founded by Yu -wen
and th e Northe rn Ch ' i dynasty Found e d by Keo Yang.
~t ~ Pe i3 Chou 1 th e Northern Chou dyn J s ty Fo unded by Yu -wen.
~t :?.f- Pei 3 Ch ' i2 th e Northern Ch ' i d y n a ~t y Fo unde d by Kao Yang .

~~ ~ N~, .... ~-
.. 3
Ta i4 chih 4 Su i2 , I
I t ' u3 yu .
Toi=1 h')
C I Ts ' ui , yat:l Ct'6 ~u .
I
Tai ch~ Sui, it th6 u.

-22-
 fft, 1ft.. itt ~.
~
Pu
4
-*
tsai
4 ch'uan 2 , shih
1 t'ung 3 hsi.i 4 .
.) ctung
' c ..
tSOI ,ch'i.in, shat:> -su.
Pat:>
Put chai -t 9 an, sit th6ng sCi.

56. The Empire remained united until the Sui dynasty (A.D.
589-617). But this dynasty did not last more than two generations
and the Empire was soon in confusion.

~~ hsi.i 4 property, inheritance. #f. t'ung 3

a clue, altogether.
to lose, to miss, to fail. ~ t ' ung - hsi.i a clue to the whole.
1 3 4
;}( shih
;fi. tdi 4 until, up to. !f yi.i 3 the four borders of a state.
.......
n1 ~
1
;fJl. ~ 1<.
3
Brp ,
Tsu 3 h' I 3 1
T' ang 2 Kao C I shih ,

,Tong ,Ko cTso 'hei ,-

J
csz,
-Hng Ko Ch6 khf gi su,

~~ rt.r ~~. i'J ~ :ll.

ch ' uang 4 2 1
ch'u 2 Sui 2 luan\ kuo chi

,ch 'u cTs ' ui li.in~, chongJ kwok 0 ,kei.

-tu -Sui loan, chhong kok ki.

-t 1~, ff ~.
sh ih 2
ch'uan 2 , san
1
pa13 tsai 3 .
I
shap~ ,ch 'i.in, ,sam pak , ctsoi .
slp -to an, sam pe k chai 0 .

~ , 1)
Liang 2 -~
mieh 4
~
ch ih
1
, nai 3
!?J:. .
kai 3 .
( /
,Leung mit:> cchi, -nal ckoi.
-Li&ng bibt chi, na1
I
kai.

57. T'ang Kao-tsu with the aid of volunteer troops restored

order in th e country after the chaos prevalent under the Sui rule.
He then b3came Emperor and was th') Founder of the T' ang dynasty ...
(A.D . 61 3-906). This dynasty lasted three centur ies and saw the
reigns of twenty princes. The last ruling prince was overthrown
by a member oF the House oF Liang, who then became Emperor
and founded the Liang dynasty.
-s. chi 1 a foundation. i!J:.. kai 3 to change, alter, reform.
ll't ch'u 2 to remov~, annul. ~t. luan 4 to confuse, to disorder.
~) ch ' uang 4 to found. -;A mieh 4 to exterminate, destroy.
~~.P i 4 -shih 1 volunteer troops. tip shih 1 an army, troops.

-23-
 (d) Distinguished Personages
62. Sages of ancient times loved learning very much. In his
quest for knowledge, Confucius did not hesit11te to learn from
Hsiang T'uo, a little seven-year old boy.
1JJ ch'in 2 diligent. ~ shang 4 still; yet.
{f chung the second in order of birth. J.~ hsiang 4 neck; a surname.
4
{f K. Chung 4-ni 2 the infantile name of Confucius .
Jk'- hsien 2 virtuous, wise. :'t sheng 4 sacred, holy.
/fc. ni 2 a nun, name of a hill in Shangtung .
i' t'uo 2 a small bag open at both ends; a satchel to carry clothes
or food in .:'t 'lt sheng 4-hsien 2 sages, sages and worthies.
------------------
M t ~
~b
"Jl. t- ~}::,..
i>"l
Chao 4 Chung I Ling 4 tu 2 Lu 3
Lun 4.
Ch i{? cChung Leng:.? tuk:.? ~L6 Lun:.?.
Tio Tiong Leng thok L6 Lun.
1.}] .
1ft
Pi 3
cPei
p;
FJ:t
Ch'I 4
ke1.')
u
{
shih\
J
sz-,
sCi,
*
hsueh 2
hok:.?
hbk
Jl
ch'ieh 3
cc ' he
chhian
ch ' in 2.
~k ' an
kh~n .

63. In spite of his heavy duties, Mr. Chao, a Cabinet Minister

of the Sung dynasty loved to study the Confucian Analects when -
her time p e rmitted him to do so.
<f 4- chung 1- ling 4 the cabinet minister. ~ chi 4 since , already.
-~ lu 3 stupid, rude, Shantung, the native state of Confuci us .
18' ~ Lu 3 Lun 4 the Confucian Analects 4- ling 4 on orde r, commonds.
{ shih 4 an oFFicial, ofFicial ca r e~r; be in ofFice.
- - - - --
JJt t~ ~
,. ' %] ft fjj.
p' i I . I
chu 2 chien3 .
cP ' i
.,
p' u2
~p 0
p~en ,

cP in,
hsiao 1
seuk o chukJ ckan .
Phi p6 ph ian, siat tiok kan.

1ft ~ :t:
<=} Jl '*q ~.
' 3
Pi 3
wu 2
shu 1 ch 'i eh 3 ch ih 1 m1en .
(
cPei ~mo
\
cshu, cch 'e cchi m1n .
p; b,J su, chhian ti bian.
64. Having no books to write in, Lu Wen-shu (Sft..i]l..if, Han
dynasty) weaved rushes into mats and used them as su ch, Kung Sun-
hung (~1:. ~!.., Han dynasty) also lacked books, so he did his copies

-26-
 on bamboo slips. There was no diFFiculty however great, which
they did overcome in their love For learning .
~ chien 3 a slip, a bamboo slip. ;fft p'i 1
open, unFold .
;!i'J
hsiao 1
cut oFF. ~ pi en to braid . 1
2
~ mien 3 force, urge, stimulate. f;jj p'u rushes suitable for matting.
---
-)ll}i ~I ${!.
*'J !It.
2 liang 2 ,
hsua n chui 1 tz'u 4 ku 3 .
' ) cku .
cUll c:leung, cchui ts z
hi an li6ng, chui chhl k6 .

~ fi, t1 1.}) .:.-

a .
pu4 chiao\ tzu 4 c h '1n 2 k' u 3 0

pat) kau), tsz~ fk ' an cfu .

Pl put kau, chu khfn kh6
65. Then there were the two sch:>lars who, being afraid of
alling asleep over their studies, tortured thamselves in order to
keep awake One of them Sun Ching C1'*- t)t, Chin _dynas t y) tied his
hair to a beam and the other Su Ch ' in (~.Lt, Chou dynasty) kept
ricking himself with an awl. They were conscientious in their studies
1n spite oF the fact that they had no teachers.
1
i(l chui an awl. ~M tz ' u 4 stab, prick .
.! hsuan 2 tie up, suspend . M: ku 3 the thigh.

-ka
Ju2
it
nang 2
.fl
ying 2 ,
-ka
ju2
a*
ying 4
1;;
hsueh 3 ;
u fnong c
fying, fu ying suto;
ju 16ng t!ng, ju idng so at;

~ ~ -'it I
~ ~ .f,a_
I
Chi11 sui 1 ' 2 1
pIn hsueh 2 pu4 ch'uo 4 .
csui fP an, hok~ pat) chut ,
SUI
p1n, hbk put to at.
66. There are many instances oF schola rs, who persevered in
heir studies in sp ite oF their poverty. One of them (Chu Yin
J~L, Chin dynasty) gathered a number oF Fireflies and put them
nto a sack and studied by their light. The other, Sun K' ang (:J'*-.1.~-U,
tudied by the light reflected by snow.
4
ch'uo to stop, suspend. 'Jt
p'in 2 poor, indigent .
.~ ying 2 fireflies.
3
;'; hsueh snow.
2
;l nang a sack. "~ y'1ng 4 s h 1ne,
"" ' re Fl. ec t .

-27-
 '
%T,
. I
~. 2
ns1n chiao ;
cson, kok 0 ;
sin, kak;

~ ~It ;f, -$-.

sh~n 1 SUI
I
lao 2 , chuo 1
cshan cSUI ~lo, ch 'euk .
s1n SUI 1&, tok.
67. Then there was Chu Ma i- ch ' ~n C*-1! !}.,Han dynasty) who
studied as he carried fir e wood and Li Mi (4 W, Sui dynasty) who
hung his bookon his cow's horn as he pastured the cattle. Although
they had a hard time, they persevered in their studies .
.f- chuo 1 excel . ~i~ kua 4 to hang up.
~ Fu 4 to carry on the back. % lao 2 to toil for, to labour.
-lit hsin 1 firewood . ~~ yu 2 still, still more.

~ -t
Su
cSu
1 *
Ch 'uon 2 ,
~Ts ' un,
shih 2
shap~
--t-,
ch'i 1,
ts' at:>,
So ChoSn, slp chhit,

~{; 1t tt, ~A,

".!'{ :#t.
shi h 3
2
Fa 1 f~n 4 1 tu 2 chi
cc h i fato ~fen I tuk~ tsik~.
I
51 hoat hun, thbk su chek.

~ft ;t, ~~ t~ l{t

SUI
I
lao 3 , yu 2 hui 3 ch'ih 2
csui ~16, ~yau fui 1 ~ch'i.
kl 16, iU h6e d.
,j- .fj:
....-, .~ .
hsiao3 sh~ng 1
, ssu I.
( I
SIU cshang, cSZ.
I
S l aU seng su .

68 . When one 1s young, one should be more ser1ous about

one's studies as it might be too lote to learn. Mr. Su Lao-ch'l.ian
l Sung dynas t y) reelised this when he started learning et lhe age of
twenty - seven, and deeply regretted that he did not leern in his
younger doys.
-28-
.fi chi 2 a book, a list. 1l- t~ fa 1 -f~n 4 to work with ardor .
Xi ch 'i h 2 late, to delay . ttl' f~n 4 ze al, zeal o us, anger.
;it ch 'Ua n 2 a spring, fountain. J.i9; hui 3 to regr e t, to repent.
Plf ~rh 3 you . :iF a- 1
shu - chi 2 bo ok s .
-tt fa 1 to star t , go to w ork on fo..}. su 1 t o re vive ; a surname .

~ -t-
Juo 4
-*
Liang 2 "'pato
pa' sh ih 2 ~rh 4 .
.,-.
)
Yeuk) ,Leung shap~
Jiok- -Li8ng pat sip ji .
tt *.. %}. ~ -:'.
Tui 4 ta4 k' u i 1 tuo 1
shih 4 .
.) tai~ sz~.
TUl ,fui ,to
TUi tai khoe to su.
{It n\, tft ~ -~.
chi 4 ch ' ~ng 2 , chung 4 ch ' ~ng 1 i4 .
ke iJ ~sheng, chungJ cch ' eng i~ .
U s~ng, chi a ng chheng in .
1} 1.. ' :a :!L ,' .
hsiao 3 sh~ng 1 , i2 li 4 ch ih 4 .
's iu ,shang, i lap) che .
Nl si8u seng, gf llp- ch~ .
69. Then there was Liang Hao ( Sung dynasty ) who pessed the
oral exeminations 1n the Imperial Cou rt of which the Emperor
himself was e ;: am1ner. He gr a due t ed first among the Hanlin
graduates an d every one was as ton is h e d at his wonderful
ach ievem e nts . One should al w ays try t o be ambitious and realize
one's ambitions .
~ chih 4 aim, purpose, ambition . wonderful, rare, strenge ..
~ chung 4 meny, all. the chief, the heed .
vest expen s e of water, th e c ou rt , th e op e n c ourt
ll~ hao 4 megn i fi cent in e pa la c e .

~ ~ ii~ i*- ~t.

Ying 2
eWing
"'
pa'
pat a
sui 4
SUI
.)
A
neng
cnong
2
yung3
)
wing-
shih
cshi .
1

-EAg pat soe -l~ng eng 51.

,~j..- .k ~ 1i~ Ril\ ~$;.

Pi4 ch ' i 1 SUI
4
n ~ ng 2 fu 4 ch ' i 2 .
.) .)
fu) ,k ' ei .
Pel ts' at) SUI en eng
p~ chhit soe -l~ng h~ - kf.

-29-
 JQ ,f:li_
ta , A ;f$j. -t]-,
4 2
ying 3
WU 1 jen ch 'eng I ch'i 2 .
. ;)
wing-
eng
ng-,
go,
;)
cYan
- ..
Jln
cch ' eng
chheng
ck ' ei.
-u.
-'t}J ~. 1; M ~.
yu4 hsi.ieh 2 , tang 1 hsiao 4 chih 1
htw 2
)
yau hokJ, ctong cchi.
iu hilk,- tong hau chi.

70. Ying (Northern Ch'i dynasty) could read the Odes at

the age of eight and Pi (T'ang dynasty) could write anomalous
verses at the age of seven. They were versatile and admired by
every one. So, you young people, should emulate them.
~ ch ' i 2 chess, draughts. I~ wu 4 intelligent, versatile.
~ fu 4 anomalous verse. .JJ:. ying 2 the pure lustre of a gem
-iJJJ hsiao 4 follow, emulate. ;f~ ying 3 versatile.
;"j. pi 4 bubbling up. ~ yung 3 chant, sing, read.

~:t_
.7.r. -#.1l fit 1Jf J!...
Ts ' a14 Chi 1 neng
2
pien 4
. ;)
ch'in 2 .
' 01.) pin-
Ts cKei cnang ck'am.
Chhai Ki -leng pian -khtm.

~~t t& fi~ "tj<..

*"
. 2
Hsieh 4 Yi.in 4 neng 2 yung 3 y1n .
Tse~ Wan:>
. ;)
wing-
cnang ~yam.

s,a Un -I eng eng

g1m.

-:t, Jl Jf! -M:_.

. 3
tzu 3 , ch ' ieh 3 ts.ung 1
m1n .
ctsz, cch 'e cts'ung ~man.
chu, chhian chhong bfn .

~ -1-, 1; 0 4}.
4 3
nan 2 tzu 3 , tang 1 tzu ching
~nam ' tsz, ctong tsz 2 ckeng.
lam chu, tong chu keng.
71.
There were two brilliant little girls whose examples one
could do well to Follow. One, Ts ' ai Wen Chi (Han dynasty) could
distinguish the strings oF the lute and the other Hsieh Tao -wen,
could compose poetry.

-30-
 the lute, harp. :fit pien 4 distinguish, discriminate .
to werm, be werned. J.}. ts'ai 4 a surname .
quick, active, elert.
reddish yellow, a bow-cese .
*
yin 2 hum, sing, com~ose .
~~~ ts ' ung 1 min 3 smart.
surname of the royal house of Chou; a lady of distinction.

~] Jl, 4
JH
T'ang 2
cT' ong
L'IU 2
Lau
*
Yen\
' )
An,
7i
fang 1
cfong
-k
ch ' i 1
ts '11 t:>
SUI
SUI
.)
I
I

-T&ng Liu An. hong chhit soe,

~ :fo/ ~. 1'F- jE. .:f.
Chu 3 Sh~n 2 T ' ung 2 , Tsuo 4 Ch~ng 4 Tzti 4 .
cku Shan !;T,ung, Tsok 0 Cheng:> Tsz~ .
ku Sfn T&ng, Chok Ch~ng Ju.
~!J' :fa ~ {.
SUI
I
yu\ sh~n 1
)
yau, cshan
SUI i~, s1n su .

'*
hsueh 2 ,
~
mien 3
JO
~rh 2
~t.
chih 4 .
hok:>, min 1 chi:> .
Nl hak,- bian jf d.
;t, ifF % ?t.
wei 2 ch~ 3 , i4 juo 4 shih 4 .
Wal Cche, yik) yeuk) shi~.
ui chhia, k- ji6k - si .
72. Even at the age of seven, little Liu Yen of the House of
T ' ang was Chosen by the Emperor as the most talented boy. Later
he was appointed by the Emperor es proof reader of the Imperial
Academy end wes admitted to official circles in spite of his youth.
Men reep es they sow, success can be atteined if one but tries.
:tt chih 4 to convey to, to come to, eim . { shih 4 be in office .
~ chu 3 erect, choose, recommend . ;Jl- i 4 also.
:lf sh~n 2 spiritual beings; intelligent . ~J liu 2 a surneme .
:i'f: sh~n 2 -t ' ung 2 a precocious boy . .1fc:. yen 4 late, gentle.
'f:. t ' ung 2 a boy, a person under fiFteen years of age .
----
;k. q ~. ~(t
*-
Ch 'uan 3 shou
3
yeh\ Ch I l ch 'e n 2 .
t)
cHun cshau ye-, ckei cSZ shen.
A

Khian siU ke su s1n .

-31-
 t1 ~ ~~, ~ A.?
Kou 3 pu4 hsueh 2 , wei 2 jen 2 ?
cKau patJ hok), ~woi cyan?
K6 put hbk,- Ui j1n?

~ '!]:. ?.:3: , it ~it 'j:,

Ts'an 2 t'u 3 v i
SSU 1 feng 1 niang 4 mi 4 .
cTs'am t'o) csz, cfung
I
yeung-
)
mat:>.
.Chh&m tho si, hong jiong b lt."

A ~ 8/:,
Jen 2 pu 4 h~ue h 2 ,
cYan pat:> hok:>, pat:>
J1n put hbk; put ju
Chspter IV. Advice as to Diligence in Learning to Young People

73. Dogs watch et night and cocks herald the dawn. If

children do not learn what do they expect to be when .they become
men? Silkworms spin silk and bees make honey. These industrious
creatures put idle men to shame.
~ ch'en 2 the morning, dawn. 1f m/~ honey, confectionery.
i.[l. chi 1 the cock, fowl. ~ niang 4 to make fermented liguor.
~ feng 1 a bee or wasp. ~ shou 3 to guard, watch.
~
l<'t.l we1
2 to do, become. 2t: ts'an 2 silkworms.
; he 2
how? :({ yeh 4 night.
~ t'u 3
to pour out, eject from the mouth, issue, vomit.
~ wei 2 to do, act, become, to be in the place of.

~jJ .;j H.
Yu 4
Yau)
*'
hsueh 2 ,
hok:>,
chuang 4
chong)
hsing 2
chang.
Ill hbk; chong heng.

J:. :11 ~, if ~.
Shang 4 chih 4 chun 1, tse 2 min 2 .
Sheung~ chi) ckwan, chak:> cman.
Siong d kun, tek .b1n.

;f~ ~ ~~, i.il~ -liJ:.

Yang 2 ming 2 sheng 1 , hsien 3 mu 3 .
cYeung cmeng csheng, chin fmo.
16n g beng seng, hi an bb.

-32-
 ~
;)It ~ ~ #i...
Kuang 1
yu 2
r-lJ '
ch'ien 2 ,
-*
C h' Ul2 yu2 hou 4 .
,K won g eli ts 'i n, shui eli hau~ .
Kong u chiSn, sui u ho .

74 . Children should study in their youth and make use of

their studies in their manhood. Should they become government
officers, they should serve their government well and treat people
kindly . Thus they will become popular and their parents respected.
Their po p ularity will also benefit their posterity.
1
-Tl chuang 4 vigorous, in manhood. %~ ming 2 -sheng
fame .
~ ch ' ui 2
to han d down, transmi t. i:f: tse benefits.
2

qt hsing 2 to travd over, to make to go, carry into practice, execute.

l'ft hs ien 3 enlightened, distinguish, make illustrious .

j!_
2
I

wai
1-,
tzu 3 ,
ctsz,
chin
ckam
& 1
( I
-mun
~~
man 3 .
y1ng .
ying.
2

Ui chu, kim boan eng .

~t 1-, ~-
chia o 4 tzu 3 , I
I ching 1
kauJ ctsz, yat::> ckeng.
kau chu it ken g.
75. Some might leave their children wealth but have only
this little book to give to mine. If by it they learn to be good and
useful I am more than contented .
2
it i leave behind . tft wei 2 but, only .
3 2
iiJ rnan abundant, filled up. l\ ying chests.

})J ;;{f ~
,~

;;--
'J}J' ...iXII-.
Ch'in 2 yu3 kung , 1
wu 2 2
I .

cK ' an yau ,kung, cm6 yik::>

-Khun I
IU kong, -bu ek.

~ ~.1 ~ 11.
4
chih
1
tsai mien 3 li
cchi ctsoi, m1n likJ .
chi chai, bian le k-.

76. There is mer1t 1n diligence. Time is precious, so alwllys

be prepared and strive hard to achieve these precepts I have
compiled.
Published by Chisng Ker Chiu, 56, Shott Street, Singapote.
(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)
 Book For St:udent:s
UNDER the title uf "Advanced :V1andarin F~r Camboidge Soudents," Mr. Chians Ker
Chiu of the Chung Hwa Ivt an darin In stilul ion, S insapor;;:, intends to write '"' se-ri~s of bouls, d 1 e
first of wl acll J1as just been publislaed nnd i s now on sale.
"T'he obJeCt of tl1is aeries is to encout"a.ge th ose s tudttn ls who are to 'king Chinese as a
subject. for their Cambridge examinations, autl to enab l e tl1em to tal.:.:: up the study wtth greatGr
eaae under modern methods of training.
The cho ice of Mandarin, the Chinese n ation al language, as th e medium throug h wluch
the Jessous ore taugh.t ia mainly due tu the fact that in a cosmopolitan city lik e Singapore where
Cl1inese, speaki ng a variety of provincial dt n1o?cts, have cone to li ve an d trade, these publications
should S<!:rve as wide a purp os~ as pouibl e.
r\s tbe ability to translate one langua ee into a n other is th e fundament:. ! requiremo!.nt
for o. succeufu J ca ndida te in Cambridge e xaminations , d.G author in his first issue has to1len
gr~.1l p1 ins to translate every Chinese tcx:t into Enz:lish and to u:t a Lst of lcsu for the benefit
of the students.
- - Tloe .\ \ alo ya Tribu ne, Saturday, IJ<cember 28, 19110.

Of ,\1andarin Readers there are many types. Each book must

have its characterisi~cs, and no book alone can suppl y all requirements .
Everywhere in Malaya, most of the children of the Straits
Chinese first enter the English schools, thus reversing the natural order.
This pro duces people who an. versed in: English but being ignorant of
their national tongue they are laughed at by others as ilJitetates. This
is a common occurence. As affairs ar e such it is not easy to correct
this d e fect in a short time. 13ut those who are broa dminde d, know
that Mandarin is compulsory anJ must be l earnt. There are many
who study it most dilige ntly. Mr. Chiang Ker Cl1iu's b ooks "N1andarin
Mad e Easy'' and "Progressive Mandarin Headers" meet this requirement.
Tl1ese books besides teaching Chinese phonetic symbols, also
give Romani zed spelling, and to thos e who know English it is specially
suitable. The method of compilation is from the simple to tbe difficult,
and empbasis is laid on exercises. This makes the stud~:.nts interestecl
and makes them feel that they are making steacly progress . These are
really very good Mandarin R eaders, suitable for l'v1alayan Chinese
children. TJ1erefore , I write these few worcls as a recommendation.
HUANG WAN ,
Singapore, July, 1Qlj0,
(Translation f.rum the or igina l recommen dati o n in Cbinese
by i\1r. Hunng W nn, lntely Director of Education, Pulirn)

-34-
 Amoy Vernacular Lessons For Beginners
wH:h a Vocabulary
A Recommendation by Rev. Ernest Tipson, Secretory of Malayan Agency of the
British & Foreign Bible Socro;ty:
'Mr. Chiang Ker Chiu is an e ;.c perienced teacher of Chinese and out of his
experienc" in teaching that lengu oge this book has been born.
It hos many <.Jua l ities to recomme,, d it end is a great advance upon previous methCJd s
of teaching by Chinese.
It colllbines the best of Western methods with Mr. Chiang's own methods end thus
o very useful book ts the result.
The learning of Chinese hes always been looked upon as a more Formidable t.ask
then perhops it is (though one would not wish to minimize the diffrculties of the task ,
but thot is because other efforts to teach the language hove been anything but olluring
to the stu d ent, end rnony becan.e discourage d before they had gone very for. \)(.ith this
Handbook end help, it should be o rnuch easier task then Formerly, bttd I hope that this
book will hove o la rge circulation.
Those who uso this book will acquire such o taste for learning the language tha t
they will v.ant to go on to deeper studies when they hove Finished it. I hey will find
Mr. Chiang a relioble guide to tho;e deeper studios.'

Ernest Tipson.
Singapore, August 1940.

Singapore S cnolar' s Text: Book On Mandarin

ANOTHER valuab le contrtbution to Chinese text books has been made by Mr. Chiang
Ker Chiu, who elreody has to his credit t<.verol othe r publications.

Mr. Chier.g's latest publicetion is entitled "Advanced Mandarin" \Book 1), and is
intended for students preporing for the Cambridge examination now that Mandarin, the
C hi nese notional language, is one of the languages included in Comb,idge papers.

Chief characteristic oF the book is its simplic;ty. It .s o\;vrous from the book that
Mr. Chiang, who is principal of the Chung Hwo Mandarin Institution, he simplifie d many
of the problems which on advanced student of the Chinese r,otior.ol leng uoge frequently
comes across in his study.
Another Factor which makes "Advance d M~ndorin'' valuable i the diffi culty of
getting similar text books from other sources. Recently, it has been fcur.d drfFrcult to
obtain books from Chino, end Mr. Cf,iang's latest publication should, at Ieos~, fill a greet
need.
But it is mo re then that - fer it is the work of one who has hod considerable
experience o~ teaLhing Mon dorin in Malaya end who, therefore, has a good understand ing
of en overage student's difficulties.

--The Stra its Times , Tuesday, December 24, 19 4 0.

- 35-
 Mandarin. Cantonese. Holckien. Hakka.
L~arn Cbiuese dialects hy progreui v e SELF.TJ\UGHT bouks. Pronunciolion, lonu,
radicnls, combit\aii ons, idioms and etymol ngy minuhdy and cleatl y explained in Engluh. V cry
suitable for Students anJ Bu1ine11 men. The book are based on {\\QDBRN teacltiJIS: method, ,
(1 ) !ilJ* ~{4 Mandarin Made Enoy with Pronuucootion in
H o l,kien & Cantoneae, 3rd Editiun $0.55
(2) (ilJtH!~f Progreuive lv1andarin RcaJers fur lntermechute Studenh
with a V oca hulnry, Reviaed $0.60
(3) i'iij~li!llif:t;,l't/;zfs: .'\dvanced Mandorin for Cambridge Student. $0.60
( 4) -'"ilfJ1,f.jf, Cantonese for Beginners with a Vocabulary, Book One Revised $LOO
(5) Cantonese for Beginnets, Book Two .. $1.00
(6) ~~g1 )\ Amoy Vemacular ( Hokkien) Lessons for Besinners
with a Voc ubu lary (Word.for-word metlood). ... $1.00
('i) lffjffi.J.h~ !Ia lkn for Beginnera with a Voc>bulay (\YforJ.forw ord m<tltoc!' $1.'?5
(8~ ~~-=*j,'\1: The Three-Character Clauic with E,.g[i,h Translation and l'\o1eo
Romanised into l\1anJo.rin, Cantone1e and Hokkirn $0.30
(9) A Pocket Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular (Englioh.Chmese) 2nd Ed. $'~.50
(JO) A Pocket Dictionary of tbe Amoy Vernacular 1 C hinese-Englioh ) $:1.75
Obtainable at nll !.nd ing bookstores & Chung Hwa Mandarin Institution , 56, Short St., S'pore,

Study Of Mandarin Simplified

T WO very valuable contributions to Chinese literature are made by Mr. Chiang Ker
Chiu, author of "Mandarin Made Easy" and "Progressive Mandarin REaders,"
which have just been issued and are now on sale at leading book..<tores at the remark-
ably low price of 55 cents and 60 cents respectively.
"Mandarin l'v1ade Eay" fully justifies its name and the claim of it autltor who ducovers
the .,royal rond" for s~udenh of tbe Chinese national Janguage-Mr. Chiaug presenl, in his
text-book a method of ttudying Mandarin which could not b. otmpler.
Anyone with ev"n the most elementary knowledge c..lf Cl'lln~se can m os1er f\1an danu with
cue; it is even timpleL if he is able to speak either tbe I fokkien or Cantonese diol~ct.
HAPPY CHOI CE
Mr. Chiang boa made a very happy cl,oice in aelecting I lokkien nod Cantonese as addi.
h n nal media of ins truction , at tltese dialects mr.-v be said to be moat wid~ly used "'IIHHtg tl1e
( hineae here. PoL this reason alone, his bo o k will appeal to oil Chinrse who desiro.- 1" learn
tlteit national lan guage.
Quite a number of f ore igners are also studying Mandarin, and one con with tl'lt: utmott
confic:len c~ commend "JV\andarin lv\a.~e Easy" lo them, for c.opious yet simplt notes and ex
planations given by the author simplify tl1e study of the language to the greatest possible e:xtent.
"Progressive Mandadn Readers" thouJJ prc,ve very useful to those wJH, ht~n! a lready
acquired a Mandarin vocabulary.
--The Malaya Tribune, Tuesday, January 23, 1940.

Singapore Books On Mandarin

F or Europeans or Chinese wishing to learn lV\andarin, China'a national language a new
text book has just been published by M.. Chiang Keo Chiu nf Singapore.
Carefu lly eraded, it i wdtten an that a working knowledge of Mandarin can be (.1bta1ned
witJ,out ref ~ re uce to any other books or dictionariet.
By the &'\me author is a Pcogressive Mandacin Reader with vocabulary foe inlermediale
atudenh,
--The Straits Times, Wednesday, .T~t.nuaty 31. JQ1.0.

PRINTED BY lAM YEONG PRESS a CO,. I t 3 . TElOK AVER STREET, SINGAPORE

- 36 -
 .-h ~ OR iii ,$ .l.Jl;
'l -r ~ \111 :::J <IX
Classes on Mandarin, Malay, Hokkian ~ Cant:onese
from E lementary to High School C ourses. Students uth.,r than the
Absolute Be!!inners can: enrol at any time: throughout the: whole year.
THE REGULATIONS OF
CHUNG HWA MANDARIN INSTITUTION
No. s6, 51-/0RT STREET, SINGAPORE.
(Eton I-ligh School Budding, Corner o~ Slwrt Street & Selegie Rond. )

Courses: E lementary, Intermediate, Advanced and High School Courses.

Classes: Mondays and Thursdays, 5.15 p.m . t o J p .m. or J . 15 p .m. to 9 p.m.
Tuesdays and Fridays, - do -
\XTednesJays and Saturdays - do -
Special aftunoon classes for English school students from 2 to 3 p.m.
or 3 to~ p.m. or~ to 5 p .m., thrice weekly. Fu: $1/- per mensem.
Jl.landarin students may join more th:ln one !vlandarin cl a s6 without
paying extra fee.
Textbooks: Eas), progressive and systematic; composed by our school staff.
Explanations All lessons to be taught ac corchngly and explained in English.
ertificates: Certificates on Chinese, approved and signed by the Chinese
Consul-General, will be awarded to candidates \Vho have: passed the final
examination on completion of ~ach course:.
Fees: S2/- per mcnsem for Mandarin and $3/- for other dialects and High
School Courses. Special concession may be made to indigent students.
nrclment fee: $t.oo.
orrespondence: All corresponden c e: to be addressed to the Principal.

I
HAKKA FOR BEGINNERS
FOR the comparatively small sum of $1.25, those who read English
b1ay attempt to learn Hal.::l:.a, one of the most widely-used Chinl!se dialects ...
in Jvialaya.
"J-Ial:.1:a for Beginners" is another excellent contribution by ]\ ir.
Chia ng Ker Chiu t o the text books available here for the tudy ot Chinese
dialects.
In this b o ok, Mr. Chiang endeavours to teach Ha.kka by the word-
or-word method, throueh "hich the diligent student shoul d be able to acqutre
peakin g knowledge of -the dialec t withi n a rea sonab ly short time.
- - T h e S traits Times, .tYl arch 1 , 19~1.
 <flji;~~&y:~
CHUNG HWA
MANDARIN INSTITUTION
5b Short Street
Si ngopore

Tho Thru Ch erac ter Cl ssic

t:'ng lish T rendet ion w ith Note s
P rice 30 cts, 1st ed . June , 19lf I