Islamic studies essay:

Prophet:

The Prophet is one who is sent to a believing people with the Shareeah.
A Prophet is also commanded to call people, convey the Message and judge among the people.

Messengers:
All the messengers are prophets but not all prophets are messengers, all messengers have a
message but not all have books. The books number amongst the number are certain, prophet
Ibrahim: papers. Tawrah for prophet musa, zaboor for prophet Dawood, bible/injil for Isa, Quran
for Muhammad, Suleiman:

Verily, we did send down the Tawraat (Torah) [to Moosa (Moses)], therein was
guidance and light, by which the Prophets, who submitted themselves to Allaahs
Will, judged for the Jews
[al-Maaidah 5:44]

The main characteristic features of prophet hood:

All prophets have common characteristics which make them exceptional human beings!
Prophets receive revelation, the main difference between normal human being and
prophets are the revelation which is from Allah
Prophets have noble character, Prophets never sought personal benefits such as wealth,
high status or power rather, they only sought the approval of God. The prophets are the
best example of people amongst their people and still are being mentioned in our
communities/schools. The prophets would never commit sin; they were truthful and lived in
obedience to god.

Stories about the prophets:

Musa was returning to his family

in Egypt, coming back he got to
mount tur, there he saw a red
blaze near the mountain, as he
approached the fire he heard a
loud voice calling him from the
right side of the valley of tuwa, O
MUSA I AM ALLAH, THE LORD OF
THE UNIVERSE There he was
granted two miracles, and that is
how musa was granted the
revelation and prophet hood!
The prophets also performed miraculous miracles in their times, e.g.
Allah (s.w.t) commanded Musa (a.s) to leave Egypt with his people at night for Palestine and
the pharaoh and the soldiers followed them. When the two bodies saw each other in
the morning, we are sure to be overtaken musa (a.s) assured them that Allah
(s.w.t) would help them against pharaoh and their forces. Then Allah (s.w.t) inspired
musa (a.s) to strike the sea with his staff and so it divided that each separate part
became like the huge firm mass of a mountain. The believers crossed safely to the
other end, and when the pharaoh and his forces were in the middle, the water
completely overwhelmed
them, and they all drowned.
Allah saved musa (a.s) and his
followers.
We revealed to Musa: "Travel with
Our servants by night. You will
certainly be pursued." Pharaoh
sent marshals into the cities:
"These people are a small group
and we find them irritating and we
constitute a vigilant majority." We
expelled them from gardens and
springs, from treasures and a
splendid situation. So, it was! And
We bequeathed them to the tribe of
Israel. So, they pursued them towards the east. (Qur'an, 26:52-60)

So, we revealed to Musa, "Strike the sea with your staff." And it split in two, each part
like a towering cliff. And We brought the others right up to it. We rescued Musa and all
those who were with him. Then We drowned the rest. There is certainly a Sign in that
yet most of them are not believers. Truly your Lord is the Almighty, the Most Merciful.
(Qur'an, 26:63-68)

References:
http://www.miraclesofthequran.com/historical_02.html
http://islamicpamphlets.com/prophethood-in-islam/
http://mercyprophet.org/mul/node/911
https://islamqa.info/en/11725
Quran
Islamic encyclopedia