3G: CDMA2000 AND TD-SCDMA

CDMA2000

CDMA2000 (also known as C2K or IMT Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC)) is a family of 3G mobile

technology standards for sending voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell
sites.

The name CDMA2000 denotes a family of standards that represent the successive, evolutionary
stages of the underlying technology. These are:

Voice: CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1X Advanced

Data: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)

All are approved radio interfaces for the ITU's IMT-2000. In the United States, CDMA2000 is a
registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA).

1X
CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000), also known as 1x and 1xRTT, is the core CDMA2000 wireless air
interface standard. The designation "1x", meaning 1 times Radio Transmission Technology,
indicates the same radio frequency (RF) bandwidth as IS-95: a duplex pair of 1.25 MHz radio
channels.
The 1X standard supports packet data speeds of up to 153 kbit/s with real world data
transmission averaging 80100 kbit/s in most commercial applications.

1xEV-DO
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized), often abbreviated as EV-DO or EV, is
a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals,
typically for broadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including code division
multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both
individual user's throughput and the overall system throughput.

1X Advanced
1X Advanced(Rev.E) is the evolution of CDMA2000 1X. It provides up to four times the
capacity and 70% more coverage compared to 1X.
Networks
The CDMA Development Group states that, as of April 2014, there are 314 operators in 118
countries offering CDMA2000 1X and/or 1xEV-DO service.

History
The intended 4G successor to CDMA2000 was UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband); however, in
November 2008, Qualcomm announced it was ending development of the technology,
favoring LTE instead.

TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (LCR))

Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) or UTRA TDD
1.28 mcps low chip rate (UTRA-TDD LCR) is an air interface found in UMTS mobile
telecommunications networks in China as an alternative to W-CDMA.
TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive synchronous
CDMA component[13] on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter
frequency bands than TD-CDMA. It is standardized by the 3GPP and also referred to as "UTRA-
TDD LCR" However, the main incentive for development of this Chinese-developed standard
was avoiding or reducing the license fees that have to be paid to non-Chinese patent owners.
Unlike the other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning but has
been added in Release 4 of the specification.
Like TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000.
The term "TD-SCDMA" is misleading. While it suggests covering only a channel access
method, it is actually the common name for the whole air interface specification.
TD-SCDMA / UMTS-TDD (LCR) networks are incompatible with W-CDMA / UMTS-FDD
and TD-CDMA / UMTS-TDD (HCR) networks.

Objectives
TD-SCDMA was developed in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of
Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Datang Telecom, and Siemens AG in an attempt to
avoid dependence on Western technology. This is likely primarily for practical reasons, since
other 3G formats require the payment of patent fees to a large number of Western patent holders.
TD-SCDMA proponents also claim it is better suited for densely populated areas. Further, it is
supposed to cover all usage scenarios, whereas W-CDMA is optimised for symmetric traffic and
macro cells, while TD-CDMA is best used in low mobility scenarios within micro or pico cells.
TD-SCDMA is based on spread spectrum technology which makes it unlikely that it will be able
to completely escape the payment of license fees to western patent holders. The launch of a
national TD-SCDMA network was initially projected by 2005but only reached large scale
commercial trials with 60,000 users across eight cities in 2008.
On January 7, 2009, China granted a TD-SCDMA 3G licence to China Mobile.
On September 21, 2009, China Mobile officially announced that it had 1,327,000 TD-SCDMA
subscribers as of the end of August, 2009.
While TD is primarily a China-only system, it may well be exported to developing countries. It is
likely to be replaced with a newer TD-LTE system over the next 5 years.
Technical highlights
TD-SCDMA uses TDD, in contrast to the FDD scheme used by W-CDMA. By dynamically
adjusting the number of timeslots used for downlink and uplink, the system can more easily
accommodate asymmetric traffic with different data rate requirements on downlink and uplink
than FDD schemes. Since it does not require paired spectrum for downlink and uplink, spectrum
allocation flexibility is also increased. Using the same carrier frequency for uplink and downlink
also means that the channel condition is the same on both directions, and the base station can
deduce the downlink channel information from uplink channel estimates, which is helpful to the
application of beamforming techniques.
TD-SCDMA also uses TDMA in addition to the CDMA used in WCDMA. This reduces the
number of users in each timeslot, which reduces the implementation complexity of multiuser
detection and beamforming schemes, but the non-continuous transmission also
reduces coverage (because of the higher peak power needed), mobility (because of lower power
control frequency) and complicates radio resource management algorithms.
The "S" in TD-SCDMA stands for "synchronous", which means that uplink signals are
synchronized at the base station receiver, achieved by continuous timing adjustments. This
reduces the interference between users of the same timeslot using different codes by improving
the orthogonality between the codes, therefore increasing system capacity, at the cost of some
hardware complexity in achieving uplink synchronization.