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LIB101580 Stability of Bridge Column Rebar Cages During Construction PDF
LIB101580 Stability of Bridge Column Rebar Cages During Construction PDF
P1 cos a1 P2 cos a2
P1 P2
P1 sin a1 P2 sin a2
W
a1 a2
Pcr
Critical Load
Axial Critical Load
qx
x
Section Moment of Inertia
Mint
P
Column Under Own Weight
L q
E, I
Example of Axial Stability
12x12 Section
Height 30-0
6
Longitudinal 4#8 bars
Transverse Ties #4@6
6
Cage Weight: 520 lb
Limit State Axial Resistance
I=SAd2=4x0.79x62=114 in4
I=SIo+bSAd 2
b is a reduction factor
Ratio depends on how much area can be
developed in one side of the section to its yield
strength.
Depends on tie wire connection
Connection Strength
Number and Type
Reinforcement Placement and Assembly
Rebar Cage
Material and Gauge No.
Black Annealed Wire for General
Purpose
Imported form China
Low carbon soft annealed steel
Fu min =40 ksi
#15 Gauge
Diameter = 0.072 in
Area = 0.004in2
Site Visits
# 16 gauge Black Wire
White Wires!
Nominal Ultimate Tensile Axial Force
#15 gauge, A=0.004 in2
Fu=40,000 psi
Pnominal =160 lb
TEST # MAX. FORCE (lb) STRESS (ksi)
1 196 48.2
2 189 46.4
3 193 47.3
4 192 47.2
X
Z
Y X: normal direction
Y: tangential direction
Z: vertical direction
X
X Z: vertical direction
2. Workmanship
Experience vs Inexperience Ironworker
SNAP TIE DOUBLE SNAP TIE U-TIE
Translation in the
normal direction
Rotation about the
normal direction
P-D Nonlinear Response
Experienced Iron Worker
Normal Direction Tangential & Vertical Direction
Deformation (mm) Deformation (mm)
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 40
1600 7 1200 5
4.5
1400 6 1000
4
1200
5 3.5
800
1000
3
Force (kN)
Force (kN)
Force (lb)
Force (lb)
4
800 600 2.5
3
2
600
400
2 1.5
400
1
1 200
200
0.5
0 0 0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Deformation (in) Deformation (in)
900 100
800
700 80
Torque (lb-in)
Torque (N-m)
600
60
500
400
40
300
200
20
100
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Rotation (Degrees)
34
23
33
Model of Tie Wire Connections
Z
Y
X: normal direction
Y: tangential direction
X Z: vertical direction
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis
r, rs=
2%
X-Brace
Square Brace
Internal Braces
X Type
Internal Braces
Box Type
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis
1. Min Tying
2. Max Tying
3. Min Tying with X-Braces
4. Min Tying with Box Braces
Nonlinear FEA Results
Model Elastic Max
Stiffness Lateral Stiffness Load
Tying Brace (lb/in) Load (lb) Ratio Ratio
Type
1 1
Min 00 511 1,160
X
I 12#11 r=1% #8@7 rs=1% 4#8 4,100 lb
Square
2 24#11 r=2% #8@3.5 rs=1% 8#8 8,200 lb
Reinforcement Placing
Four pick-up bars tied at every Joints
Five template hoops tied at every joint
Tie Wire Connection Types
Specimen Bar Type
2-Snap 4-Snap Column-tie Wrap &
Saddle
Pick-up 20% 70% 4% 6%
I
Template 0% 33% 33% 33%
Pick-up 90% 5% 0% 5%
II
Template 5% 0% 0% 95%
Number and Type of Tie Wire
Connections
%Tied Joints
Specimen # Joint 2-snap 4-Snap Column Wrap & No Ties
Tie Saddle
I 708 21% 41% 2% 4% 28%
II 2808 33% 10% 1% 4% 52%
Test Set-up
Fixity at the base of the cage
Load applied at 23 ft high through two 7/16-
dia guy wires @ N-S and E-W directions
Guy wire inclination 33 degrees
Load applied through hydraulic wench with
displacement control at the two locations
Specimen II
= 2% (24 #11 rebar)
s=2% (#11@3.0 in)
Square braces
Weight 8,200 lb
Specimen II
Specimen I
Resultant Cable Displacement (m)
Resultant Cable Displacement (m) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 8000 35
3500 16
7000 30
3000 14
6000
2500
5000
10 20
2000
4000
8
15
1500 3000
6
10
1000 2000
4
1000 5
500 2
0 0
0 0
0 20 40 60 80
0 10 20 30 40 50
Resultant Cable Displacement (in) Resultant Cable Displacement (in)
Experimental
Experimental
ADINA v.8.6
Tie Wire Connections
Strength
Stiffness
Longitudinal bars
Axial
Flexure
Torsion
Bracing Element
Boundary Conditions and
Buckling
Specimen I Specimen II
Resultant Cable Displacement (m) Resultant Cable Displacement (m)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
3500 16 8000 35
3000 14 7000 30
12 6000
10 5000
2000 20
8 4000
1500 15
6 3000
1000 10
4 2000
500 2 1000 5
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 80
Resultant Cable Displacement (in) Resultant Cable Displacement (in)
Measured (Dark)
Analytical (Light)
Specimen I Specimen II
Resultant Cable Displacement (m) Resultant Cable Displacement (m)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
5000 8000
35
4500 20
7000
30
4000
6000
3500 25
15
5000
3000
20
2500 4000
10
15
2000 3000
1500 10
2000
5
1000
1000 5
500
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80
Resultant Cable Displacement (in) Resultant Cable Displacement (in)
3000 14
12
2500
10
2000
8
1500
6
1000
4
Location 1 Location 2
500 2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Resultant Cable Displacement (in)
350 1.6
1.4
300
1.2
250
1
200
0.8
150
0.6
100
0.4
50 0.2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Resultant Cable Displacement (in)
700 700 3
3
600 600
2.5 2.5
500 500
2 2
400 400
1.5 1.5
300 300
1 1
200 200
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Resultant Cable Displacement (in) Resultant Cable Displacement (in)
= 2.0% & s = 1.0% = 2.0% & s = 2.0% = 1.0% & s = 1.0% & = 2.0% & s = 1.0%
Lateral Displacement (m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
8000 35
7000 30
6000
25
5000
Force (kN)
Force (lb)
20
4000
15
3000
10
2000
1000 5
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Lateral Displacement (in)
T1 = 2.13 sec T2 = 1.90 sec T3 = 1.33 sec
1
Displacement (in)
0.5
0 td/T = 1/16
-0.5
1.5
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10
1
Displacement (in)
Time (sec)
0.5
0 td/T = 1/4 2
-0.5
1.8
-1
-1.5
1.6
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
1.5 Time (sec) 1.4
Displacement (in)
Dynamic/Static
1
1.2
0.5
0
td/T = 3/4 1
-0.5
0.8
-1
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.6
1.5 Time (sec)
Displacement (in)
1
0.4
0.5 0.2
0 td/T = 2
0
-0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 td/T
Time (sec)
Common Practice in Rebar Cage
Assembly
Bar Placement
Spacing of template hoops
Number and Location of pick-up bars
Number of connections in field zones
Tie Wire Connections
Types and Locations
Braces
Box braces (#8 and #11)
Spacing
Connections to pick-up bars
CRSI Placing Reinforcing Bars and State DOT
Standard Specs
CT Standard Specs 52-1.03D-2010
Rebar Cage Stiffness
Common Bridge Rebar Cages
4, 6, and 8 ft diameter
r=1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5% Reinforcement
H=30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 ft
Template Hoops @7-0
Bracings
Box #8 bars
Box #11 bars
Tying
#15 Gauge, Wrap-and-saddle
Template Hoops and Pick-up Bars only
Parametric Analysis
6'-6"
4'-5" 12'
7'
9'-8"
7'
9'-8" 7' 9'-8" 7'
1'-6" 6"
H= 30 ft H= 40 ft H= 50 ft H= 60 ft H= 70 ft H= 80 ft
#8 brace Average Limit Drift =3% #11 brace Average Limit Drift =4%
bar bar
Internal Braces using #8 rebar Internal Braces using #11 rebar
800 800
700 700
600 600
Stiffness (lb/in)
Stiffness (lb/in)
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
H/D H/D
P1 cos a P2 cos b
P1 P2
a b
P1 P2
Torque on cage
P3 P4
Needs for Guy Wire Plans
Need to specify P/T force in the field.
Need make sure that P/T forces are balanced.
Net lateral force should be very small!
Wire Tension Meter up to 10,000 lb
Common Practice in Analysis of Guyed
Temporary Structures
No National Standards
California Bridge Contractors
Tributary area and statics to determine guy wire
force for wind loads
CT min Wind Pressure from 20 psf up to 35 psf
No Checks on other Loads!
No checks on rebar cages!
z
CT Static Analysis for Guy Wire Design
M x 0
Fcx ( AZ ) W ( H / 2) 0
WH
Fcx
2 Az
Fc
A A A A 2 2 2
x y z
H
A W Az
Fc Fcx
Ax
Ay
Fcy Fc
A
A x
Fcz Fc z
A
Fc Fcz Ay
Ax
Fcy
y Fcx
Analysis with Pin Base, Effect of Wire
Flexibility and Cage Stiffness
Analysis with Fix Base, Effect of Wire
Flexibility and Cage Stiffness
Other Bridge Contractors
Use structural analysis with fixed base and
rigid roller support at the guy wire location!
q
L
E, I
K=?
Stability in Pined Base Rebar Cage with
Effective Guy Wire Stiffness
VERY CRITICAL and Potential of Collapse is HIGH
Stability depends on:
Presence of internal braces
Guy wire stiffness
Strength of guy wire connections
High uncertainties, use TWO CRANES operation
Cage should be held at all times till it is secured
inside column forms
Effect of Lap Splice in Rebar Cage
For fixed column base with lap splice (dowels),
still used in many parts of the US.
Strength of the splice is the strength of the tie
wire connections (number, type,
workmanship)
Splice will slip under construction load
Treat rebar cage as PINNED Base!
Observations and Conclusions
Rebar cages with no internal braces have low
stiffness.
Guy wires needed to be checked for stiffness
in addition to strength
Need to perform dead load and stability
analysis in addition to wind analysis.
Cage height and base boundary condition play
a critical role in stability.
Rebar Cage should have internal braces (X or
square #8 or #11 bars)
SC Solutions
H. Sedarat
A. Itani (PI)
S. El-Azazy A. Krimotat
J. C. Builes
J. Drury
A. Sehgal
H. Bennion
M. Briggs
K. Byrnes
Acknowledgements
California Department of Transportation
Office of Bridge Construction-Dr. S. El-Azazy, John Drury,
Ajay Sehgal
Steel Rebar Fabricators
Pacific Coast Steel (H. Bennion, M. Briggs and K. Byrnes)
Harris Rebar ( L. Sieg)
Contractors
CC Myers donated crane use for two days!
CRSI
B. Hennings
Safety in Construction
Temporary Reinforcing
Structures
Vancouver March 27, 2012
Calgary March 28, 2012
Edmonton March 29, 2012
1926.700??
1.All vertical and horizontal
columns shall be guyed, shored,
or supported to prevent
collapse.
2.The installation and removal
of guying, bracing, and shoring
shall be under the supervision
of a competent and qualified
person.
Specific Requirements to Prevent Column Collapse
Requirements to Prevent Collapse of Horizontal Columns
Why we work safely!