TRN CNG NGH , HNG CHIN

PHNG PHP TNH

C HC KT CU
TU THY

I HC GIAO THNG VN TI TP. H CH MINH

6-2009
(trang ny trng)
2

TRN CNG NGH, HNG CHIN

PHNG PHP TNH

C HC KT CU
TU THY

I HC GIAO THNG VN TI TP H CH MINH

TP H CH MINH 6-2009
 3

Mc lc
M u 5
Chng 1 Phng php bin phn v trng hm d 6
1. Php bin phn 6
2. Cc phng php nhm trng hm d 23
Chng 2 Phng php sai phn hu hn 32
1. Hm mt bin 32
2. Phng php li cho bi ton 2 chiu 37
3. Xon dm 41
4. Bi ton trng 2D vi bin cong 42
5. Phng php sai phn hu hn trn c s php bin phn 44
6. Dao ng dm 51
7. Dao ng tm 52
8. n nh tm 54
Chng 3 Phng php phn t hu hn 57
1. Phng php phn t hu hn 57
2. Th t gii bi ton c hc kt cu theo phng php phn t hu hn 59
3. Ma trn cng phn t. Ma trn cng h thng 61
4. p t ti 63
5. X l iu kin bin 65
6. Gii h phng trnh a s tuyn tnh 66
7. Nhng phn t thng dng trong c hc kt cu 70
8. Trng thi ng sut phng. Trng thi bin dng phng 82
9. Tm chuu un 88
10. Vt th 3D 93
11. Nn ma trn. Khi kt cu 95
12. S dng phn mm SAP v ANSYS tnh ton kt cu 103
13. Phn tch kt cu bng ngn ng MATLAB 112
14. Dao ng k thut 142
Chng 4 Tnh ton tin cy 163
1. tin cy 164
2. Tnh ton tin cy 164
3. Xc nh ch s an ton, xc sut h hoi 165
4. Php tnh thng k v bin ngu nhin 170
5. Cc phng php tnh 171
6. Phn tch nhng iu khng chc chn t ti v bn 181
7. Chn hm phn b 182
8. Phn tch tin cy h thng 182
9. Xc nh cc h s s dng 183
10. Th tc phn tch tin cy kt cu 189
11. bn thn tu 190
Ti liu tham kho 193
4

K hiu chnh
A din tch, area
b chiu rng, beam, width
c, C h s, coefficient
d ng knh, diameter
D cng tm, flexural rigidity of plate
E m un n hi, modulus of elasticity
f hm, function
F lc, lc ct, force, shear force
G m un n hi (ct ), shear modulus
g gia tc trng trng, gravity constant
h chiu cao, depth, heigh
I, , F phim hm, functional
I, J momen qun tnh mt ct, moment of inertia
Jp momen qun tnh trong h c cc, polar moment of inertia
K, k h s, coefficient
K, k cng
L, l chiu di, length
M momen, moment
m khi lng, mass
N lc dc trc, axial force
P ti, load
P cng sut, power
p p sut, pressure
Q ti, load
q ti phn b, distributed load
R hm sai s, residual function
R, r bn knh, radius
S din tch, area
T, MT momen xon, torque, couple
t chiu dy, thickness
t thi gian, time
U th nng, potential energy
u0 th nng n v, strain energy per unit volume
V lc ct, shear force
W trng lng, weight
W,w cng ngoi lc, work
gc ni chung, angle generally
gc ni chung, angle generally
, , w chuyn dch v tr, deflection
ton t bin phn, variational operator
bin dng gc, shear strain
gc, chuyn v gc, angle, angle deflection
th nng, potential energy
bin dng , strain
ng sut ni chung, stress, generally
h s ni chung, coefficient generally
h s Poisson, Poissons coefficient
, vector ring, eigenvector
mt , density
trng lng ring, specific weight
, T chu k, perio
tn s gc, circular frequency, generally
n tn s ring , natural frequency, generally
 5

M u

Cun sch PHNG PHP TNH C HC KT CU TU THY trnh by cc phng

php tnh cn cho vic x l nhng vn thuc c hc kt cu. y l phn khng tch ri ca b
sch ginh cho c hc kt cu tu thy, cn cho nhng ngi quan tm c hc kt cu tu thy v cng
trnh ngoi khi. Ba cun sch c pht hnh: C hc kt cu tu thy, Sc bn tu, Dao
ng tu thy cn n cc phng php tnh trnh by trong sch ny lc x l cc ti.
Cc chng trong sch s trnh by nhng ti c quan tm nhiu hin nay.
Chng u bn v ng dng phng php bin phn kinh in, dng hiu qu hng trm nm
trong ton v c hc, gii nhng bi ton un dm, un tm. Phng php Ritz c s dng hm th v
php bin phn cng cc ng dng gii bi ton c hc cht rn ni chung, dm v tm ni ring,
l phn cn ca chng. Cc phng php c s dng hm th song khng qua giai on tnh
bin phn gii thiu cng chng mang tn gi chung l phng php trng hm d.
Chng tip theo gii thiu phng php sai phn hu hn hin l phng php hu hiu trong
ton tnh v trong c hc. Ti chng ny ngi c gp cch xy dng bi ton v gii bi ton c
hc kt cu theo cch lm quen thuc trc nay. Phng php sai phn hu hn ang pht huy tc
dng ln ngy nay v chc cn tc dng di lu. Bn cnh nhng cch lm theo hng i mi
th tc tnh ton cho phng php truyn thng trnh by trong chng ny gip bn c xem xt vn
y , c tnh thi s. C th pht biu rng nhng cch lm mi khng thay i ni dung phng
php sai phn hu hn song lm cho n bt kp tin b trong lnh vc ton tnh.
Nhng c s ca phng php tnh phn t hu hn v ng dng ca n x l nhng bi ton c
hc kt cu gii thiu trong sch gip bn c lm quen v c iu kin nng cao kh nng tnh ton
theo phng php rt hu hiu ny.
Chng bn trnh by cc phng php tnh ang dng ph bin trong mn hc tin cy kt
cu. Cc th tc tnh trnh by ti y gip ngi c xc nh ng v nhanh trong iu kin c th
cc thng s lin quan tin cy kt cu dn dng ni chung v ca tu thy ni ring.
Mi chng ca sch ngoi phn l thuyt v hng dn tnh ton u c nhng v d minh ha.
Nhng ngi chun b sch c trnh by nhng v d phc tp khng cao, ngi c d dng
kim tra bng cc php tnh th cng. Tuy nhin, vi cc bi ton ng lc hc, khi lng tnh ton
thng ln, ngh bn c s dng cng c tnh thch hp khi tm tr ring v vecto ring.
Nhng ngi vit
6

Chng 1

PHNG PHP BIN PHN V TRNG HM D

Cc bi ton c hc kt cu gii theo nhiu phng php khc nhau. Trong chng ny ca sch
cp nhng cch gii da trn cc phng php dng hm th theo ngha kinh in. Cc phng
php trc tip tm li gii bao gm: phng php bin phn kinh in (Direct Variational Method) v
phng php trng hm d (Weighted Residual Method).
Phng trnh vi phn chnh yu trnh by trng thi cn bng vt rn, xem xt trong chng:
L(u) - p = 0 trong min V, (a)
v cc iu kin bin:
B(u) - q = 0 trn bin S = Su + Sp (b)
trong u l hm chuyn v, nu khng gii thch khc, p ti
Biu thc (b) c hiu c th theo cch din gii ti hnh 1.1:
iu kin ng hc u = u* ti Su;
iu kin ng lc hc q = q* ti Sp.
L v B l nhng ton t vi phn.

Ton t thng gp c th l , 2, 4 = 22
1 PHP TNH BIN PHN Hnh 1.1 iu kin bin
Php tnh bin phn lin quan vn xc nh cc tr, tc maximum hoc minimum ca cc
phim hm. Phim hm (functional) hiu l hm ca cc hm. Trong chng mc nht nh phim hm
c nt tng ng vi hm s chng ta vn quen, im khc nhau cn nhc n, hm s theo ngha
thng thng l hm ca cc bin, cn hm ng vai tr phim hm ca cc hm.
Vic chnh ca tnh ton bin phn l tm hm, v d hm u(x), vi x bin c lp, phim
hm di dng tch phn gii hn x1, x2:
x2
I = F (u, u ' ,..., x)dx (1.1)
x1

t cc tr.
Trong tch phn ny u = du/dx,
I v F cng c gi phim hm.
Vi nhng vn thuc c hc kt cu:
I=UW
U cng bin dng, W cng ca ngoi lc.
Nghim gn ng tm t biu thc:
u~ ( x) = u ( x) + u ( x) (1.2)
Hnh 1.2 Hm u v bin phn u
 7
trong u(x) nghim chnh xc, nu tn ti, u(x) c tn gi bin phn. l ton t bin phn.
Php tnh bin phn hm I:
( )
Fdx = (F )dx (1.3)

du d
V = (u ) (1.4)
dx dx
F F
F = u + u ' (1.5)
u u '
iu kin cn I t cc tr:
x2 x
F F
2

I = u + u ' dx = Fdx = 0 (1.6)

x1
u u ' x1

1.1 PHNG PHP RITZ

Phng php Ritz xy dng trn c s php bin phn.
Phng php Ritz 1 tm cch thay th bin u, c th chn v d bi ton mt chiu u(x), trong
x2
phim hm (1.1): I = F (u, u ' ,..., x)dx , bng nghim gn ng di dng hm xp x:
x1
N
u~ = ai f i (1.7)
i =1

Hm u, chng ta gp trong cc bi ton c hc khc nhau, th hin ti (a), tin xem xt c

th coi l hm chuyn v trong v d tip theo.
Hm c s hay cn gi hm th fi, i =1,2,..., N phi tho mn cc iu kin bin (b) S = Sp +
Su, tc l iu kin ng lc hc trn Sp, v iu kin ng hc ti bin Su. Hm xp x u~ lin tc
n bc r-1, trong r bc o hm cao nht trong I.
Thay u~ vo I, cng thc (1.1), tch phn I tr thnh hm ca cc n ai.
Phim hm I tng ng hm tng th nng gp trong nhng bi ton c hc kt cu = U
W, trong U cng bin dng 2, W cng ngoi lc 3. iu kin cn I t cc tr l:
I (u )
= 0 i = 1,2,L, n (1.8)
ai
Xc nh hm I trong cc bi ton c hc kt cu c th tin hnh theo cch gn I bng tng nng
lng h thng = U W.
1
Cng bin dng vt th lm t vt liu n hi: U = { }T { }dV , (1.9)
2V
Cng do ngoi lc tc ng ln vt th: W = { p}T {u}dS , (1.10)
S

trong {}= [C]{} vector bin dng,

{} = [D]{} vector ng sut,

1
Ritz W., ber eine neue Methode zur Lsung gewissen Variations-Problem der mathematischen Physik, J. Rein Angew.
Math. (1909).
2
strain energy
3
external work due to applied loads
8
{p} vector ngoi lc
{u} vecto chuyn v.
1
= { }T { }dV { p}T {u}dS (1.11)
2V Sp

Thay hm ca hm u vo v tr phim hm I, xc nh hm u m bo tng th nng t

minimum. T php bin phn xc nh biu thc :
1
=
T T
{ } { }dV { p} {u}dS (1.12)
2 V Sp
Gii bi ton c hc vt rn chng ta nhn phng trnh:
{ } [ D]{ }dV = {p} {u}dS
T T
(1.13)
V Sp

Trong {p} ti bn ngoi tc ng ln bin Sp vt th ang xem xt.

T y c th vit:
U = W hoc (U W) = 0. (1.14)
Trng hp bi ton ba chiu hm chuyn v c th th hin: {u} = [u v w ]
T

u = a i i ( x, y , z )
i

v = bi i ( x, y, z ) (1.15)
i
w = c i i ( x, y , z )
i
trong
ai, bi, ci - cc h s cn xc nh, ng vai tr ta suy rng,
i, i, i cc hm c s hay cn gi hm th.
Hm c s tho mn cc iu kin bin ti S = Sp + Su. Bin phn hm chuyn v xc nh nh
sau:

u = ai i ( x, y, z )
i

v = bi i ( x, y, z ) (1.16)
i
w = ci i ( x, y, z )
i
2 2
1 u 2 v w 2 u v w
Bit rng U = u 0 dV , trong u0 = + + + + + +
2V x y z 1 2 x y z

1 u v v w w u
2 2 2
+ + + + + +
2 y x z yx x z

v:
 9
u
x = = u
x x
L
u w
zx = + = u + w
z x z x
c th vit:

U = x u + y v + z w+ zx u + w + yz v + w + xy u + vdxdydz
x y z z x z y y x
Thay gi tr u, v, w t biu thc (1.16) vo phng trnh xc nh U v W tip tc xc nh
bin phn , nhn c cng thc sau ca phng php Ritz.

= ai + bi + ci , i=1,2,,n (1.17)
i a i bi ci
T biu thc (1.17), vi ai, bi, ci khc 0, c th vit:

= 0; = 0; = 0 i = 1,2,..., n (1.18)
ai bi ci
T y a n lp h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh cha cc n ai, bi, ci.
Cng bin dng dm
Th nng dm b tc ng bi cc lc ko, nn, ct, momen un, momen xon:
1 M T dx Fz dx
2 2 2 2 2 2
M y dx M z dx N dx Fy dx
2 GI t
U= + + + + kz + ky (1.19)
EI x EI z AE GA GA
trong
MT - momen xon,
My, Mz - momen un
N lc ko, nn
Fy, Fy lc ct
Cng bin dng tm ch nht axb, dy t.

D 2 2 2 w 2 2 w 2 w
2
( )
U = w + 2(1 ) 2
xy x y 2
dxdy (1.20)


E t3
trong D =
12(1 2 )
Cng bin dng tm trn bn knh R, dy t

D 2 w 1 w 1 2 w 1 w 2 2 w 1 w 1 2 w
2

U = 2 + + + 2(1 ) 2 + 2 rdrd
2
2 r r r r 2 2
r r r r r r

Cng bin dng vt th 3D:
1
u 0 dV v W = {F }.T {u}dS
2 V
U=
S
10
trong

u 0 = { } { }d
T
=
1
( x x + y y + x x + 2 xy xy + 2 yz yz + 2 zx zx )
0
2
Th tc gii bi ton c hc kt cu bng phng php Ritz
N
1. Xy dng hm hoc h hm fi cho bin u: u~ = ai f i
i =1

2. Xy dng phim hm I (k hiu tng ng ) ca u, ux, . . .

I
3. Lp h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh = 0 , i=1,2,,n v xc nh ai.
ai ai
4. Tm nghim u.
Phng php Ritz gii dm
T phng trnh cn bng dm un, hnh 1.3, c th xy dng quan h:
d2 d 2w
Phng trnh chnh: EJ =p
dx 2 dx 2
d d 2w
Lc ct: V = EJ
dx dx 2
d 2w
Momen un: M = EJ 2
dx
dw
Gc xoay: =
dx

Hnh 1.3

Un dm
V d 1: p dng phng php Ritz xc nh vng dm lin tc di L, EI = const, ta trn hai gi
ti u nt, di tc ng ti trng phn b u q = const, hnh 1.4.
Tin hnh x l bi ton theo th tc ang nu.
vng dm:
 11

~ ( x) = a f
w n n
n =1

trong fn (x) - hm th, an - h s cn xc nh.

iu kin bin:
ti x =0: w(0) = 0; w(0) 0.
ti x = L: w(L) = 0; w(L) 0.
tho mn iu kin bin hm fn (x) c th mang dng:
nx
f n ( x) = sin , n =1,2,...
L Hnh 1.4 Dm thng, ta hai u, chu ti
vng tnh theo cng thc: q(x) = const
~ ( x) =

nx
w
n =1
a n sin
L
T tnh i xng ca phng trnh vng, ch cn gi li cc h s c ch s l 1, 3, 5... Hm
ng gi y ch cn l:
~( x) = nx
w
n =1, 3,...
a n sin
L
Phim hm I cho dm b un n thun, bng tng th nng bin dng v cng ngoi lc tc ng
ln dm:I = U W.
Th nng dm un:
L
1
U = EJ [w" ( x)] dx
2

20
2
1
L
n 2 nx
U = EJ a n sin dx
2 0 n =1 L L
Cng ngoi lc:
nx
L L
~ ( x)dx = q.
W = q.w
n =1, 3,...
a n sin
L
dx
0 0
2
1
L

n
2
nx
L
nx
I = EJ a n sin dx q a n sin dx
2 0 n =1,3,... L L 0 n =1, 3,...
L
H s ai xc nh sau khi ly o hm ca I theo ai.
(U W ) L n nx k
2 2
nx nx
L
= EJ a n sin sin dx q sin dx = 0
{a} 0
n =1 L L
L L 0
L
nx
Trong khong khng gian 0 - L h hm (sin ) c tnh trc giao:
L
L
mx nx L / 2 m=n
sin
0
L
sin
L
dx =
0 mn
12

(U W )
4
k L 2L
= EJ ak q =0 k = 1,3,...
a k L 2 k
T :
4qL4 1
ak = 5 5
EJ k
Biu thc vng dm w(x):
~ ( x) = 4qL
4
1 ix
w
EJ 5
i i =1
5
sin
L
i=1,3,5,...

Ti v tr gia dm x = L/2 gi tr ca hm xp x nh sau:

4 qL4
w(L/2) = 5 0,013071 qL4 / EJ, khi s dng ch mt h s a1.
EJ
4 1 qL4

w(L/2) = 5 1 5 0,0130172 qL4 / EJ, nu s dng a1 v a2.
3 EJ
Li gii chnh xc theo phng php gii tch a ra kt qu:
5 qL4
w(L/2) = 0,0130208 qL4 /EJ.
384 EJ
Moment un tnh theo cng thc:
M(x) = EJ.w(x)
Ti x = L/2 gi tr momen ny c tnh nh sau:
4qL4
1 i
M(L/2) = -
3 i
i =1
3
sin
2
, i=1,3,5,....

n nh dm
V d 2: n nh dm di L, cng EI, chu tc ng lc nn N.
Hm chuyn v c tm di dng:

nx
w( x) = a n sin
n =1 L
Vi dm chu lc nn N, hm W mang dng:
L
1
W = Nw' 2 dx
20
2
n nL
L
1
W = N a n cos dx
2 0 n =1 L L
Tng th nng ca dm:

1 n nx
2
nx
2 2
n
L
= U W = EI a n sin N a n cos dx
2 0 n =1 L L n =1 L L

Tin hnh o hm theo ak, s nhn c h phng trnh:
 13

1 L n nx k
2 2
kx
= EI a n sin sin
{a} 2 0 n =1 L L L L

n nx k kx
N a n cos cos dx = 0.
n =1 L L L L
kx kx
Nh tnh trc giao ca cos v sin , k =1,2, 3,...trong on (0, L):
L L
n x kx
L

cos
0
L
cos
L
dx = 0 nu k n

L
= nu k = n;
2
s nhn c:
k 2

= a k EI N = 0
a k L
Vi ak 0, biu thc trong du ngoc vung phi bng khng, do vy c th vit:
k 2 2 EI
N=
L2
Chng ta quan tm n gi tr nh nht ca N, khi vt qua gi tr dm chuyn sang giai on
mt n nh. Trong cng thc cui c th thy, N t nh nht cho trng hp k =1, biu thc lc
Euler c dng:
2 EI
NE =
L2
Xy dng phng trnh ma trn
S dng cng thc bin phn tng nng lng nh tng cng bin phn th nng v cng ngoi lc
ca bi ton un dm c th vit:
L L
1
EJ [w" ( x)] dx xc nh: U = w".EJ .w" dx
2
T U =
20 0

L L
T W = q.w( x)dx vit W = q.wdx
0 0

L L
= w".EJ .w" dx q.wdx = 0 (1.21)
0 0

Hm chuyn v w(x) theo cch lm ngy nay nn vit di dng vecto nh sau:
w = Nu
Cc i lng lin quan {w} xc nh theo cch sau:
= w ' = N' u; w" = N' ' u
trong N hm hnh dng theo cch gi ngy nay, u chuyn v ti cc nt tnh ton.
14
L L
L T L

= u N" EJN" udx u N" pdx =u EJ N" N" dxu N"T pdx = 0 (1.22)
T T T T T

0 0 0 0
L L
K hiu: K = EJ N"T N" dx v P = N"T pdx , c th vit phng trnh cui dng:
0 0

Ku = P (1.23)
V d 3: Xc nh vng dm, momen un v lc ct dm nu ti hnh 1.5.

Hnh 1.5 Dm thng chu ti phn b tuyn tnh

iu kin bin: w(0) = 0; -(0) = w(0) = 0 v w(L) = 0.
K hiu = x/L trong cc php tnh tip theo. Hm hnh dng, bn chi tit ti mc hm ni suy,
ti y chng ta nhn nh sau:
[N ] = [( 2 3 ) ( 2 2 3 + 4 )]
o hm bc hai ca [N]:
[ (
[N "] = 12 (2 6 ) 2 12 + 12 2
L
)]
Thay hai biu thc ny vo cng thc xc nh cc thnh phn K v P :
EJ L 4 24 + 36 2 4 36 + 96 2 72 3 EJ 4 0
[K ] = 3 4
d = 3
4 36 + 96 72 4 48 + 192 + 144
2 3 3
L 0 L 0 0,8
L 2 2 3 + 4 1 / 30
{P} = p0 L 0 2 5
d = p 0 L
3 + 3
3 4
1 / 60
Vector {u} xc nh t quan h:
u1 1 / 120 p 0 L4
=
u 2 1 / 48 EJ
Li gii:
p L4 1 p L4
w( x) = 0
EJ 120
( 2 3 ) + ( 2 2 3 + 4 ) = 0
1
48

240 EJ
(7 2 12 3 + 5 4 )

2
M ( x) = EJw" = 0
p L
120
( 7 36 + 30 2 )
p L
V ( x) = EJw' ' ' = 0 (8 15 )
30
 15
Kt qu va trnh by cha p ng iu kin momen tnh ti gi tri phi trit tiu. Cn thit hiu
chnh hm th, trong trng hp ny l hm hnh dng. C th chn hm bc cao hn cho [N], v d
c th chn:
[N ] = [( 2 3 ) ( 3 4 ) ( 4
5 )]
Cc php tnh tip theo:
4 24 + 36 2 12 60 2 + 72 3 24 2 112 3 + 120 4
[K ] = EJ4 0 12 60 2 + 72 3
1
36 2 144 3 + 144 4 72 3 264 4 + 240 5 d
L
24 2 112 3 + 120 4 72 3 264 4 + 240 5 144 4 480 5 + 400 6

2 3 1 / 30
3 4
{P} = 0 p0 (1 ) d = p0 L 1 / 60
1

4 5 1 / 105

H phng trnh i s [K]{u}={P} c dng:
4 4 4 u1 1 / 30
EJ
3
4 24 / 5 26 / 5 u 2 = p 0 L 1 / 60
L
4 26 / 5 208 / 35 u 3 1 / 105

T xc nh:
p L
{u} = 0 [4 4 1]T
120
p 0 L4
V {w} =
120 EJ
(4 2 8 3 + 5 4 5 )

Kt qu tnh trnh by ti hnh 1.6. Cc hnh t trn

xung gii thiu chuyn v w(x), momen un M(x) Hnh 1.6 Kt qu tnh theo phng php Ritz
v lcc ct F(x),
Trong cng hnh kt qu tnh theo phng php gii tch ghi li ti ng cong nh du A, tnh
theo phng n u trong v d ny nh du bng B. Kt qu tnh theo phng n ci tin trng vi
ng A.
Dao ng ngang dm
T phng trnh xc nh momen un dm:
d 2w
EI 2 = M ( x) (a)
dx
tin hnh ly o hm hai v phng trnh, nhn c cc biu thc sau:
d d 2w
EI 2 = F ( x) (b)
dx dx
d2 d 2w
EI = q( x) (c)
dx 2 dx 2
p dng nguyn l DAlembert vo phng trnh (c), c ngha thay lc qun tnh vo v tr ca ti tnh
q(x):
16
d 2w
q(x) thay bng m ,
dt 2
trong m khi lng n v di ca dm.
C th vit phng trnh chuyn ng ngang dm:
d 4w d 2w
EI 4 + m 2 = 0 (d)
dx dt
iu kin bin xc nh cho v d ang nu:
w=0
ti x = 0 v x = L Hnh 1.7 Dao ng dm (e)
dw / dx = 0
p dng cng thc Rayleigh xc nh tn s dao ng ring. Dao ng ngang dm th hin dng
iu ha:
w( x, t ) = u ( x) cos t (f)
Th nng v ng nng h thng:
2 2
1 L d 2w 1 L d 2w
U = EI 2 dx T = m( x) 2 dx
2 0 dx 2 0 dt
Gi tr maximum ca U v T:
2
1 L d 2u 2 L
U max = EI 2 dx T= m( x)u 2 dx
2 0 dx 2 0

Cng thc Rayleigh p dng vo y mang dng:

2
1 L d 2u
2 0 dx 2
EI dx
=
2
(g)
1 L
2 0
m( x)u 2 dx

Hm u(x) c th l:
2x
u ( x) = 1 cos (h)
L
Thay u(x) vo cng thc Rayleigh, xc nh tn s th nht:
22,792 EI
1 = ; (i)
L2 m
Th tc thc hin theo phng php Ritz tin hnh nh sau:
u~ ( x) = a1 f 1 ( x) + a 2 f 2 ( x) + L + a n f n ( x) (j)
Thay biu thc (j) vo cng thc Rayleigh cho php nhn 2 l hm ca a1, a2, . . . Cn thit chn
a1, a2, . . . t minimum.
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )
= =L= =0 (k)
a1 a 2 a n
iu ny dn n hnh thnh h phng trnh i s gm n phng trnh, cha n n a1, a2, . . . an
 17
2
d 2w
L
2
L
0 dx 2 dx j a j
EI
a j
0
m( x)u 2 dx = 0 j = 1, 2, . . . , n (l)

Hy chn hm u cha 2 thnh phn:

2x 4x
u ( x) = a1 1 cos + a 2 1 cos (m)
L L
Cng thc (g) gi c dng:
8 4 EI 2
3
(
a1 + 16a 22 )
2 = L
mL
2
(
3a12 + 3a 22 + 4a1 a 2 )
( ) ( )
2 2
Tha mn iu kin: = = 0 s nhn h phng trnh i s:
a1 a 2
16 2 EI1 0 a1 3 2 a1
0 16 a = mL 2 3 a
2

L3 2 2
Li gii ca h phng trnh:
22,35 EI a1 1
1 = =
L2 m a 2 0,575
124 EI a1 1
2 = =
L2 m a 2 1,4488
1.2 PHNG PHP RITZ GII TM MNG
Phng php Ritz p dng tnh vng, momen un, lc ct tm mng da vo phng php xc nh
bin phn hm nng lng tm .
vng mng tm trnh by dng chui:
n
~ ( x, y ) = a f ( x, y )
w i i i =1
(1.24)

a hm chuyn v tm vo phim hm, trng hp ny l hm nng lng ton phn ca tm .

Cc hng s ai xc nh sau khi thc hin php tnh bin phn hm nng lng .
T l thuyt tm c th ghi li nhng biu thc ca momen un tm:
2w 2w 2w 2w
m x = D 2 + 2 ;
m y = D 2 + 2
(1.25a)
x y y x
2w
m xy = D(1 ) (1.25b)
xy
Nng lng bin dng ca tm un tnh t biu thc:

D 2 w 2 w
2
2 w 2 2 w 2 w
U b = 2 + 2 + 2(1 ) 2 dxdy
2
(1.26)
2 x y xy x y

18
Hy xt iu kin bin cc tm khi x l vn . Nu tt c cc cnh tm b ngm, thnh phn th hai
biu thc ny tr thnh 0. iu kin bin trong trng hp ny tr thnh: w = 0 ti cnh.
Vi tm b ngm c 4 cnh, chu tc ng ti phn b p(x,y), nng lng ton phn tm tnh nh sau:

D 2 w 2 w
2
2 w 2 2 w 2 w
= 2 + 2 + 2(1 ) 2 dxdy pw( x, y )dxdy
2 x y xy x y 2

Ty thuc iu kin bin, hm chuyn v nn chn hp hon cnh. Nhng cng thc sau y c
th gip bn c chn la hm hnh dng cho cc php tnh gn ng.

w( x, y ) = a mn X m ( x).Yn ( y ) (1.27)
m n

Bng 1.1
iu kin bin Hm hnh dng, Xm(x)
mx
sin
m a

1 2mx
2 1 cos
m a
m = 1,3,5,L

x mx
sin
m a
sin
a
2
xx 2
m x x 1 mx
1 + ( 1) 2 1 sin
aa m a a m m a

(a 4x 2 ) x
2 m
2
m = 0,1,2,3, L
m

x x x 1 mx
1 1 sin
a a 2a m m a

x x2 1 mx
m 2a a 2 1( 1) m m sin a
m

V d 3: p dng phng php Ritz xc nh mt vng tm thp hnh ch nht c cc cnh axb, chu
tc ng lc tp trung theo phng php tuyn ti im (x1, y1), hnh 1.8. Tm ta c bn cnh,
chiu dy tm t = const. M un n hi vt liu E.
p dng phng php Ritz cn thit tm phim hm cho phng trnh chuyn v di tc ng
lc. Phim hm ca bi ton ny chnh l hm nng lng ca tm.
Hm chuyn v mt qua gia tm:
mx ny
Hm f(x,y) hy l: f mn ( x, y ) = sin sin
a b
 19

mx ny
Hm chuyn v: w( x, y ) = a mn sin sin
m =1 n =1 a b
iu kin bin:
Ti x = 0, x = a: w = 0; w/x 0.
Ti y = 0, y = b: w = 0; w/y 0.
Cng bin dng:
1
U = u 0 dV
2V

vi th nng n v: u 0 = { } { }d
T

0 Hnh 1.8 Tm ta trn 4 cnh

hay l u0 =
1
( x x + y y + x x + 2 xy xy + 2 yz yz + 2 zx zx )
2

D 2 2 2 w 2 2 w 2 w
( )
U = w + 2(1 ) 2
xy
dxdy
2
x y 2


E t3
trong D =
12(1 2 )
Cng ngoi lc:
W = q ( x, y ) w( x, y )dxdy
Thay w v cc o hm ca w theo x, y vo biu thc tnh U:

D 2 w 2 w
a b 2 w 2 2 w 2 w
U = 2 + 2 + 2(1 ) 2 dxdy
2 0 0 x y xy x y 2

2

D ny
2
a b
m 2 n 2 mx
U = a mn + sin sin dxdy
2 0 0 m =1 n =1
a b
a b

Cng do lc tp trung tc ng:

mx ny
W = P a mn sin sin
m =1 n =1 a b
Phim hm I:
I = U-W.
(U W )
Tin hnh ly o hm ca (U - W) theo amn: s nhn c h phng trnh i s,
a mn
trong amn ng vai tr n s.
S dng tnh trc giao hm lng gic trong phm vi 0 x a v 0 y b:
a
mx nx 0 mn
sin
0
a
sin
a
dx =
a / 2 m=n
20
a
mx nx 0 mn
sin
0
b
sin
b
dx =
b / 2 m=n

Dab m n
2 2
mx0 ny 0
a mn + P sin sin =0
4 a b a b
vi m = 1,2,...; n = 1,2,...
T phng trnh ny xc nh amn:
4P mx0 ny 0
a mn = sin sin
m n
2 2
a b
abD +
a b
Nghim bi ton:
mx0 ny 0
sin sin
b sin mx sin ny

4P a
w( x, y ) =
abD m =1 n =1 m n 2
2
a b
+
a b
V d 3b: Gii bi ton un tm, t l cnh a/b = 1,5. Tm b ngm 4 cnh, chu tc ng ti phn b
u theo phng php tuyn, hnh 1.9.

Hnh 1.9 Tm ch nht, ngm 4 canh

S dng tnh i xng cu hnh tm, chn gc h ta nm chnh gia tm, hai trc i qua ng
i xng tm. Hm th trnh by di dng:

a mx my
w( x, y ) = mn 1 (1) m cos 1 (1) n cos , m,n = 1,3,5 . . .
m n 4 a a
iu kin bin:
 21
w
(w)x = a = 0, =0
x x = a
w
(w)x =b = 0, =0
y x = b
nhanh chng nhn kt qu, c th chnh xc cn bn thm, hy nhn m = n = 1:
a x y
w = 11 1 + cos 1 + cos
4 a b
Thay biu thc ny vo cng thc tnh cng bin dng tm s nhn c:
+ a+b
D 4 a112 3b 3a 2
D
2 a b
2 2
U = w dxdy = ( ) + +
32 a 3 b 3 ab
Cng ngoi lc thc hin:
+ a+b
W = p 0 w( x, y )dxdy = p 0 a11 ab
a b

T php tnh tm minimum tng nng lng ca tm:

(U W )
=0
a11
Xc nh c:
16 p 0 a 4 1
a11 =
D 3 + 3(a / b )4 + 2(a / b )2
4

Vi a/b = 1,5 v = 0,3, gi tr vng ti x = y = 0 s l:

p0 a 4
wmax = 0,0791 3
Et
V d 4: n nh tm.
Th t thc hin php tnh khi tnh n nh tm trong khun kh phng php Ritz bao gm xc
nh hm nng lng ca tm trong trng hp chu nn trong mt phng v cc php tnh o hm
phng trnh nng lng theo chuyn v suy rng nhm xc nh lc ti hn.
Xc nh lc gii hn tc ng tm ch nht axb, ta t do ti x = 0, x = a v y = 0. Cnh y =
b t do.
Hm chuyn v ca tm:

w(x,y) =
m=1 n =1
amn m(x) n(y)

Hm nng lng ca tm gm nng lng tm chu un v nng lng bin dng mt trung ha
tm U = U1 + U2.
Trong U1 tnh theo cng thc:

D 2 2 2 w 2 2 w 2 w
2
( )
U 1 = w + 2(1 )
xy
2
x y 2
dxdy


U2 tnh theo cng thc:
22

1 w w w
2 2
w
U 2 = N x + N y + 2 N xy dxdy
2 x y x y

trong :
Et u 0 v Et v 0 u
Nx = + 0 v N y = + 0
1 2 x y 1 2 y x
u v
N xy = N yx = Gt 0 + 0
y x
Trng hp Nx = -xt; Ny = Nxy = 0, hm U2 tr thnh:
2
w
a b
1
U 2 = N x dxdy
2 0 0 x
iu kin bin:
w
ti x = 0 v x = a: w = 0; 0;
x
w
Ti y = 0: w = 0; 0;
y
w
Ti y = b: w 0; 0;
y
Hm w(x,y):
n
w(x,y) = amn y sin mx
m=1 n =1
b a
nhanh chng c kt qu, ch chn 1 hng s khi tnh chui cho w.
y x
w( x, y ) = a11 sin
b a
Thay gi tr va vit vo phng trnh ca U1, U2 hm th nng ny tr thnh:

D 2 2 2 w 2 2 w 2 w
2
( )
U 1 = w + 2(1 )
xy
2
x y 2
dxdy =


a112 D ab 1 a
4 2

= + 2(1 )
2 a 6 b a 2
2
1 2 ab
U2 + a11 x t
2 a 6
Tin hnh tnh o hm theo biu thc:
(U 1 + U 2 )
=0
a11
s nhn c phng trnh:
 23
4 ab 1
2
a ab
2

a11 D + 2(1 ) xt = 0;
a 6 ba 2 a 6
T tnh cht c hc ca bi ton, hng s a11 0 biu thc trong du ngoc ln phi bng 0, t
xc nh lc Euler:
D 6 2 D 6(1 ) b
2 2

x = E = + (1 ) 2 = 2 +
t a a b t 2 a
Phng php Rayleigh-Ritz gii bi ton dao ng tm
V d a: p dng phng php Rayleigh Ritz xc nh tn s ring tm hnh ch nht cnh axb,
chiu dy t = const, bn mp b ngm.
Th nng tm chu un c tnh nh sau:

1 2 w 2 w 2 2 w 2 2 w 2 w
U 0 = D 2 + 2 + 2(1 ) 2 dxdy ,
2 x y xy x y 2

Et 3
trong D = - cng tm, vi t chiu dy tm.
( )
12 1 2

tw dxdy , trong - khi lng ca n v

2
Khi lng qui i tm tnh bng biu thc: m =
din tch tm.
2x 2y
Hm chuyn v tm theo cch lm ca Ritz: w = C 1 + cos 1 + cos
a b
Th nng v ng nng tm tham gia dao ng:
3 2 3 9 2
U 0 = C 2 .D.2 4 ab 4 + 2 2 + 4 ; M = C tab
a a b b 4
iu kin th nng v ng nng tm t cc tr:
1
U0 2 M = 0; k = 1,2,...
C k 2 C k

2U 0 2U 0 4 2 a2 a4 D
=2
hay l = = 3+ 2 2 +3 4
M M 3 b b ta 4

D
Trng hp a = b c th thy rng: = 37,2
ta 4
V d b: Xc nh hai tn s thp nht dm ta trn trn hai gi n, ti hai u theo phng php
Rayleigh-Ritz.
Hm chuyn v thnh lp dng chui hu hn sau, nhm tha mn iu kin bin:
2 3
x x x
w( x) = a 0 + a1 + a 2 + a3 (a)
L L L
24
iu kin bin: w(0) = w(L) = 0 (b)
C th vit li phng trnh (a) di dng:
x 2 x x 3 x
w( x) = A1 + A2 (a)
L L L L

Thnh phn ma trn khi lng mij v ma trn cng kij, i, j = 1, 2:

2
L
x2 x mL
L
x 2 x x 3 x mL
m11 = m 2 dx = ; m12 = m 2 3 dx = ;
0 L L 30 0 L L L L 20
2 2
x3 x
L
8mL
L
d2 x 2 x 4 EJ
m22 = m 3 dx =
; m21 = m12; k11 = EJ 2 2 dx = 3
0 L L 105 0 dx L L L
2 2
d2
L
x2 x d 2 x3 x 6 EJ
L
d2 x 3 x 12 EJ
k12 = EJ 2 2 dx = ; k = EJ 0 dx 2 3 dx = 3
L dx 2 L3 L
22
0 dx L L3 L L L
k21 = k12
EJ 4 6 301 1

2
mL 1
20
=0
L3 6 12 20
8
105
Phng trnh c trng t h phng trnh trn y c dng:
2
8 2 mL4
4 12 6 = 0; =
30 105 20 EJ
T y c th nhn c:
EJ
12 = 120 ;
mL4
EJ
22 = 2520 4 ;
mL
2 CC PHNG PHP NHM TRNG HM D
Phng php hm trng lng d, gi cch khc trng hm d (weighted residual method) thch
hp gii gn ng cc bi ton phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh v/hoc khng tuyn tnh. S dng
phng php ny khng qua giai on tm phim hm.
Bi ton k thut suy rng c th vit di dng phng trnh nu ti (a) phn m u:
L(u) - p = 0 trong min V,
v cc iu kin bin:
B(u) -q = 0 trn bin S
Hm u di dng hm xp x:
N
u~ = ai f i
i =1

Hm u~ c tm phi tha mn iu kin B( u~ ) = q(s).

 25
Vi s lng i hu hn, khng chc tha mn L ( u~ ) = p trong min V. Sai s trong trng
hp ny c th biu din di dng hm cc sai s, k hiu R, m u t Residual function, hoc k
t m u t error :
N
R = L ( ai f i ) - p 0. (1.28)
i =1

Yu cu tnh ton l phi xy dng trng hm w, tch w.f(R), l hm ca R, tha mn nhng

iu kin minimum hoc mt tiu chun nh nht c th theo ngha c th, hon cnh c th. Hm
f(R) c chn nhm t f(R) = 0 khi R = 0, iu ny xy ra khi u~ tin n u. Hm u~ trong mi
trng hp phi tha mn iu kin bin, v tiu chun nh nht c th:

V
wf ( R )dV = 0 (1.29)
2.1 PHNG PHP GALERKIN
Phng php Galerkin thch hp cho nhng bi ton c hc thuc l thuyt n hi, bin dng
do, l thuyt trng v cho cc phng trnh vi phn.
N
Hm u di dng hm xp x: u~ = ai f i , hm sai s hay hm d = L( u~ ) - p
i =1

Cch lm ca Galerkin l t trc giao vi h hm th fi, t c th nhn tch v hng sau:

< , fi > = 0, i =1,2,.... (1.30)
Di dng y cng thc cui c vit li:

i
L a i f i

p f i dV = 0 , i =1,2,.... (1.31)

V d 5: Gii phng trnh vi phn:
d 2u
L (u ) p = +u+ x = 0 trong min 0 < x <1
dx 2
vi iu kin bin:
u = 0 ti x =0
u = 0 ti x =1.
Hm xp x u~ c tm di dng: u~ = x(1-x)( a1 + a2x +... ) (a)
Hm u~ tho mn cc iu kin bin t ra trc .
Nu ch hn ch chui (a) vi 2 thnh phn ca a1 v a2, hm u s l:
u~ = x( 1-x) (a1 + a2x) (b)
Hm sai s:
= L ( u~ ) - p = x( -2 +x -x2)a + (2 - 6x + x2 - x3 )a
1 2

Thay cc hm u~ v vo phng trnh Galerkin (1.31), chng ta nhn c h phng trnh

i s:
1

x(1 x )dx = 0
0

x (1 x)dx = 0
2
(c)
0
26
Gii hai tch phn trn, h phng trnh i s s c dng:
3 3 1
10 20 a1 12
= (d)
3 13 a 2 1

20 105 20
Sau khi gii h phng trnh, cc h s c xc nh nh sau:
71 7
a1 = v a 2 =
369 41
T hm xp x u s l:
71 7
u~ = x(1- x)( + x) (e)
369 41
Phng php Galerkin suy rng, s dng rng ri nh mt php bin phn. Theo hng ny c
th vit h hm trc giao h thng hm fi nh sau:
{ L (u) - p} fidV = 0, i=1,2,3,...,N (1.32)
Mt khc bin phn ca u c th khai trin dng chui:
u = a1f1 + a2f2 +....... + aNfN (1.33)
u = aifi
Thay biu thc cui vo (1.31) s nhn c h phng trnh:
{ L (u) - p} u dV = 0 (1.34)
V d 6: Xc nh vng dm nh nu ti v d trnh by ti v d 1, phn trc.
Phng trnh vi phn miu t vng dm c dng:
d2 d 2w
EI 2 q = 0 0 x L
dx 2 dx
iu kin bin:
ti x = 0 v x= L: w =0; w = 0;
vng c tm theo biu thc (d) nh trnh by trong phng php Ritz:
Hy chn li gii th nghim hai thnh phn sau:

w~ ( x) = a sin x + a sin 3x
1 2
L L
4 4
x 3 3x
R = EIa1 sin + EIa 2 sin q
L L L L
Th tc ca phng php Galerkin a n h phng trnh i s:
L x L 2L
0
sin
L
Rdx =EIa1
2
q

=0
L 3x L 2L
0 Lsin Rdx =EIa 2
2
q
3
= 0

T h phng trnh c th xc nh:
4qL4 4qL4
a1 = 5 a2 =
EI 243 5 EI
 27
Trng hp cc h s v cng ln, hm w(x) vit di dng chung:

(2i 1)x
w( x) = ai sin
i =1 L
p dng cng thc Galerkin vo bi ton s nhn c h phng trnh:
d 4 w( x)
L
(2i 1)x
0 EI dx 4 q sin L dx = 0 , i =1,2,...,
Sau khi gii h phng trnh s xc nh cc gi tr ca h s ai, t c th vit biu thc cho
hm vng dm.
4qL4
1 kx
w( x) = 5
EI

k =1, 3,... k
5
sin
L
Kt qu tnh theo phng php Galerkin trong trng hp ny trng vi kt qu tnh theo phng
php Ritz.
V d 7: p dng cng thc suy rng ca Galerkin (1.34) gii phng trnh Poisson trong min hn ch
bng hnh ch nht cnh axb.
Phng trnh Poisson:
2u 2u
+ =C (a)
x 2 y 2
iu kin bin:
ti x = 0 v x = a: u =0;
ti y = 0 v y = b: u =0. (b)
Hm xp x c th vit di dng:
u(x,y) = x( x-a)(y-b)y (c)
Thay (c) vo (1.9) chng ta nhn c:
a b
2u 2u
0 0 x 2 + y 2 C udxdy = 0 (d)

trong : u = x(x-a)y(y-b) (e)

Sau khi thay th (c) vo (d) s c:

90
[a b (a
3 3 2
)]
+ b2
Ca 3 b 3
36
= 0.

5 C
T : = (f)
2 a2 + b2
v hm u:
5C
u = (x2 - ax) (y2 - by) (g)
a +b 2
2

V d 8: p dng cng thc Galerkin (1.34) gii bi ton un tm thp c cc cnh axb, ngm ti cc
mp tm, chu ti phn b u p(x,y) = const tc ng php tuyn. cng tm D, chiu dy tm t.
Phng trnh vng w(x,y) trong min hn ch nu trn c tm di dng hm xp x:
28

u(x,y) = w(x,y) = i =1
cifi(x,y) (a)

Mi hm fi, i=1, 2,...., phi tha mn iu kin bin v phng trnh vi phn:
D.2 2 u - p(x,y) = 0 (b)
trong p(x,y) ti trng tc ng ln tm.
Biu thc (a) chn cho u, trong trng hp ny c th l:

1 2mx 2ny
u(x,y) =
m =1 n =1
amn.
4
(1-cos
a
) ( 1- cos
b
) (c)

Chui (c) tho mn iu kin bin:

ti x = 0; x = a: u = u/ x = 0;
ti y= 0; y = b: u = u/ x = 0; (d)
Nu ch chn m =1 v n =1, hm u(x,y) s c dng:
1 2x 2y
u(x,y) = a11. (1-cos )(1-cos ) (e)
4 a b
Sau khi thay th u t (e) vo phng trnh Galerkin (1.34):
[D.2 2 u - p(x,y)] udxdy = 0
Kt qu s nhn c:
a b

0 0
[D.a11.2 2 fi(x,y) - p(x,y)] fi(x,y)dxdy = 0. (f)

Thc hin php ly o hm ring

4 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 f1(x,y) = 2 2
[ (1-cos y)cos x +cos x cos y +(1-cos
a b b a a b
2 2
x)cos y] (g)
a b
v thay th (g) vo (f), h s u tin ca chui c dng:
pa 2 b 2
a11 =
8D 4
Vi trng hp tm hnh vung cnh a, gi tr u tnh ti tm tm l ln nht:
pa 4
umax = 0,00128
D
Kt qu tnh c th so vi nghim chnh xc tnh bng phng php gii tch umax =
pa 4
0,00126 .
D
2.2 PHNG PHP TNH THA MN TRN MT S IM HOC MIN CHN LA
N
Hm u di dng hm xp x: u~ = ai f i , hm sai s hay hm d = L ( u~ ) - p
i =1

Hm u~ c tm phi tha mn iu kin Bk( u~ )= q(s), k =1,2,...

 29
Trong trng hp bi ton c li gii chnh xc u~ = u, phng trnh (a) v (b) ti phn m u
s ng: L (u) = p trong V v B(u) = q trn S.
Trng hp u~ = u gi tr 0, cn trong cc trng hp khc biu thc ca c hiu theo
cch 0.
Phng php chn im tnh ton c gng a n gn 0 theo ngha bnh qun, hiu theo sau:
< , w > = { L ( u~ ) - p} w dV = 0, i =1,2,....
i i

ti mt s im hoc min, c chn trc. Ngoi cc im c chn nhng iu kin t ra trong

bi ton khng chc c tha mn.
Th t gii bi ton nh sau:
1. Tm hm xp x tha mn iu kin bin:
N
u~ = ai f i
i =1

2. Xc lp hm sai s:

= L ( u~ ) - p = ai L (fi) - p.
i =1

3. Ti nhng im c chn tin hnh p buc hm = 0.

{ L ( u~ ) - p } dV = 0, i =1,2,...M
i (1.32)
trong hm Dirac c nh ngha:
+c

c
(x - )dx = 1 vi c 0, ngoi phm vi trn hm (x) = 0. (1.33)

V d 9: Xc nh nghim phng trnh vi phn nu ti v d 5:

d 2u
L (u ) p = 2 + u + x = 0 trong min 0 < x <1
dx
vi iu kin bin: u = 0 ti x = 0 v u = 0 ti x =1.
Hm u c th nghim nh sau:
u~ (x) = x(1-x)(a1 + a2x )
Chn im tnh ti x = 0,25 v x = 0,5.
Hm sai s :
= L ( u~ ) - p = x + ( -2 + x - x2)a + ( 2- 6x + x2 - x3)a
1 2.

Ti x =0,25 v x =0,5 cc h s a1, a2 phi tha mn:

29 35 1
16 64 a
7
1
= 4
7 a 2 1

4 8 2
6 40
T : a1 =
v a2 =
31 217
~
Hm u (x) tnh theo phng php chn im:
30
1
u~ (x) = x(x-1)(42+40x).
217
V d 10: Xc nh vng dm lin tc di L, EI = const, chu tc ng ti trng phn b u q =
const. Dm ngm bn tri, gi t do bn u pha phi.
Phng trnh vi phn xc nh vng dm:
d2 d 2w
EI 2 q = 0 (a)
dx 2 dx
iu kin bin:
ti x = 0: w = w = 0;
ti x = L: w = w =0; (b)
Cc im tnh c chn ti x = 0,25L; 0,5L; 0,75L.
Ln th u tin s chn hm w(x) theo chui:
N k
ak
x
w(x) =
k =0
L
(c)

Hm (c) trn y cha tha mn iu kin cn bng phng trnh vi phn (a) cng cc iu kin
bin. Do vy t (c) ch chn nhng thnh phn nhm tho mn 4 biu thc ca cc iu kin bin
nu, cn ti ba im chn cho tnh ton, ph tha mn iu kin cn bng phng trnh vi phn bc
bn. Hm w(x) phi l:
2 3 4 5 6
x x x x x x
w( x) = a 0 + a1 + a 2 + a3 + a 4 + a5 + a 6 (d)
L L L L L L
Sau khi tho mn iu kin bin, cc h s ai c xc nh t h phng trnh:
a0 = 0
a1 = 0
a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 = 0
2a2 + 6a3 + 12a4 + 20a5 + 30a6 = 0
Ti cc im c chn x = 0,25L; 0,5L; 0,75L, sau khi tha mn phng trnh (8.23), h
phng trnh cha ai s l:
pL4
24a4 + 30a5 + 22,5a6 =
EJ
pL4
24a4 + 60a5 + 90a6 =
EJ
pL4
24a4 + 90a5 + 202,5a6 =
EJ
pL 5 pL4 pL4
T : a0 = 0; a1 = 0; a2 = ; a3 = - ; a4 = ; a5 = 0; a6 = 0.
16 EJ 48EJ 24 EJ
K hiu = x/L phng trnh vng dm theo cch tnh trn vit li nh sau:
pL4 1 2 5 3 1 4
w( x) = +
EJ 16 48 24
 31
2.3 PHNG PHP TNG NH NHT CC BNH PHNG CA SAI S
Phng php ton c tn gi Least Squares s dng rt rng ri trong cc phng php tnh.
Phng php trng hm coi y cng l cch lm hu hiu khi gii bi ton phng trnh vi phn.
Trong khun kh phng php ny coi rng tch phn ca bnh phng hm sai s vi trng hm d
trong min kho st t minimum.

V
wR 2 dV = min (1.34)
2

V wL i ai f i p dV = min (1.35)

iu kin cn hm mc tiu t minimum:

2

wL ai f i p dV = 0 i = 1,2, L , n (1.36)
ai V i

Hay l

V wL ( f )L a
i
i
i fi
p dV = 0 i = 1,2, L , n

(1.37)

Trong phng php ny trng hm nhn bng n v.

V d : Gii bi ton dm ta hai u chu ti trng phn b u ang nu bng phng php tng nh
nht cc bnh phng.
S dng hm th, hm sai s nh nu ti phng php Galerkin:
~ ( x) = a sin x + a sin 3x
w 1 2
L L
4 4
x 3 3x
R = EIa1 sin + EIa 2 sin q
L L L L
H phng trnh i s hnh thnh t iu kin cn:
L
[
4 4
L 2 2 2 2 x 2 2 3 3x
0 R dx = 0 (EI ) a1 sin dx + (EI ) a 2 sin 2 dx + q 2 +
a1 a1 L L L L

3x
2 4 4
x 3x x 3
2(EI ) a1 a 2 sin sin
2
2 EIqa1 sin 2 EIqa 2 sin dx = 0
L L L L L L L

L
[
4 4
L 2 2 2 2 x 2 2 3 3x
0 R dx = 0 (EI ) a1 sin dx + (EI ) a 2 sin 2 dx + q 2 +
a1 a1 L
L L
L

3x
2 4 4
x 3x x 3
2(EI ) a1 a 2 sin sin
2
2 EIqa1 sin 2 EIqa 2 sin dx = 0
L L L L L L L
Hoc
8 4

(EI )2 a1 L 4 EIq
L
=0
L L
32

L
[
8 8
L 2 2 2 2 x 2 2 3 3x
0 R dx = 0 (EI ) a1 sin dx + (EI ) a 2 sin 2 dx + q 2 +
a 2 a 2 L
L L
L

3x
8 4 4
x 3x x 3
2(EI ) a1 a 2 sin sin
2
2 EIqa1 sin 2 EIqa 2 sin dx = 0
L L L L L L L
Hoc
8 4

(EI ) a 2 L 4 EIq L 3 = 0
2

L 3 L
T h phng trnh c th xc nh:
4qL4 4qL4
a1 = a2 =
5 EI 243 5 EI
 33

Chng 2

PHNG PHP SAI PHN HU HN

Phng php ny cn c tn gi thng dng, d nh l phng php li. Phng php c

chn dng khi gii phng trnh vi phn thng thng v sau dng cho cc phng trnh vi phn
o hm ring. Phng php dng cho bi ton mt chiu bng cch chia on thng ang xem xt
thnh nhiu phn on hay l bc, gi l sai phn, vi tng s bc hu hn. Trong bi ton hai
chiu cn tin hnh chia min ang xt thnh li vi mt li nm trn cc nt chn la. Khng gian
ba chiu cng c chia lm li theo phng php tng t.
1 HM MT BIN
Vi cc bi ton mt chiu, hm lin tc y = y(x), vi gi tr u y(x0) = y0, c th xc nh gi
tr ca hm ti v tr x + x da vo chui Taylor, dng trong trng hp tin:
x x 2 x 3
y(x + x) = y(x) + y(x) + y(x) + y(x) +.... (2.1)
1! 2! 3!
Khi tnh tht li chui Taylor c dng:
x x 2 x 3
y(x - x) = y(x) - y(x) + y(x) - y(x) +.... (2.2)
1! 2! 3!
Nu ch ly hai thnh phn u ca chui, khi tr (2.2) vi (2.1) chng ta nhn c:
1
y(x + x) - y(x - x) = [y(x)x - (-y(x)x) ]
2x
T cng thc tnh o hm bc 1, ti x s l:
1
y(x) = . [y(x + x) - y(x - x) ] (2.3)
2x
Nu ly ba thnh phn u ca chui tnh, php tnh o hm bc hai s nh sau:
y(x + x) - y(x - x) = 2y(x) + y(x). (x)2
T :
1
y(x) = .[ y(x + x) - 2y(x) + y(x - x) ] (2.4)
( x ) 2
Cng thc rt ra t cch lm trn, p dng khi tnh o hm bc t 1 n 4 c dng sau:
1
y k' = ( y k +1 y k 1 )
2x
1
y k'' = ( y 2 y k + y k 1 )
(x )2 k +1
1
y k''' = (yk+2 - 2yk+1 - 2yk-1 - yk-2 )
2(x )
3

1
y k( IV )' = ( yk+2 - 4yk+1 +6yk - 4yk-1 + yk-2) (2.5)
(x )4 Hnh 2.1 Hm u(x) v sai phn
34
ng dung phng php sai phn hu hn gii phng trnh vi phn
S dng cc biu thc ghi trong (2.5) gii bi ton phng trnh vi phn thng gp trong c hc kt
cu. Dm thng, momen qun tnh mt ct thay i theo lut I(x) = I0 (1 + x/L), vi I0 l momen
qun tnh mt ct u dm pha tri. Hy tnh vng dm ti v tr chiu di dm, tnh t tri.
Phng trnh vi phn un dm:
d2y
EI ( x) = M (*)
dx 2
trong M momen un dm.
Momen un dm tnh nh sau:
p
M = 0 x(L x )
2
iu kin bin: Hnh 2.2 Dm thng chu tc ng ti phn b u
M(0) = M(L) = 0
Phng trnh vi phn (*) c th vit li di dang:
d2y p 0 L2 x x x p 0 L2 (1 )
= L 1 / 1 +
dx 2 2 EI 0 L L 2 EI 0 (1 + )
trong = x/L
iu kin bin:
y(0) = y(L) = 0
C th dng bin khng th nguyn u thay vo v tr ca y:
u = y/ ( )
p0 L4
2 EI 0

Phng trnh vi phn gi c dng:

d
u ' ' = (1 ) / (1 + ) u' =
d
cng iu kin bin: u(0) = u(1) = 0
S dng cc cng thc tnh sai phn phn trn, trong h = x:
1
y k'' = 2 (yk+1 -2yk + yk-1)
h
cho cc php tnh tip theo.
Trng hp 1: chia dm lm 2 on bng nhau ( n = 2)
h = 1 / 2 = 0,5 ;
1
u1'' = (u 0 2u1 + u 2 ) = 5(0 2u1 0) = 8u1
0,5 2
Vi = 0,5 v u1'' = 8u1
8u1 = 0,5(1 0,5) /(1 + 0,5) t y tnh c u1 = 0,020833
So vi li gii chnh xc 0,017601, kt qu ang nu sai s 18,4%.
Trng hp 2: chia dm lm 4 on, n = 4; h = 0,25.
Ti k =1: ( )
u1'' = 1 / 0,25 2 (u 0 2u1 + u 2 ) = 0,25(1 0,25) / (1 + 0,25) = 0,15
 35
Ti k =2: ( )
u 2'' = 1 / 0,25 2 (u1 2u 2 + u 3 ) = 0,5(1 0,5) / (1 + 0,5) = 0,166667
Ti k =3: u 3'' = (1 / 0,25 )(u
2
2 2u 3 + u 4 ) = 0,75(1 0,75) / (1 + 0,75) = 0,107143
Lp h phng trnh i s t kt qu va c:
2 1 0 u1 9,375
1 2 1 u = 10 3 10,417
2
0
1 2 u 3
6,697
Kt qu tnh:
{u} = [0,013917 0,018452 0,012567]
T

Sai s ca u2 so vi li gii chnh xc 4,8%.

Trng hp n = 8; h = 1/8
Sau khi tnh nhn c u4 = 0,17817, sai s 1,2%
Trng hp chung, dm chia lm N on, h = 1/N
1
u k" = (u 2u k + u k +1 )
(1 / N )2 k 1
K hiu k = 1/N, k = 1, 2, . . . , N c th vit li phng trnh ang nu:
u k" = k (1 k ) / (1 + k )
T hai cng thc ny hnh thnh quan h:
1 (k / N )(1 k / N ) 1 k ( N k )
u k 1 2u k + u k +1 = 2 = 3
N 1+ k / N N N +k
Di dng ma trn phng trnh ny c th vit nh sau:
2 1 u1 1( N 1) / ( N + 1)
1 2 1 0 u 2( N 2 ) / ( N + 2 )
2
1 2 1 u3 3( N 3) / ( N + 3)

O M = 1 M
3
O M N M

1 2 1 u
N 3 ( N 3)3 / ( N + ( N 3))

0 1 2 1 u N 2 (N 2)2 / (N + (N 2))

1 2 u N 1 ( N 1) / ( N + ( N 1))

Sau gii h phng trnh s xc nh cc thnh phn vecto {u}.
n ma trn vung ang ng vai tr ma trn cng c th nhn xt, y l ma trn ba
ng cho v l ma trn i xng. Tnh cht rt qu ny ca ma trn cho php chng ta s dng cc
thut ton x l ma trn ba ng cho chnh khi gii h phng trnh. iu ny cn dn n kh
nng chng trnh ha cch gii cc bi ton c hc kt cu trong khun kh phng php sai phn
hu hn.
36

Hnh 2.3 Ba trng hp tnh ton: (a) n =2, (b) n = 4, (c) n = 8

V d 2.1: Xc nh vng dm di L, cng EJ = const, chu tc ng lc phn b q(x) hnh tam
gic, p0 ti u bn tri, p = 0 ti u pha phi, hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.4 Dm ngm tri, ta phi chu ti phn b tam gic

Chia dm thnh 5 on thng, chiu di mi on h = L/5. Phng trnh vi phn chnh yu c dng:
d2 d 2w x
EJ 2 = q( x) = p 0 1 trong min 0 < x < L (a)
dx 2 dx L
iu kin bin:
 37
w(0) = 0; w(0) = 0; w(L) = 0 v M(L) = 0. (b)
Ti nhng im chn lm nt tnh ton, biu thc (a) tr thnh:
j = pj
EJw IV (c)
Cng thc xc nh o hm bc 4 ghi ti (b) phn trn.
1
w(IV) (x) = (wk+2 - 4wk+1 +6wk - 4wk-1 + wk-2) (d)
h4
Gi tr pj c ti nt th j. T (c) v (d) tin hnh xy dng h phng trnh i s:
j = 1: w-1 - 4w0 + 6w1 - 4w2 + w3 = (4/5)(p0h4)/(EJ)
j = 2: w0 - 4w1 + 6w2 - 4w3 + w4 = (3/5)(p0h4)/(EJ)
j = 3: w1 - 4w2 + 6w3 - 4w4 + w5 = (2/5)(p0h4)/(EJ)
j = 4: w2 - 4w3 + 6w4 + 4w5 = w6 = (1/5)(p0h4)/(EI) (e)
T iu kin bin c th vit w0 = w5 = 0. Chuyn v nt o w-1 xc nh t w0 = 0. Biu thc tnh
nh sau:
1
w0' = ( w1 + w1 )
2h
T w-1 = w1.
1
T w5" = 0 = 2 (w4 2 w5 + w6 ) xc nh w6 = -w4.
h
iu kin trn y miu t ti hnh 2.5
H phng trnh i s vit ti (e) sau thay iu kin bin:
7 4 1 0 w1 4
4 6 4 1 w 3 4
2 = p 0 h
1 4 6 4 w3 2 5 EI

0 1 4 5 w4 1
Li gii phng trnh:
w1 0,001243
w 0,002553 4
2 p0 L Hnh 2.5
=
w3 0,002793 EI
w4 0,001788
Momen un dm v lc ct tnh theo cng thc:
M ( x) = EIw" ( x) F ( x) = EIw" ' ( x)
Din t theo cch lm trong phng php sai phn hu hn, hai cng thc va nu c bit l:
1
M i = EI 2 (wi 1 2wi + wi +1 )
h
1
Fi = EI 2 ( wi 2 + 2wi 1 2wi +1 + wi + 2 )
2h
Gi tr tnh ton M/(p0L2) v F/(p0L) nh sau:
38
Bng 2.1
x/L 0 0.4 0,6 1,0
2
M/(p0L ) -0,06215 0,02675 0,3113 0
F/(p0L) 0,40238 0,082 -0,0179 -0,0979
Tng t cch lm ny tnh vng dm thng di L, cng EJ = const, chu tc ng lc phn b
q(x) = const s thc hin theo cch sau. Vi cc nt k = 1,2,3,4,5 phng trnh cn bng c dng:
qh 4
wk+2 - 4wk+1 +6wk - 4wk-1 + wk-2 =
EJ
Phng php x l w0 v w5 theo cch ang nu.
2 PHNG PHP LI CHO BI TON HAI CHIU
ng tc cn tin hnh u tin l to li cho mt hai chiu. Li c chia dng n gin
nht gm hai h ng thng trc giao, h th nht song song vi trc Ox, h kia song song vi Oy.
Bc ca li gm: x - dc trc Ox v y - dc trc Oy. Ch s bin thin v tr dc Ox k hiu
m+n
bng i, cn dc Oy k hiu k. Theo qui c ny, cng thc tnh o hm ring u s nh sau:
x m y n

Hnh 2.6 Phng php li

Ti im x = xk, y = yi, o hm ring bc t 1 n 4 c dng:

u ik u i ,k +1 u i ,k 1 u ik u i +1,k u i 1,k
= ; = (2.6)
x 2x y 2y
2 u 2uik + ui ,k 1 2 u i +1,k 2u ik + u i 1,k
u = i ,k +1
2 ik
; uik = (2.7)
x ( x ) 2 y 2
(y ) 2
2 u i +1,k +1 u i +1,k 1 u i 1,k +1 + u i 1,k 1
uik = (2.8)
xy 4xy
4 u i , k + 2 4u i ,k +1 + 6u ik 4u i , k 1 + u i ,k 2
uik = (2.9)
x 4
(x) 4
4 u i + 2, k 4u i +1, k + 6u ik 4u i 1,k + u i 2, k
uik = (2.10)
y 4
(y ) 4
 39
4
uik =
1
[
u i +1,k +1 + u i +1,k 1 + u i 1, k +1 + u i 1, k 1 +
2
x y 2
(xy ) 2
+ 4u ik 2(u i ,k +1 + u i , k 1 + u i +1,k + u i 1, k )] (2.11)
Cc biu thc vi phn ca momen un v lc ct:
2 w 2 w
(m x )i ,k D +
(x ) (y )2 i ,k
2

2 w 2 w
(m ) D +
(y ) (x )2 i ,k
y i ,k 2

w
(m ) = (m xy )i ,k (1 )D (2.12)
xy i , k
2(x ) 2 y i ,k
v
2 w 2 w
( f x )i ,k D +
2(x ) (x ) (y )2 i ,k
2

2 w 2 w
(f ) D + (2.13)
2(y ) (x ) (y )2 i ,k
y i ,k 2

Th t gii bi ton un tm th hin qua bi ton xc nh vng tm hnh vung cnh a, chu
a
ti trng phn b u q, tc ng theo phng php tuyn. Cnh tm x = ta trn gi, dc y =
2
a
cnh b ngm.
2
Phng trnh chung un tm:
4w 4w 4w q
+ 2 + =
x 4 x 2 y 2 y 4 D
trong D - cng tm.
iu kin bin:
a 2w
ti x = : w = 0; = 0;
2 x 2
a w
ti y = : w = 0; = 0;
2 y
Tm c chia thnh li 4x4 vi x = y = a/4.
a a
Hm w cn tha mn w = 0 cho tt c cc nt nm trn cnh tm x = . v y =
2 2
H phng trnh i s xc nh hm chuyn v w(x,y) theo phng php sai phn hu hn:
4w 4w 4w
x 4 4 + 2 2 2 + 4 = (u i+2,k - 4u i+1, k + 6uik - 4u i-1,k + ui-2,k)
x x y y ik
+2(u i+1, k+1 + u i+1,k-1 - 2ui+1,k + 4uik -2ui,k-1 - 2ui-1,k + ui-1,k+1 + ui-1,k-1) +
40
qik x 4
+ 2 (ui,k+2 - 4ui,k+1 + 6uik - 4ui,k-1 + ui,k-2 ) =
D
x 2
trong : = ;
y 2
Trong trng hp ny =1; qik = q = const.
Thay th cc gi tr x = ; y = a/4 vo phng trnh cui, thc hin php tnh cho tt c 4
nt, h phng trnh i s theo phng php li c dng:
10w1 - 16w2 - 16w3 + 8 w4 = C
-8w1 + 21w2 + 4w3 - 16w4 + w6 = C
-8w1 + 4w2 + 21w3 - 16w4 + w8 = C
2w1 -8w2 - 8w3 + 22w4 + w5 + w9 = C
qa 4
trong C =
256 D
2w
iu kin bin = 0 trn x = a/2 c tha mn trong h phng trnh:
x 2
w2 + w6 = 0
w4 + w5 = 0
w7 = 0
w
Cn iu kin = 0 a n:
y
w3 - w8 = 0
w4 - w9 =0
w10 = 0
Gii h phng trnh i s trn y cho php xc nh hm u(x,y) ti tt c cc nt trn li.
ng sut trong tm tnh theo cng thc:
2 u 2u ik + u i 1,k
x = 2 u = i +1,k
y (y ) 2
2 u i ,k +1 2u ik + u i ,k 1
y = u= ;
x 2
(x) 2
2 u i +1,k +1 u i +1, k 1 u i 1,k +1 + u i 1,k 1
xy = u=
xy 4xy
V d 2.2: Tm thp hnh ch nht cnh di a, cnh ngn a. Tm b ngm mt mp chiu di a, hai
mp cn k ta gi cng, mp cn li t do. Ti tc ng php tuyn c gi tr khng i. S dng
li bc a xc nh chuyn v w(x,y) tm.
Chia tm thnh 12 hnh vung cnh a. Cc nt o c nh s trn cng hnh.
 41

Hnh 2.7

Phng trnh chung un tm:

4w 4w 4w q
+2 2 2 + 4 = (a)
x 4 x y y D
trong D - cng tm.
iu kin bin:
Ti mp ngm y = 0: w = 0; w5 = w6 = w7 = w8 = w9 = 0 (b)
w/y = 0: w13 = w1; w14 = w2; w15 = w3. (c)
2 2
w/x = 0 dc trc x: w8 = w10 = 0 (d)
Ti mp ta x = 0 v y = a: w = 0: w12 = w20 = w27 = w28 = w29 = w30 = w31 = 0
2w/x2 = 0: w13 = -w11 ; w21 = -w19
v 2w/y2 = 0: w21 = w33; w22 = -w34; w23 = -w35, w24 = -w36 (e)
2w/x2 = 0 dc mp y =3a/4 : w30 = w32 = 0
Ti mp t do x = 0: Nz = 0 ti nt 16 v 24.
w18 w14 + (-2)(w8 w25 + w23 w10) + (6-)(w15 w17) = 0
w26 w22 + (-2)(w15 w30 w17 w32) + (6-)(w23 w25) = 0
Mz = 0 ti nt 16, 24:
w15 + w17 + (w9 + w24) 2(1+)w16 = 0
w23 + w25 + (w16 + w31) 2(1+)w24 = 0
Sau x l iu kin bin, h phng trnh i s cn li 12 n, tnh t w13 n w26. Phng trnh ma
trn c dng:
42
20 8 1 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 w13 1
8 21 8 1 0 0 2 8 2 0 0
0 w14 1

1 8 21 8 1 0 0 2 8 2 0 0 w15 1

0 1 8 21 8 1 0 0 2 8 2 0 w16 1
8 2 0 0 0 0 18 8 1 0 0 0 w17 1

2 8 2 0 0 0 8 19 8 1 0 0 w18 ph 4 1
=
0 2 8 2 0 0 1 8 19 8 1 0 w21 D 1

0 0 2 8 2 0 0 1 8 19 8 0 w22 1

0 1 5,4 0 5,4 1 0 0 1,7 0 1,7 0 w23 0

0 0 1,7 0 1,7 0 0 1 5,4 0 5,4 1 w24 0

0 0 1 2,6 1 0 0 0 0 0,3 0 0 w25 0
0 0 0 0,3 0 0 0 0 1 2,6 1
0 w26 0

4
Nghim phng trnh mang dng sau, n v o ph /D.
w13 = 0,25619 w14 = 0,38943 w15 = 0,45037
w16 = 0,51951 w17 = 0,70839 w18 = 1,07433
w21 = 0,3038 w22 = 0,46598 w23 = 0,54558
w24 = 0,63989 w25 = 0,96226 w25 = 2,27756

3 XON DM
Bi ton xon dm tr mt ct hnh ch nht, trong phn L thuyt n hi xc nh dng:
2 2
+ = 2 = 0 ti bin
x 2 y 2
T cng thc ny chng ta s xc nh hm ng sut Prandtl .
V d 2.3 Xc nh ng sut do xon dm mt ct hnh vung, cnh a.

(a)
(b)
Hnh 2.8 Mt ct hnh vung v li
Li mt ct th hin ti hnh 2.8, theo x = y = 1/3. V tr cc nt j,k j, k = 1,2,3,4 nh th
hin ti cng hnh. iu kin bin ca hm Prandtl nh sau:
j ,1 = 0 1,k = 0 v j , 4 = 0 4,k = 0 j = 1,2,3,4; k = 1,2,3,4
T cc cng thctnh o hm ring:
2 u 2uik + ui ,k 1 2 u i +1,k 2u ik + u i 1,k
u = i ,k +1
2 ik
; uik =
x ( x ) 2 y 2
(y ) 2
 43
v iu kin bin c th xy dng h phng trnh i s:
4 2, 2 + 2,3 + 3, 2 = 0,22222
2, 2 4 2,3 + 3,3 = 0,22222

2, 2 4 3, 2 + 3,3 = 0,22222
2,3 + 3, 2 4 3,3 = 0,22222
Li gii h phng trnh:
{ } = [0,11111 0,11111 0,11111 0,11111]
T

Trng hp dng li mn hn, hnh pha phi, h phng trnh i s c dng sau:
4 1 2, 2
1 4 1
2,3
1 4 1 0 2, 4

1 4 1 3, 2
1 4 1 3,3 = { 0,125}

1 4 1 3, 4
0 1 4 1 4, 2

1 4 1 4,3

1 4 4, 4
2, 2 0,0859

2,3 0,10937
2, 4 0,0859

3, 2 0,10937

3,3 = 0,140625
0,10937
3, 4
4, 2 0,0859

4,3 0,10937
4, 4 0,0859
ng sut ct do xon xc nh t biu thc:
G
zx = G = ( 3,4 3,2 ) zy = G = G ( 4,3 2,3 )
y 2 x 2
4 BI TON TRNG 2D VI BIN CONG
Trong trng hp bin cong cn thit hm ha bin dng a thc:
w( x, y ) = w0 + a1 x + a2 y + a3 x 2 + a4 y 2 (2.15)
T hnh 2.9 c th tnh cc hng:
h 2 (w4 w0 ) + h42 (w0 w2 ) h 2 (w1 w0 ) + h12 (w0 w3 )
a1 = ; a2 = (2.16)
hh4 (h + h4 ) hh1 (h + h1 )
44
h(w4 w0 ) + h4 (w0 w2 ) h(w1 w0 ) + h1 (w0 w3 )
a3 = ; a4 =
hh4 (h + h4 ) hh1 (h + h1 )

Hnh 2.9 Bin cong

2w 2w
Ti im 0 (x =0; y = 0): 2 = 2a3 ; 2 = 2a4 (2.17)
x 0 y 0
T c th vit:
2w 2w 2 w1 2 w2 2 w3 2w4 2 2
h 2 2 + 2 + + + + w0 (2.18)
x y 1 (1 + 1 ) (1 + 4 ) (1 + 1 ) 4 (1 + 4 )
1 4

hi
trong i = , i = 1,4
h
Trng hp hi ca c 4 nhnh u nh so vi h, cng thc trn c dng:

h 2 ( 2 w)
2w1 2 w2 2 w3 2 w4
+ + +
1 (1 + 3 ) 2 ( 2 + 4 ) 3 (1 + 3 ) 4 ( 2 + 4 )
(2.19)
2 2
+ w0

1 3
2 4

V d 2.4: Xc nh vng v momen un tm ti tm tm thp hnh ellip, ta ti mp tm, chu tc

ng ti phn b u p. Kch thc cho trc: a = 0,15 m, b = 0,1 m, t = 0,05 m.
S dng tnh cht i xng qua c hai trc ca cu hnh tm, ch a tm vo tnh ton.Theo
cch k hiu trn hnh 2.10. khong cch h1 = 0,044 m cn h2 = 0,0245 m, h3 =0,03 m. Ti nt 1, 2, 3
v 4 s p dng cng thc sai phn chun, cn nt 5 v 6 p dng m hnh trnh by pha phi hnh
2.9.
rng ti bin tm w = 0 v M = 0.
T biu thc 4 w = p / D , sau bin i c th vit:

2M 2M 2w 2w M
+ = p; + 2 =
x 2 y 2 x 2
y D
Di dng ma trn biu thc cui vit nh sau:
Hnh 2.10
 45
4 2 0 2 0 0 M 1
1 4
1 0 2 0 M 2
0 1 4 0 0 2 M 3
= ph
2

1 0 0 4 2 0 M 4
0 1,06 0 1 4,26 1 M 5

0 0 1,34 0 1,25 7,41 M 6
Gii h phng trnh s nhn c cc gi tr sau cho vecto M:
{M } = ph 2 [1,384 1,23 0,769 1,038 0,884 0,423]
T

V
ph 4
{w} = [1,52 1,282 0,647 1,066 0,853 0,325]T
D
Momen un tnh ti v tr gia tm:
D
Mx = 2
[2w1 2w2 + (2w1 2w4 )] = 0,187 pb 2
h
D
My = 2
[2w1 2w4 + (2w1 2w2 )] = 0,263 pb 2 = M max
h
5 PHNG PHP SAI PHN HU HN TRN C S PHP BIN PHN
Phng php sai phn hu hn ang xem xt p dng hu hiu cho nhng kt cu c cu hnh
chun, hay ni r l cu hnh n gin. Ma trn cng lp ra trong nhng trng hp ny thuc dng ba
ng cho chnh hoc nm ng cho chnh, v l ma trn i xng. Vi nhng kt cu c cu hnh
phc tp, tnh i xng ca ma trn khng cn, nhng u vit vn c ca phng php khng pht
huy tc dng nh mong i. Ngy nay cc nh nghin cu xut th tc x l phng php sai phn
hu hn trn c s php bin phn kinh in. Tn gi phng php c ngun gc t cc cng trnh
lin quan, ng ti trn cc tp ch ton v c hc, trong nhng nm cui su mi, u by mi th
k XX. y l phng php sai phn xy dng trn nn ca nguyn l nng lng (finite difference
energy method). T nguyn l cng o cp ti sch C hc kt cu tu thy thy r rng xy dng
bi ton theo nguyn l ny m bo ma trn trong h phng trnh i s lun i xng v lun
dng.
Trong chng mc c th nhn xt, y l s chuyn ha nhng u vit tim tng ca phng
php phn t hu hn vo phng php sai phn hu hn. Ni cch khc, gia hai phng php ny
c s tng ng. Tranh th tnh tng ng ny phng php sai phn hu hn ang tm cch i
mi. Nhng v d tip theo trnh by cch lm ny.
V d 2.5: Gii bi ton un dm ti v d 2.1, hinh 2.2, trn c s ca nguyn l nng lng.
T nguyn l cng o c th vit cng o h thng nh sau y:
L L
= EIw"w" dx pwdx = 0 (a)
0 0

Tin hnh chia chiu di dm ti hnh 2.2 thnh 6 phn on. Phng trnh nng lng ca dm
xt nh tng nng lng su thnh phn thnh vin:
46
L
= (EIwi"wi" pwi )dx = 0
5
(b)
i =0 0

i lng w v EI xem l khng i trong phm vi phn on, L0 v L5 hy l L/10, cn L1 n

L4 l L/5. Ly tch phn theo cng thc cui s nhn c:
L L L
= W0 + (W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 ) + W5 = 0 (c)
10 5 10
trong Wi = wi" (EI )wi" pi wi

Thay cng thc tnh o hm bc hai: wi" =

1
(w )
2wi + wi +1 vo s nhn c quan h:
(x )2 i 1

i = (wi 1 2wi + wi +1 ) (w )
EI
2wi + wi +1 pwi (d)
( L / 5 )2 i 1

iu kin bin:
w0 = w0' = w5 = 0 w1 = w1
T :
[ ]
= EI / (L / 5)3 {w1 [(7 w1 4w2 + w3 ) (4 / 5) p0 (L / 5)]
+ w2 [( 4w1 + 6w2 4w3 + w4 ) (3 / 5) p0 (L / 5)]
+ w3 [(w1 4 w2 + 6 w3 4 w4 ) (2 / 5) p0 (L / 5)]
(e)
+ w4 [(w2 4w3 + 6w4 + w6 ) (1 / 5) p 0 (L / 5)]
+ w6 [(w4 + w6 )] = 0
Dng k hiu ma trn c th vit phng trnh (e) dng sau:
= w T (Kw P ) = 0 (f)
n iu kin w4 + w6 = 0 hay l w6 = -w4 c th vit:
7 4 1 0 0 w1 4 / 5
4 6 4 1
0 w2 3 / 5
p 0 (L / 5)
4

1 4 6 4 0 w3 = 2 / 5 (g)
EI
0 1 4 6 1 w4 1 / 5

0 0 0 1 1 w5 0
Ma trn cng ca h thng l ma trn nm ng cho, c tnh i xng v dng. Gii h
phng trnh cho php xc nh chuyn v cc cc im tnh. Kt qu tnh trng vi kt qu nhn t
v d trc.
Dm ang cp xt dng chung nh tp hp ca nhiu phn on, gii hn gia cc phn on
l nt. Phng trnh cn bng xy dng cho mi phn on, nh gi l sai phn, c vit li nh
sau:
 47
1 wi 1
i = (wi 1 2wi + wi +1 )
EI
2 4 [1 2 1] wi
1 h w
i +1
1 2 1
EI
= w iT
4
2 4 2 w i = w i k i w i (h)
h
1 2 1

trong wi l vec to chuyn v cc nt, ki l ma trn cng lp cho phn on.

Ma trn cng va lp c tnh i xng.
V d 2.6: Xc nh ng sut ct do xon dm mt ct hnh vung nu ti v d 2.3

Hnh 2.11 Chia li cho v d 2.6

Phng trnh Poisson vit cho trng hp ny:

2 2
+ = 2 = 0 ti bin
x 2 y 2
S dng nguyn l cng b, nguyn l ny trnh by ti sch C hc kt cu tu thy, c th vit
biu thc xc nh cng b o:

* = + 2 dxdy = 0 (a)
y y x x
Hy to li cho bi ton 2 chiu ny nh ngh ti hnh 2.11. Mi tam gic vung cn trn mt
ct dm qui c mang tn gi phn t, tn gi mn t phng php phn t hu hn. Th t cc
nt ca mi phn t tam gic gii thiu ti cng hnh 2.11. Tch phn () thc hin cho ton mt ct.
i lng cho mi tam gic nhn bng gi tr trung bnh cng ca tnh cho 3 nt tam gic .
Cc cng thc tnh o hm ring.
Tnh cho tam gic bn tri:
2 1 3 2
= =
x h y h
2 1 3 2
= =
x h y h
Tnh cho tam gic pha phi
48
3 2 2 1
= =
x h y h
3 2 2 1
= =
x h y h
Cng b o ca dm bng tng cng b o cc phn t to thnh:

* = y + 2 dxdy = 0 (b)
k y x x
Hay l
2k 1k 2k 1k 3k 2k 3k 2k 2
* = A
h

h
+
h

h 3 ( )
+ 1k + 2k + 3k (b)
k

trong A din tch tam gic th k, ik , i = 1,2,3 l gi tr ti ba nt ti ba gc tam gic.

Biu thc ny nn vit di dng ma trn:
* = kT (k k k p k ) =0 (c)
k

vi
1k 1 1 0 1
2A
k = 2k k = 1 2 1
k
p = k
1 (d)
k 3
3 0 1 1 1
iu c th nhn xt l cng thc (c) va lp c dng tng t cng thc chng ta gp trong
phng php phn t hu hn. Mi th tc tnh ton cho cc ma trn trong biu thc ny trng vi
th tc ca phng php phn t hu hn.
Sau x l iu kin bin c th vit biu thc (c) di dng:
T (K P ) = 0
= [ 2, 2 2,3 3, 2 3,3 ]
T
trong

Kt qu tnh theo s ang nu trng vi kt qu thu c t v d trn.

V d 2.7: Xc nh chuyn v cc nt kt cu 2D trnh by ti hnh 2. 12.
Chiu dy tm t = 0,2 m, cnh a ca tm 2 m, bc h = 1. M un n hi vt liu E = 30 GN/m2.
T nguyn l cng o p dng chung cho bi ton 3D:
W = T dV u T pdS
V Sp

c th vit biu thc tnh W cho ba ton phng ang xem xt:
W = u T DT EDudA u T pdS = (Du )T EDudA u T pdS
A Sp A Sp

trong
 49
x 0 1 0
Et u x
D=0 y E= 1 0 u=
1 2 u y
y
x 0 0 1
2

Hnh 2.12
Thc hin php tich phn theo din tch A, nhn kt qu dng:
k11 k12

A
u T D T EDudA = v T E *
k 21

k 22
v = v T kv

trong A l din tch tam gic, E* = tEA/(1 - 2)h2

[
v = u x1 u x2 u x3 u y1 u y2 u y3 ]
T

1 0 1 1 0
1
k11 = 1 [ 1 1 0] + 1[0 1 1] = 1
2
0 1 0

1 0 1
1
k12 = 1 [0 1 1] + 1[ 1 1 0] =
2
0 1 0
50
0 1 0
1
k 21 = 1[ 1 1 0] + 1 [0 1 1] =
2
1 0 0

0 1 0
1
k 22 = 1[0 1 1] + 1 [ 1 1 0] = 1
2
1 0 0 1 1

vi =
(1 ) =
(3 )
2 2
Ma trn k tnh cho tam gic pha tri, hnh 2.11:
1 1 0 0


0
k = E*
0
X 1

0
Ma trn k tnh cho tam gic pha phi, hnh 2.11:
0 0

1
1 0
k=E
*

1 1 0
X

Hnh 2.13
 51
Vec to ti ti phn t 5 v 7:
h h 4h 5h
p 75 = p0 p85 = p0 p87 = p0 p97 = p0
12 6 12 12
iu kin bin:
u = u x3 = u x6 = u x9 = 0
H phng trnh i s hnh thnh t th tc ang nu:
KV = P
Trong ma trn K mang dng sau:
2
1 2

0 2

0 2 2
0 0 0

0 0 0 2 1 2
0 0 0 0 2
K = E*
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 2

2 0 2 0 2 4

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

vi = (1 + 2) / 2
Kt qu tnh:
Nt ux uy
1 -2,5.10-4 0
2 -2,02.10-4 -0,44.10-4
3 0 -0,55.10-4
4 -0,059.10-4 -0,183.10-4
5 -0,0648.10-4 -0,48.10-4
6 0 0,062.10-4
7 0,15.10-4 -0,25.10-4
8 0,11.10-4 -0,55.10-4
9 0 -0,74.10-4
th trnh by kt qu tnh gii thiu ti hnh 2.14
Hnh 2.14

6 DAO NG DM
Phng trnh dao ng ngang dm
52
d 4w d 2w
EI + m =0 (2.44)
dx 4 dt 2
Nu vit w( x, t ) = X ( x).e it phng trnh ang nu s mang dng phng trnh vi phn bc 4:
d4X
4X = 0 (2.45)
dx 4
n n
trong = A =m (2.46)
EI EI
Tn s ring bi ton, gii bng ng gii tch s l:
4 EI
n2 = n (2.47)
m
trong 1L = 4,73; 2L = 7,85

Hnh 2.15 Dm thng v phn sai

xc nh tn s ring dm di L, cng EI, din tch mt ct ngang A, khi lng ring vt liu
, ta 2 u cn chia chiu di dm thnh nhng on bng nhau. Trng hp ny hy chia L lm 3
phn bng nhau. S nt ghi ln lt t tri sang phi: 0, 1, 2, 3. Nt o pha tri, cch nt 0 khong
cch L/3 v bn tri mang s th t -1, nt o pha phi cch nt 3 khong cch L/3 mang s th t 4,
hnh 2.15
H phng trnh lp ti nt 1 v 2 cho phng trnh vi phn bc 4 ny s l:
X 1 4 X 0 + 6 X 1 4 X 2 + X 3 14 X 1 = 0
(a)
X 0 4 X 1 + 6 X 2 4 X 3 + X 4 14 X 2 = 0
4
L
trong = 4
1
4
(b)
3
iu kin bin:
X0 = X3 = 0

dX hay l X 0 = X 3 = 0; X 1 = X 1 X2 = X4 (c)
=0 nt 0,3
dx
H phng trnh i s:
7 X 1 4 X 2 = 14 X 1
(d)
4 X 1 + 7 X 2 = 14 X 2
7 4 4 1 0
Hay l 4 7 {X } 1 0 1{X } = {0} (e)

Tn s ring xc nh t phng trnh:
15,59 EI 29,85 EI
1 = 2 2 = 2 (f)
L m L m
 53
7 DAO NG TM
T phng trnh tnh hc xc nh chuyn v ngang tm:
4w 4w 4w q
+ 2 + = ,
x 4 x 2 y 2 y 4 D
trong D - cng tm.
Thay lc qun tnh vo v tr ti bn ngoi, phn b theo lut xc nh q(x,y) s nhn c
phng trnh chuyn ng tm.
2
2 2 w mw = 0 (2.48)
D
Trong khun kh phng php li cng thc () s trin khai dng:
( )
x 4 2 2 w ik = (u i+2,k - 4u i+1, k + 6uik - 4u i-1,k + ui-2,k)
+2(u i+1, k+1 + u i+1,k-1 - 2ui+1,k + 4uik -2ui,k-1 - 2ui-1,k + ui-1,k+1 + ui-1,k-1) +
2
+ 2 (ui,k+2 - 4ui,k+1 + 6uik - 4ui,k-1 + ui,k-2 ) = mwi ,k (2.49)
D
x 2
trong : = ;
y 2
iu kin bin bi ton ph hp vi hon cnh c th. Trng hp tm ngm 2 cnh i din ti y =
a a
, hai cnh cn li x = ta gi cng nh nu ti v d , iu kin bin ghi li nh sau:
2 2
a 2w
ti x = : w = 0; = 0;
2 x 2
a w
ti y = : w = 0; = 0;
2 y
Biu thc (2.21) c th vit li di dng chung, quen thuc trong cc bi ton tm tr ring, vecto
ring. Di dng ma trn c th vit:
AX = BX (2.50)
Trong cng thc ny A = [aij] ma trn vung cha cc thnh phn xc nh theo phng php sai
phn hu hn lin quan n ton t 22(.), B = [bij] l ma trn ng cho chnh, lin quan n m, v
= 2.
X l phng trnh (2.50) s nhn c tn s dao ng kt cu v cc vector trnh by dng dao
ng kt cu , ng vi tn s ring xc nh.
V d 2.5: Xc nh hai tn s thp nht dao ng tm hnh vung trnh by ti hnh 2.16.
Phng trnh dao ng t do, khng cn ca tm:
2
2 2 w mw = 0
D
Chia tm nh li u, bc h = y = x = a/4.
54

Hnh 2.16b Hnh 2.16c

Hnh 2.16a Tm vung v li
Lc qun tnh xc nh ti cc nt:
h2
F1 = m(100w1 + 10w2 + 10w4 + w5 )
144
h2
F2 = m(10w1 + 100w2 + 10w3 + w4 + 10w5 + w6 )
144
h2
F3 = m(10w2 + 100 w3 + w5 + 10w6 )
144
h2
F4 = m(10w1 + w2 + 100w4 + 10w5 + 10 w7 + w8 )
144
h2
F5 = m(w1 + 10 w2 + w3 + 10w4 + 100 w5 + 10w6 + w7 + 10w8 + w9 )
144
h2
F6 = m(w2 + 10 w3 + 10w5 + 100 w6 + w8 + 10 w9 )
144
h2
F7 = m(10w4 + w5 + 100w7 + 10w8 )
144
h2
F8 = m(w4 + 10w5 + w6 + 10w7 + 100w8 + 10w9 )
144
h2
F9 = m(w5 + 10w6 + 10 w8 + 100w9 )
144
m 2 h 4 2 ma 4
K hiu: * = = phng trnh sai phn vit cho mi nt s nh sau y.
144 D 144 256 D
Ti nt 1:
3816w1 765w2 + 120w3 765w4 180w5 + 51w6 + 120w7 + 51w8 + w9 =
* (13,122w1 + 2916 w2 + 162w3 + 2916w4 + 648w5 + 36w6 + 162w7 + 36 w8 + 2w9 )
Ti nt 2:
 55
768w1 + 3888w2 768w3 132w4 1134w5 1321w6 + 64w7 + 144w8 + 64w9 =
* (13240w1 + 16,524 w2 + 2340w3 + 720 w4 + 3672w5 + 720w6 + 40w7 + 204 w8 + 40w9 )
Tip tc tnh cho n nt th 9:
Ti nt 9:
8w1 51w2 + 120 w3 51w4 180 w5 765w6 + 120w7 765w8 + 3816w9 =
* (2w1 + 36w2 + 162w3 + 36w4 + 648w5 + 2916w6 + 162w7 + 2916 w8 + 13,122w9 )
Sau tp hp nhn c phng trnh ma trn:
[A]{w} = * [B]{w} (2.51)
Hay l
([A] [B]){w} = 0
*
(2.52)
Tr ring ca phng trnh xc nh theo cc phng php thng dng, nh bn trong khun kh
phng php tnh dao ng.
Kt qu tnh nh sau, xem hnh 2.16b v 2.16c:
1 D
Vi 1/* = 28,999 (tn s gc 1 = 35,65 ) vecto ring c dng:
a2 m
[0,275 0,533 0,276 0,533 1 0,533 0,276 0,533 0,276]
1 D
Vi 1/* = 7,3336, (tn s gc 2 = 70,90 ) vecto ring c dng:
a2 m
[0,523 0 0,523 1 0 1 0,523 0 0,523]
8 N NH TM
Tm mng di tc ng ng sut nn, mt chiu hoc c hai chiu, hnh 2.17, ty thuc ti nn,
tm c nguy c chuyn sang trng thi mt n nh.

Hnh 2.17
Phng trnh chnh:
56
2w 2w
D 4 w + n x 0 2 + n y 0 2 (2.53)
x y
Chia li theo cch gin n nht, h = x = y, c th trin khai cng thc (2.53) dng sau:
D
h4
[
20wi , j 8(wi +1, j + wi , j +1 + wi , j 1 )
]
2(wi +1, j +1 + wi 1, j +1 + wi +1, j 1 + wi 1, j 1 ) + wi + 2, j + wi 2, j + wi , j + 2 + wi , j 2 (2.54)

h2
[ ]
n x 0 (wi +1, j 2 wi , j + wi 1, j ) + n y 0 (wi , j +1 2wi , j + wi , j 1 ) = 0
+

p dng cng thc (2.54) cho cc nt tnh ton, tin hnh p t iu kin bin, kt qu nhn
c h phng trnh i s , dng ma trn s l:
[A]{w} * [B]{w} = 0 (2.55)
Xc nh * t h phng trnh (2.27) theo cc phng php ton gii thiu. iu lu l, tr
ring nh nht (thp nht) s ng vai tr h s ti gii hn, c ngha ti gy mt n nh tm.
V d 2.6: Xc nh ti gii hn cho tm vung, ta 4 cnh, chu ti nn nx = ny = -nx0.
Cu hnh tm trnh by ti hnh 2.18. Mi cnh tm chia 3, u nhau h = = a/3. Tm chia lm
9 phn t, cc nt trong tm nh s 1, 2, 3, 4.
Phng trnh vi phn chnh yu xt mt n nh tm:
D 4 w + n x 0 2 w = 0 (2.56)
n tnh i xng cu hnh v ti bn ngoi, c th vit: w1 = w2 = w3 = w4 = w,
phng trnh (2.28) c th vit di dng gn sau y:
D n x 0
(20 8 1 8 + 2 1)4 w + ( 4 + 1 + 1)4w = 0 (2.57)
h4 h2

Hnh 2.18 Tm chu ng sut nn hai chiu

 57
a k hiu sau vo php tnh:
2D 2D
nx0 = =
a2 (3h )2
C th nhn c:
18 1,83 2 D
cr = 1,83 v ncr = cr n x 0
2 a2
2 2 D
Cc php tnh gii tch a li kt qu v ncr = , so vi li gii bng phng php sai phn
a2
hu hn, sai s t 9%.

Hnh 2.19a Mode 1 ca mt n nh tm Hnh 2.19a Mode 2 ca mt n nh tm

58

Chng 3

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

1 PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

Phng php phn t hu hn trong phn ny ti liu thuc phng php chuyn v ca c hc
kt cu.
1
Tng th nng h thng n hi tm dng: = U W, trong : U = { }T { }dV - cng
2V
bin dng, W = {P}T {u}dS - cng do ngoi lc thc hin, {P} vector ngoi lc, {u} vec to
S

chuyn v. Bin dng v ng sut trong h thng kt cu xc nh t l thuyt n hi: {}= [C]{},
{} = [D]{}. Ma trn [C] v [D] trnh by tnh cht vt liu.
Tng nng lng h thng:
1
= { }T { }dV {P}T {u}dS (3.1)
2V S

iu kin bin

Hnh 3.1 Cng bin dng, cng ngoi lc v iu kin bin

Bin phn hm nng lng :

1
= { }T { }dV {P}T {u}dS = { }T [ D]{ }dV {P}T {u}dS (3.2)
2 V Su V S

iu kin = 0 cho php vit:

{ } [ D]{ }dV = {P} {u}dS (3.3)
T T

V S

iu kin ng lc hc p = p* phi c tha mn trn bin Sp thuc S v iu kin ng hc u = u*

tha mn trn bin Su thuc S. iu ny cho php vit (3.3) dng sau:
{ } [ D]{ }dV {u} pdS = 0
T T
(3.3b)
V SP

hay U W = (U W ) = 0 (3.4)
 59
Trong phng php tnh phn t hu hn (PTHH) tin hnh x l phng trnh (3.4), a bi
ton v h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh, chuyn v ti nt {u} ng vai tr n s. Trng hp
chung ca vt th 3D t vt liu n hi, chuyn v, bin dng th hin qua quan h:
Hm chuyn v: {u} = [u v w ] = [N ]{ }
T
(3.5)
trong {} vecto chuyn v nt, [N] hm hnh dng.
Vector ngoi lc: {P} = p x p y p z [T
] (3.6)
Vector bin dng:
u
x x 0 0
v x N i 0 0
x 0 0
y y 0 N
y i
0
y w u
0 0

{ } = z = u z v = z v = [ B ]{ } 0 0
z
Ni
[B i ] =
xy + 0 w Ni

Ni 0
yz y x y x y x
v w
zx + 0
z y 0 N N

z y z i y i

w + u 0
N 0

Ni
x z z x z i x
Cng thc (3.3) tr thnh:
1
= { }T [ B ]T [ D][ B]{ }dV { }T [ N ]T { p}dS = 0 (3.7)
2 V S

Trong phng php phn t hu hn, min V c m hnh ha thnh E phn t Ve, e = 1,
2,..., E vi gi thit trong mi phn t tha mn cc iu kin cn bng nh va nu. Th nng mi
phn t ghi li dng e, cn th nng ton h ng bng tng th nng tt c phn t hp thnh:
E
= e (3.8)
e =1

Th nng phn t:
1
e = { }T [ D]{ }dVe {u}T {p}dS .
2 Ve S

Tng th nng cho ton h thng:

1 E E
= {}T [ B ]T [ D][ B ]dV {} {}T [ N ]T {p}dS (3.9)
2 e =1 Ve e =1 S p

Trong cc cng thc trn, mi biu thc c tn gi sau y.

[k ]e = [ B ]T [ D][ B]dV , ma trn cng phn t,
Ve

{P}e = [ N ]T { p S }dS , vector lc mt,

S

Phng trnh cn bng ton h:

[K]{} = {P} (3.10)
E E
vi: [ K ] = [k ]e , {P} = {P}e (3.11)
e =1 e =1

{} vector chuyn v cc bc t do h thng, xc nh trong h ta chung.

60
2. TH T GII BI TON C HC KT CU THEO PHNG PHP PTHH
Bc 1: Phn chia vt th ang xem xt thnh s lng hu hn cc phn t. Qu trnh ny cn c
gi l l tng ha hay ri rc ha. Thc t y l qu trnh m hnh ha kt cu, chuyn t kt
cu thc t thnh tp hp ca nhiu c cu va tch t ch th, xem hnh .2.
Bc 2: Xy dng m hnh chuyn v trong mi phn t:
{u}e = [N ]{ }e
trong [N] hm hnh dng, {}e- vector cc bc t do chuyn v nt ca phn t.
Bc 3: Xc lp ma trn c trng gi l ma trn cng v vector lc cho mi phn t trn c s
nguyn l th nng ti thiu. Trong nhng bi ton thuc c hc vt rn phim hm th nng ca
h thng c hiu nh tng th nng cc phn t cu thnh.
E
= ( e We )
e =1

T iu kin = 0 xy dng h phng trnh i s miu t quan h lc chuyn v.

Bc 4: X l h phng trnh v gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh. Kt qu gii phng trnh
s l chuyn v nt trong h ta chung. Cn thit chuyn i chuyn v t h ta chung sang h
ta cc b, gn lin phn t.
Bc 5: Thc hin cc php tnh lc cn c quan h ng sut bin dng.

Hnh 3.3 Cc bc tnh trong phng php PTHH

Hnh 3.2 M hnh ha

Minh ha th tc ang trnh by qua v d xc nh chuyn v dm lin tc, ngm hai u. Dm di L

=2l, cng dm EI, chu tc ng lc tp trung P ti gia nhp.
1) M hnh ho dm nh ti hnh 3.4
Chia dm lm hai phn t, nh s PT 1 cho phn t
nm bn tri, PT 2 cho phn t cn li. Vi hai phn t
trn dm c 3 nt, nh theo th t: nt 1 ti ngm tri,
nt 2 gia dm, v nt 3 ti ngm phi. Theo cch lm
ny, phn t u c hai nt 1 v 2; nt 2 v 3 thuc phn
t bn phi.
Hnh 3.4 Dm ngm
 61
2) B qua trng hp xon, ko, nn dc trc, di tc ng lc P dm b chuyn v theo hng
thng ng, hng trc Oy v xoay theo trc Oz. Phng trnh chuyn v trong mi phn t c trnh
by di dng quen thuc:
{w}e = [N] {} (a)
Hm hnh dng [N] c th nhn bng h hm Hermite, trnh by ti phn bn phn t BEAM 2D.
Vector chuyn v hai nt ca phn t th nht {} = [ u1 u2 u3 u4 ]T, ca phn t th hai
{} = [ u3 u4 u5 u6 ]T, trong t iu kin ngm hai u c th thy u1 = u1 = u5 = u6 = 0.
3) S dng phng php nng lng xy dng ma trn cng v vector lc ton h thng:
Cc thnh phn ma trn [k]:
12 6l 12 6l
EI
4l 2 6l 2l 2 k11 k12
[k ]e = 3 = (b)
l 12 6l k 21 k 22

X 4l 2
Ti phn t 1, chuyn v nt 1 v 2 trt tiu, cn li phn w1-2 = N3 u3 + N4 u4. Ma trn [k]1
tnh cho phn t 1 ch cn gi li phn k22 gm bn thnh phn, ng vi u3 v u4:
3 4
EI 12 6 3
[k ](1) = 3 (c)
l 6 4 4
Vi phn t s hai ma trn cng, gi li phn ng vi u3 v u4 :
3 4
EI 12 6 3
[k ]( 2 ) = 3 (d)
l 6 4 4
Tp hp ma trn cng t hai ma trn phn t:
12 + 12 6 + 6
[K ] = [k ]e = EI3
2
(e)
e =1 l X 4 + 4
1
T U = {u}T [K]{u }, c th vit biu thc tnh U: U = {u}T [K]{u} (f)
2
Trng hp ny vector chuyn v c dng:
u3
{u} = (g)
u 4
Bin phn W ca cng ngoi lc tnh t biu thc: W = -{u}T P/2.
Tha mn iu kin U - W = 0 c th vit:
8 EI 24 0 u 3 1 P
{u}T = 0 (h)
2 L3 0 8 12 u 4 2 0
4) Xy dng h phng trnh i s [K]{u} = {P}:
V rng {u}T 0, biu thc trong ngoc phi bng 0.
8 EI 24 0 u 3 P
L3 0 8 1 u = 0 (i)
2 4
62
T y nhn c gi tr cho u3 v u4.
PL3
u3 = ;
192 EI (j)
u4 = 0
3. MA TRN CNG PHN T. MA TRN CNG H THNG
Ma trn cng phn t
Ma trn cng phn t tnh trong h ta cc b, gn lin phn t, xc nh bng biu thc:
[k ]e = [ B ]T [ D][ B]dV
Ve

Tp hp ma trn cng ca h thng

Cng thc chung trong phng php phn t hu hn c dng: [K}{} = {P}
E E E
trong [K ] = k e ; {} = e ; {P} = pe ;
e =1 e =1 e =1
V d 1: Lp ma trn cng, vector ti cho gin hnh ch L, cnh u, ngm ti hai u. Ti trng phn
b u q. cng chu un dm EJ, cng chu xon GJT, din tch mt ct ngang dm A.
Phn t 1 ngm ti 3, gp phn t th hai, vung gc vi phn t u ti 1. Phn t th hai ngm
ti 2, xem hnh. H to chung b tr trc Oy trng vi chiu dc ca phn t th hai, trc Oz
hng ln trn. H ta cc b gn lin vi phn t, trong trc Ox trng tm dm.
Chuyn v mi nt th hin bng vector {} = [ wj Xj Yj]T, j = 1, 2, 3.

3 1

q
z
y

x
2

Hnh 3.6 Gin

Ma trn cng phn t 3-1, v vector lc ti phn t tnh trong h ta cc b trng vi h ta
chung:
12 EJ 6 EJ
L3 0
L2 4 1 4
k11(1) k12(1) GJ T qL
[k ]1 = (1) (1) vi k 22 = 0
(1)
0 5 {p 2 } = 0 5
k
21 k 22 L 2 L
6 EJ 4 EJ 6 6 6
L2 0
L
Vi phn t 1-2, cc php tnh c thc hin u tin trong h ta cc b:
12 EJ 6 EJ
L3 0
L2 1
k11 k12
[]
( 2) ( 2)
k 2 = ( 2) ( 2)
vi k11 = 0
( 2) GJ T
0 {p2 } = 2 0 )
( 2) qL
k 21 k 22 L L
6 EJ 4 EJ 6
L 0
2
L
 63
Ma trn chuyn, tnh cho trng hp dm trc giao, gc chuyn 90.
1 0 0
[R] = 0 0 1
0 1 0
Tnh chuyn sang h ta chung, ma trn cng v vector ti phn t th hai tnh theo cng thc
[k]chung = [R]{k]cc_b[R]T cn {p}chung = [R]T{p}cc_b :
12 EJ 6 EJ
L3 2 0
L 4 1 4
k11( 2 ) k12( 2) 6 EJ
0 5 {p 2 } =
4 EJ qL L
[k ]2 = ( 2) ( 2) vi k11 = 2 ( 2) ( 2)
6 5
k
21 k 22 L L 2 0 6
0 GJ T 6
0
L
Sau tp hp ma trn cng v vector ti s nhn c:
4 5 6
1
k11(1) k12(1) 0 4 1
(1) ( 2) pL pL 1
[K ]ch = [k ]1 + [k ]2 = k 21 k 22 + k11 k12 5 v {p}ch = 0 +
(1) ( 2)

( 2) 2 1 2 6
0 ( 2)
k 21 k 22 6 6 0

T c th thy:
4 5 6
24 EJ 6 EJ 6 EJ
L3 2 w
L L 2
1 2
6 EJ GJ 4 EJ
pL L
2 T
+ 0 X 1 =
L L L 2 6
6 EJ GJ T 4 EJ Y 1 L
L2 0 +
L L 6
n quan h X1 = Y1 c th vit li h phng trnh trn di dng:
24 EJ 12 EJ
L3 2 w1 pL 2
L = L
12 EJ 2GJ 8 EJ X 1 2
2 T
+ 3
L L L
Cch lm va nu a li kt qu, ma trn cng ton h [K] c sp xp thnh ma trn vung,
i xng qua ng cho chnh. u im hng u ca phng php chuyn v ny chnh ch .
Cc thnh phn mang gi tr 0 trong ma trn ny thng rt nhiu, ty thuc vo cch t chc nh
du s th t bc t do bi ton. Thng l y l ma trn vung bc bng s bc t do. Ty thuc mt
chim ch trong ma trn, iu ny ph thuc vo nh s th t nt, c th gp ma trn c rt t
mang gi tr khc 0. Trng hp ny chng ta gp ma trn long. Trng hp nh s nt theo s
tha ng ngi ta thu c ma trn [K] dng ma trn gii hp. Ma trn dng ny c cu trc c
bit, ng cho chnh in y, gi tr cc thnh phn trn ng cho chnh lun ln. Mt s ng
cho nm gn ng cho chnh, trn v di ng ny in gn y d liu thu c t php cng
ma trn phn t. Chiu rng gii ma trn cng tnh bng s ng cho cha d liu khc 0. T ma
trn gii hp, s dng tnh i xng ca ma trn cng ton h ngi ta ch s dng mt na gii cng
64
vi ng cho chnh khi tnh ton. Cch sp xp ma trn cng di dng ma trn gii hp thun li
khi gii quyt nhng bi ton c b.
Thnh hnh USA v cc nc chu u cch sp xp theo ng chn tri (sky line). Cc thnh
phn c ngha ca na ma trn i xng cng cc thnh phn trn ng cho chnh ma trn [K]
c chuyn a ch v sp vo vector {s}, ln bng tng cc thnh phn ang nu.

Hnh 3.7 Sp xp ma trn cng trong skyline

4. P T TI
Ti bn ngoi tc ng ln kt cu tnh theo cc biu thc nu ti phn bn v phn t tiu biu.
Nhng vt th v mt hnh hc i xng qua trc mang tnh cht c trng, kt cu hai phn, hoc
bn phn, tnh qua trc hoc qua hai trc, ging nhau song hng ngc nhau. S dng tnh i
xng hnh hc v i xng hoc phn i xng (cn gi i xng) ti trng chng ta c th tho d
phn i xng, gi li mt phn kt cu khi tnh.

Hnh 3.8 Cu hnh i xng, ti i xng

Hnh 3.9 Cu hnh i xng, ti i xng (phn i xng)

Trng hp tip theo ngi tnh thng gp, ti t ti v tr khng phi ti tm i xng, tc
ng ln kt cu cu hnh i xng. Cch x l thng dng l s dng nguyn l cng tc dng khi
tnh, cn m hnh kt cu dung khi tnh l phn i xng. Hnh 3.10 nu cch lm ny.
 65

Hnh 3.10a S dng tnh i xng kt cu

Hnh 3.10b S dng cu hnh i xng

Trng hp kt cu 2D i xng qua hai trc, chng ta c quyn gi li ch kt cu cho vic
tnh ton. M hnh ny ch ph hp khi ti trng tc ng trc tip mang tnh i xng hoc ch t
phn i xng.

Hnh 3.11

Hnh 3.12a
66

Hnh 3.12b
Trng hp ch c cu hnh i xng, ti i xng, nn tin hnh x l iu kin bin ti trc
i xng a bi ton v dng phn i xng.
5. X L IU KIN BIN
X l iu kin bin l iu bt buc trc khi gii h phng trnh tm chuyn v. Nhng cch
lm thc t c xem xt di y.
1) Thay th iu kin bin vo v tr ca n trong vector chuyn v
Ma trn [K] xc lp cho h thng, v nguyn tc s l bc ng bng bc ca t do cc nt.
Thc t trong tng s bc t do , khng phi tt c u l n s. Gi s rng vector chuyn v {U},
tc vector cha n theo ngha ban u gm hai nhm, nhm tha mn iu kin bin, c ngha khng
cn l n v nhm th hai ch cha n ca bi ton:
U 1
{U } = , trong U2 - gi tr bit trc, U1 - n cn tm. Bi ton {K}{U} = {P} gi c
U 2
th vit li:
[K 11 ] [K 12 ] U 1 P1
[K ] [K ] U = P (3.12)
21 22 2 2
Tin hnh gii phng trnh (70) theo cch sau:
[K11 ]{U 1} + [K12 ]{U 2 } = {P1 } (3.13)
[K11 ]{U 1} = {P1 } [K12 ]{U 2 } (3.14)
v [K 12 ] {U 1 } + [K 22 ]{U 2 } = {P2 }
T
(3.16)
Trng hp {K11] khng suy bin, nghim U1 s c tm theo cch thc:
{U 1 } = [K11 ]1 ({P1 } [K12 ]{U 2 }) (3.17)
Trng hp {U1} c bit trc, hay cn ni theo cch tha mn iu kin bin, nghim {P2}
xc nh t biu thc (3.16 ).
Trng hp {U2} ch cha cc gi tr 0, cn tin hnh loi b tt c dng v ct ca ma trn [K]
tng ng vi dng ca {U2} . Cch tnh tip tc ch cn l:
[K11] {U1} = {P1} (3.18)
2) Phng php tng thnh phn ma trn cng nm trn ng cho chnh, tng ng vi chuyn
v bit trc, lm thay i c trng ma trn, tha mn iu kin bin. Gi s {K} cc lp theo
cch va trnh by trn, vector chuyn v nt cng bc vi h thng phng trnh, trong c thnh
phn th j xc nh Uj = U*. Thay Kjj bng Kjj + , vi rt ln. Thay gi tr tng ng ti
vector ti bng gi tr U*.
 67
n
C th vit rng: U j + K jk U k = U *
k =1
n
Nghim Uj U* nu U * >> K jk U k
k =1

V d 5: X l iu kin bin bi ton tip theo y.

H phng trnh i s tuyn tnh thnh lp t php tnh c dng:
K 11 0 0 K 14 U 1 P1
0 K 22 K 23 K 24 U 2 P2
=
0 K 23 K 33 0 U 3 P3

K 14 K 24 0 K 44 U 4 P4
iu kin bin t ra U1 = U*.
Cc bc tip theo trong vic x l iu kin bin:
- Thay i thnh phn K11 ca ma trn cng
K 11 + 1015 0 0 K 14 U 1 1015 U *

0 K 22 K 23 K 24 U 2 P2
=
0 K 23 K 33 0 U 3 P3

K 14 K 24 0 K 44 U 4 P4
- Chuyn thnh phn th 1-1 ti ng cho chnh v n v, c ngha chia tt c thnh phn
trong dng v ct cha i lng v cng ln cho chnh i lng .
1 0 0 0 U 1 U*
0 K
22 K 23 K 24 U 2 P2
=
0 K 23 K 33 0 U 3 P3
*
0 K 24 0 K 44 U 4 P4 K 14U
- H phng trnh gi mang dng:
K 22 K 23 K 24 U 2 P2
K
23 K 33 0 U 3 = P3 ; U1 = U *
K 24 0 K 44 U 4 P4 + K 14U
*

6 GII H PHNG TRNH I S TUYN TNH

Phn vic quan trng hng u trong gii nhng bi ton c hc theo phng php PTHH l gii
h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh va lp di dng [K]{D} = {P}. V rng ma trn [K] c nhng
c tnh ng nn cc cch x l ma trn c ch ring. Ma trn [K] thnh lp trong khun
kh phng php PTHH c tnh i xng, v nu c cch t chc hp l lc nh s th t cho cc
bc t do cc nt ma trn ny c gii hp.
X l nhng ma trn c rt ln song cc thnh phn ca ma trn lp khng y c th s dng
cc thut ton lp cho ma trn long. Cc phn mm ang dng ngy nay a cch x l ny trong
ni dung.
68
Phng php loi tr ca Gauss
Dng phng php loi tr phi qua hai giai on: a) chuyn ha ma trn [K] v ma trn tam
gic, gi l qu trnh tam gic ha, b) gii h phng trnh vi ma trn tam gic trn va lp hay l
qu trnh li.
Tam gic ha ma trn K
Ma trn K trong thnh phn phng trnh cn bng c dng nh sau:
K 11 K 12 L K 1 n D 1 P1
K
21 K 22 L K 2 n D 2 P2
=
M M L M M M

K n1 K n2 L K nn D n Pn
Tam gic ha tin hnh loi tr Dj, j = 1, 2, , n 1, tnh t phng trnh j + 1 n n. Trong qu
trnh ny cc ct, ln lt t j = 1 n n 1 b thay bng 0.
Ln th nht loi tr tin hnh theo cch c th:
1
D1 = (P1 K12 D2 L K1n Dn )
K 11
Thay D1 vo cc phng trnh sau 1 ca (a) chng ta c dng sau y ca ma trn cng sau ln
loi tr u tin.
K 11 K 12 L K 1n P1
K K 21 D1 K 21
0 K 22 21 K 12 L K 2n K 1 n D P2 P1
K 11 K 11
2 = K 11

M M L M M M
K n1 K K
0 K n2 K 12 L K nn n 1 K 1 n D n Pn 21 P1
K 11 K 11 K 11
Cng thc chung xc nh cc thnh phn ma trn K v vector P cho ln tnh k tip c vit
theo cch sau:
K 1( 0j )
K (1)
ij =K (0)
ij K (0)
i1
K 11( 0 )
i , j = 2 , 3, L , n
P1( 0 )
Pi (1) = Pi ( 0 ) K i(10 )
K 11( 0 )
Sau khi loi tr D1 D2 . . . Dn-1 s nhn c cng thcsau:
K 11 L L L L L K 1n D 1 P1
0 1
K 22 K 21 n D P1
2 2
0 0 K 332 L L L K 32n D 3 P31

0 M 0 O M M = M
0 s 1 Ds
M K ss L K sns 1 Ps s 1

0 M M 0 O M M M
0 M M M

K nnn 1 D n Pn
n 1
0 0 0 0 0 L
Qu trnh ngc bt u t phng trnh cui:
n 1 P n 1
K nn .Dn = Pnn 1 t y Dn = nn 1
K nn
Cc nghim tm ln lt:
n
Pi K
j =i +1
ij Dj
Di =
K ii
 69
Phn tch LU v LDU
Ma trn [K] trong phng php ny phn thnh tch hai ma trn [L] di, v [U] trn, vit l
[K] = [L][U]. Cng thc c minh ha tip theo:
K 11 K 12 L K 1n L11 0 0 0 0 1 U 12 U 13 L U 1n
K K 22 L K 2 n L21 L22 0 L 0 0 1 U 23 L U 2 n
[ A] = 21 =
M M 0 M 1 M

K n1 L L K nn Ln1 Ln 2 Ln 3 L Lnn 0 0 0 L 1
Cc h s ma trn tam gic tnh nh sau:
j 1
L ij = K ij L ik U kj i j
k =1
j 1
K ij L ik U kj
U ij = k =1
;i < j
L ii
U ii = 1

Gii h phng trnh theo cch sau. Thay biu thc [K] = [L][U] vo phng trnh cn bng c
th thy:
[L][U]{D} = {P}.
Nu t {U}{D} = {Z}, phng trnh cn bng tr thnh:
[L]{Z} ={P}
L11Z1 = P1
L11Z2 + L21Z2 = P2
...
L11Z2 + L21Z2 + . . . Ln1Zn = Pn
Nghim u tin Z1 gii c s thay vo v tr v phi phng trnh tip theo:
D1 + U12 D2 + . . . +U1n Dn = Z1
U2 + U12 D2 + + U2n Dn = Z2
U3 + + U3n Dn = Z3
...
Dn = Zn
Ma trn [U] xc lp theo cch phn chia li ma trn K (decomposition) nh cch lm ca
Choleski. Ma trn [K] phn thnh [U]T.U, trong [U] chim trn ton b na phn trn ng cho
chnh ca [K]:
u11 u11 L u11
0 u11 L u11
[U ] =
M M M

0 0 0 u11
trong
70
u11 = K 11
a1 j
u1 j = j = 2,3,..., n
u11

i 1

u ii = K ii u ki2 ; i = 2,3,..., n
k =1
1 i 1
u ij = K ii u ki u kj i = 2,3,..., n; j = i + 1, i + 2,..., n
u ii k =1
u ij = 0; i > j
V d 2: Xc nh chuyn v dm thng, ta trn hai gi t hai u. Dm di L, cng EI, chu ti
phn b u q = const.
y l bi ton quen thuc t sc bn vt liu, li gii gii tch r rng. Dm s m hnh ha
theo 2 cch: a) xt dm nh h thng lin tc, b) li dng tnh cht i xng cu hnh, ti, ch gi li
phn i xng, tc mt na chiu di dm xem xt v x l.
a) Cch gii khng n tnh i xng: chia dm lm 2 phn t, nh s 1 v 2 di bng
nhau, bng L/2, ba nt 1, 2, 3 ghi li nh ti hnh 3.13. S dng nhng cng thc xc nh cng
phn t, vector ti cho phn t BEAM 2D nu tip ti im 8 chng ny tnh tip sau y.

Hnh 3.13 Dm thng v m hnh phn t hu hn

Ma trn cng phn t 1 v 2:
12 3L 12 3L
3L L2
3L 0,5L2
8 EI
[k ](1) = [k ]( 2) = 3 (a)
L 12 3L 12 3L

3L 0,5L 3L
2
L2
Ma trn cng ton h thng:
12 3L 12 3L 0 0
L2 3L L2 / 2 0 0

24 0 12 3L
[K ] = 8EI3 (b)
L 2 L2 3L 0,5L2
X 12 3L

L2
Vector ti h thng:
 71
T
2 2

{P} = = qL qL qL 0 qL qL (c)
48 48 2 4 48
iu kin bin: v1 = v3 = 0. (d)
Sau x l iu kin bin, h phng trnh cha 4 n c dng sau:
L2 3L 0,5 L2 0 1 qL2 / 48

8 EI 24 0 3L v 2 qL / 2
= (e)
L3 2 L2 0,5 L2 2 0
2
X L 3 qL / 48
2

Sau gii xc nh c: 1 = -3 = -qL3/(24EI); v2 = -5qL4/(384EI) v 2 = 0.

b) S dng tnh i xng hnh hc v ti, ch chn dm cho m hnh tnh.
iu kin bin ti tm i xng th hin nh sau: chuyn v v2 0, t maximum; gc xoay dm
ti nt 2, 2 tnh bng o hm chuyn v vx=L/2 = 0.
S dng 1 phn t dm 2D vo tnh ton. Ma trn phn t (a) tip tc c dng, vector ti tnh
cho mt phn t c dng:
T
qL2 qL2
{P} = qL
qL
(a)
4 48 4 48
X l iu kin bin v1 = 0, 2 = 0 s a h phng trnh i s ti dng:
8 EI L2 3L 1 qL2 / 48
= (b)
L3 3 L 12 v 2 qL / 4
Sau gii h phng trnh s nhn kt qu:
1 = -qL3/(24EI); v2 = -5qL4/(384EI)
Cch lm b) cho php gim bc t do bi ton, theo tit kim thi gian tnh ton trn c s m
bo chnh xc php tnh.
7. NHNG PHN T THNG DNG DNG TRONG C HC KT CU
Phn t 1 chiu (1D) t hai n nhiu nt, hnh 3.14a. Trong thc t s dng chng ta c th dng
phn t tuyn tnh hoc phn t cong.
Phn t phng (2D) thng dng hnh tam gic hoc t gic, cnh thng hoc cong. Nt phn t
dng ny nm ti nh v c ti cc cnh, xem hnh 3.14b.
Nhm phn t 3D c th chia lm ba phn nhm, phn t hnh th ging kim t thp gm bn
mt, 4 nt hoc nhiu hn 4 nt thuc phn nhm u tin, t k thut cc nc ang dng u mang
m hng ting La tinh ttrahdrique ch phn t ny. Phn nhm th hai trong cm ny l khi 6 mt
(hexahdrique) c t 8 nt tr ln. Trong ti liu ny chng ta lm quen vi phn t c s nt n 20.
Phn nhm th ba cp phn t c mt ct ngang khng i, gi l khi lng tr, hnh 3.14c.
72

a)
2 nut 3 nut 4 nut

b)
3 nut 9 nut
6 nut

c)
12 nut
4 nut 8 nut

d)

4 nut 10 nut 8 nut 20 nut

Hnh 3.14 Phn t thng dng

Nhng phn t nhm a) t hnh 3.14 gm phn t ch chu lc dc trc c tn gi ph thng
trong cc sch chuyn ngnh l ROD, BAR, TRUSS, phn t chu xon TOR, phn t chu un
BEAM.
7.1 Phn t BAR hay cn gi phn t TRUSS, ROD
Xy dng ma trn cng phn t c th tin hnh theo cch trc tip. Phn t 1-2 di L, din tch
mt ct ngang A, lm t vt liu m un n hi E, chu tc ng lc dc trc F. Chuyn v nt tnh
theo cng thc = FL/(AE). Hy k hiu chuyn v nt 1 l u1, nt 2 l u2. Lc tc ng ln phn t F
tnh t biu thc F = (AE/L). Trng hp c th ny:
AE AE
F11 = F21 = u1 F12 = F22 = u 2 v F1 = F11 F12 F2 = F21 + F22
L L
AE 1 1 u1 F1
Hay l =
L 1 1 u 2 F2
Ma trn cng ke c dng:
EA 1 1
[k] =
L 1 1
Vector lc:
L
pL / 2
{F} = [N]T{p} dx = (l)
0 pL / 2
Di tc ng lc tp trung P:
P( L )
L
L
{F} = P (-x) [N]T dx = Hnh 3.15 Phn t BAR (TRUSS)
P
0
L
Cch tnh mang tnh hnh thc hiu theo cch sau. xc nh ma trn [B] trong cng thc chung:
[k ]e = [ B ]T [ D][ B]dV
Ve

cn thit xy dng quan h {u} = {N]{}. Trng hp ny nn nhn hm hnh dng tuyn tnh:
 73
x u1
{u} = L x
L L u 2
Hm bin dng:
{ } = d {u} = d N { } = [B]{ }
dx dx
trong [B] = 1 1
L L
Thay [B] vo cng thc tnh [k]:
1 / L 1 AE 1 1
[k ] =
L
1
E Adx =
0 1 / L L L L 1 1
7.2 Phn t TRUSS trong khng gian 3D
Chuyn v nt phn t hai nt, xt trong h ta cc b gn lin phn t:
{}cc_b = [ u1 v1 w1 | u2 v2 w2 ]T
Trong h ta chung vector ny c dng:
{}chung = [ U1 V1 W1 | U2 V2 W2 ]T
Quan h gia hai vector ny th hin bng biu thc:
u U

v = [R ]V
w W

trong ma trn chuyn [R] c hiu nh sau:
cos( x, X ) cos( x, Y ) cos( x, Z )
[R] = cos( y, X ) cos( y, Y ) cos( y, Z )
cos( z , X ) cos( z , Y ) cos( z , Z )
Ma trn cng tnh trong h ta cc b, cho phn t 3D BAR c dng:
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
[k ]cb = EA
L 1 0 0
X 0 0

1
Trong h ta chung ma trn cng phn t tnh bng {R]T[k]cb[R]. Vector lc tc ng phn t
tnh chuyn sang h ta chung bng biu thc [R]T{p}cb.
V d 3: S dng phn t dm chu ko, nn (BAR element) gii khung sau:
Chiu di cc thanh, qui i ra n v l = l23 = 3m:
l 2l l
l12 = 23 = ; l 24 = 23 = 2l
cos 3 cos
Ma trn cc phn t:

Phn t s 1

Hnh 3.16
74
1 0 1 0

[ ]
k =
(1) 1,5 AE 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 1 0
l
3 0 0 0 0
Ma trn chuyn [T].
cos 30 o sin 30 o 3 1
O O
[ ] 1 1
o o
sin 30 cos 30 3
T (1) = o =
cos 30 sin 30 2
o
3 1
O O
sin 30 o cos 30 o 1 3
Ma trn [k(1)] trong h ta chung tnh theo biu thc [T(1)][k(1)][T(1)]T:
3 3 3 3

[ ]
k =
(1) 3 3 AE 3
16l 3 3
1 3 1 k11 k12
=
3 3 k 21 k 22

3 1 3 1
Phn t s 2:
1 0 1 0

AE 0 0 0 0 k 33 k 32
[ ]
k ( 2) = =
l 1 0 1 0 k 23 k 22

0 0 0 0
Phn t s 3:
1 0 1 0

[ ]
k =
( 3) 1,5 AE 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 1 0
l
2 0 0 0 0
Ma trn chuyn tnh cho phn t s 3.
cos(45 o ) sin( 45 o ) 1 1
O O
[ ] sin( 45 ) cos(45 ) = 1 1 1
o o
T ( 3) =
cos(45 ) sin( 45 )
o o
2 O 1 1
O
sin( 45 o ) cos(45 o ) 1 1
Ma trn [k(1)] trong h ta chung tnh theo biu thc [T(3)][k(3)][T(3)]T:
1 1 1 1

3 AE 1 1 1 1 k 44 k 42
[ ]
k ( 3)
= =
4 2l 1 1 1 1 k 24 k 22

1 1 1 1
Ma trn cng ton h thng [K] = k(e) dc thnh lp di dng sau:
 75
k11(1) k12(1)
(1) ( 3)
k 21 k 22(1)
+ k 22
( 2)
+ k 23
( 3) ( 2)
k 23 k 24
[K ] =


k 32( 2 ) k 33( 2)
( 3) ( 3)
k 42 k 44
Kt qu tnh theo cng thc cui s c ma trn cng c 8x8. Vec t chuyn v v vector lc
ca h u bc 8. H phng trnh cn bng c dng:
{K}8x8 {}8x1 = {P}8x1.
iu kin bin ca bi ton: u1 = v1 = u3 = v3 = u4 = v4 = 0. Sau x l iu kin bin, h
phng trnh cn bng gi c dng:
AE 2,505 0,032 u 2 0
=
l 0,032 0,855 v 2 P
Gii h phng trnh ny s nhn c:
u 2 0,015 Pl
=
v 2 1,170 AE
Lc ko, nn cc thanh (cc phn t BAR) tnh nh sau:
Phn t s 1:
0 0,743
0
{ } (1) 0
F = [k ][T ] = P
(1) (1)
u


2 0,743
v 2 0
Phn t s 2:
0 0,015
0 0
{F }
( 2)
= [k ( 2 ) ] = P
u2


0,015
v 2 0
Phn t s 3:
0 0,889
0
{F }
( 3) ( 3) 0
= [k ][T ] = P
( 3)
u


2 0,889
v 2 0
7.3 Phn t chu xon TOR

Hnh 3.17 Phn t chu xon TOR

Hnh 3.18 Xon vnh

76
GJ T 1 1
[k] =
L 1 1
Dm thnh mng tham gia xon theo hai dng thc khc nhau. Trng hp dm ch b xon,
cc phn t ca mt ct ngang bt k ch chuyn v trong mt ct chng ta gp xon t do. Cch
tnh dm xon t do trnh by ti chng dm xon, ti liu ny. Trng hp th hai thng gp
cn l xon v un ng thi, ko theo chuyn v ra khi khun kh mt ct phng ang nu. Ni cch
khc, trng hp sau vt ra khi khun kh strip theory l l thuyt ang c s dng khi xc lp
cc phn t t dm lin tc. Xon dng ny mang tn gi, xon vnh nh cch gi c ngh 4.
GJ T
Nu k hiu 2 = , vi I - momen qun tnh sector, c th vit hm chuyn v xon
EI
vnh dm thnh mng dng:
x = 1 + 2x + 3ex + 4e-x + xp (3.19)
vi xp - nghim ring.
Thc hin cc bc tnh nh trnh by ti phn xon dm thnh mng, ma trn cng c dng:
shL 1 chL shL 1 chL

2
2

LchL shL 1 chL L shL
[k ] = EI 3 2
sh L 1
3
ch L

(3.20)
b

2
LchL shL
X 3

1
trong b = 4 (2 2chL + LshL )

Vector lc tc ng ln phn t:
L
mx
2

m x L 2 + L + 2 chL 2 LshL
2 2

b 5 2 2
{p} = (3.21)
L
mx
2
m x L2 2 L2 2
5 + + chL 2 LshL
b 2 2

7.4 Phn t BEAM 2D

Xy dng ma trn cng phn t trong h ta cc b c th nh h hm Hermite, hnh 3.19.
1 1
N1 = H01(1) (x) = 3
(2x3 -3l x2 + l3) ; N3 = H02(1) (x) = - 3 (2x3 -3lx2)
l l

4
Thut ng bng ting Anh torsion with warping. Trong ting Php ngi ta s dng thut ng gne torsion, sch ting
c Wlbkrafttorsion, sch xut bn ti Nga s dng tnh t cng ngha vi ting Php ang nu CTECHEHHOE.
 77
1 3 1
N2 = H11(1) (x) = 2
(x -2lx2 +l2x) ; N4 = H12(1) (x) = (x3 -lx2) (3.22)
l l

Hnh 3.19a Hm hnh dng h Hermite

Nu thay = x/l cc hm trn c dng:

N1 = 23 - 32 + 1; N2 = l(3 -2 2 + ); N3 = -23 +3 2; N4 = l(3 - 2)
Cng thc xc nh o hm bc 2 hm chuyn v:
d 2 w d 2 [N ]
= { } = [N]{}
dx 2 dx 2
Ma trn cng tnh theo cng thc: [k ]e = [ B]T [ D][ B ]dV c hiu l:
Ve

l
[k]e =
0
[N]T EI [N]dx
Kt qu tnh trc tip cho php nhn biu thc cho ma trn cng phn t BEAM 2D:
12 6 L 12 6 L
4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EJ
[k] = 3 (a)
L 12 6 L

DX 4 L2
Vector ti:
L
{F} = [ N ]T qdx (b)
0

Trng hp q(x) = const vector ti c dng:

Hnh 3.19b
78
qL
2
qL2

12
{F } = qL (c)

2
qL2
12
Trng hp phn b ti trng hnh thang:
( p p1 )
p(x) = 2 x + p1 ,
L
trong p1, p2 - gi tr ti ti nt 1 v nt 2:
0,35 p1 + 0,15 p 2
L( p / 20 + p / 30)

{F } = 1 2
(d)
0,15 p1 + 0,35 p 2
L( p1 / 30 + p 2 / 20)
Trng hp dm chu tc ng lc tp trung P,
t ti nt cch nt 1 on :
{F} = P.( - x) [N]T dx, Hnh 3.20
trong ( - x) - hm Dirac. (e)

Thc hin tnh [k] ng hnh thc nu ti u chng i hi xc nh ma trn [B]

Hnh 3.21 Phn t dm BEAM 2D

Hm chuyn v v nn vit dng hm bc ba:
v = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + x4
Cc hng s xc nh t iu kin bin phn t: ti x = 0 v = v1 v 1 = v1, 1 = dv/dx = 2.
Theo cch ny c th nhn tip:
3 1 2 1
3 = 2 (v 2 v1 ) (21 + 2 ) 4 = 2 (v1 v 2 ) 2 (1 + 2 )
L L L L
Vec to chuyn v {v} = [N]{}mang dng:
2 3
2 3
2 3
3 2

{v} = 1 3x2 + 2 x3 x 2 x + x 2 3x2 2 x3 x 2 x { }
L L L L L L L L
 79
d 2v d 2
rng = N { } = [B ]{ } c th vit [B] nh sau:
dx 2 dx 2

[B] = 62 + 123x 4 + 6 x2 62 123x 2 + 6 x2

L L L L L L L L
Kt qu tnh cho php nhn ma trn [k] th hin ti (a).
Trng hp phn t BEAM cn chu ti dc trc, ma trn cng tnh trong h ta cc b, gn
lin vi phn tc dng:
EA EA
L 0 0 0 0
L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
0 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 2
L 2
L L L (f)
ke =
EA EA
0 0 0 0
L L
0 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
3 2 0 2
L L L3 L Hnh 3.22
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 2
L2 L L L
cos sin 0
C 0
Ma trn chuyn: [T ] = ; vi [C ] = sin cos 0 ` (g)
0 C 0 0 1
trong - gc gia hng trc Ox h ta chnh vi Ox ca h ta cc b, gn lin vi phn
t, hnh 3.22.
~
[]
Trong h ta chung xOy ma trn cng ca phn t, k hiu k , tnh chuyn theo cng thc:
[]~
k = [T ] [k ][K ]
T
(h)
Vector chuyn v nt tnh trong h ta chung:
{u~} = [T ]{u} (i)
trong : {u} = [u1 v1 1 u 2 v 2 2 ] , tnh trong h ta cc b.
T

Vector ti ti nt tnh trong h ta chung:

{}~
f = [T ]{ f } (j)
trong : { f } = [ f x1 f y1 m1 fx2 fy2 ]
T
m2 , tnh trong h ta cc b.

7.5 Phn t dm Timoshenko

Dm Timoshenkotnh nh hng ng sut ct th hin trong h s ks. Cng thc tnh ma trn [k]:
80
AE AE
L 0 0 0 0
L
12 EJ 6 EJ 12 EJ 6 EJ
0
L (1 + )
3
L (1 + )
2
L (1 + )
3
L2 (1 + )
4 EJ (1 + / 2) 6 EJ 2 EJ (1 / 2)
0 2
L(1 + ) L (1 + ) L(1 + )
[k ] = AE
(3.23)
0 0
L
12 EJ 6 EJ
X 2
L (1 + )
3
L (1 + )
4 EJ (1 + / 2 )
L(1 + )
12 EJ
vi = 2 (3.24)
L GAk s
7.6 Phn t BEAM 3D vi 12 bc t do

Hnh 3.23 Phn t BEAM 3D trong h ta cc b v h ta chung

EAx EAx
L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L
12EI Z 6 EI Z 12EI Z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L3 L2 L3
0 12EIY 6 EIY 12EIY 6 EIY
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
GJ GJ
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L L
0 6 EIY 4 EIY 6 EIY 2 EIY
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L2 L L2 L
6 EI Z 4 EI Z 6 EI Z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L2 L L2
EAx 0 0 0 0 0
EAx
0 0 0 0 0
L L
12EI Z 6 EI Z 12EI Z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L3 L2 L3
0 12EIY 6 EIY 12EIY 6 EIY
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
GJ GJ
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L L
6 EIY 2 EIY 6 EIY 4 EIY
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L2 L L2 L
6 EI Z 2 EI Z 6 EI Z 4 EI Z
0 L2
0 0 0
L
0
L2
0 0 0
L
 81
Ngoi lc p t ln phn t thuc cc kiu, lc tp trung, lc phn b theo qui lut tuyn tnh
hoc bt k, momen tp trung hoc phn b.
Phn b lc nh tnh cho cc trng hp phn t dm 2D, tng hp li di dng:
f x0 f x0
f f
y y
p f f
{p}(e) = 1 , trong : {p1 } = z ; {p 2 } = z .
p2 mx mx
f z L / 6 fzL /6

f y L / 6 f y L / 6

7.6 Phn t dm trn nn n hi

Hnh 3.24 Phn t dm trn nn an hi

Ma trn cng phn t dm 2D, chu tc ng nn n hi gm hai v, ma trn cng dm 2D c
miu t ke cng vi ma trn cng ca dm y, k hiu ke,W c tnh nh hng h s n hi ca nn.
H s n hi nn c hiu gm ka h s ng trc dm, kt ngang dm.

140k a 0 0 70k a 0 0
0 156k t 22k t L 0 54k t 13k t L

0 22k t L 4k t L2 0 13k t L 3k t L2
k e ,W = (3.25)
70k a 0 0 140k a 0 0
0 54k t 13k t L 0 156k t 22k t L

0 13k t L 3k t L2 0 22k t L 4k t L2
Ma trn cng phn t dm 2D dng chung, c mt trong tt c phn mm chuyn dng:
82
EA EA
L 0 0 0 0
L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
0 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 2
L2 L L L
ke = (3.26)
EA EA
0 0 0 0
L L
0 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 2
L3 L2 L3 L
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 2
L2 L L L

V d 4: Dng phn t BEAM 2D gii khung phng nu ti hnh 3.25.

Khung gm 2 phn t BEAM 2D, mang s 1 v 2. Nt 1, 3, 2 b tr nh ti hnh pha phi. t do
phn t 1 gm 1, 2, 3 v 7, 8, 9., ca phn t 2: 7, 8, 9 v 4, 5, 6.

Hnh 3.25 Khung phng v m hnh tnh bng PP PTHH

Ma trn cng phn t 1 trong h ta cc b tnh theo cng thc (f), chuyn sang h ta chung s
mang dng cng thc (h) vi ma trn chuyn [T] tnh theo (g):
0,927 0,375 0
0,375 0,927 0 0

0 0 1
[T ] =
0,927 0,375 0
0 0,375 0,927 0

0 0 1
Kt qu tnh [k] trong h ta chung nh sau:
129,0 51,82 1,406 129,0 51,82 1,406
A B 6
[k ](1) = 10 vi [ A] = 51,82 21,9 3,477 [ B ] = 51,82 21,9 3,477
B C 1,406 3,477 20 1,406 3,477 10
129,0 51,82 1,406

[C ] = 51,82 21,9 3,477
1,406 3,477 20
Ma trn cng phn t 2, tnh trong h ta cc b, trng vi h ta chung:
150,0 0 0
D E 6
[k ]( 2) = 10 vi [F ] = 0 0,9375 3,75
E F 0 3,75 20
 83
150,0 0 0 150,0 0 0

[ D] = 0 0,9375 3,75
[E] = 0 0,9375 3,75
0 3,75 20 0 3,75 20
Sau tp hp ma trn chung ton h thng s l:
A 0 B 279,0 51,82 1,406
[K ] = 0 F E 10 vi [G ] = 51,82 22,84 0,2735
6

B E G 1,406 0,2735 40
Vecto ti phn t 1, theo cng thc (e), lp theo m hnh trnh by ti hnh 3.26:

Hnh 3.27
Hnh 3.26
Trong h ta cc b:
{p}(1) = 10 3 [0 34,18 58,59 0 15,82 35,16]T
Trong h ta chung:
{p}(1) _ chung = [T ]{p}(1) = 10 3 [ 12,82 31,68 58,59 5,932 14,66 35,15]T

Vecto ti phn t s 2 tnh theo cng thc (c) trong h ta ring (v h ta chung):
{p}( 2) _ chung = 10 3 [0 16 21,33 0 16 21,33]
Sau tp hp hai vecto ti tnh trong h ta chung nhn c vecto ti ca h thng:
{P} = 10 3 [ 12,82 31,68 58,59 0 16 21,3 5,932 1,34 56,48]
Sau x l iu kin bin, u1 = v1 = 1 = u2 = v2 = 2 = 0 s thc hin gii phng trnh i s
tuyn tnh [K]{} = {P}. Kt qu tnh chuyn v nt 2:
{ }( 2) = 10 6 [ 11,11m 16,31m 1412rad ]
Lc ct v momen un khung trnh by bng th ti hnh 3.28 v .29.

Hnh 3.28
Hnh 3.29

8. TRANG THI NG SUT PHNG, TRNG THI BIN DNG PHNG

V d v trng thi bin dng phng gii thiu ti hnh 3.30. Trng thi ng sut phng trong
trng hp mng mng v dm gii thiu ti hnh 3.31.
84

Hnh 3.30 Trng thi bin dng phng

Hnh 9.31 Trng thi ng sut phng

Trong trng hp dng h ta tr chng ta cn gp bi ton phng khi lm vic vi vt trn xoay,
hnh 3.32.

Hnh 3.32 V mng i xng qua trc ng h ta tr

8.1 Phn t hnh ch nht

Hnh 3.33 Phn t bilinear quadrilateral, k hiu Q4.

 85
Phn t 4 cnh 4 nt, 12 bc t do.
Phng trnh chuyn v:
w(x,y) = [P]{a} = [ 1 x y x2 y2 xy x2y xy2 x3 y3 x3y xy3 ] {a}
Phng trnh un tm: 2 2 w = 0
Chuyn v cc nt: {} = [C]{a}
Matrn [C] c kch thc 12x12, ph thuc vo to cc nt i, i= 1, 2, 3, 4.
{a} = [C]-1 {}
T : w = [N] {} = [P] [C]-1 {} v [N] = [P] [C]-1
Biu thc Ni, i=1, 2, 3, 4 sau khai trin:
1
[Ni] = [ ( 0 + 1)(0 + 1) (2 + 0 + 0 - 2 - 2), ai(0 +1)2(0 -1)( 0 +1),
2
bi(0 +1)( 0 +1)2(0 -1) ],
x xc y yc
trong : = = ; 0 = i 0 = i
a b
{} = [Q]{a} = [Q]{C]-1 {} v t :
[B] = [Q]{C]-1
0 0 0 2 0 0 6 x 2 y 0 0 6 xy 0
[Q] = 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 x 6 y 0 6 xy

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4x 4y 0 6 x 2 6 y 2

Ma trn cng phn t:

[k] = {[C]-1 }T ( [Q]T [D] [Q] dxdy ) [C]-1.
Vector lc:
{pe} = { -[C]-1 }T [P]T pdxdy.
Matrn C hiu nh sau y:
1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2 ab 3b 2 a3 3 ab 3
0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 2 2 ab b2 0 3a 2 b b 3
3
1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab
0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2 ab 3b 2 a3 3 ab 3

0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 3 2 ab b2 0 3a 2 b b3
C =
1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2 ab 3b 2 a3 3 ab 3

0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 3 2 ab b2 0 3a 2 b b3
1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2 ab 3b 2 a3 3 ab 3
0
1 0 2a b 0 a3
3 2 ab b2 0 3a 2 b b 3
0 0 0 2 0 0 6x 2y 0 0 6 xy 0
[Q ] = 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2x 6y 0 6 xy
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4x 4y 0 6x2 6 y 2
8.2 Phn t tam gic, 6 bc t do
86

Hnh 3.34 Phn t CST Hnh 3.35 Phn t ba cnh su nt

Phn t mang tn gi constant strain triangle CST, hoc linear triangle, ng dng ph bin trong
cc bi ton phng.
Phng trnh chuyn v:
u1
v
1
u( x , y ) u 2
U= = [N] {}, {} =
v ( x , y ) v 2
u 3

v 3
N ( x, y ) N 2 ( x, y ) N 3 ( x, y ) 0 0 0
N ( x, y ) = 1
0 0 0 N 1 ( x, y ) N 2 ( x, y ) N 3 ( x, y )
1 1
vi N1 = [y32(x-x2) - x32 ( y - y2) ], N2 = [y31(x-x3) - x31 ( y - y3) ],
2A 2A
1
N3 = [y21(x-x1) - x21 ( y - y1) ].
2A
1
A = ( x32 y21 - x21 y32 ), vi qui c: xij = xi - xj ; yij = yi - yj
2
Vector bin dng: {} = [B] {],
y 2 y 3 y 3 y1 y1 y 2 0 0 0
1
[B] = 0 0 0 x3 x 2 x1 x3 x 2 x1
2A
x3 x 2 x1 x3 x 2 x1 y 2 y3 y 3 y1 y1 y 2
1 2 3 0 0 0
1
= 0 0 0 1 2 3
2A
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
V { } [B ] [ D][B ]{ } { } {p}
T T T
=UW=
2
1 0
Et 3
[D] = 2
1 0
12(1 )
0 0 (1 ) / 2
[k e ] = [B ]T [ D][B]V e
 87
1 2 3 0 0 0
K hiu [ ] = 0 0 0 1 2 3 c th tnh [k] theo cng thc:
1 2 3 1 2 3

Et 1 0
[k ] = [ ]T 1 0 [ ]
(
4 A 1 2 ) 1
0 0
2
12 + 12 12 12 + 12 12 13 + 12 13 1+
2
11 12 + 12 21 13 + 12 31

212 + 12 22 2 3 + 12 23 21 + 12 12 1+
2
21 23 + 12 32
3 + 2 3
2 1 2
31 + 2 13 12 + 12 21
1 1+
31
[k] = Et 2 2

(
4A1 ) 12 + 12 12 12 + 12 12 13 + 12 13
X 22 + 12 22 23 + 12 2 3

32 + 12 32
px
{p} = [N ]T tdS
S
p
y

{p} = [ f1x f 2x f 3x f1 y f2y f3y ]

T

trong
f ix = t p x N i ( x, y )dS ; f iy = t p y N i ( x, y )dS ; i = 1,2,3
S S

V d 5: Tnh ng sut v bin dng tm hnh vung cnh l trng thi ng sut phng. Chiu dy tm t
= const. M un n hi vt liu E, h s Poisson = 1/6.
Nh tnh i xng cu hnh v i xng ti, a mt na tm vo tnh ton. Phn dng tnh ton ca
tm chia lm 4 phn t tam gic, nh s (1), (2), (3), (4) nh gii thiu ti hnh. S nt dng trong
tnh ton 6. Cn c cch nh s ny xc nh ta cc nt cho mi phn t.
Phn t (1).
x1 = 0 ; y1 = 0;
x2 = 0; y2 = - l
x3 = l; y3 = - l x 7 8 9
(3) (4)
Phn t (2).
x1 = 0 ; y1 = 0;
y 4 5 6
(1) (2)
x3 = l ; y3 = - l
2 3
L

x4 = l ; y4 = 0 1
Phn t (3).
x5 = 0 ; y5 = 0;
L/4

x1 = 0; y1 = - l
x4 = l; y4 = - l L/4
Phn t (4). L
x5 = 0 ; y5 = 0; Hnh 3.36
x4 = l; y4 = - l
x6 = l; y6 = 0
Vector ti ch c mt trong thnh phn {p} ca phn t (1), mang gi tr P/2. Chuyn v ngang
nt s 1, s 2, s 5 ti trc i xng b hn ch, nt 6 b hn ch theo chiu ng, v6 = 0.
88
Sau khi tnh cc h s cng phn t tin hnh tng hp ma trn cng ton h thng v x l iu
kin bin, s nhn c h phng trnh sau.
1,456 0,514 0,3 0 0,3 0,428 0,514 0 v1 0

0,728 0,086 0,214 0 0 0 0 v 2 12 P
0,728 0 0,214 0,214 0 0 u 3 0

0,728 0,086 0,514 0 0 v 3 0
Et =
1,456 0,3 0,3 0,214 u 4 0

X 1,456 0 0,086 v 4 0

0,728 0,214 v 5 0

0,728 u6 0
Kt qu gii h phng trnh i s c dng:
v1 1,2728
v 1,9033
2
u 3 0,0692

v 3 P 1,1090
=
u 4 Et 0,0066
v 4 0,7772

v 5 1,1090
u 0,3909
6
ng sut tm tnh ti cc nt thc hin theo (g). V d tnh cho phn t (4) chng ta nhn c
ng sut sau.
x l / 2 0 0 l / 2 l / 2 l / 2
4,114 E
y = 2 l / 2. 0 0 l / 2 l / 2 l / 2
l t
xy 0 0,208l 0,208l 0 0,208l 0,208l
0
1,0109
0,583
0,0066 P
= 1,465
0,7772 l t 0,536
0,3909
0

8.3 Phn t trong vt th trn xoay

Hnh 3.37 ng sut phn t i xng qua trc trn xoay

 89
Quan h bin dng-chuyn v trong phn t:
u
r
rr u bi 0 bj 0 bk 0
( N k / r ) 0
1 ( Ni / r ) 0 (N j / r) 0
{ } = = rw = [ B]{ }; [ B] = 2 A 0 ci 0 cj 0 ck
zz
rz z ci bi cj bj ck bk
u w
z + r

Ma trn cng:
[k] = [B]T[D][B]. 2rm A, vi rm = ( ri + rj + rk)/3;

1 / (1 ) 0 / (1 )
/ (1 ) / (1 )
E(1 )
1 0
[D] =
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0 0 (1 2 ) / [2(1 )] 0

/ (1 ) / (1 ) 0 1
Vector ti trn bin xc nh t biu thc:
Li
Li

L f r
{p s } = [ N ]T f s dS1 = j 2rds
S1 S ij
L j f z
Lk

Lk
Vector lc do nhit thay i, gy ra tnh theo cch chng ta vn dng cho cc phn t trong nhm
phn t phng.
1 1
1 1
ET
{ pt } = [B ] [ D]ET =
T
[B] 2rIII A
V 1 (1 2 ) 1
0 0
Biu thc xc nh lc khi c vit dng sau:
Li
Li

L f r
{pb } = [ N ]T f b dV = j 2rdA
V A
L j f z
Lk

Lk
trong r = ri Li + rj Lj + rk Lk
90
9 TM CHU UN
Tm chu un, thng k hiu PLATE, hiu nh tp hp ca mng, c kh nng mang ti trong mt
phng v tm un ngang, chu ti php tuyn, hnh 3.39.

+
Hnh 3.39 Tm un hiu nh tp hp mng (a) v tm un ngang (b)

9.1 Tm tam gic ba nt, 9 bc t do

Phng trnh chuyn v:
w(x,y) = [P]{a}= [ 1 x y x2 y2 x3 (x2y + xy2 ) y3 ] {a}
Matrn cng:[k] = t [B]T [D] [B] dxdy
A

1 0
Et 3
trong [D] = 2
1 0
12(1 )
0 0 (1 ) / 2
[k] = {[C]-1 }T ( []T [D] [] dxdy ) [C]-1.
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 y2 0 0 y 22 0 0 y 23
[C] = 0 0 1 0 0 2 y2 0 0 3 y 22

0 1 0 0 y2 0 0 y 22 0
1 x3 y3 x 32 x3 y3 y 32 x 33 ( x 32 y 3 + x 3 y 32 ) y 33

0 0 1 0 x3 2 y3 0 (2 x 3 y 3 + x 32 ) 3 y 32
0 1 0 2 x 3 y3 0 3x 32 ( y 32 + 2 x 3 y 3 ) 0

0 0 0 2 0 0 6 x 2y 0

[] = -z 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2x 6 y
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4( x + y ) 0
0
0 0

0 0 0 X

0 0 0 4
Et3 0 0 0 0 2(1)
[k'] = [] [D][]dxdy=
T
2
dxdy=
12(1 ) A 0 0 0 4 0 4
0 0 0 12x 0 12x 36x2

0 0 0 4(x + y) 4(1)(x + y) 4(x + y) 12x(x + y) [(128)(x + y)
2

8(1)xy]
2
0 0 0 12y 0 12y 36xy 12(x + y) 36y
 91

Hnh 3.40 Phn t tm tam gic

Trng hp tm khng nm trng mt xOy ca h ta chung, cn tnh chuyn cc c trng nh

ma trn chuyn []:
R 0 0 1 0 0

[T] = 0 R
0 , trong : [R ] = 0 l 0 x m0 x
0 0 R 0 l 0 y moy

Matrn [T], 9x9 c dng:
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0
l0 x m0x 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 l0 y m0y 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4
[ ] = 0 0 0 0 l0 x m0x 0 0 0 5

0 0 0 0 l0 y m0y 0 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l0 x m0x 8
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 l0 y m 0 y 9

Matrn [k] v vector lc c tnh chuyn sang h ta chung theo cng thc:
[k]chung = [T]T[k][T], {p}chung = [T]T{p}.
Tm mng hnh ch nht, cnh a.b, 4 nt, 12 bc t do.
Bc t do mi nt nh trnh by ti hnh 3.41.

Hnh 3.41 Phn t tm PLATE

Phng trnh chuyn v:
92
w(x,y) = [P]{a} = [ 1 x y x2 y2 xy x2y xy2 x3 y3 x3y xy3 ] {a}
Phng trnh trn y tha mn iu kin lin tc ca bi ton un tm:
2 2 w = 0
p dng phng trnh trn cho chuyn v cc nt s nhn c:
{} = [C]{a}

t
Matrn [C] c kch thc 12x12
Matrn cng phn t tnh t biu thc [k]:

2b
[k] = {[C]-1 }T ( [Q]T [D] [Q] dxdy ) [C]-1.
Biu thc tnh vector lc
2a
{pe} = { -[C]-1 }T [P]T pdxdy.

Hnh 3.42

1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2 ab 3b 2 a3 3 ab 3
0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 2 2 ab b2 0 3a 2b b3

1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3
0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2 ab 3b 2 a3 3 ab 3

0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 3 2 ab b2 0 3a 2b b3
C =
1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2 ab 3b 2 a3 3 ab 3

0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 3 2 ab b2 0 3a 2 b b3
1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2 ab 3b 2 a3 3 ab 3
0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 3 2 ab b2 0 3a 2 b b 3

0 0 0 2 0 0 6x 2y 0 0 6 xy 0
[ Q ] = 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2x 6y 0 6 xy
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4x 4y 0 6x2 6 y 2

9.2 Tm Kirchhoff hnh ch nht, 4 nt, 16 bc t do

S dng hm Hermite din t hm hnh dng tm mng theo thuyt kinh in Kirchoff s nhn c
kt qu sau.
{}=[N]{un}
w w w
2
vi {un} = wi
x i y i xy i
Hm hnh dng c dng:
[N ] = [ p1q1 p 2 q1 p1 q 2 p 2 q 2 M p 3 q1 p 4 q1 p3 q 2 p4 q2 M
p 4 q 4 M p1 q3 p 2 q 3 p1 q 4 p 2 q 4 ]
T
p3 q3 p3 q3 p3 q 4
1
4
2 a
8
( 1
4
)2 a
p1 = (1 ) (2 + ) p 2 = 1 2 (1 + ) ; p3 = (1 ) (2 ) p 4 = ( 1 ) (1 + )
8
2

1
4
2 b
8
(1
) b
q1 = (1 ) (2 + ) q 2 = 1 2 (1 ) ; q3 = (1 ) (2 ) q 4 = 1 2 (1 + )
4
2

8
( )
 93
Vec to lin quan gc xoay []: [ ] = [B ]{u n }

2 Ni 2
b

4 2 Ni 2
1 1
ab
[B] = 2 2 a ; [k ] = [B ] [D ][B ] dd
T

a b 4
2 1 1

N i .2ab

Vec to ti:
{p} = f z ab 1 a b ab M 1 a b ab M
4 6 6 36 6 6 36
a b ab a b ab
1 M 1
6 6 36 6 6 36

Hnh 3.43

V d 6: Xc nh vng v momen un ti im gia tm vung, cnh di 2L, ngm 4 cnh, chu tc

ng lc tp trung ti gia tm.
1 3

2
Hnh 3.43b

Nu coi tm ang nu l mt phn t tm Kirchhoff, hm chuyn v ti nt nh s 3 ti gia tm tnh

bng cng thc:
w(x, y) = p3()q3()w3
Ma trn [B] tnh nh sau:
94
6 (1 + )2 (2 )
1
[B] = - 2 6 (1 + ) (2 )
2

18(1 )(1 )
4L 2 2

1 1
1 0
L2 47,18
Matrn cng k = D [B ]0
1 0 [ B] dd = D
4 a2
1 1
0 1
0 2
Li gii ca bi ton s l:
P 5,3Pa 2 3
kw3 = hay w3 = 10
4 D
6w
Gc xoay: [ ] = [B( = 1; = 1)]w3 = 23 (0 1 0 )
L
Momen un ti im gia tm:
24 w
M y = 2 3 D = 0,1272 P
a
9.3 Phn t SHELL
Trong cc phn mm dng tnh bn kt cu ngi ta s dng phn t SHELL trong m hnh
tm v v. Phn t SHELL t chc dng phn t ba cnh, 3 nt hoc bn cnh 4 nt. Nhng phn t
bc cao cng c a vo chng trnh tnh ton, xem phn gii thiu phn mm ANSYS, SESAM,
SAP nu sau.
Phn t v phng, chiu dy khng i hoc chiu dy thay i c kt hp t phn t tm
mng chu un v phn t mng trn c s gi thit, ng x mng khng nh hng n ng x un
v ngc li.
V d 7: Xc nh vng tm thp hnh vung cnh a, dy t, b ngm 4 cnh. Ti tp trung P tc ng
ti im gia tm, hnh 3.44a.

Hnh 3.44a Tm vung ngm 4 cnh

Hnh 3.44b Chia li ton b tm

 95

Hnh 3.44c S dng tm trong tnh ton,

ti tc ng bng ti ton b

Hnh 3.45 Kt qu tnh cho tm

M un n hi vt liu E = 2,1.106 kG/cm2; h s Poisson = 0,3; Chiu di a = 10 m, chiu dy t
= 8 mm, lc P = 400 kG.
Chia tm lm 4 phn t SHELL nh s 1, 2, 3, 4, hnh 3.44b. Nh tnh i xng kt cu ch dng
tm khi tnh, hnh 3.44c. T phn t 1 tin hnh chia li mi gm 4 phn t. iu kin bin ti cc
ng i xng l:
Ti ng 4-5: uy = 0, gc xoay theo trc 4-5 bng 0.
Ti ng 2-5: ux = 0, gc xoay theo trc 2-5 bng 0.
Ti tc ng trong m hnh tnh cho tm bng P = 100 kG.
vng ln nht ti nt 5: 26,04 cm, ti im gia cnh 4-5 v 2-5: 11,37 cm.
Biu ng sut ln nht Smax ti phn t tm trnh by ti hnh 3.45.
10 VT TH 3D
Nhng phn t nhm SOLID dng trong tnh ton c dng sau:

Hnh 3.46 Cc phn t SOLID 3D

96
10.1 Khi bn mt, bn nt (tetrahedron element)

Vector chuyn v:
u ( x, y , z )
{u} = v( x, y, z ) = [ N ]3 x12 { }12 x1
w( x, y, z )
Hnh 3.47 Phn t khi 4 mt
trong
Ni 0 0 Nj 0 0 Nk 0 0 Nl 0 0
[N ] = 0 Ni 0 0 Nj 0 0 Nk 0 0 Nl 0

0 0 Ni 0 0 Nj 0 0 Nk 0 0 N l

{ } = [B]{ }
bi 0 0 b j 0 0 bk 0 0 bl 0 0
0 c 0 0 cj 0 0 ck 0 0 cl 0
i 1 x1 y1 z1
0 0 di 0 0 d j 0 0 dk 0 0 dl 11 x2 y2 z2
[B] = 1 ;V =
6V ci bi 0 c j b j 0 c k bk 0 cl bl 0 61 x3 y3 z3
0 di 0 0 d j a j 0 dk ak 0 dl al 1 x4 y4 z4

d i 0 bi 0 0 b j d k 0 bk dl 0 bl
cc nt 1, 2, 3, 4 tng ng nt i, j, k, l.
xj yj zj 1 yj zj xj 1 zj xj yj 1
ai = x k yk zk ; bi = 1 y k zk ; ci = x k 1 zk ; d i = xk yk 1
xl yl zl 1 yl zl xl 1 zl xl yl 1
1
N i ( x, y , z ) = (ai + bi x + ci y + d i z )
6V
N j x, y , z ) =
1
(a j + b j x + c j y + d j z )
6V
1
N k ( x, y , z ) = (ak + bk x + ck y + d k z )
6V
1
N l ( x, y , z ) = (al + bl x + cl y + d l z )
6V
{ } = [D]{ }
 97

1 (1 ) (1 )
0 0 0

1

0 0 0
(1 ) (1 )

1 0 0 0
[D ] = E (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0 0 0
1 2
0 0

2(1 )

0 1 2
0 0 0 0
2(1 )
1 2
0 0 0 0 0
2(1 )
Matrn cng phn t :
[k ] = [B]T [D][B]dV
V

10.2 Khi 6 mt 8 nt (hexahedron element)

u [N ] 0 0

[ ]
{u} = v = 0 [N ] 0 { } = N * { } , c 24x1
w 0
0 [N ]
Ttrong {} vecto chuyn v nt,
[N] hm hnh dng.
1
Ni(, , ) = (1+i) (1+i) (1+i) ; i=1, 2,.....,8
8
Matrn cng phn t :
[k ] = [B]T [D][B]dV
V
Hnh 3.48 Phn t vin gch
ng sut v bin dng:
{ } = [B ]{ }; { } = [D][B ]{ }

11 NN MA TRN. KHI KT CU (SUBSTRUCTURE)

Tnh ton thc t c khi gp nhng trng hp kh gii quyt v thiu b nh my tnh. Mt trong
nhng cch khc phc l s dng bin php nn tnh ma trn. y l vic chia ma trn c ln thnh
nhiu ma trn con theo yu cu, x l nhng vn lin quan ti trong ma trn con trc khi gii
quyt bi ton tng th. Ma trn ca bi ton tng th lp trn c s kt qu tnh cc bc t do xc
nh ca bc trc . Kt qu cui cng ca bi ton c hc khng thay i.
Ni dung ca cch lm ny l gim bc t do bi ton bng cch thc hin gii bi ton theo
phng php phn t hu hn lp cho cc khi kt cu, gi l substructure, trc khi thnh lp ma
trn cng [K] v vec to ti {P}ca bi ton tng th. iu ny gii thch qua v d nu ti hnh 3.49.
Cn xy dng phng trnh cn bng phn t BAR di L, din tch mt ct ti u tri A1, din tch mt
ct tri 2A1.
98

Hnh 3.49
iu ang cn lm ti y l loi bc t do U2 ti nt gia dm.
Gi s rng phng trnh cn bng xy dng theo phng php phn t hu hn c dng:
K aa K ac U a Pa
K = (a)
ca K cc U c Pc
T phng trnh ny c th vit:
1
U c = K cc (Pc K ca U a ) (b)
a gi tr ny vo v tr ca ma trn Uc tai (a) nhn phng trnh nn:
(K aa
1
K ac K cc ) 1
K ca U a = Pa K ac K cc Pc (c)
V d 1: Ma trn cng phn t nu ti hnh 3.49 xy dng nh di y. Hy dng cng thc (a), (b)
loi tr thnh phn U2, nn ma trn.
17 20 3 U 1 P1
EA1
20 48 28 U = P
6L 2 2
3 28 25 U 3 P3
Cn thit t chc li phng trnh theo cch sau:
17 3 20 U 1 P1
EA1
3 25 28 U = P
6L 3 3
20 28 48 U 2 P2
Cng thc (c) th hin ti y:
EA1 17 3 20 1 U 1 P1 + 20
48 P2
[ 20 28] =
3 25 2848 U 3 P3 + 48 P2
28
6L
P+ 5P
13 EA1 1 1 U 1 1 12 2
Hay l = 7
9 L 1 1 U 3 P3 + P2
12
Biu thc tnh U2:
1 3L
U2 = P2 + 10U 1 + 14U 3
24 EA1
V d 2: Ma trn cng h thng gm 1 phn t LINK, cng EA1/L v 2 phn t BAR ti hnh 3.50
xy dng theo cch nu ti v d 1 v trnh by li di y. Hy loi tr bc t do 2, 4 v xy dng
ma trn nn tnh.
 99

Hnh 3.50 H thng 1 phn t LINK, 2 phn t BAR

Cc ma trn cng phn t 1, 2, 3 tnh nh sau:
6 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
EA
[k ](1) = 1 0 0 0 0 0
6L
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
17 20 3 0 0
20 48 28 0 0
EA
[k ]( 2) = 1 3 28 25 0 0
6L
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
EA
[ k ] ( 3) = 1 0 0 34 40 6
6L
0 0 40 96 56
0 0 6 56 50
3
Sau tp hp ba ma trn phn t 1, 2, 3 nhn c ma trn chung ca h thng K = k ( m ) . H
m =1
phng trnh i s thnh lp theo phng php phn t hu hn c dng KU = P nh sau y.
23 20 3 0 0 U 1 0
20 48 28
0 0 U 2 0
EA1
3 28 59 40 6 U 3 = 0
6L
0 0 40 96 56 U 4 0

0 0 6 56 50 U 5 P5
p dng phng php loi tr Gauss loi U2, U4 s c kt qu sau:
23 2048x 20 20 3 2048x 28 0 0 U 1 0

20 48 28 0 0 U 2 0
EA1
3 2048x 28 28 59 2048x 28 4096x 40 0 6 4096x 56 U 3 = 0
6L
0 0 40 96 56 U 4 0

0 0 6 40 x 56
0 50 56 x 56
P5
96 U 5
96

Ma trn nn:
100
13
22
1 0 U 1 0
13 EA1
1 3 2 U 3 = 0
19 L
0 2 2 U 5 P5
Biu thc tnh U2 v U4 :
1
U 2 = (5U 1 + 7U 3 )
12
1
U 4 = (5U 3 + 7U 5 )
12
C th thy t v d ny, nn tnh ma trn c hiu qu khi phn t ang tham gia tnh ton c
s dng nhiu ln trong qu trnh gii bi ton. y l m hnh phn nhm kt cu tnh ton, theo
kt cu tng th c coi nh tp hp ca nhiu nhm kt cu nh ph thuc. Mi nhm kt cu
nh, n lt mnh c m hnh ha theo phng php phn t hu hn trong gii hn hnh hc ca
nhm , v tin hnh nn ma trn theo cch va nu cho ma trn lp cho chnh nhm . iu quan
tm l kch c ma trn nn nh so vi ma trn y trc khi nn. Ma trn cng ton h thng s l tp
hp ca cc ma trn nn ca tt c cc nhm. Ni cch chung l mi nhm kt cu s c dng
nh mt phn t (element) hu hn ring l, bc t do xc nh bn trong . Tp hp ma trn
cng chung ton h thng ti thi im ny l tp hp cc ma trn cng ca cc phn t hu hn
ring l va cp.
Khi nim nhm kt cu (substructure) c dng nh phn t dn n khi nim tip: siu phn
t (super-element). Nhng tn gi c ngh cho nhm kt cu nh ang bn n l nhm kt cu
bc 1 hay siu phn t bc 1. Nu mi substructure l tp hp ca nhiu phn t, song c i x
nh 1 siu phn t trong kt cu tng th th chng ta cng c th lp mt tp hp cc phn t c bit
(ang gi l siu phn t) thnh 1 phn t, gi super-element bc cao hn. Trong chuyn mn
ngi ta gi y l nhm kt cu bc hai. Theo cch lm ny chng ta cn c siu phn t bc cao hn
na.
Nhng lnh vc tnh ton phi dng n th thut ny bao gm ngnh ch to tu khng gian, tu
bay v tu thy. Tnh ton bn cc cng trnh ngoi khi khng th thc hin c nu khng dng
th thut siu phn t.
hiu tn gi v ngha ca phn t, siu phn t chng ta cng xem xt v d rt gin n sau
y.
V d 3: Xy dng ma trn cng v vecto ti cho dm chu lc dc trc nu ti hnh 3.51, bng phng
php siu phn t.

Hnh 3.51a
Phn t c bn dng y vn l phn t BAR, bc t do 3, nu ti v d 1. Phng trnh cn
bng ca phn t:
P + 5P
13 EA1 1 1 U 1 1 12 2
= 7 (a)
9 L 1 1 3 P3 + P2
12
 101
Bc t do U2 b loi trong qu trnh nn tnh nhn (a). Bng cch c th coi phn t 2 bc
t do l nhm kt cu bc u tin, bc 1 theo qui c, hnh 3.51b, ti phn (a). Hm U2 tnh theo U1,
U3 v P2.
1 3L
U2 = P2 + 10U 1 + 14U 3 (b)
24 EA1

Hnh 3.51b

Siu phn t bc cao hn, by gi l bc 2, xc nh cho siu phn t c bc t do U1, U5 :

1 1 0 U 1 P1 + 125 P2
13 EA1
1 3 2 U 3 = P3 + 127 P2 + 125 P2 (c)
9 L
0 2 2 U 5 P5 + 127 P2

Biu thc tnh U4:
1 3L
U4 = P4 + 10U 3 + 14U 5
24 2 EA1
M hnh ny trnh by ti phn (b) cng hnh 3.51b
S dng phng php loi tr Gauss cho cc php tnh tip theo:
23 0 23 U 1 P1 + 36 22
P2 + 13 P3 + 365 P4
13 EA1
1 3 2 U = P + 7
P + 5
P
9 L 2 3 3 12 2 12 2

3 2 23 U 5 14
36 P2 + 3 P3 + 36 P4 + P5
2 31

Hay l
2 13 EA1 1 1 U 1 1 P1 + 36
22
P2 + 13 P3 + 365 P4

1 1 U = (d)
5 36 P2 + 3 P3 + 36 P4 + P5
14 2 31
3 9 L
v
102
1 9 L 7 5
U3 = P3 + P2 + P4 + U 1 + 2U 5
3 13 EA1 12 12
Bng cch tng t c th thnh lp nhm kt cu bc 3, nh ti phn (c) hnh 3.51b.
p t ti trong phng php ny theo cch lm qui c l ch t ti ti bin cc siu phn t.
Trong v d ny chng ta hy p ti ti nt 5 cho m hnh, trong s dng nhm kt cu cp hai.
1 1 0 U 1 0
2 13 EA1
1 5 4 U 5 = P5
3 9 L
0 4 4 U 9 0
Loi tr U5 chng ta nhn c phng trnh:
4 2 13 EA1 1 1 U 1 15 P5
=
5 3 9 L 1 1 U 9 54 P5
27 L
U 5 = 5 P5 + U 1 + 4U 9
36 EA1
Nhng v d thc t tnh ton sc bn tu thy, my bay nu ti y gii thch cch chia kt cu
thc t thnh siu phn t cc cp khc nhau. Hnh 3.52 gii thiu m hnh tnh bn tu vn ti hng
lng c nh.

Hnh 3.52
M hnh tnh trong s dng sub-structure bc cao tnh ton kt cu tu du trnh by ti m hnhca
hnh 3.53.
 103

Hnh 3.53 Siu phn t ca tu du

Ngnh ch to tu bay thng i trc trong lnh vc dng phng php phn t hu hn tnh bn
kt cu. Hnh 3.54 gii thiu cch phn nhm kt cu thn tu bay dng vo nhng nm by mi.

Hnh 3.54a Thn tu bay v cc siu phn t t thn tu bay

M hnh dng nhm kt cu cp 2 khi tnh bn cnh tu bay nu ti hnh 3.54b.

Hnh 3.54b M hnh cnh tu bay (cp 1) v cm kt cu (cp 2) cng phn t ROD
104
Kt cu thn my bay trong m hnh phn t hu hn c dng nh trnh by ti hnh 5.55.

Hnh 5.55a p dng phng php super-element vo phn tch kt cu thn tu bay

Theo cch chia ny thy r cc khi kt cu hay l siu phn t phn thn trc my bay, siu phn t
ca phn gia, cc cnh, siu phn t phn li vv.

Hnh 3.55b M hnh phn t hu hn thn tu bay

 105
12 S DNG PHN MM SAP V ANSYS TNH TON KT CU
Nhng chng trnh tnh bn kt cu c ng dng rng ri: ANSYS, ASKA, NASTRAN,
PICES, SAP, STARDYNE, STRUDL, SESAM, MAESTRO, StruCAD * 3D. Phn mm ANSYS,
SAP thng dng vi s ng ngi dng, hu hiu trong gii quyt cc bi ton c hc kt cu, gii
thiu tip theo y.

Hnh 3.49 Miu t phn t BEAM 3D (Frame/Cable) trong SAP

Hnh 3.50a Phn t SHELL trong SAP

Hnh 3.50b Output t phn t SHELL ca SAP

Trong phn mm SAP cn s dng nhng phn t:

Plane - tng ng phn t Membrane
Asolid - phn t phng dng m hnh trong vt th trn xoay
Solid - phn t 3D dng vin gch 8 nt.
Link/Support phn t bin
S dng SAP tnh bn cc b trnh by ti v d n gin.
; - RECTANGULAR PLATE USING SHELL ELEMENTS

SYSTEM
DOF=UZ,RX,RY
106
JOINTS
1,7,1,43,7 X=0,5,0 Y=0,0,1 Z=0

RESTRAINTS
ADD=1 7 1 DOF=UZ,RX,RY ;CLAMPED EDGE
ADD=1 43 7 DOF=UZ,RX,RY ;CLAMPED EDGE
ADD=7 49 7 DOF= RY ;SYMMETRY
ADD=43 49 1 DOF= RX, ;SYMMETRY

MATERIAL
NAME=1 W=1
E=1.7472E7 U=.3

SHELL SECTION
NAME=1 TYPE=SHELL MAT=1 TH=1E-04

SHELL
1 J=1,2,8,9 SEC=1
GEN=1 6 1 31 6 JINC=1 7

LOADS
NAME=CONCENT
TYPE=FORCE
ADD=49 UZ=1E-4
NAME=UNIFORM
TYPE=GRAVITY ELEM=SHELL
ADD=* UZ=1

OUTPUT
ELEM=JOINT TYPE=DISP,APPL,REAC LOAD=*
ELEM=SHELL TYPE=STRESS LOAD=*
Phn tip theo trnh by bng tnh tm un theo SAP2000. Tm ngm bn cnh, chia thnh 16 phn
t hnh ch nht. Tham gia vo cc php tnh l tm ang nu, gm 4 phn t nh s 1, 2, 3, 4.
S nt cho mi phn t:
Phn t 1: 1 2 5 4
Phn t 2: 2 3 6 5
Phn t 3: 4 5 7 8
Phn t 4: 5 6 9 8
Nt s 9 nm chnh gia tm.
D liu u vo ghi trong h thng o s dng kG trng lng, cm chiu di. M un n hi E = 2.1E +
06 kG/cm2; h s Poisson = 0,3; Chiu dy tm t = 0,8cm.
Kt qu tnh chuyn v, ng sut trnh by ti bng.
JOINTS - To cc nt
1 X=0 Y=0 Z=0
2 X=50 Y=0 Z=0
3 X=100 Y=0 Z=0
4 X=0 Y=25 Z=0
5 X=50 Y=25 Z=0
6 X=100 Y=25 Z=0
7 X=0 Y=50 Z=0
8 X=50 Y=50 Z=0
9 X=100 Y=50 Z=0
SHELL - Cc phn t Shell
1 J = 1,2,4,5 Sec=1 Local=31 Pldir=0
Gen=1 2 1 3 2 Jinc=1 3
RESTRAINTS - iu kin bin
Add= 1 7 3 Dof=Ux,Uy,Uz,Rx,Ry,Rz
Add= 2 3 1 Dof=Ux,Uy,Uz,Rx,Ry,Rz
Add= 8 8 0 Dof= Uy, Rx,
Add= 6 6 0 Dof=Ux, Ry,
Add= 9 9 0 Dof=Ux,Uy, Rx,Ry,Rz
 107
Pattern - phn b lc php tuyn
Name=Pres
Add= 1 9 1 V=0.4,0.4
Material - Vt liu
Name= steel
E=2.1E+07 U=0.3 A=0
Shell Section
Name=1 Type=Shell Mat= steel Th=0.8
Load - Ti trng
Name=1
Type=Surface Pressure Elem=Shell Face=5
Add=* P=1 Pat=Pres
Kt qu tnh cho mi nt trnh by di dng bng sau y. K hiu dng ti y S ng sut tnh
bng kG/cm2.
JOINT S11-TOP S22-TOP S12-TOP S-TOP-MAX S-TOP-MIN ANGLE
1 -3.49E-14 2.33E-15 -107.673554 107.673554 -107.673554 -45.000000
2 -735.804502 -2452.682 -233.625313 -704.581583 -2483.905 -7.612203
4 -726.045434 -217.813630 -273.131569 -98.866876 -844.992188 -66.467235
5 534.703142 671.587908 -399.083329 1008.055 198.235828 -49.865749

JOINT S11-BOT S22-BOT S12-BOT S-BOT-MAX S-BOT-MIN ANGLE

1 3.49E-14 -2.33E-15 107.673554 107.673554 -107.673554 45.000000
2 735.804502 2452.682 233.625313 2483.905 704.581583 82.387797
4 726.045434 217.813630 273.131569 844.992188 98.866876 23.532765
5 -534.703142 -671.587908 399.083329 -198.235828 -1008.055 40.134251

JOINT S13-AVG S23-AVG S-AVG-MAX ANGLE

1 -2.844588 -1.497544 3.214704 -152.235270
2 -2.844588 16.326900 16.572849 99.883271
4 2.479553 -1.497544 2.896692 -31.130178
5 2.479553 16.326900 16.514110 81.364522

th gii thiu cu hnh tm v phn b ng sut trong tm t l a/b = gii thiu hnh 3.50c pha
tri. Hnh pha phi trnh by ng sut ti tm vung.

Hnh 3.50c
Nhng phn t tiu biu phc v tnh bn kt cu trong ANSYS (ANSYS, Houston, PA: Swanson
Analysis Systems Inc,):
LINK8 phn t TRUSS 3-D
BEAM4 phn t BEAM 3-D, hai nt, mi nt 6 bc t do
108

Hnh 3.51
Phn t c kh nng chu un, ct, xon, ko, nn. Trong ANSYS cn BEAM44 dng cho dm
dng cn, khng i xng v BEAM24 c tnh nng gn vi BEAM4.
Phn t xc nh qua 2 nt, din tch mt ct, hai gi tr momen qun tnh qua trc y-y v z-z: IZZ
v IYY, hai gi tr chiu dy TKY v TKZ, mt gc xoay quanh trc x-x, momen qun tnh c cc
IXX, v cc c tnh vt liu. Trng hp IXX = 0 hoc ngi dng khng gn gi tr, IXX c nhn
bng IYY + IZZ.
BEAM23 phn t BEAM 2-D, 2 nt, mi nt 6 bc t do
SOLID45 - phn t SOLID 8 nt, mi nt 3 bc t do.

Hnh 3.52

Phn t SOLID45 dng m hnh ha kt cu 3D, thch hp cho cc bi ton n hi, n hi do,
bin dng ln. Vt liu c tnh trc hng.
 109
Ti p t ln phn t di dng ti nt (Node Loads) v ti phn t (Element Loads). p lc c th p
t ln mt phn t nh ti b mt. Nhit p t ln phn t dng lc khi phn b ti nt.
S dng phn t SOLID45 c th nh sau:
ET,1,PLANE42
ET,2,SOLID45
MP,EX,1,2.1E5
MP,NUXY,1,0.3
K,1
K,2,2000
K,3,2300,200
K,4,1900,450
K,5,1,250
LSTR,1,2
LSTR,5,1
BSPLINE,2,3,4,5,,,-1,,,,-1,-0.25
AL,1,3,2
AL,ALL
ESIZE,50
AMESH,ALL

Nhng phn t c tnh nng gn vi SOLID45 gm SOLID64 ginh cho vt liu khng ng hng,
SOLID95 phn t bc cao.
SOLID186 - phn t SOLID 20 nt, thng dng trong cc n lin quan CAD/CAM
SHELL63 - phn t SHELL, 4 nt, mi nt 6 bc t do.

Hnh 3.53
SHELL63 mang tnh cht hai kiu tm mng: tm chu un v mng mng. Tm c kh nng
chu ti trong mt phng v ti php tuyn. Mi nt c 6 bc t do: 3 bc dc hng trc, 3 bc quanh
hng trc.
SHELL63 m t c trng tm t vt liu trc hng, chiu dy thay i, c th chiu dy 4 nt
ti gc khng nht thit bng nhau. Trng hp chiu dy l i lng const ch cn nhp d liu
TK(I). Nu chiu dy thay i ngi dng phi nhp bn gi tr chiu dy ti 4 nt.
Ti p t ln phn t ghi di dng ti ln nt v ti phn t. p lc c th p t ln mt phn
t nh ti b mt. p lc ln cc cnh a vo di dng ti trn n v chiu di.
Ti liu hng dn s dng cc phn t ca ANSYS nhp d liu cn tin hnh theo cch sau:
Cc nt: I, J, K, L
Bc t do: UX,UY,UZ,ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ
Cc hng s thc: TK(I), TK(J), TK(K), TK(L), EFS, THETA, RMI, CTOP, CBOT,
Tnh cht vt liu: EX, EY, EZ, (PRXY, PRYZ, PRXZ hoc NUXY, NUYZ, NUXZ), ALPX, ALPZ,
DENS, GXY, DAMP
Ti b mt (p lc): mt 1 (I-J-K-L) (y, hng + trc Z), mt 2 (I-J-K-L) (mt trn, hng trc
Z), mt 3 (J-I), mt 4 (K-J), mt 5 (L-K), mt 6 (I-L)
110
Ti khi (nhit ): T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8
Khai bo SHELL 63 c th nh sau:

ET,1,SHELL63
MP,EX,1,2.1E11
MP,NUXY,1,0.3
MP,DENS,1,7800.
R,1,0.02
K,1,-0.42,-0.35

Cc phn t c tnh nng gn vi SHELL63 l SHELL41, SHELL43 v SHELL181.

PLANE25 phn t 4 cnh, miu t mt trn xoay. Phn t dng m hnh ha kt cu ca vt trn
xoay, chu un, ct, xon.

Hnh 3.54
V d phn tch bn gin khoan t nng
Gin khoan t nng Tam o hot ng ti vng bin Vit Nam c Marine Structure
Consultants, Netherlands, phn tch theo phng php PTHH.
M hnh PTHH
Kt cu thn gin m hnh ha nh phn t SHELL v phn t BEAM. Cc tm, x ngang,
dc m hnh bng SHELL 3 nt, 4 nt. Phn t BEAM p t vo cc tm bn dc, x ngang v
thnh h thng nng h.
dng 40505 phn t SHELL, 2535 phn t BEAM 3D cng cc phn t bin miu t thnh
phn kt cu rt cng. M hnh PTHH chung ca gin trnh by ti hnh 3.55. M hnh cc cm kt
cu chnh trnh by ti cc hnh 3.56, 3.57. 3.58 v 3.59.
Ti
Ba trng hp c trng thc hin trong tnh ton:
Ti ln nht tnh cho trng hp gin b sng cao nht trong vng 100 nm, gi mnh trn cp 12
tc ng. Gin t th khng lm vic song phi hng chu tc ng mi trng mc khc nghit
nht.
Ti tc ng trong iu kin gin ang khai thc.
Ti t mi trng, hng ho tc ng ln thn gin ni lc di chuyn.
 111

Hnh 3.55

Hnh 3.56
112

Hnh 3.57

Himh 3.58
 113

Hnh 3.59
ng sut cho php xc nh t cng thc:
chp = Y
trong - h s s dng cho php, maximum
= 0,6 - khi p lc tc ng tnh. Trng hp gin chu gi bo, sng ln h s = 0,8.
Tiu chun bn dng nh gi bn l tiu chun von Mises. Kt qu tnh kim tra da vo m hnh
PTHH ang nu, ti cho cc ch lm vic trnh by ti hnh 3.61.

SHELL SURFACE: MIDDLE

8 1.87D+08

7 1.61D+08

6 1.34D+08

5 1.08D+08

4 8.17D+07

3 5.53D+07

2 2.89D+07

1 2.56D+06

Hnh 3.60 ng sut von Mises tnh chogin Tam o

114
13 PHN TCH KT CU BNG NGN NG MATLAB
Nhng hm vit bng ngn ng Matlab phc v tnh cc thnh phn ma trn cng phn t v
ma trn chuyn [T] dng cho cc phn t thng dng do khoa C hc kt cu v C hc vt rn
trng i hc Lund son dng thun tin trong nghin cu, hc tp. Th tc tin hnh nh sau:
1. L tng ha kt cu, xy dng m hnh PTHH
2. Xy dng ma trn cng phn t Ke, vector ti ca phn t
3. Tp hp ma trn cng ton h thng, vecto ti ton h
4. Gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh
5. Xc nh ng sut, bin dng cho mi phn t v cho ton b h thng
6. Trnh by kt qu tnh ra th, nu cn.
Matrn cng phn t [k] xy dng cho mi kiu phn t. Nhng v d nu di y trnh by
ma trn cng cho cc phn t thng dng. Nhng phn t do ngi dng xy dng vit theo cch
thc hin hnh ngn ng nh.
E
Tp hp ma trn cng ton h thng, dng K = k e thc hin nh hm assemb trnh by
e =1
di y.
Gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh nh hm Solveq nu tip trong phn ny.
Hm extract trnh by chuyn v cc nt nu trong phn ny.
V d 7: S dng phn t TRUSS 3D, trnh by ti hm Bar3e tnh chuyn v, ng sut trong cc
thanh h thng kt cu nu sau.
function [Ke]=bar3e(ex,ey,ez,ep)
% Ke=bar3e(ex,ey,ez,ep)
E=ep(1); A=ep(2);
b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1); ez(2)-ez(1) ];
L=sqrt(b'*b);
Kle=E*A/L*[1 -1;
-1 1];
n=b'/L; G=[ n zeros(size(n));
zeros(size(n)) n ];
Ke=G'*Kle*G;

function [es]=bar3s(ex,ey,ez,ep,ed)
% es=bar3s(ex,ey,ez,ep,ed)
b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1); ez(2)-ez(1) ];
L=sqrt(b'*b);
n=b'/L; G=[ n zeros(size(n));
zeros(size(n)) n ];
E=ep(1); A=ep(2); Kle=E*A/L*[ 1 -1;
-1 1];
N=E*A/L*[-1 1]*G*ed';
es=N;

V d s dng Bar3
echo on
%----- Topology matrix Edof -------------------------------------
Edof=[1 1 2 5 6;
2 3 4 7 8;
3 5 6 9 10;
4 7 8 11 12;
5 7 8 5 6;
6 11 12 9 10;
 115
7 3 4 5 6;
8 7 8 9 10;
9 1 2 7 8;
10 5 6 11 12];
%----- Stiffness matrix K and load vector f ---------------------
K=zeros(12);
f=zeros(12,1); f(11)=0.5e6*sin(pi/6); f(12)=-0.5e6*cos(pi/6);
%----- Element properties ---------------------------------------
A=25.0e-4; E=2.1e11; ep=[E A];
%----- Element coordinates --------------------------------------
ex1=[0 2]; ex2=[0 2]; ex3=[2 4]; ex4=[2 4]; ex5=[2 2];
ex6=[4 4]; ex7=[0 2]; ex8=[2 4]; ex9=[0 2]; ex10=[2 4];
ey1=[2 2]; ey2=[0 0]; ey3=[2 2]; ey4=[0 0]; ey5=[0 2];
ey6=[0 2]; ey7=[0 2]; ey8=[0 2]; ey9=[2 0]; ey10=[2 0];
%----- Element stiffness matrices ------------------------------
Ke1=bar2e(ex1,ey1,ep); Ke2=bar2e(ex2,ey2,ep);
Ke3=bar2e(ex3,ey3,ep); Ke4=bar2e(ex4,ey4,ep);
Ke5=bar2e(ex5,ey5,ep); Ke6=bar2e(ex6,ey6,ep);
Ke7=bar2e(ex7,ey7,ep); Ke8=bar2e(ex8,ey8,ep);
Ke9=bar2e(ex9,ey9,ep); Ke10=bar2e(ex10,ey10,ep);
%----- Assemble Ke into K ---------------------------------------
K=assem(Edof(1,:),K,Ke1); K=assem(Edof(2,:),K,Ke2);
K=assem(Edof(3,:),K,Ke3); K=assem(Edof(4,:),K,Ke4);
K=assem(Edof(5,:),K,Ke5); K=assem(Edof(6,:),K,Ke6);
K=assem(Edof(7,:),K,Ke7); K=assem(Edof(8,:),K,Ke8);
K=assem(Edof(9,:),K,Ke9); K=assem(Edof(10,:),K,Ke10);
%----- Solve the system of equations ----------------------------
bc= [1 0;2 0;3 0;4 0];
a=solveq(K,f,bc)
%----- Element forces -------------------------------------------
ed1=extract(Edof(1,:),a); ed2=extract(Edof(2,:),a);
ed3=extract(Edof(3,:),a); ed4=extract(Edof(4,:),a);
ed5=extract(Edof(5,:),a); ed6=extract(Edof(6,:),a);
ed7=extract(Edof(7,:),a); ed8=extract(Edof(8,:),a);
ed9=extract(Edof(9,:),a); ed10=extract(Edof(10,:),a);

N1=bar2s(ex1,ey1,ep,ed1)
N2=bar2s(ex2,ey2,ep,ed2)
N3=bar2s(ex3,ey3,ep,ed3)
N4=bar2s(ex4,ey4,ep,ed4)
N5=bar2s(ex5,ey5,ep,ed5)
N6=bar2s(ex6,ey6,ep,ed6)
N7=bar2s(ex7,ey7,ep,ed7)
N8=bar2s(ex8,ey8,ep,ed8)
N9=bar2s(ex9,ey9,ep,ed9)
N10=bar2s(ex10,ey10,ep,ed10)
%---------------------------- end -------------------------------
echo off
Li gii MATlab
Edof=[1 1 2 5 6;
%----- Stiffness matrix K and load vector f ---------------------
K=zeros(12);
f=zeros(12,1); f(11)=0.5e6*sin(pi/6); f(12)=-0.5e6*cos(pi/6);
%----- Element properties ---------------------------------------
A=25.0e-4; E=2.1e11; ep=[E A];
%----- Element coordinates --------------------------------------
ex1=[0 2]; ex2=[0 2]; ex3=[2 4]; ex4=[2 4]; ex5=[2 2];
ex6=[4 4]; ex7=[0 2]; ex8=[2 4]; ex9=[0 2]; ex10=[2 4];
ey1=[2 2]; ey2=[0 0]; ey3=[2 2]; ey4=[0 0]; ey5=[0 2];
116
ey6=[0 2]; ey7=[0 2]; ey8=[0 2]; ey9=[2 0]; ey10=[2 0];
%----- Element stiffness matrices ------------------------------
Ke1=bar2e(ex1,ey1,ep); Ke2=bar2e(ex2,ey2,ep);
Ke3=bar2e(ex3,ey3,ep); Ke4=bar2e(ex4,ey4,ep);
Ke5=bar2e(ex5,ey5,ep); Ke6=bar2e(ex6,ey6,ep);
Ke7=bar2e(ex7,ey7,ep); Ke8=bar2e(ex8,ey8,ep);
Ke9=bar2e(ex9,ey9,ep); Ke10=bar2e(ex10,ey10,ep);
%----- Assemble Ke into K ---------------------------------------
K=assem(Edof(1,:),K,Ke1); K=assem(Edof(2,:),K,Ke2);
K=assem(Edof(3,:),K,Ke3); K=assem(Edof(4,:),K,Ke4);
K=assem(Edof(5,:),K,Ke5); K=assem(Edof(6,:),K,Ke6);
K=assem(Edof(7,:),K,Ke7); K=assem(Edof(8,:),K,Ke8);
K=assem(Edof(9,:),K,Ke9); K=assem(Edof(10,:),K,Ke10);
%----- Solve the system of equations ----------------------------
bc= [1 0;2 0;3 0;4 0];
a=solveq(K,f,bc)
a = 0 0 0 0 0.0024 -0.0045 -0.0016
-0.0042 0.0030 -0.0107
-0.0017 -0.0113
%----- Element forces -------------------------------------------
ed1=extract(Edof(1,:),a); ed2=extract(Edof(2,:),a);
ed3=extract(Edof(3,:),a); ed4=extract(Edof(4,:),a);
ed5=extract(Edof(5,:),a); ed6=extract(Edof(6,:),a);
ed7=extract(Edof(7,:),a); ed8=extract(Edof(8,:),a);
ed9=extract(Edof(9,:),a); ed10=extract(Edof(10,:),a);
N1=bar2s(ex1,ey1,ep,ed1)
N1 = 6.2594e+005
N2=bar2s(ex2,ey2,ep,ed2)
N2 = -4.2310e+005
N3=bar2s(ex3,ey3,ep,ed3)
N3 = 1.7064e+005
N4=bar2s(ex4,ey4,ep,ed4)
N4 = -1.2373e+004
N5=bar2s(ex5,ey5,ep,ed5)
N8 = -2.4132e+005
N10 = 3.7105e+005
Hm assem() nh sau:
function [K,f]=assem(edof,K,Ke,f,fe)
% K=assem(edof,K,Ke)
% [K,f]=assem(edof,K,Ke,f,fe)
% INPUT: edof: dof topology matrix
% K : the global stiffness matrix
% Ke: element stiffness matrix
% f : the global force vector
% fe: element force vector
% OUTPUT: K : the new global stiffness matrix
% f : the new global force vector
[nie,n]=size(edof);
t=edof(:,2:n);
for i = 1:nie
K(t(i,:),t(i,:)) = K(t(i,:),t(i,:))+Ke;
if nargin==5
f(t(i,:))=f(t(i,:))+fe;
end
end

Hm solveq(K,f,bc):
 117
function [d,Q]=solveq(K,f,bc)
% a=solveq(K,f)
% [a,Q]=solveq(K,f,bc)
% INPUT: K : global stiffness matrix, dim(K)= nd x nd
% f : global load vector, dim(f)= nd x 1
% bc : boundary condition matrix
% dim(bc)= nbc x 2, nbc : number of b.c.'s
% OUTPUT: a : solution including boundary values
% Q : reaction force vector
% dim(a)=dim(Q)= nd x 1, nd : number of dof's
if nargin==2 ;
d=K\f ;
elseif nargin==3;
[nd,nd]=size(K);
fdof=[1:nd]';
%
d=zeros(size(fdof));
Q=zeros(size(fdof));
%
pdof=bc(:,1);
dp=bc(:,2);
fdof(pdof)=[];
%
s=K(fdof,fdof)\(f(fdof)-K(fdof,pdof)*dp);
%
d(pdof)=dp;
d(fdof)=s;
end
Q=K*d-f;
Hm extract(edof,a):
function [ed]=extract(edof,a)
% ed=extract(edof,a)
% INPUT: a: the global displacement vector
% edof: topology matrix
% OUTPUT: ed: element displacement matrix
[nie,n]=size(edof);
%
t=edof(:,2:n);
%
for i = 1:nie
ed(i,1:(n-1))=a(t(i,:))';
end

Nhng chng trnh lp ma trn [k] cc phn t khc:

function [Ke]=bar2e(ex,ey,ep)
% Ke=bar2e(ex,ey,ep)
E=ep(1); A=ep(2);
b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1) ];
L=sqrt(b'*b);
Kle=E*A/L*[ 1 -1;
-1 1];
n=b'/L; G=[ n zeros(size(n));
zeros(size(n)) n ];
Ke=G'*Kle*G;

Chng trnh tnh Ke, G cho phn t BEAM 2D

118
AL2 AL2
0 0 0 0
J 12 6L 0
J
12 6 L

EJ 4 L2 0 6 L 2 L2
[k ] = 3
L AL2
0 0
J
DX 12 6 L

4 L2

function [Ke,fe]=beam2e(ex,ey,ep,eq);
% Ke=beam2e(ex,ey,ep)
% [Ke,fe]=beam2e(ex,ey,ep,eq)
----------------------
b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1) ];
L=sqrt(b'*b); n=b/L;
E=ep(1); A=ep(2); I=ep(3);
qx=0; qy=0; if nargin>3; qx=eq(1); qy=eq(2); end
Kle=[E*A/L 0 0 -E*A/L 0 0 ;
0 12*E*I/L^3 6*E*I/L^2 0 -12*E*I/L^3 6*E*I/L^2;
0 6*E*I/L^2 4*E*I/L 0 -6*E*I/L^2 2*E*I/L;
-E*A/L 0 0 E*A/L 0 0 ;
0 -12*E*I/L^3 -6*E*I/L^2 0 12*E*I/L^3 -6*E*I/L^2;
0 6*E*I/L^2 2*E*I/L 0 -6*E*I/L^2 4*E*I/L];
fle=L*[qx/2 qy/2 qy*L/12 qx/2 qy/2 -qy*L/12]';
G=[n(1) n(2) 0 0 0 0;
-n(2) n(1) 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 n(1) n(2) 0;
0 0 0 -n(2) n(1) 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1];
Ke=G'*Kle*G; fe=G'*fle;

Th tc BEAM2t dng cho dm Timoshenko

Hnh 3.62. Dm Timoshenko

Cng thc tnh ma trn [k]:
 119
AE AE
L 0 0 0 0
L
12 EJ 6 EJ 12 EJ 6 EJ
0
L (1 + )
3
L (1 + )
2
L (1 + )
3
L2 (1 + )
4 EJ (1 + / 2 ) 6 EJ 2 EJ (1 / 2 )
0 2
L(1 + ) L (1 + ) L(1 + )
[k ] = AE
0 0
L
12 EJ 6 EJ
DX 2
L (1 + )
3
L (1 + )
4 EJ (1 + / 2)

L(1 + )
12 EJ
vi =
L2 GAk s
function [Ke,fe]=beam2t(ex,ey,ep,eq)
% function [Ke,fe]=beam2t(ex,ey,ep,eq)
% ep = [E G A I ks ] element properties,
% E: Young's modulus
% G: shear modulus
% A: Cross section area
% I: Moment of inertia
% ks: shear correction factor
if nargin==3; eq=[0 0]; end
b=[ex(2)-ex(1);ey(2)-ey(1)];
L=sqrt(b'*b); n=b/L;
E=ep(1);
Gm=ep(2);
A=ep(3);
I=ep(4);
ks=ep(5);
%
m=(12/L^2)*(E*I/(Gm*A*ks));
%
Kle=E/(1+m)*[A*(1+m)/L 0 0 -A*(1+m)/L 0 0;
0 12*I/L^3 6*I/L^2 0 -12*I/L^3 6*I/L^2;
0 6*I/L^2 4*I*(1+m/4)/L 0 -6*I/L^2 2*I*(1-m/2)/L;
-A*(1+m)/L 0 0 A*(1+m)/L 0 0;
0 -12*I/L^3 -6*I/L^2 0 12*I/L^3 -6*I/L^2;
0 6*I/L^2 2*I*(1-m/2)/L 0 -6*I/L^2
4*I*(1+m/4)/L];
%
fle=L*[eq(1)/2 eq(2)/2 eq(2)*L/12 eq(1)/2 eq(2)/2 -eq(2)*L/12]';
%
G=[n(1) n(2) 0 0 0 0;
-n(2) n(1) 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 n(1) n(2) 0;
0 0 0 -n(2) n(1) 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1];
%
Ke=G'*Kle*G; fe=G'*fle;
120
Chng trnh tnh [k] trong h ta ring, k hiu Ke, v ma trn chuyn k hiu G vi tn
gi Beam2w dng cho dm trn nn n hi. Trong cng thc tnh ma trn cng h s ti nn n hi
theo hng php tuyn k hiu kt, theo hng dc trc k hiu ka.
Ma trn cng th nht dm trn nn n hi vi h s nn n hi kt v ka, k hiu [k se ]
c vit nh sau:
140k a 0 0 70k a 0 0

156k t 22k t L 0 54k t 13k t L
L
2
13k t L 3k t L2
[k ]
e
s =
420
4L 0
140k a 0 0

DX 156k t 22k t L

4k t L2

Ma trn cng ca dm trn nn l tng ca [k], thnh phn th nht nh tnh ti beam2e
( [ ])
cng [kse] nh ang cp. Cng thc xc nh Ke - ma trn cng dm trn nn n hi = [k ] + k se .
function [Ke,fe]=beam2w(ex,ey,ep,eq)
% Ke=beam2w(ex,ey,ep)
% [Ke,fe]=beam2w(ex,ey,ep,eq)

b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1) ];

L=sqrt(b'*b); n=b/L;
E=ep(1); A=ep(2); I=ep(3); ka=ep(4); kt=ep(5);
qx=0; qy=0; if nargin>3; qx=eq(1); qy=eq(2); end
K1 =[E*A/L 0 0 -E*A/L 0 0 ;
0 12*E*I/L^3 6*E*I/L^2 0 -12*E*I/L^3 6*E*I/L^2;
0 6*E*I/L^2 4*E*I/L 0 -6*E*I/L^2 2*E*I/L;
-E*A/L 0 0 E*A/L 0 0 ;
0 -12*E*I/L^3 -6*E*I/L^2 0 12*E*I/L^3 -6*E*I/L^2;
0 6*E*I/L^2 2*E*I/L 0 -6*E*I/L^2 4*E*I/L];
K2=L/420*[140*ka 0 0 70*ka 0 0 ;
0 156*kt 22*kt*L 0 54*kt -13*kt*L ;
0 22*kt*L 4*kt*L^2 0 13*kt*L -3*kt*L^2;
70*ka 0 0 140*ka 0 0 ;
0 54*kt 13*kt*L 0 156*kt -22*kt*L ;
0 -13*kt*L -3*kt*L^2 0 -22*kt*L 4*kt*L^2];
Kle=K1+K2;
fle=L*[qx/2 qy/2 qy*L/12 qx/2 qy/2 -qy*L/12]';
G=[n(1) n(2) 0 0 0 0;
-n(2) n(1) 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 n(1) n(2) 0;
0 0 0 -n(2) n(1) 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1];
Ke=G'*Kle*G; fe=G'*fle;
Nhng hm gip xc nh lc v chuyn v trong h ta cc b gn lin phn t i theo ba
hm trn c tn tng ng beam2s, beam2ts, beam2ws gii thiu tip di y.
D liu u ra ca beam2s v beam2ts: es = [N V M]; edi = [u v], ca hm beam2ws l
N V1 M 1
es = 1 .
N 2 V2 M 2
Hm beam2s
% es=beam2s(ex,ey,ep,ed)
 121
% es=beam2s(ex,ey,ep,ed,eq)
% [es,edi,eci]=beam2s(ex,ey,ep,ed,eq,n)
EA=ep(1)*ep(2); EI=ep(1)*ep(3);
b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1) ];
L=sqrt(b'*b);
if length(ed(:,1)) > 1
disp('Only one row is allowed in the ed matrix !!!')
return
end
qx=0; qy=0; if nargin>4; qx=eq(1); qy=eq(2); end
ne=2; if nargin>5; ne=n; end;
C=[0 0 0 1 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1;
0 0 0 0 1 0;
L 0 0 1 0 0;
0 L^3 L^2 0 L 1;
0 3*L^2 2*L 0 1 0];
n=b/L;
G=[n(1) n(2) 0 0 0 0;
-n(2) n(1) 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 n(1) n(2) 0;
0 0 0 -n(2) n(1) 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1];
M=inv(C)*(G*ed'-[0 0 0 -qx*L^2/(2*EA) qy*L^4/(24*EI) qy*L^3/(6*EI)]' );
A=[M(1) M(4)]'; B=[M(2) M(3) M(5) M(6)]';
x=[0:L/(ne-1):L]'; zero=zeros(size(x)); one=ones(size(x));
u=[x one]*A-(x.^2)*qx/(2*EA);
du=[one zero]*A-x*qx/EA;
v=[x.^3 x.^2 x one]*B+(x.^4)*qy/(24*EI);
% dv=[3*x.^2 2*x one zero]*B+(x.^3)*qy/(6*EI);
d2v=[6*x 2*one zero zero]*B+(x.^2)*qy/(2*EI);
d3v=[6*one zero zero zero]*B+x*qy/EI;

N=EA*du; M=EI*d2v; V=-EI*d3v;

es=[N V M];
edi=[u v];
eci=x;
Ham beam2ts
function [es,edi,eci]=beam2ts(ex,ey,ep,ed,eq,n)
% [es,edi,eci]=beam2ts(ex,ey,ep,ed,eq,n)
if nargin==5; n=2; end;
if nargin==4; n=2; eq=[0 0]; end;
ne=n;
%
EA=ep(1)*ep(3);
EI=ep(1)*ep(4);
GAK=ep(2)*ep(3)*ep(5);
alfa=EI/GAK;
%
b=[ex(2)-ex(1);ey(2)-ey(1)];
L=sqrt(b'*b); n=b/L;
%
qx=eq(1);qy=eq(2);
%
C=[0 0 0 1 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1;
0 6*alfa 0 0 1 0;
L 0 0 1 0 0;
122
0 L^3 L^2 0 L 1;
0 3*(L^2+2*alfa) 2*L 0 1 0];
%
G=[n(1) n(2) 0 0 0 0;
-n(2) n(1) 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 n(1) n(2) 0;
0 0 0 -n(2) n(1) 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1];
%
M=inv(C)*(G*ed'-[0 0 0 -qx*L^2/(2*EA) qy*L^4/(24*EI)-qy*L^2/(2*GAK)
qy*L^3/(6*EI)]' );
C2=[M(1) M(4)]';
C4=[M(2) M(3) M(5) M(6)]';
%
x(1:ne,1)=[0:(L/(ne-1)):L]';
%
one=ones(size(x));
zero=zeros(size(x));
%
u=[x one]*C2-qx/(2*EA)*x.^2;
du=[one zero]*C2-qx*x/EA;
%
v=[x.^3 x.^2 x one]*C4+qy/(24*EI)*(x.^4)-qy/(2*GAK)*(x.^2);
dv=[3*x.^2 2*x one zero]*C4+qy*(x.^3)/(6*EI)-qy*x/GAK;
%
teta=[3*(x.^2+2*alfa*one) 2*x one zero]*C4+qy*(x.^3)/(6*EI);
dteta=[6*x 2*one zero zero]*C4+qy*(x.^2)/(2*EI);
%
N=EA*du;
M=EI*dteta;
V=GAK*(dv-teta);
%
es=[N V M];
edi=[u v teta];
eci=[x];
Ham beam2ws
function es=beam2ws(ex,ey,ep,ed,eq)
% es=beam2ws(ex,ey,ep,ed,eq)
if length(ed(:,1)) > 1
disp('Only one row is allowed in the ed matrix !!!')
return
end

b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1) ];

L=sqrt(b'*b); n=b/L;

if nargin==4; qx=0; qy=0; end

if nargin==5; qx=eq(1); qy=eq(2); end

E=ep(1); A=ep(2); I=ep(3); ka=ep(4); kt=ep(5);

K1=[ E*A/L 0 0 -E*A/L 0 0 ;
0 12*E*I/L^3 6*E*I/L^2 0 -12*E*I/L^3 6*E*I/L^2;
0 6*E*I/L^2 4*E*I/L 0 -6*E*I/L^2 2*E*I/L ;
-E*A/L 0 0 E*A/L 0 0 ;
0 -12*E*I/L^3 -6*E*I/L^2 0 12*E*I/L^3 -6*E*I/L^2;
0 6*E*I/L^2 2*E*I/L 0 -6*E*I/L^2 4*E*I/L ];
K2=L/420*[140*ka 0 0 70*ka 0 0 ;
0 156*kt 22*kt*L 0 54*kt -13*kt*L ;
 123
0 22*kt*L 4*kt*L^2 0 13*kt*L -3*kt*L^2;
70*ka 0 0 140*ka 0 0 ;
0 54*kt 13*kt*L 0 156*kt -22*kt*L ;
0 -13*kt*L -3*kt*L^2 0 -22*kt*L 4*kt*L^2];
Kle=K1+K2;
fle=L*[qx/2 qy/2 qy*L/12 qx/2 qy/2 -qy*L/12]';
G=[n(1) n(2) 0 0 0 0;
-n(2) n(1) 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 n(1) n(2) 0;
0 0 0 -n(2) n(1) 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1];
P=(Kle*G*ed'-fle);
es=[-P(1) -P(2) -P(3)
P(4) P(5) P(6)];

V d s dng Matlab gii bi ton un dm trong khun kh phng php PTHH.

Chng trnh beam.m sau y l mt trong nhiu cch th hin.
echo on
%----- Topology -------------------------------------------------
Edof=[1 1 2 3 4 5 6;
2 4 5 6 7 8 9;
3 7 8 9 10 11 12];
%----- Stiffness matrix K and load vector f ---------------------
K=zeros(12); f=zeros(12,1); f(5)=-10000;
%----- Element stiffness matrices ------------------------------
E=2.1e11; A=45.3e-4; I=2510e-8; ep=[E A I];
ex=[0 3]; ey=[0 0];
Ke=beam2e(ex,ey,ep)
%----- Assemble Ke into K ---------------------------------------
K=assem(Edof,K,Ke);
%----- Solve the system of equations and compute reactions ------
bc=[1 0; 2 0; 11 0]; [a,Q]=solveq(K,f,bc);
%----- Section forces ------------------------------------------- 75kN/m
Ed=extract(Edof,a);
es1=beam2s(ex,ey,ep,Ed(1,:));
es2=beam2s(ex,ey,ep,Ed(2,:)); 1kN
A2 I2 E2 C
es3=beam2s(ex,ey,ep,Ed(3,:));
%----- Results ----------------Hnh 8----------------------------
a ; Q; es1; es2; es3
%------------------------ end -----------------------------------
4m

A1 A1
echo off I1 I1
es1=beam2s(ex1,ey1,ep1,Ed(1,:),eq1, 20) E1 E1

es1 = 1.0e+05 *
-2,2467 0,1513 0,1981
-2,2467 0,1513 0,1662
. .
6m
-2,2467 0,1513 -0,4070
Hnh 3.63
Chng trnh BEAM3e cho phn t BEAM 3D.
Input: 6
4
2
8
5
ex = [ x1 x2] ; ey = [ y1 y2] ; ez = [ z1 z2] ; 9

eo - cosin gia h cc b v chung

ep = [E G A Iy Iz Kv],
1 3
vi Kv - cng xon St Venant.
function [Ke,fe]=beam3e(ex,ey,ez,eo,ep,eq)
11
3 1 10
12
2
124
% Ke=beam3e(ex,ey,ez,eo,ep)
% [Ke,fe]=beam3e(ex,ey,ez,eo,ep,eq)
% E: Young's modulus
% G: Shear modulus
% A: Cross section area
% Iy: moment of inertia,local y-axis
% Iz: moment of inertia,local z-axis
% Kv: Saint-Venant's torsion constant
b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1); ez(2)-ez(1) ];
L=sqrt(b'*b); n1=b/L;
lc=sqrt(eo*eo'); n3=eo/lc;
if nargin==5; eq=[0 0 0 0]; end
qx=eq(1); qy=eq(2); qz=eq(3); qw=eq(4);
E=ep(1); Gs=ep(2);
A=ep(3);
Iy=ep(4); Iz=ep(5);
Kv=ep(6);
a=E*A/L ; b=12*E*Iz/L^3 ; c=6*E*Iz/L^2;
d=12*E*Iy/L^3 ; e=6*E*Iy/L^2 ; f=Gs*Kv/L;
g=2*E*Iy/L ; h=2*E*Iz/L ;
Kle=[ a 0 0 0 0 0 -a 0 0 0 0 0 ;
0 b 0 0 0 c 0 -b 0 0 0 c ;
0 0 d 0 -e 0 0 0 -d 0 -e 0 ;
0 0 0 f 0 0 0 0 0 -f 0 0 ;
0 0 -e 0 2*g 0 0 0 e 0 g 0 ;
0 c 0 0 0 2*h 0 -c 0 0 0 h ;
-a 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 ;
0 -b 0 0 0 -c 0 b 0 0 0 -c ;
0 0 -d 0 e 0 0 0 d 0 e 0 ;
0 0 0 -f 0 0 0 0 0 f 0 0 ;
0 0 -e 0 g 0 0 0 e 0 2*g 0 ;
0 c 0 0 0 h 0 -c 0 0 0 2*h];
fle=L/2*[qx qy qz qw -1/6*qz*L 1/6*qy*L qx qy qz qw 1/6*qz*L -1/6*qy*L]';
n2(1)=n3(2)*n1(3)-n3(3)*n1(2);
n2(2)=-n1(3)*n3(1)+n1(1)*n3(3);
n2(3)=n3(1)*n1(2)-n1(1)*n3(2);
An=[n1';
n2;
n3];
G=[ An zeros(3) zeros(3) zeros(3);
zeros(3) An zeros(3) zeros(3);
zeros(3) zeros(3) An zeros(3);
zeros(3) zeros(3) zeros(3) An ];
Ke1=G'*Kle*G; fe1=G'*fle;
%----------------------------------------------------------
if nargout==0
disp('Element stiffness matrix: ');
disp(Ke1);
if nargin==6
disp('Element load vector: ');
disp(fe1);
end
return
end
Ke=Ke1;
if nargin==6 fe=fe1; end
Tnh ton lc v chuyn v ti mt ct dm, trong h ta cc b thc hin nh hm beam3s .
function [es,edi,eci]=beam3s(ex,ey,ez,eo,ep,ed,eq,n)
 125
% es=beam3s(ex,ey,ez,eo,ep,ed)
% es=beam3s(ex,ey,ez,eo,ep,ed,eq)
% [es,edi,eci]=beam3s(ex,ey,ez,eo,ep,ed,eq,n)
% INPUT: ex = [x1 x2]
% ey = [y1 y2]
% ez = [z1 z2] node coordinates
% eo = [xz yz zz] orientation of local z-axis
% ep = [E G A Iy Iz Kv] element properties:
% E = Young's modulus
% G = Shear modulus
% A = the cross section area
% Iy= the moment of inertia, local y-axis
% Iz= the moment of inertia, local z-axis
% Kv= Saint-Venant's torsion constant
%
%
% eq = [qx qy qz qw] the distributed axial, transversal and
% torsional loads
%
% OUTPUT:
%
% es = [N1 Vy1 Vz1 T1 My1 Mz1; section forces in n points
% N2 Vy2 Vz2 T2 My2 Mz2; along the local x-axis
% .. ... ... .. ... ...;
% Nn Vyn Vzn Tn Myn Mzn]
%
% edi = [u1 v1 w1 fi1; displacements in n points
% u2 v2 w2 fi2; along the local x-axis
% .. .. .. ...;
% un vn wn fin]
if nargin<=7 n=2; end;
if nargin>6
qx=eq(1); qy=eq(2); qz=eq(3); qw=eq(4);
else
qx=0;qy=0;qz=0;qw=0;
end
%
b=[ ex(2)-ex(1); ey(2)-ey(1); ez(2)-ez(1) ];
L=sqrt(b'*b);n1=b/L;
%
lc=sqrt(eo*eo');n3=eo/lc;
%
EIy=ep(1)*ep(4); EIz=ep(1)*ep(5);
EA=ep(1)*ep(3); GKv=ep(2)*ep(6);
%
n2(1)=n3(2)*n1(3)-n3(3)*n1(2);
n2(2)=-n1(3)*n3(1)+n1(1)*n3(3);
n2(3)=n3(1)*n1(2)-n1(1)*n3(2);
%
An=[n1';
n2;
n3];
%
G=[ An zeros(3) zeros(3) zeros(3);
zeros(3) An zeros(3) zeros(3);
zeros(3) zeros(3) An zeros(3);
zeros(3) zeros(3) zeros(3) An ];
%
u=G*ed' - [0; % u is the local element dis-
126
0; % placement vector minus the
0; % particular solution to the
0; % beam's diff.eq:s
0;
0;
-qx*L^2/2/EA;
qy*L^4/24/EIz;
qz*L^4/24/EIy;
-qw*L^2/2/GKv;
-qz*L^3/6/EIy;
qy*L^3/6/EIz];
%
C=[0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1;
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 L^3 L^2 L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 L^3 L^2 L 1 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 1;
0 0 0 0 0 0 -3*L^2 -2*L -1 0 0 0;
0 0 3*L^2 2*L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];
m=inv(C)*u;
for i=1:n
eci(i,1)=((i-1)*L/(n-1))';
x=eci(i,1);
es(i,:)=([EA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 -6*EIz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 -6*EIy 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GKv 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 -6*EIy*x -2*EIy 0 0 0 0;
0 0 6*EIz*x 2*EIz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;]*m + [-qx*x;
-qy*x;
-qz*x;
-qw*x;
-qz*x^2/2;
qy*x^2/2])';
edi(i,:)=([x 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 x^3 x^2 x 1 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 x^3 x^2 x 1 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 1]*m + [-qx*x^2/2/EA;
qy*x^4/24/EIz;
qz*x^4/24/EIy;
-qw*x^2/2/GKv])';
end;

Hm planre gip xc nh ma trn [k], k hiu Ke v vector lc fe phn t bn cnh trong bi ton
phng.
function [Ke,fe]=planre(ex,ey,ep,D,eq)
% Ke=planre(ex,ey,ep,D)
% [Ke,fe]=planre(ex,ey,ep,D,eq)
% OUTPUT: Ke : element stiffness matrix (8 x 8)
% fe : equivalent nodal forces (8 x 1)
ptype=ep(1);
t=ep(2);
 127
bx=0 ; by=0 ;
if nargin==5; bx=eq(1) ; by=eq(2) ; end

Ke=zeros(8);
a=(ex(2)-ex(1))/2; b=(ey(2)-ey(1))/2;

xgp=[-1 1 1 -1]/sqrt(3);
ygp=[-1 -1 1 1]/sqrt(3);

%--------- plane stress --------

if ptype==1

colD=size(D,2);
if colD>3
Cm=inv(D);
Dm=inv(Cm([1 2 4],[1 2 4]));
else
Dm=D;
end

for i=1:4
x=xgp(i)*a; y=ygp(i)*b;

B=[-(b-y) 0 b-y 0 b+y 0 -(b+y) 0 ;

0 -(a-x) 0 -(a+x) 0 a+x 0 a-x ;
-(a-x) -(b-y) -(a+x) b-y a+x b+y a-x -(b+y)]/(4*a*b);

Ke=Ke+B'*Dm*B*a*b*t;
end

fe=a*b*[bx by bx by bx by bx by]'*t;

%--------- plane strain ----------

elseif ptype==2

colD=size(D,2);
if colD>3
Dm=D([1 2 4],[1 2 4]);
else
Dm=D;
end

for i=1:4
x=xgp(i)*a; y=ygp(i)*b;

B=[-(b-y) 0 b-y 0 b+y 0 -(b+y) 0 ;

0 -(a-x) 0 -(a+x) 0 a+x 0 a-x ;
-(a-x) -(b-y) -(a+x) b-y a+x b+y a-x -(b+y)]/(4*a*b);

Ke=Ke+B'*Dm*B*a*b*t;
end

fe=a*b*[bx by bx by bx by bx by]'*t;

else
error('Error ! Check first argument, ptype=1 or 2 allowed')
return
end
128
Tnh ng sut v bin dng trong phn t nhm ny thc hin theo lnh sau:
[es, et] =planrs(ex, ey, ep, D, ed).
Thng s u vo ex, ey, ep v D xc nh ti planre. Vector ed cha chuyn v cc nt ca
phn t , tnh nh hm extract: ed = [u1 u2 . . . u8]
D liu u ra c ngha es = T v et = T.
function [es,et]=planrs(ex,ey,ep,D,ed)
% [es,et]=planrs(ex,ey,ep,D,ed)
ptype=ep(1);
t=ep(2);
rowed=size(ed,1);
rowex=size(ex,1);
%---------plane stress ---------------------------------------
if ptype==1

colD=size(D,2);
if colD>3
Cm=inv(D);
Dm=inv(Cm([1 2 4],[1 2 4]));
else
Dm=D;
end
if rowex==1 incie=0; else incie=1; end
x=0 ; y=0 ;
et=[];es=[];ie=1;
for i=1:rowed
a=(ex(ie,2)-ex(ie,1))/2 ; b=(ey(ie,2)-ey(ie,1))/2 ;
B=[-(b-y) 0 b-y 0 b+y 0 -(b+y) 0 ;
0 -(a-x) 0 -(a+x) 0 a+x 0 a-x ;
-(a-x) -(b-y) -(a+x) b-y a+x b+y a-x -(b+y)]/(4*a*b);
ee=B*ed(i,:)';
if colD>3
ss=zeros(colD,1);
ss([1 2 4])=Dm*ee;
ee=Cm*ss;
else
ss=Dm*ee;
end
et=[et; ee'];
es=[es; (D*ee)'];
ie=ie+incie;
end
%--------- plane strain --------------------------------------
elseif ptype==2
colD=size(D,2);
if rowex==1 incie=0; else incie=1; end
x=0 ; y=0 ;
et=[];es=[];ie=1;ee=zeros(colD,1);
for i=1:rowed

a=(ex(i,2)-ex(i,1))/2 ; b=(ey(i,2)-ey(i,1))/2 ;

B=[-(b-y) 0 b-y 0 b+y 0 -(b+y) 0 ;

0 -(a-x) 0 -(a+x) 0 a+x 0 a-x ;
-(a-x) -(b-y) -(a+x) b-y a+x b+y a-x -(b+y)]/(4*a*b);

e=B*ed(i,:)';
if colD>3 ee([1 2 4])=e; else ee=e; end
 129

et=[et; ee'];
es=[es; (D*ee)'];
end

else
error('Error ! Check first argument, ptype=1 or 2 allowed')
return
end

Hm plani4e gip xc nh ma trn [k], k hiu Ke v vector lc fe phn t bn cnh trong bi

ton phng. Qui c rng nu ngi dng ghi ptype = 1 chng ta s xem xt bi ton trng thi ng
sut phng, cn ptype = 2 s bn n trng thi bin dng phng. Gi tr ca ptype ng k ti vector
ep = [ptype t n]. To xi, i=1,2,3,4 , yi, i=1,2,3,4 ghi ti ex[]v ey[].
function [Ke,fe]=plani4e(ex,ey,ep,D,eq)
% Ke=plani4e(ex,ey,ep,D)
% [Ke,fe]=plani4e(ex,ey,ep,D,eq)
% INPUT: ex = [x1 x2 x3 x4] element coordinates
% ey = [y1 y2 y3 y4]
%
% ep =[ptype t ir] element property
% ptype: analysis type
% ir: integration rule
% t : thickness
% D constitutive matrix
% eq = [bx; by] bx: body force in x direction
% by: body force in y direction
% OUTPUT: Ke : element stiffness matrix (8 x 8)
% fe : equivalent nodal forces (8 x 1)
ptype=ep(1); t=ep(2); ir=ep(3); ngp=ir*ir;
if nargin==4 b=zeros(2,1); else b=eq; end

%--------- gauss points --------------------------------------

if ir==1
g1=0.0; w1=2.0;
gp=[ g1 g1 ]; w=[ w1 w1 ];
elseif ir==2
g1=0.577350269189626; w1=1;
gp(:,1)=[-g1; g1;-g1; g1]; gp(:,2)=[-g1;-g1; g1; g1];
w(:,1)=[ w1; w1; w1; w1]; w(:,2)=[ w1; w1; w1; w1];
elseif ir==3
g1=0.774596669241483; g2=0.;
w1=0.555555555555555; w2=0.888888888888888;
gp(:,1)=[-g1;-g2; g1;-g1; g2; g1;-g1; g2; g1];
gp(:,2)=[-g1;-g1;-g1; g2; g2; g2; g1; g1; g1];
w(:,1)=[ w1; w2; w1; w1; w2; w1; w1; w2; w1];
w(:,2)=[ w1; w1; w1; w2; w2; w2; w1; w1; w1];
else
disp('Used number of integration points not implemented');
return
end
wp=w(:,1).*w(:,2);
xsi=gp(:,1); eta=gp(:,2); r2=ngp*2;
%--------- shape functions -----------------------------------
N(:,1)=(1-xsi).*(1-eta)/4; N(:,2)=(1+xsi).*(1-eta)/4;
N(:,3)=(1+xsi).*(1+eta)/4; N(:,4)=(1-xsi).*(1+eta)/4;

dNr(1:2:r2,1)=-(1-eta)/4; dNr(1:2:r2,2)= (1-eta)/4;

130
dNr(1:2:r2,3)= (1+eta)/4; dNr(1:2:r2,4)=-(1+eta)/4;
dNr(2:2:r2+1,1)=-(1-xsi)/4; dNr(2:2:r2+1,2)=-(1+xsi)/4;
dNr(2:2:r2+1,3)= (1+xsi)/4; dNr(2:2:r2+1,4)= (1-xsi)/4;
Ke=zeros(8,8);
fe=zeros(8,1);
JT=dNr*[ex;ey]';
%--------- plane stress --------------------------------------
if ptype==1
colD=size(D,2);
if colD>3
Cm=inv(D);
Dm=inv(Cm([1 2 4],[1 2 4]));
else
Dm=D;
end
for i=1:ngp
indx=[ 2*i-1; 2*i ];
detJ=det(JT(indx,:));
if detJ<10*eps
disp('Jacobideterminant equal or less than zero!')
end
JTinv=inv(JT(indx,:));
dNx=JTinv*dNr(indx,:);

B(1,1:2:8-1)=dNx(1,:);
B(2,2:2:8) =dNx(2,:);
B(3,1:2:8-1)=dNx(2,:);
B(3,2:2:8) =dNx(1,:);

N2(1,1:2:8-1)=N(i,:);
N2(2,2:2:8) =N(i,:);

Ke=Ke+B'*Dm*B*detJ*wp(i)*t;
fe=fe+N2'*b*detJ*wp(i)*t;
end
%--------- plane strain --------------------------------------
elseif ptype==2

colD=size(D,2);
if colD>3
Dm=D([1 2 4],[1 2 4]);
else
Dm=D;
end

for i=1:ngp
indx=[ 2*i-1; 2*i ];
detJ=det(JT(indx,:));
if detJ<10*eps
disp('Jacobideterminant equal or less than zero!')
end
JTinv=inv(JT(indx,:));
dNx=JTinv*dNr(indx,:);

B(1,1:2:8-1)=dNx(1,:);
B(2,2:2:8) =dNx(2,:);
B(3,1:2:8-1)=dNx(2,:);
B(3,2:2:8) =dNx(1,:);
 131
N2(1,1:2:8-1)=N(i,:);
N2(2,2:2:8) =N(i,:);

Ke=Ke+B'*Dm*B*detJ*wp(i)*t;
fe=fe+N2'*b*detJ*wp(i)*t;
end

else
error('Error ! Check first argument, ptype=1 or 2 allowed')
return
end

Tnh ng sut v bin dng nh hm plani4s(ex, ey, ep, D, ed) sau y:

function [es,et,eci]=plani4s(ex,ey,ep,D,ed)
% [es,X]=plani4s(ex,ey,ep,D,ed)
% INPUT: ex = [x1 x2 x3 x4] element coordinates
% ey = [y1 y2 y3 y4]
% ep = [ptype t ir ] ptype: analysis type
% ir: integration rule
% t : thickness It: integration rule
% D constitutive matrix
% ed = [u1 u2 ..u8; element displacement vector
% ..........] one row for each element
ptype=ep(1); t=ep(2); ir=ep(3); ngp=ir*ir;
%--------- gauss points --------------------------------------
if ir==1
g1=0.0; w1=2.0;
gp=[ g1 g1 ]; w=[ w1 w1 ];
elseif ir==2
g1=0.577350269189626; w1=1;
gp(:,1)=[-g1; g1;-g1; g1]; gp(:,2)=[-g1;-g1; g1; g1];
w(:,1)=[ w1; w1; w1; w1]; w(:,2)=[ w1; w1; w1; w1];
elseif ir==3
g1=0.774596669241483; g2=0.;
w1=0.555555555555555; w2=0.888888888888888;
gp(:,1)=[-g1;-g2; g1;-g1; g2; g1;-g1; g2; g1];
gp(:,2)=[-g1;-g1;-g1; g2; g2; g2; g1; g1; g1];
w(:,1)=[ w1; w2; w1; w1; w2; w1; w1; w2; w1];
w(:,2)=[ w1; w1; w1; w2; w2; w2; w1; w1; w1];
else
disp('Used number of integration points not implemented');
return
end
wp=w(:,1).*w(:,2);
xsi=gp(:,1); eta=gp(:,2); r2=ngp*2;

%--------- shape functions -----------------------------------

N(:,1)=(1-xsi).*(1-eta)/4; N(:,2)=(1+xsi).*(1-eta)/4;
N(:,3)=(1+xsi).*(1+eta)/4; N(:,4)=(1-xsi).*(1+eta)/4;

dNr(1:2:r2,1)=-(1-eta)/4; dNr(1:2:r2,2)= (1-eta)/4;

dNr(1:2:r2,3)= (1+eta)/4; dNr(1:2:r2,4)=-(1+eta)/4;
dNr(2:2:r2+1,1)=-(1-xsi)/4; dNr(2:2:r2+1,2)=-(1+xsi)/4;
dNr(2:2:r2+1,3)= (1+xsi)/4; dNr(2:2:r2+1,4)= (1-xsi)/4;

%--------- plane stress --------------------------------------

if ptype==1

rowed=size(ed,1);
132
rowex=size(ex,1);
colD =size(D ,2);

if colD>3
Cm=inv(D);
Dm=inv(Cm([1 2 4],[1 2 4]));
else
Dm=D;
end

if rowex==11 incie=0; else incie=1; end

es=[]; et=[]; eci=[]; ie=1;

for ied=1:rowed
eci=[eci N*[ex(ie,:);ey(ie,:)]'];
JT=dNr*[ex(ie,:);ey(ie,:)]';

for i=1:ngp
indx=[ 2*i-1; 2*i ];
detJ=det(JT(indx,:));
if detJ<10*eps
disp('Jacobideterminant equal or less than zero!')
end
JTinv=inv(JT(indx,:));
dNx=JTinv*dNr(indx,:);

B(1,1:2:8-1)=dNx(1,:);
B(2,2:2:8) =dNx(2,:);
B(3,1:2:8-1)=dNx(2,:);
B(3,2:2:8) =dNx(1,:);

ee=B*ed(ied,:)';
if colD>3
ss=zeros(colD,1);
ss([1 2 4])=Dm*ee;
ee=Cm*ss;
else
ss=Dm*ee;
end

et=[et; ee'];
es=[es; ss'];
end

ie=ie+incie;
end

%--------- plane stress --------------------------------------

elseif ptype==2

rowed=size(ed,1);
rowex=size(ex,1);
colD =size(D ,2);

if rowex==11 incie=0; else incie=1; end

es=[]; et=[]; eci=[]; ie=1; ee=zeros(colD,1);

for ied=1:rowed
eci=[eci N*[ex(ie,:);ey(ie,:)]'];
 133
JT=dNr*[ex(ie,:);ey(ie,:)]';

for i=1:ngp
indx=[ 2*i-1; 2*i ];
detJ=det(JT(indx,:));
if detJ<10*eps
disp('Jacobideterminant equal or less than zero!')
end
JTinv=inv(JT(indx,:));
dNx=JTinv*dNr(indx,:);

B(1,1:2:8-1)=dNx(1,:);
B(2,2:2:8) =dNx(2,:);
B(3,1:2:8-1)=dNx(2,:);
B(3,2:2:8) =dNx(1,:);

e=B*ed(ied,:)';
if colD>3 ee([1 2 4])=e; else ee=e; end

et=[et; ee'];
es=[es; (D*ee)'];
end

ie=ie+incie;
end

else
error('Error ! Check first argument, ptype=1 or 2 allowed')
return
end
Hm plante gip xc nh ma trn [k], k hiu Ke v vector lc fe phn t bn cnh trong bi
ton phng. Qui c rng nu ngi dng ghi ptype = 1 chng ta s xem xt bi ton trng thi ng
sut phng, cn ptype = 2 s bn n trng thi bin dng phng. Gi tr ca ptype ng k ti vector
ep = [ptype t ]. To xi, i=1,2,3 , yi, i=1,2,3 ghi ti ex[]v ey[].
function [Ke,fe]=plante(ex,ey,ep,D,eq)
% Ke=plante(ex,ey,ep,D)
% [Ke,fe]=plante(ex,ey,ep,D,eq)

ptype=ep(1);
t=ep(2);

bx=0.; by=0.; if nargin==5; bx=eq(1); by=eq(2); end

C=[ 1 ex(1) ey(1) 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 ex(1) ey(1)
1 ex(2) ey(2) 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 ex(2) ey(2)
1 ex(3) ey(3) 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 ex(3) ey(3)];

A=1/2*det([ones(3,1) ex' ey']);

%--------- plane stress --------------------------------------

if ptype==1
B=[0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
134
0 0 1 0 1 0]*inv(C);

colD=size(D,2);
if colD>3
Cm=inv(D);
Dm=inv(Cm([1 2 4],[1 2 4]));
else
Dm=D;
end

Ke=B'*Dm*B*A*t;
fe=A/3*[bx by bx by bx by]'*t;

%--------- plane strain --------------------------------------

elseif ptype==2
B=[0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0]*inv(C);

colD=size(D,2);
if colD>3
Dm=D([1 2 4],[1 2 4]);
else
Dm=D;
end

Ke=B'*Dm*B*A*t;
fe=A/3*[bx by bx by bx by]'*t;

else
error('Error ! Check first argument, ptype=1 or 2 allowed')
return
end
Tnh ng sut v bin dng trong phn t tam gic nh hm plants(ex,ey,ep,D,ed).
function [es,et]=plants(ex,ey,ep,D,ed)
% [es,et]=plants(ex,ey,ep,D,ed)
ptype=ep(1);

rowed=size(ed,1);
rowex=size(ex,1);

%--------- plane stress --------------------------------------

if ptype==1

colD=size(D,2);
if colD>3
Cm=inv(D);
Dm=inv(Cm([1 2 4],[1 2 4]));
else
Dm=D;
end

if rowex==1 incie=0; else incie=1; end

et=[];es=[];ie=1;
for i=1:rowed

C=[ 1 ex(ie,1) ey(ie,1) 0 0 0

 135
0 0 0 1 ex(ie,1) ey(ie,1)
1 ex(ie,2) ey(ie,2) 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 ex(ie,2) ey(ie,2)
1 ex(ie,3) ey(ie,3) 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 ex(ie,3) ey(ie,3)];

B=[0 1 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1;
0 0 1 0 1 0]*inv(C);

ee=B*ed(i,:)';
if colD>3
ss=zeros(colD,1);
ss([1 2 4])=Dm*ee;
ee=Cm*ss;
else
ss=Dm*ee;
end

et=[et;ee'];
es=[es;ss'];

ie=ie+incie;
end

%--------- plane strain --------------------------------------

elseif ptype==2
colD=size(D,2);
if rowex==1 incie=0; else incie=1; end

et=[];es=[];ie=1;ee=zeros(colD,1);
for i=1:rowed
C=[ 1 ex(ie,1) ey(ie,1) 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 ex(ie,1) ey(ie,1)
1 ex(ie,2) ey(ie,2) 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 ex(ie,2) ey(ie,2)
1 ex(ie,3) ey(ie,3) 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 ex(ie,3) ey(ie,3)];
B=[0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0]*inv(C);
e=B*ed(i,:)';
if colD>3 ee([1 2 4])=e; else ee=e; end

et=[et;ee'];
es=[es;(D*ee)'];

ie=ie+incie;
end

else
error('Error ! Check first argument, ptype=1 or 2 allowed')
return
end

Tm mng hnh ch nht, cnh axb, 12 bc t do.

[k] = {[C]-1 }T ( [Q]T [D] [Q] dxdy ) [C]-1.
136
Vector lc:
{pe} = { -[C]-1 }T [P]T pdxdy.
Ma trn C:
1 a b a 2 ab b2 a3 a 2 b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2ab 3b 2 a3 3ab 3
0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 2 2ab b 2 0 3a 2 b b3

1 a b a ab b 2 a 2 b ab 2 b 3 a 3 b ab 3
2
a3
0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2ab 3b 2 a3 3ab 3

0 1 0 2a b 0 3a 3 2ab b2 0 3a 2 b b3
C=
1 a b a2 ab b2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2ab 3b 2 a3 3ab 3

0 1 0 2 a b 0 3a 3 2ab b 2 0 3a 2 b b 3
1 a b a 2 ab b 2 a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 a 3 b ab 3

0 0 1 0 a 2b 0 a2 2ab 3b 2 a3 3ab 3
0 1 0
2a b 0 3a 3 2ab b2 0 3a 2 b b 3

0 0 0 2 0 0 6 x 2 y 0 0 6 xy 0

[Q] = 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2x 6 y 0 6 xy
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4x 4y 0 6x 2 6 y 2

function [Ke,fe]=platre(ex,ey,ep,D,eq)
% Ke=platre(ex,ey,ep,D)
% [Ke,fe]=platre(ex,ey,ep,D,eq)
Lx=ex(3)-ex(1); Ly=ey(3)-ey(1); t=ep(1,1);
%
D=t^3/12*D;
%
A1=Ly/(Lx^3); A2=Lx/(Ly^3); A3=1/Lx/Ly;
A4=Ly/(Lx^2); A5=Lx/(Ly^2); A6=1/Lx;
A7=1/Ly; A8=Ly/Lx; A9=Lx/Ly;
%
C1= 4*A1*D(1,1)+4*A2*D(2,2)+2*A3*D(1,2)+5.6*A3*D(3,3);
C2=-4*A1*D(1,1)+2*A2*D(2,2)-2*A3*D(1,2)-5.6*A3*D(3,3);
C3= 2*A1*D(1,1)-4*A2*D(2,2)-2*A3*D(1,2)-5.6*A3*D(3,3);
C4=-2*A1*D(1,1)-2*A2*D(2,2)+2*A3*D(1,2)+5.6*A3*D(3,3);
C5=2*A5*D(2,2)+A6*D(1,2)+0.4*A6*D(3,3);
C6=2*A4*D(1,1)+A7*D(1,2)+0.4*A7*D(3,3);

C7=2*A5*D(2,2)+0.4*A6*D(3,3);
C8=2*A4*D(1,1)+0.4*A7*D(3,3);
C9= A5*D(2,2)-A6*D(1,2)-0.4*A6*D(3,3);
C10=A4*D(1,1)-A7*D(1,2)-0.4*A7*D(3,3);
C11=A5*D(2,2)-0.4*A6*D(3,3);
C12=A4*D(1,1)-0.4*A7*D(3,3);

C13=4/3*A9*D(2,2)+8/15*A8*D(3,3);
C14=4/3*A8*D(1,1)+8/15*A9*D(3,3);
C15=2/3*A9*D(2,2)-8/15*A8*D(3,3);
 137
C16=2/3*A8*D(1,1)-8/15*A9*D(3,3);
C17=2/3*A9*D(2,2)-2/15*A8*D(3,3);
C18=2/3*A8*D(1,1)-2/15*A9*D(3,3);
C19=1/3*A9*D(2,2)+2/15*A8*D(3,3);
C20=1/3*A8*D(1,1)+2/15*A9*D(3,3);
C21=D(1,2);
%
Keq=zeros(12,12);
Keq(1,1:12)=[C1 C5 -C6 C2 C9 -C8 C4 C11 -C12 C3 C7 -C10];
Keq(2,2:12)=[C13 -C21 C9 C15 0 -C11 C19 0 -C7 C17 0];
Keq(3,3:12)=[C14 C8 0 C18 C12 0 C20 -C10 0 C16];
Keq(4,4:12)=[C1 C5 C6 C3 C7 C10 C4 C11 C12];
Keq(5,5:12)=[C13 C21 -C7 C17 0 -C11 C19 0];
Keq(6,6:12)=[C14 C10 0 C16 -C12 0 C20];
Keq(7,7:12)=[C1 -C5 C6 C2 -C9 C8];
Keq(8,8:12)=[C13 -C21 -C9 C15 0];
Keq(9,9:12)=[C14 -C8 0 C18];
Keq(10,10:12)=[C1 -C5 -C6];
Keq(11,11:12)=[C13 C21];
Keq(12,12)=[C14];
Keq=Keq'+Keq-diag(diag(Keq));
%
if nargin==5
R1=eq*Lx*Ly/4;
R2=eq*Lx*Ly^2/24;
R3=eq*Ly*Lx^2/24;
%
feq(:,1)=[R1 R2 -R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 -R2 R3 R1 -R2 -R3]';
end
Ke=Keq; fe=feq;
Tnh ng sut v bin dng qua hm platrs(ex,ey,ep,D,ed). Vector ep = [t], ghi chiu dy tm.
Vector chuyn v nt ghi vo hm extract:
ed = [u1 u2 . . . u12];
Kt qu tnh ghi vo ma trn:
es = [M V ]; et = T.
function [es,et]=platrs(ex,ey,ep,D,ed)
% [es,et]=platrs(ex,ey,ep,D,ed)
Lx=ex(3)-ex(1); Ly=ey(3)-ey(1);t=ep(1,1);
%
D=t^3/12*D;
%
A1=D(2,2)/2/Ly;
A2=D(1,1)/2/Lx;
A3=D(1,2)/2/Ly;
A4=D(1,2)/2/Lx;
A5=D(3,3)/2/Ly;
A6=D(3,3)/2/Lx;
A7=4*D(3,3)/Lx/Ly;

B1=6*D(2,2)/Ly/Ly/Ly;
B2=6*D(1,1)/Lx/Lx/Lx;
B3=-3*D(2,2)/Ly/Ly;
B4=3*D(1,1)/Lx/Lx;
B5=D(1,2)/Lx/Ly;
%
mx=A3*(-ed(:,2)-ed(:,5)+ed(:,8)+ed(:,11))+A2*(ed(:,3)-ed(:,6)-ed(:,9)+ed(:,12));
138
my=A1*(-ed(:,2)-ed(:,5)+ed(:,8)+ed(:,11))+A4*(ed(:,3)-ed(:,6)-ed(:,9)+ed(:,12));
mxy=A6*(ed(:,2)-ed(:,5)-ed(:,8)+ed(:,11))+A5*(-ed(:,3)-
ed(:,6)+ed(:,9)+ed(:,12))...
+A7*(ed(:,1)-ed(:,4)+ed(:,7)-ed(:,10));

m1=0.5.*(mx+my)+sqrt(0.25.*(mx-my).^2+mxy.^2);
m2=0.5.*(mx+my)-sqrt(0.25.*(mx-my).^2+mxy.^2);
alfa=0.5*180/pi*atan2(mxy,(mx-my)/2);

vx=B5*(-ed(:,2)+ed(:,5)-ed(:,8)+ed(:,11))+B4*(ed(:,3)+ed(:,6)+ed(:,9)+ed(:,12))...
+B2*(-ed(:,1)+ed(:,4)+ed(:,7)-ed(:,10));
vy=B3*(ed(:,2)+ed(:,5)+ed(:,8)+ed(:,11))+B5*(ed(:,3)-ed(:,6)+ed(:,9)-ed(:,12))...
+B1*(-ed(:,1)-ed(:,4)+ed(:,7)+ed(:,10));

es=[mx my mxy vx vy];

et=-inv(D)*[mx;my;mxy];
et=et';

Ma trn SOLID 8 nut, tn vin gch

function [Ke,fe]=soli8e(ex,ey,ez,ep,D,eq)
% Ke=soli8e(ex,ey,ez,ep,D)
% [Ke,fe]=soli8e(ex,ey,ez,ep,D,eq)
%-------------------------------------------------------------
% PURPOSE
% Calculate the stiffness matrix for a 8 node (brick)
% isoparametric element.
% INPUT: ex = [x1 x2 x3 ... x8]
% ey = [y1 y2 y3 ... y8] element coordinates
% ez = [z1 z2 z3 ... z8]
% ep = [ir] ir integration rule
%
% D constitutive matrix

%
% eq = [bx; by; bz] bx: body force in x direction
% by: body force in y direction
% bz: body force in z direction
% OUTPUT: Ke : element stiffness matrix
% fe : equivalent nodal forces
%-------------------------------------------------------------
ir=ep(1); ngp=ir*ir*ir;
if nargin==5 eq=zeros(3,1); end
%--------- gauss points --------------------------------------
if ir==1
g1=0.0; w1=2.0;
gp=[ g1 g1 ]; w=[ w1 w1 ];
elseif ir==2
g1=0.577350269189626; w1=1;
gp(:,1)=[-1; 1; 1;-1;-1; 1; 1;-1]*g1; w(:,1)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
gp(:,2)=[-1;-1; 1; 1;-1;-1; 1; 1]*g1; w(:,2)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
gp(:,3)=[-1;-1;-1;-1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*g1; w(:,3)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
elseif ir==3
g1=0.774596669241483; g2=0.;
w1=0.555555555555555; w2=0.888888888888888;
I1=[-1; 0; 1;-1; 0; 1;-1; 0; 1]'; I2=[ 0;-1; 0; 0; 1; 0; 0; 1; 0]';
gp(:,1)=[I1 I1 I1]'*g1; gp(:,1)=[I2 I2 I2]'*g2+gp(:,1);
I1=abs(I1); I2=abs(I2);
 139
w(:,1)=[I1 I1 I1]'*w1;
w(:,1)=[I2 I2 I2]'*w2+w(:,1);
I1=[-1;-1;-1; 0; 0; 0; 1; 1; 1]'; I2=[ 0; 0; 0; 1; 1; 1; 0; 0; 0]';
gp(:,2)=[I1 I1 I1]'*g1; gp(:,2)=[I2 I2 I2]'*g2+gp(:,2);
I1=abs(I1); I2=abs(I2);
w(:,2)=[I1 I1 I1]'*w1;
w(:,2)=[I2 I2 I2]'*w2+w(:,2);
I1=[-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1]'; I2=[ 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]';
I3=abs(I1);
gp(:,3)=[I1 I2 I3]'*g1; gp(:,3)=[I2 I3 I2]'*g2+gp(:,3);
w(:,3)=[I3 I2 I3]'*w1;
w(:,3)=[I2 I3 I2]'*w2+w(:,3);
else
disp('Used number of integration points not implemented');
return
end;

wp=w(:,1).*w(:,2).*w(:,3);
xsi=gp(:,1); eta=gp(:,2); zet=gp(:,3); r2=ngp*3;

%--------- shape functions -----------------------------------

N(:,1)=(1-xsi).*(1-eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,5)=(1-xsi).*(1-eta).*(1+zet)/8;
N(:,2)=(1+xsi).*(1-eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,6)=(1+xsi).*(1-eta).*(1+zet)/8;
N(:,3)=(1+xsi).*(1+eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,7)=(1+xsi).*(1+eta).*(1+zet)/8;
N(:,4)=(1-xsi).*(1+eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,8)=(1-xsi).*(1+eta).*(1+zet)/8;
dNr(1:3:r2,1)=-(1-eta).*(1-zet); dNr(1:3:r2,2)= (1-eta).*(1-zet);
dNr(1:3:r2,3)= (1+eta).*(1-zet); dNr(1:3:r2,4)=-(1+eta).*(1-zet);
dNr(1:3:r2,5)=-(1-eta).*(1+zet); dNr(1:3:r2,6)= (1-eta).*(1+zet);
dNr(1:3:r2,7)= (1+eta).*(1+zet); dNr(1:3:r2,8)=-(1+eta).*(1+zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,1)=-(1-xsi).*(1-zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,2)=-(1+xsi).*(1-zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,3)= (1+xsi).*(1-zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,4)= (1-xsi).*(1-zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,5)=-(1-xsi).*(1+zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,6)=-(1+xsi).*(1+zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,7)= (1+xsi).*(1+zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,8)= (1-xsi).*(1+zet);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,1)=-(1-xsi).*(1-eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,2)=-(1+xsi).*(1-eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,3)=-(1+xsi).*(1+eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,4)=-(1-xsi).*(1+eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,5)= (1-xsi).*(1-eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,6)= (1+xsi).*(1-eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,7)= (1+xsi).*(1+eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,8)= (1-xsi).*(1+eta);
dNr=dNr/8.;
Ke=zeros(24,24);
fe=zeros(24,1);
JT=dNr*[ex;ey;ez]';
%--------- three dimensional case ----------------------------
for i=1:ngp
indx=[ 3*i-2; 3*i-1; 3*i ];
detJ=det(JT(indx,:));
if detJ<10*eps
disp('Jacobideterminant equal or less than zero!')
end
JTinv=inv(JT(indx,:));
dNx=JTinv*dNr(indx,:);
B(1,1:3:24-2)=dNx(1,:);
B(2,2:3:24-1)=dNx(2,:);
B(3,3:3:24) =dNx(3,:);
B(4,1:3:24-2)=dNx(2,:);
B(4,2:3:24-1)=dNx(1,:);
B(5,1:3:24-2)=dNx(3,:);
B(5,3:3:24) =dNx(1,:);
B(6,2:3:24-1)=dNx(3,:);
B(6,3:3:24) =dNx(2,:);
140

N2(1,1:3:24-2)=N(i,:);
N2(2,2:3:24-1)=N(i,:);
N2(3,3:3:24) =N(i,:);

Ke=Ke+B'*D*B*detJ*wp(i);
fe=fe+N2'*eq*detJ*wp(i);
end
%--------------------------end--------------------------------
Hm Solid8s tnh ng sut trong phn t SOLID 8 nt.

function [es,et,eci]=soli8s(ex,ey,ez,ep,D,ed)
% [es,et,eci]=soli8s(ex,ey,ez,ep,D,ed)
%-------------------------------------------------------------
% PURPOSE
% Calculate element normal and shear stress for a
% 8 node (brick) isoparametric element.
%
% INPUT: ex = [x1 x2 x3 ... x8]
% ey = [y1 y2 y3 ... y8] element coordinates
% ez = [z1 z2 z3 ... z8]
%
% ep = [Ir] Ir: integration rule
%
% D constitutive matrix
%
% ed = [u1 u2 ..u24; element displacement vector
% ...........] one row for each element
%
% OUTPUT: es = [ sigx sigy sigz sigxy sigyz sigxz ;
% ...... ... ]
% element stress matrix, one row for each element
%-------------------------------------------------------------
ir=ep(1); ngp=ir*ir*ir;
%--------- gauss points --------------------------------------
if ir==2
g1=0.577350269189626; w1=1;
gp(:,1)=[-1; 1; 1;-1;-1; 1; 1;-1]*g1; w(:,1)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
gp(:,2)=[-1;-1; 1; 1;-1;-1; 1; 1]*g1; w(:,2)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
gp(:,3)=[-1;-1;-1;-1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*g1; w(:,3)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
elseif ir==3
g1=0.774596669241483; g2=0.;
w1=0.555555555555555; w2=0.888888888888888;

I1=[-1; 0; 1;-1; 0; 1;-1; 0; 1]'; I2=[ 0;-1; 0; 0; 1; 0; 0; 1; 0]';

gp(:,1)=[I1 I1 I1]'*g1; gp(:,1)=[I2 I2 I2]'*g2+gp(:,1);
I1=abs(I1); I2=abs(I2);
w(:,1)=[I1 I1 I1]'*w1; w(:,1)=[I2 I2 I2]'*w2+w(:,1);
I1=[-1;-1;-1; 0; 0; 0; 1; 1; 1]'; I2=[ 0; 0; 0; 1; 1; 1; 0; 0; 0]';
gp(:,2)=[I1 I1 I1]'*g1; gp(:,2)=[I2 I2 I2]'*g2+gp(:,2);
I1=abs(I1); I2=abs(I2);
w(:,2)=[I1 I1 I1]'*w1; w(:,2)=[I2 I2 I2]'*w2+w(:,2);
I1=[-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1]'; I2=[ 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]';
I3=abs(I1);
gp(:,3)=[I1 I2 I3]'*g1; gp(:,3)=[I2 I3 I2]'*g2+gp(:,3);
w(:,3)=[I3 I2 I3]'*w1; w(:,3)=[I2 I3 I2]'*w2+w(:,3);
else
disp('Used number of integration points not implemented');
return
 141
end
wp=w(:,1).*w(:,2).*w(:,3);
xsi=gp(:,1); eta=gp(:,2); zet=gp(:,3); r2=ngp*3;
%--------- shape functions -----------------------------------
N(:,1)=(1-xsi).*(1-eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,5)=(1-xsi).*(1-eta).*(1+zet)/8;
N(:,2)=(1+xsi).*(1-eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,6)=(1+xsi).*(1-eta).*(1+zet)/8;
N(:,3)=(1+xsi).*(1+eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,7)=(1+xsi).*(1+eta).*(1+zet)/8;
N(:,4)=(1-xsi).*(1+eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,8)=(1-xsi).*(1+eta).*(1+zet)/8;

dNr(1:3:r2,1)=-(1-eta).*(1-zet); dNr(1:3:r2,2)= (1-eta).*(1-zet);

dNr(1:3:r2,3)= (1+eta).*(1-zet); dNr(1:3:r2,4)=-(1+eta).*(1-zet);
dNr(1:3:r2,5)=-(1-eta).*(1+zet); dNr(1:3:r2,6)= (1-eta).*(1+zet);
dNr(1:3:r2,7)= (1+eta).*(1+zet); dNr(1:3:r2,8)=-(1+eta).*(1+zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,1)=-(1-xsi).*(1-zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,2)=-(1+xsi).*(1-zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,3)= (1+xsi).*(1-zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,4)= (1-xsi).*(1-zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,5)=-(1-xsi).*(1+zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,6)=-(1+xsi).*(1+zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,7)= (1+xsi).*(1+zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,8)= (1-xsi).*(1+zet);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,1)=-(1-xsi).*(1-eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,2)=-(1+xsi).*(1-eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,3)=-(1+xsi).*(1+eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,4)=-(1-xsi).*(1+eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,5)= (1-xsi).*(1-eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,6)= (1+xsi).*(1-eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,7)= (1+xsi).*(1+eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,8)= (1-xsi).*(1+eta);
dNr=dNr/8.;
%--------- three dimensional case ----------------------------
rowed=size(ed,1);
rowex=size(ex,1);
if rowex==11 incie=0; else incie=1; end
es=[]; et=[]; eci=[]; ie=1;
for ied=1:rowed
eci=[eci N*[ex(ie,:);ey(ie,:);ez(ie,:)]'];
JT=dNr*[ex(ie,:);ey(ie,:);ez(ie,:)]';
for i=1:ngp
indx=[ 3*i-2; 3*i-1; 3*i ];
detJ=det(JT(indx,:));
if detJ<10*eps
disp('Jacobideterminant equal or less than zero!')
end
JTinv=inv(JT(indx,:));
dNx=JTinv*dNr(indx,:);

B(1,1:3:24-2)=dNx(1,:);
B(2,2:3:24-1)=dNx(2,:);
B(3,3:3:24) =dNx(3,:);
B(4,1:3:24-2)=dNx(2,:);
B(4,2:3:24-1)=dNx(1,:);
B(5,1:3:24-2)=dNx(3,:);
B(5,3:3:24) =dNx(1,:);
B(6,2:3:24-1)=dNx(3,:);
B(6,3:3:24) =dNx(2,:);

ee=B*ed(ied,:)';
et=[et; ee'];
es=[es; (D*ee)'];
end

ie=ie+incie;
end
%--------------------------end--------------------------------
Hm Solid8f tnh vector ti cho phn t SOLID 8 nt.
function [ef]=soli8e(ex,ey,ez,ep,es)
142
% ef=soli8f(ex,ey,ez,ep,es)
%-------------------------------------------------------------
% PURPOSE
% Calculate the element force vector for a 8 node (brick)
% isoparametric element.
%
% INPUT: ex = [x1 x2 x3 ... x8]
% ey = [y1 y2 y3 ... y8] element coordinates
% ez = [z1 z2 z3 ... z8]
%
% ep = [ir] ir integration rule
%
% es element stress matrix
% bz: body force in z direction
%
% OUTPUT: ef=[f1 f2 ...f24]
%-------------------------------------------------------------
ir=ep(1); ngp=ir*ir*ir;
%--------- gauss points --------------------------------------
if ir==2
g1=0.577350269189626; w1=1;
gp(:,1)=[-1; 1; 1;-1;-1; 1; 1;-1]*g1; w(:,1)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
gp(:,2)=[-1;-1; 1; 1;-1;-1; 1; 1]*g1; w(:,2)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
gp(:,3)=[-1;-1;-1;-1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*g1; w(:,3)=[ 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1]*w1;
elseif ir==3
g1=0.774596669241483; g2=0.;
w1=0.555555555555555; w2=0.888888888888888;

I1=[-1; 0; 1;-1; 0; 1;-1; 0; 1]';

I2=[ 0;-1; 0; 0; 1; 0; 0; 1; 0]';
gp(:,1)=[I1 I1 I1]'*g1;
gp(:,1)=[I2 I2 I2]'*g2+gp(:,1)
I1=abs(I1);
I2=abs(I2);
w(:,1)=[I1 I1 I1]'*w1;
w(:,1)=[I2 I2 I2]'*w2+w(:,1);
I1=[-1;-1;-1; 0; 0; 0; 1; 1; 1]';
I2=[ 0; 0; 0; 1; 1; 1; 0; 0; 0]';
gp(:,2)=[I1 I1 I1]'*g1;
gp(:,2)=[I2 I2 I2]'*g2+gp(:,2);
I1=abs(I1);
I2=abs(I2);
w(:,2)=[I1 I1 I1]'*w1;
w(:,2)=[I2 I2 I2]'*w2+w(:,2);
I1=[-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1;-1]';
I2=[ 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]';
I3=abs(I1);
gp(:,3)=[I1 I2 I3]'*g1;
gp(:,3)=[I2 I3 I2]'*g2+gp(:,3);
w(:,3)=[I3 I2 I3]'*w1;
w(:,3)=[I2 I3 I2]'*w2+w(:,3);
else
disp('Used number of integration points not implemented');
return
end
wp=w(:,1).*w(:,2).*w(:,3);
xsi=gp(:,1); eta=gp(:,2); zet=gp(:,3); r2=ngp*3;
%--------- shape functions -----------------------------------
N(:,1)=(1-xsi).*(1-eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,5)=(1-xsi).*(1-eta).*(1+zet)/8;
 143
N(:,2)=(1+xsi).*(1-eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,6)=(1+xsi).*(1-eta).*(1+zet)/8;
N(:,3)=(1+xsi).*(1+eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,7)=(1+xsi).*(1+eta).*(1+zet)/8;
N(:,4)=(1-xsi).*(1+eta).*(1-zet)/8; N(:,8)=(1-xsi).*(1+eta).*(1+zet)/8;
dNr(1:3:r2,1)=-(1-eta).*(1-zet); dNr(1:3:r2,2)= (1-eta).*(1-zet);
dNr(1:3:r2,3)= (1+eta).*(1-zet); dNr(1:3:r2,4)=-(1+eta).*(1-zet);
dNr(1:3:r2,5)=-(1-eta).*(1+zet); dNr(1:3:r2,6)= (1-eta).*(1+zet);
dNr(1:3:r2,7)= (1+eta).*(1+zet); dNr(1:3:r2,8)=-(1+eta).*(1+zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,1)=-(1-xsi).*(1-zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,2)=-(1+xsi).*(1-zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,3)= (1+xsi).*(1-zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,4)= (1-xsi).*(1-zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,5)=-(1-xsi).*(1+zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,6)=-(1+xsi).*(1+zet);
dNr(2:3:r2+1,7)= (1+xsi).*(1+zet); dNr(2:3:r2+1,8)= (1-xsi).*(1+zet);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,1)=-(1-xsi).*(1-eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,2)=-(1+xsi).*(1-eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,3)=-(1+xsi).*(1+eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,4)=-(1-xsi).*(1+eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,5)= (1-xsi).*(1-eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,6)= (1+xsi).*(1-eta);
dNr(3:3:r2+2,7)= (1+xsi).*(1+eta); dNr(3:3:r2+2,8)= (1-xsi).*(1+eta);
dNr=dNr/8.;
%--------- three dimensional case ----------------------------
[rowes,colD]=size(es);
rowex=size(ex,1);

if rowex==1 incie=0; else incie=1; end

ef=[]; ir=0; ie=1;

for ied=1:rowes/ngp
JT=dNr*[ex(ie,:);ey(ie,:);ez(ie,:)]';
indx=[1:3]';

fint=zeros(24,1);
for i=1:ngp
ir=ir+1;
detJ=det(JT(indx,:));
if detJ<10*eps
disp('Jacobideterminant equal or less than zero!')
end
JTinv=inv(JT(indx,:));
dNx=JTinv*dNr(indx,:);

B(1,1:3:24-2)=dNx(1,:);
B(2,2:3:24-1)=dNx(2,:);
B(3,3:3:24) =dNx(3,:);
B(4,1:3:24-2)=dNx(2,:);
B(4,2:3:24-1)=dNx(1,:);
B(5,1:3:24-2)=dNx(3,:);
B(5,3:3:24) =dNx(1,:);
B(6,2:3:24-1)=dNx(3,:);
B(6,3:3:24) =dNx(2,:);

fint=fint+B'*es(ir,:)'*wp(i)*detJ;
indx=indx+3;
end

ef=[ef; fint'];
ie=ie+incie;
end
%--------------------------end--------------------------------
144
14 DAO NG K THUT
Phng trnh dao ng c cn:
{ } {}
[ M ] U&& (t ) + [C ] U& + [ K ]{U } = {P(t )} hoc MU
&& (t ) + CU
& (t ) + KU(t ) = P(t )
Nu b qua lc cn khi xt dao ng, phng trnh dao ng c dng:
[ M ]{U&& (t )}+ [ K ]{U (t )} = {P(t )} && (t ) + KU(t ) = P(t )
hoc MU
Trng hp P(t ) 0 cng thc cui tr thnh:
[ M ]{U&& (t )}+ [ K ]{U (t )} = 0 && (t ) + KU(t ) = 0
hoc MU
14.1 XY DNG MA TRN KHI LNG
Trng hp chung, vi vt th 3D, nh v trong h ta Oxyz, chng ta c th tch mt phn t v
cng nh dV = dxdydz tm hiu chuyn ng khi lng dm = dxdydz. Dch chuyn ca khi
lng ny hy l (u, v, w), vn tc thnh phn hy l du/dx, dv/dy, dw/dz.
Biu thc tnh ng nng chuyn ng khi lng dm s l:
dT = (u& 2 + v& 2 + w& 2 )dm = (u& 2 + v& 2 + w& 2 )dxdydz
1 1
2 2
ng nng h thng tnh theo cch ny:
1
( ) 1
( )
T = u& 2 + v& 2 + w& 2 dm = u& 2 + v& 2 + w& 2 dxdydz
2 2
Nh cch lm quen thuc chuyn v h thng xy dng theo m hnh:
u = [N ]{u}; v = [ N ]{v}; w = [ N ]{w}
Vn tc tnh theo cng thc:
u v w
u& = = [N ] {u}; v& = = [N ] {v}; w& = = [N ] {w}
t t t t t t
Cng thc ny khi p dng cho mi phn t thuc kt cu s mang dng:
1
2 Ve
( T T T T T
)
T ( e ) = {u&} [N ] [N ]{u&} + {v&} [N ] [N ]{v&} + {w& } [N ] [N ]{w& }
T

K hiu {} vecto chuyn v cc nt thuc phn t gm [u, v, w]T, cng thc xc nh dT(e) s l:
[N ]T [N ] 0 0

1
{}
T
T ( e ) = & 0
2
[N ]T [N ] {}
1 T
0 dV ( e ) & = & [m]e &
2
{} {}
Ve
0 0 [N ]T [N ]
T y c th vit biu thc xc nh ma trn khi lng tp trung:
[N ]T [N ] 0 0

[m]e = 0 [N ] [N ]
T
0 dV ( e )
Ve
0 0 [N ]T [N ]
Phn t dm chu ko nn
EA 1 1
Ma trn cng phn t nh trnh by ti phn tnh hc [k]e = .
L 1 1
Cng thc tnh [m]e:
 145
L
[m]e = [ N ]T [ N ] Ad x .
0

trong : A - din tch mt ct ngang, - mt vt liu.

Trng hp khi lng phn b u dc dm:
L
1 x / L AL 2 1
[m]e = . A [(1 x / L ) x / L ]d x =
0 x/L 6 1 2

Trng hp khi lng phn b ti hai nt, mi nt m= AL/2:

A L 1 0 AL 1 0
[ m] e =
2
0
0 1 dx = 2 0 1

Dm un
Phng trnh chuyn v trong mi phn t c trnh by di dng quen thuc:
{w}e = [N] {} (a)
Hm hnh dng [N] c th nhn bng h hm Hermite, trnh by ti phn hm ni suy:
1 1
N1 = H01(1) (x) = 3 (2x3 -3l x2 + l3) ; N3 = H02(1) (x) = - 3 (2x3 -3lx2)
l l
1 1
N2 = H11(1) (x) = 2 (x3 -2lx2 +l2x) ; N4 = H12(1) (x) = (x3 -lx2) (b)
l l
Nu thay = x/l cc hm trn c dng:
N1 = 23 - 32 + 1; N2 = l(3 -2 2 + ); N3 = -23 +3 2; N4 = l(3 - 2) (b)
2
1 M 2 ( x) 1 L d 2w
U tnh bng cng thc: U = dx = EJ 2 dx ; (c)
2 L EJ ( x) 2 0 dx
2
1 1 d 2w
Th nng phn t : e = EJ 2 d ; (d)
2 0 d
Cch lm tng t cho php xy dng hm ng nng trong mi phn t :
Al 1
Te = w& d
2
(e)
2 0

d 2w d2
T biu thc = [ N(x)]{} = [N]{} c th tnh tip:
dx 2 dx 2
1 l 1
e =
2
{}T
0
[N]T EJ [N]dx {} =
2
{}T [k]{} (g)

l
v t : [k]e = 0
[N]T EJ [N]dx (h)

C th tnh cc thnh phn ma trn [k] nh sau.

146
12 6l 12 6l
4l 2 6l 2l 2 k11 k12
EJ
[k ]e = 3 = (i)
l 12 6l k 21 k 22

X 4l 2
L
Cng thc chung xc nh ma trn khi lng: [m]e = [N ] [N ]dx
T

156 22 L 54 13L
4 L2 13L 3L2
A L
[ m] e = e
420 156 22 L

X 4 L2
Phn t chu un v ko, nn
Phn t BEAM kt hp vi phn t TRUSS:
140 0 0 70 0 0
0 156 22 L 0 54 13L

AL 22 L 4 L2 0 13L 3L2
[ m] e =
420 70 0 0 140 0 0
0 54 13L 0 156 22 L

0 13L 3L2 0 22 L 4 L
Phn t TRUSS trong khng gian 3D
rng chuyn v tuyn tnh trong phn t c m hnh ho bng cng thc:
u ( x)

{}3 x1 = v( x) = [ N ]3 x 6 { ( e ) }6 x1 ,
w( x)

trong :
(1 x / l ) 0 0 x/l 0 0
[ N ] = 0 (1 x / l ) 0 0 x/l 0
0 0 (1 x / l ) 0 0 x / l
L
Thay biu thc [N] vo cng thc tnh [m]e = [ N ]T [ N ] Ad x s nhn c:
0
 147
2 0 0 1 0 0
0 2 0 0 1 0

0 0 2 0 0 1
[m]e = Al ()
1 0 0 2 0 0
0 1 0 0 2 0

0 0 1 0 0 2

Phn t chu un trong 3D

Phn t chu un BEAM trong khng gian 3D c 12 bc t do:

1 x/l 0 0 0 0 0
[N ] = 0
1
(
2 x 3
3lx 2 + l 3 ) 0 0 0 0
l3
0 0
1
(
2 x 3 3lx 2 + l 3 ) 0
1 3
(
x 2 lx 2 + l 3 x ) 0
l3 l2

x/l 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
2 (
x 3
3lx 2 ) 0 0 0
1 3
x( lx 2 )
l3 l2
1 3
(
x 2 lx 2 + l 3 x ) 0
1
(
3 2 x 3 3lx 2 ) 0 (
1 3
x lx 2 ) 0
l2 l l2

(e)
Ma trn [m]e = [ N ]T [ N ]dV s l:
Ve

1 1
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6
13 11l 9 13
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l
35 210 70 420
13 11l 9 13
0 0 0 0 0 l 0
35 210 70 420
J J
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3A 6A
l2 13 l2
0 0 0 l 0 0
105 420 140

l2 13 l2
0 l 0 0 0
[m]e = Al 105
1
420 140

0 0 0 0 0
3
13 11l
0 0 0
35 210
13 11l
X 0 0
35 210
J
0 0
3A
l2
0
105

l2
105
148
Phn t tm phng 3 cnh
Phng trnh chuyn v cc nt tm mng, phng , 3 cnh vi 9 bc t do c dng:
u ( x, y )

{}9 x1 = v( x, y ) = [ N ( x, y )]3 x 9 { ( e ) }9 x1 ,
w( x, y )

N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0
vi [ N ( x, y )] = 0 N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0
0 0 N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N 3

2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

2 0 0 1 0 0 1

2 0 0 1 0 0
At
[ m] e = 2 0 0 1 0
12
2 0 0 1
X 2 0 0

2 0
2

Nu coi khi lng tm phn b ti ba nt, cng thc cui s c dng:
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0
At
[ m] e = 1 0 0 0 0
3
1 0 0 0
X 1 0 0

1 0
1

 149
Tm kh kim t thp
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
2 9 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

V 2 0 0 1 0 0 1
[m]e =
20 2 0 0 1 0 0

2 0 0 1 0
X 2 0 0 1

2 0 0

2 0
2
14.2 DAO NG T DO, KHNG CN
Phng trnh chuyn ng:
M&x& + Kx = 0
trong M - ma trn khi lng h thng, K - ma trn cng, x chuyn v.
Nghim tm dng:
x = X cos(t + )
K hiu = 2 phng trnh dao ng c th vit:
KX = MX hay l (K 2 M )X = 0
T bi ton tr ring, vector ring suy rng KX = MX xc nh n gi tr ring:
1 2 . . . n-1 n
v cc vector ring tng ng, X1 . . . Xn. Mi cp gi tr (i, Xi) tha mn phng trnh:
KX i = i MX i i = 1,2, L, n
Phng trnh ny cng tha mn trong trng hp:
K (X i ) = i M (X i ) , vi hng s.
iu kin trc giao theo M v theo K c hiu l:
X Ti MX j = ij v X Ti KX j = i ij
trong la delta Kronecker
Xc nh tr ring hay tn s ring t phng trnh tn s:
det(K - 2M) = 0
Dng dao ng hay vector ring xc nh t quan h:
(K i M )X i = 0
V d : Xc nh tr ring, vector ring bi ton sau:
K = M
trong :
2 1 0 1
K = 1 4 1; M = 1

0 1 2 1
2

det(K - M) = - 3 + 32 - 11 + 12 = 0
150
T y tnh c: 1 = 2; 2 = 4; 3 = 6.
xc nh vector ring dng chun ha cn x l hai phng trnh:
1 1 0
1 2 1 = 0 v T [M ]{ } = 1
1 1 1 { }
0 1 1
Vector 1 mang gi tr sau:
T

{1 } = 1 1 1
2 2 2
Bng cch tng t xc nh:
T

{ 2 } = [ 1 0 1]
T
v {3 } = 1
1 1

2 2 2

V d : Xc nh tn s v dng dao ng dc dm tit din thay i ti hnh 3.64 Dm di L, gm hai

on, phn u di L/2, din tch tit din A1 = 2A; phn hai di L/2, tit din A2 = A. Chia dm lm hai
phn t, mi phn t di L/2, trng vi hai phn on va miu t. p dng cch lm ang nu, xc
nh ma trn cng, ma trn khi lng cho cc phn t TRUSS v cho ton h:
A E 1 1 4 AE 1 1
[k (1) ] = 1 = ;
l1 1 1 L 1 1
A2 E 1 1 2 AE 1 1
[k ( 2 ) ] = =
l 2 1 1 L 1 1
va
A1l1 2 1 AL 2 1
[m (1) ] = = ;
6 1 2 6 1 2
A2 l 2 1 1 AL 2 1
[m ( 2 ) ] = = Hnh 3.64
6 1 1 12 1 2
Sau tp hp ma trn:
e= E
2 2 0
2 AE
[ K ] = [k ] =
(e)
2 3 1;
e =1 L
0 1 1
4 2 0
e= E
AL
[ M ] = [m ] = (e)
2 6 1
e =1 12
0 1 2
Chuyn v c xt di dng hm iu ho vi bin dao ng X: w(t ) = Xe it , t
[[ K ] 2
] ( )
[ M ] {X } = 0 hay l K 2 M X = 0 .
xc nh tn s ring cn thit gii phng trnh K - 2M = 0 hoac K - M = 0.
2 2 0 4 2 0
2 AE AL
2 3 1 2 6 1 = 0
L 12
0 1 1 0 1 2
 151
L2 2
K hiu 2 = , phng trnh c dng:
24 E
2(1 2 2 ) 2(1 + 2 ) 0
2(1 + 2 ) 3(1 2 2 ) (1 + 2 ) = 0
0 (1 + 2 ) (1 2 2 )
T :
18 2 (1 2 2 )( 2 2) = 0
Khi 2 = 0: 12 = 0;
E
Khi 2 = : 12 = 12E / (L2) ; 1 = 3,46
L2
E
Khi 2 = 2: 22 = 48E / (L2) ; 2 = 6,92
L2
p dng tnh trc giao kho st dng dao ng dc trc dm sau:
Phng trnh tn s:
2 AE 3 1 2 AL 6 1
=0
L 1 1 12 1 2
Nghim phng trnh:
1 = 1,985 E /( L2 ) ; 1 = 5,159 E /( L2 )
Vector ring:
0,5775
{ }1 =
0,5775
; { }2 =
1 1
{ } { }
T 12 1T [M ] 1 = 1 xc nh: 1 = 1,526 / AL
T { }[M ]{ } = 1 xc nh:
2
2
T
2 2 2 = 2,053 / AL
1 0,8812 1,1860
[ ] =
AL 1,5260 2,0530

V d 4 : Xc nh tn s dao ng ring khung phng nu ti hnh 3.65

D liu lin quan khung phng: m un n hi E = 200 GN/m2, khi lng ring = 7800 kg/m3.
Momen qun tnh mt ct phn t 1 v 2: J =2356 cm4 = 2356x10-5 m4; din tch mt ct A = 32
cm2 = 32x10-4 m2.
Momen qun tnh mt ct phn t 3: J = 5254 cm4 = 5254x10-5 m4; din tch mt ct A = 66 cm2 =
66x10-4 m2.
x B 2 C
y
z 1
3 3m

A D
1,73m 3m

Hnh 3.65
152

Chiu di phn t 1: l = 1,732 2 + 3 2 = 3,464m ; ti phn b do trng lng bn thn: 7800 x 32

x10-4 = 24,96 kg/m.
J 2,356 x10 5
Bn knh cung un r = = 4
= 8,581x10 2 m
A 32 x10
[m]e,1 + [m]e,2.
140 0 0 70 0 0
0 156 22 L 0 54 13L

AL 22 L 4 L2 0 13L 3L2
[m]e,1 =
420 70 0 0 140 0 0
0 54 13L 0 156 22 L

0 13L 3L2 0 22 L 4 L
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 36 3L 0 36 3L

AL 0 3 L 4 L 2
0 3 L L 2

[ m] e , 2 =
420 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 36 3L 0 36 3L
2
0 3L L 0 3L 4 L
2

Tnh trong h ta cc b gn lin vi phn t:

28,82 0 0 14,41 0 0
0 32,18 15,71 0 11,05 9,25

0 9,96 0 9,25 7,43
[m~ ]1 =
28,82 0 0
DX 32,18 15,71

9,96
Chuyn sang h ta chung ma trn khi lng phn t 1 c dng:
31,34 1,45 13,60 11,89 1,45 8,01
29,66 7,85 1,45 13,57 4,63

9,97 8,01 4,63 7,43
[m]1 =
31,34 1,45 13,60
DX 29,66 7,85

9,97
Phn t s 2 c chiu di l = 3m, phn b khi lng p = 24,96 kg/m v r = 8,581x10-2 m. Ma trn
khi lng m2 c tnh nh sau:
 153
24,96
27,89 7,85 1,46 13,57 4,63

9,97 8,01 4,63 7,43
[m]2 =
31,34 1,45 13,60
DX 29,66 7,85

9,97
Phn t s 3: di 3m, p = 51,48kg/m; r = 8,915x10-2m. Sau khi tnh chuyn sang h ta chung,
ma trn m3 c dng:
57,53 0 24,31 19,70 0 14,30
51,48 0 0 25,74 0

13,40 14,30 0 9,97
[m]3 =
57,53 0 24,31
DX 51,48 0

13,40
Sau x l iu kin bin, ma trn khi lng ton h thng c vit li nh sau:
56,30 1,45 13,60 12,48 0 0
57,55 3,93 0 9,55 6,93

16,46 0 6,93 4,83
[M ] = (a)
82 , 49 0 24 ,31
DX 79,37 11,79

19,89
Trng hp dng m hnh tp trung khi lng ti cc nt, ma trn ton h thng c dng sau y:
80,67
80,67

71,90
[M ] = (b)
114,66
114,66

86,88
Ma trn cng cc phn t ang cp c tnh theo cch sau:
Phn t 1:
184,76 0 0
[]
~
k 1=
k11 k12
;
[k11 ] = 0 1,36 2,36
k 21 k 22 0 2,36 5,44
[k12 ] = [k 21 ] = [k11 ];
Ma trn chuyn vi phn t nghing 60 so vi trc Ox:
0,5 0,866 0
R 0
[T ]1 = ; [ R ] = 0,866 0,5 0
0 R 0 0 1
Ma trn cng phn t s 1 trong h ta chung:
154
47,21 79,41 2,04
[k ]1 = [T ]
T
1 []
~ k
k 1 [T ]1 = a
ka
; [ka ] = 79,41 138,90 1,18
ka ka 2,04 1,18 5,44
Ma trn cng phn t s 2:
213,33 0 0
k ka
[k ]2 = a ; [k a ] = 0 2,09 3,14
k a k a
7,0 3,14 6,29
Ma trn cng phn t s 3:
4,66 0 7,0
k ka
[k ]3 = a [k a ] = 0 440 0
;
k a k a
7,0 0 13,99
Sau tp hp ma trn cng ton h v tin hnh x l iu kin bin, ma trn cng h thng mang
dng:
260,54 79,41 2,04 213,33 0 0

140,99 1,96 0 2,09 3,14
11,72 0 3,14 3,14
[K ] = (c)
217,99 0 6,99
DX 442,09 3,14

20,27
Cng thc K - 2M = 0 hoc K - M = 0 , trong K tnh theo (c), M tnh theo (a) hoc (b),
p dng vo y mang li kt qu sau:
Khi s dng ma trn khi lng dng (a), kt qu tnh s l:
1 = 183,8 rad/sec hay l f1 = 29,3 Hz.
2 = 711,6 rad/sec hay l f1 = 113,26 Hz.
3 = 1415,6 rad/sec hay l f3 = 225,3 Hz.
4 = 1567,3 rad/sec hay l f4= 252,62 Hz.
5 = 2505 rad/sec hay l f5 = 398,72 Hz.
6 = 3686,0 rad/sec hay l f6 = 586,65 Hz.
Khi s dng ma trn khi lng dng (b):
1 = 159,5 rad/sec hay l f1 = 25,4 Hz.
2 = 381,2 rad/sec hay l f1 = 60,7 Hz.
3 = 503,8 rad/sec hay l f3 = 80,2 Hz.
4 = 1332,9 rad/sec hay l f4= 212,1 Hz.
5 = 1963,8 rad/sec hay l f5 = 312,5 Hz.
6 = 2252,3 rad/sec hay l f6 = 358,5 Hz.

V d 5: Xc nh tn s ring thp nht v dng dao ng tm vung, ta trn 4 cnh, hnh 4.6.
Chiu dy tm t = 0,15m, m un n hi vt liu E = 3,0.107 kN/m2, h s Poisson = 0,3. Chiu di
Lx = Ly = 3,0 m.
 155

Hnh 3.66 M hnh FEM Hnh 3.67 Dng dao ng

Da vo tnh i xng hnh hc tm, ch a tm vo tnh ton. Chn phn t hnh vung, cnh
bng phn tm va chn, a = 0,375 m.
S dng cng thc xc nh khi lng tp trung ti nt cho trng hp tm, cc thnh phn trn
ng cho chnh ma trn khi lng xc nh nh sau:
1 1
m11 = a 2 = 0,14063 ; m22 = a 2 = 0,28125 = m99 ;
4 2
1 1
m33 = a 4 = 0,01318 = m10,10 ; m44 = a 4 = 0,00659 = m11,11 ;
24 48
1
m55 = a 4 = 0,01318 = m12,12 ; m66 = a 2 = 0,5625 ;
24
1
m77 = a 4 = 0,02637 = m88 ;
12
Ma trn cng [K] tnh theo hng dn phn tnh phng php phn t hu hn, v d t S tay C
hc kt cu nu.
6,67
2,67 13,33

2 0 6

0 2 1 3
0 1 0,5 0 6 X

1,33 5,33 0 1 4 26,67
[K ] = D
1 4 0 0,5 0 0 12

1 0 0 0,5 2 0 0 12
2,67 1,33 1 0 0 5,33 0 4 13,33

2 1 0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

0 0 0 0 0 1 0,5 0,5 2 1 3
0 0 0 0 0,5 4 2 0 1 0,5 0 6
Et 3
trong cng D tnh bng biu thc: D =
12(1 + )
Tr ring nh nht tnh t K M = 0 s l:
1 = 1,748 D /
Tn s ring ca dao ng mode th nht:
D
1 = 1 = 1,32
(1 )
Dng dao ng ng vi tn s th nht xc nh t K 1M 1 = 0 s l::
156
{1} = [1 0,707 0,366 0,518 0,366 0,5 0,259 0,259 0,707 0,366 0,518 0,366]
T

14.3 P DNG PHN MM ANSYS TNH TON DAO NG

Cc phn mm thch hp tnh ton dao ng thn tu ang dng rng ri c th k
NASTRAN, ANSYS, SAP2000. Hng dn s b s dng phn mm ANSYS phn tch dao ng
thn tu nh sau y.
Phn mm ANSYS ( Houston, PA: Swanson Analysis Systems Inc, ) ca hng Swanson ng
dng trong nhiu ngnh k thut, trong c c hc kt cu, ng lc hc cht rn, cht lng vv
y cng l phn mm c s dng hiu qu gii nhng bi ton dao ng bng phng php phn
t hu hn.
Ba cch x l bi ton ng lc hc vt rn nh phn mm ANSYS l: (1) phn tch mode dao ng,
(2) phn tch dao ng iu ha, (3) phn tch dao ng chuyn tip. Kt qu x l th hin trong c
hai qui trnh hu x l gm hu x l tng qut (General Postprocessor), cch ghi trong ANSYS l
POST1 v hu x l trong hm thi gian (Time History Postprocessor), ghi l POST26. Hu x l
POST1 cho php xem kt qu ton m hnh ti nhng thi im xc nh hoc nhng tn s xc nh.
Hu x l POST26 cho php xem qu trnh dao ng theo thi gian hoc trong phm vi tn s.
Phn tch mode dao ng
Dng cch x l ny trong trng hp vng mt ngoi lc. Cc bc phn tch nh sau:
Xy dng m hnh FEM
Chn phng php xc nh tr ring, vector ring
Xem kt qu
To thun tin cho tnh ton ngi s dng nn vit text file nhp d liu dng file ASCII. C th
s dng Notepad ca Microsoft vit file .txt cho mc ch ny. Mi file gm 3 phn qui c:
Phn 1: chun b d liu
/PREP7 ! khai bo phn nhp d liu
/TITLE, ! Tn ti
C*** Ghi ch dn cn thit
ET, ! kiu phn t, v d 1,BEAM3 Phn t BEAM3 dng cho v d c th
R, ! V d 1,1,1,1 c trng phn t va khai bo (BEAM3)
MP, ! V d EX,1,3E7 Tnh cht vt liu
MP, ! V d PRXY,,0.3 Tip tc tnh cht vt liu
N, .. . ! B tr cc nt
E, .. . ! B tr phn t
ANTYPE,MODAL !MODE-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
MODOPT, LANB,3 ! Tm tr ring bng pp Lanczos
Cc phng php dng ti phn ny gm:
SUBSP Subspace iteration dng x l h phng trnh i s, xem thm phn phng php tnh
LANB Block Lanczos, phng php Lanczos, ghi ti phn phng php tnh sch ny,
REDUC phng php Householder reduced, xem ti phn phng php tnh sch ny
UNSYM Unsymmetric matrix dng cho trng hp ma trn khng i xng
DAMP Damped system v
QRDAMP QR damped
Phn 2: Gii bi ton va hnh thnh
MXPAND, .. . ! S MODE cn khai trin
D,. . . ! p t iu kin bin
M, . . . ! Khai bo master d.o.f.
FINISH !
/SOLU ! phn gii bi ton, gi l Solution
SOLVE ! Th tc gii
Phn 3: Xut kt qu
Kt qu c th xut dng bng (tables), th (graphic), output file vv
 157
Kiu phn t dng trong ANSYS rt phong ph, s lng n 150 kiu. Tnh ton dao ng k
thut nn dng nhng phn t d dng. Tm tt nhng phn t thng gp xem ti sch S tay C
hc kt cu, NXB Xy dng, 2008.
V d sau y minh ha cch vit file nhp d liu cho bi ton nhm tnh 3 tn s thp nht
ca dao ng dc dm tr, ta t do hai u. Phng php tnh c chn: Block Lanczos, vit tt
LANB. Li gii nh phn mm ANSYS so snh vi kt qu gii tch trnh by ti output file.
/COM, ANSYS INPUT FILE, 2008
/PREP7
MP,PRXY,,0.3
/TITLE, VER, LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION OF BAR
C*** FROM VIBRATION THEORY AND APPLICATION
ANTYPE,MODAL !MODE-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
MODOPT, LANB,3 ! Tm tr ring bng pp Lanczos
!MXPAND,3 ! Tnh tn s, c th 1, 2, ..
ET,1,BEAM3 ! Phn t BEAM3, l phn t tuyn tnh, 2D
R,1,1,1,1
MP,EX,1,3E7 ! Tnh cht vt liu
MP,DENS,1,73E-5 ! Tnh cht vt liu
K,1
K,2,800
L,1,2
ESIZE,,11 ! Kch c phn t
LMESH,1 ! To mesh
OUTPR,BASIC,1 ! Print out
D,ALL,UY,,,,,ROTZ ! iu kin bin, ch cho php UX d.o.f
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE
FINI
/SOLU
*GET,FREQ1,MODE,1,FREQ
*GET,FREQ2,MODE,2,FREQ
*GET,FREQ3,MODE,3,FREQ
*DIM,LABEL,CHAR,3,2
*DIM,VALUE,,3,3
LABEL(1,1) = ' f1',' f2',' f3'
LABEL(1,2) = ', (Hz) ',' (Hz) ',' (Hz) '
*VFILL,VALUE(1,1),DATA,0,126.70,253.40
*VFILL,VALUE(1,2),DATA,FREQ1,FREQ2,FREQ3
*VFILL,VALUE(1,3),DATA,0,ABS(FREQ2/126.70 ),ABS(FREQ3/253.40 )
/COM
/OUT, MODAL,vrt
/COM, | CH | ANSYS | TYLE
/COM,
*VWRITE,LABEL(1,1),LABEL(1,2),VALUE(1,1),VALUE(1,2),VALUE(1,3)
(1X,A8,A8' ',F10.2,' ',F10.2,' ',1F5.3)
/OUT
FINI
*LIST, MODAL,vrt
Kt qu tnh:
| DICH | ANSYS | TYLE
f1, (Hz) 0.00 0.00 0.000
f2 (Hz) 126.70 127.13 1.003
f3 (Hz) 253.40 256.86 1.014
Dao ng ngang dm t do (khng ta) ca dm ang xem xt th hin bng code sau:
ANTYPE,MODAL !MODE-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
ET,1,BEAM3
R,1,1,1,1
158
MODOPT, LANB,5 ! Tm tr ring pp Lanczos
MP,EX,1,3E7
MP,DENS,1,73E-5
K,1
K,2,800
L,1,2
ESIZE,,11
LMESH,1
OUTPR,BASIC,1
D,ALL,UX,,,,,ROTZ ! iu kin bin, UY d.o.f
FINISH
Kt qu tnh 3 tn s thp nht cho kt qu sau:
0,0 6,046 12,157 Hz
M hnh tnh ang nu thch hp vi vic tnh tn s dao ng thn tu nh dm lin tc, nm
trn nn n hi.
V d nu tip xc nh tn s dao ng v dng dao ng tm thp hnh ch nht cnh axb =
0,35 x 0,42 (m), mt cnh ngm, 3 cnh cn li t do. File d liu trnh by theo qui trnh ang nu.
/PREP7
ANTY,MODAL
MODOPT,LANB,5
MXPAND,4 ! xc nh 4 tn s thp nht
ET,1,SHELL63 ! phn t SHELL 63
MP,EX,1,2.1E11 ! Tnh cht vt liu trong h SI, N/m2
MP,NUXY,1,0.3 ! H s Poisson 0,3
MP,DENS,1,7800. ! mt (khi lng ring) kg/m3
R,1,0.012
K,1,-0.42,-0.35
K,2,0.42,-0.35
K,3,0.42,0.35
K,4,-0.42,0.35
L,1,2
L,2,3
L,3,4
L,4,1
AL,ALL
ESIZE,0.035 Hnh 3.68a Mode th 7
AMESH,ALL
NSEL,S,LOC,X,-0.42
!NSEL,A,LOC,X,.42
D,ALL,ALL
EPLOT
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0.35
M,ALL,UZ
NSEL,ALL
OUTPR,ALL,1
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE Hnh 3.68b Mode th 4
FINI
Kt qu tnh nh sau:
Tn s th nht 14,722 rad/s
Tn s th hai 41,541 rad/s
Tn s th ba 91,195 rad/s
Tn s th t 145,54 rad/s
Dng dao ng trnh by ti hnh 3.68

Hnh 3.68c Mode th 3

 159

Dao ng tm thc hin tip theo trn c s s dng phn t SHELL v SOLID. Kt qu tnh
tn s th nht ca tm trong khun kh phng php phn t hu hn a li kt qu gn vi nghim
chnh xc nu dng kiu phn t ng, chn phng php s thch hp.
Kt qu tnh tn s nh nht khi dung phn t SHEL63 v SOLID190:
| CH | ANSYS | TYLE
SHELL63
f (Hz) 128.09 128.72 1.005
SOLSH190
f (Hz) 128.09 128.72 1.005
V d s dng phn mm tnh dao ng thn tu
p dng cch chia tu thnh cc strip kinh in, 20-Station Beam v dng phn mm ANSYS tnh
tn s dao ng ng tu vt ti hng kh di 135,5 m.
D liu u vo ghi ti bng A:
Bng A
Khong sn chiu rng, Khi lng, Nc km, I,
m t/m t/m m4
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
01 0 7,9 0 2,45
12 4.8 17,4 22,0 6,1
2 -3 7,3 47,6 68,0 14,1
3 -4 8,2 128,3 103,0 26,9
4 -5 8,5 196,1 130,0 30,5
5 -6 8,5 229,3 130,0 30,6
6 -7 8,5 217,1 130,0 30,6
7 -8 8,5 180,0 130,0 30,6
8 -9 8,5 138,4 130,0 30,6
9 -10 8,5 164,5 130,0 30,6
10 -11 8,5 225,7 130,0 30,6
11 -12 8,5 224,7 130,0 30,6
12 -13 8,5 226,2 130,0 30,6
13 -14 8,5 219,7 130,0 30,6
14 -15 8,4 178,2 117,0 30,6
15 -16 8,2 102,4 103 29,0
16 -17 7,9 79,8 87,7 15,30
17 -18 7,3 74,5 68 9,47
18 -19 6,1 33,5 38 6,42
19 -20 3,8 17,3 13,6 3,06
M un n hi vt liu lm v tu E = 2,05x1011 N/m2, khi lng ring tnh bng 7800 kg/m3 . File
input xy dng theo hng dn ghi ti chng Phng php tnh ti liu ny.
/PREP7
JPGPRF,500,100,1
/SHOW,JPEG
/TITLE, VERTICAL VIBRATION OF CARGO SHIP
C*** FROM SHIP VIBRATION, TRAN CONG NGHI
ANTYPE,MODAL !MODE-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
MXPAND,6
ET,1,BEAM3
MODOPT, LANB,6 ! Tm tri ring pp Lanczos
MP,EX,1,2.1E11
MP,DENS,1,7.8E3
R,1, 1.2, 2.45, 10.4
160
R,2, 5.82,6.1,10.4
R,3, 17.06,14.1,10.4
R,4, 34.1,26.9,10.4
R,5, 48.1,30.5,10.4
R,6, 53.03,30.5,10.4
R,7, 51.2,30.6,10.4
R,8, 45.8,30.6,10.4
R,9, 39.6,30.6,10.4
R,10, 43.5,30.6, 10.4
R,11, 52.5,30.6,10.4
R,12, 52.3,30.6,10.4
R,13, 52.5,30.62,10.4
R,14, 51.6,30.6, 10.4
R,15, 43.5,29.0,10.4
R,16, 30.26,15.3,10.4
R,17, 24.7,9.47,10.4
R,18, 21.03,6.42,10.4
R,19, 10.55,3.06,10.4
R,20, 4.55,0.61,10.4
N,1 Mode th nht
N,21,135.5
FILL
REAL,1
E,1,2
REAL,2
E,2,3
REAL,3
E,3,4
REAL,4
E,4,5
REAL,5
E,5,6
Mode th hai
REAL,6
E,6,7
REAL,7
E,7,8
REAL,8
E,8,9
REAL,9
E,9,10
REAL,10 Mode th ba
E,10,11
REAL,11
E,11,12
REAL,12
E,12,13
REAL,13
E,13,14
REAL,14
E,14,15
REAL,15
E,15,16 Hnh 3.69 Mode th t
REAL,16
E,16,17
REAL,17
E,17,18
REAL,18
E,18,19
REAL,19
 161
E,19,20
REAL,20
E,20,21
/PNUM,ELEM,1
EPLOT
OUTPR,BASIC,1
D,ALL,UX
M,10,UY
FINISH
/SOLU
SOLVE
FINI
Kt qu tnh, n v Hz:
Mode Tn s
1 1.3224
2 3.1210
3 5.3887
4 8.4686
5 11.900
6 15.778
14.4 P DNG PHN MM SAP2000N TNH TON DAO NG
Phn mm SAP2000 mang tn Integrated Finite Element Analysis and Design of Structures do
Computers and Structures, Inc., USA a ra th trng. Phn ng lc hc phn mm thc hin cc
kiu phn tch: (1) phn tch cc mode dao ng tnh tn s, dng dao ng v (2) phn tch ph.
Trong SAP s dng phng php gi l Ritz-vector Analysis khi xc nh tn s ring.
Phn tch ph trong SAP thc hin sau khai bo Spec, vit tt t Response-Spectrum Analysis.
Cch thc khai bo d liu phn ng lc hc nh sau.
SPEC Data Block
CSYS= h ta
NAME= tn gi ANG= gc MODC=kiu tp hp mode
ACC=(U1 , U1 , U3 ) FUNC=hm miu t ph p ng
V d:
SPEC
NAME=RESPEC1 DAMP=0.02
ACC= FUNC=ACCSPEC SF=123.4

FUNCTION Data Block

NAME=Tn gi DT=t NPL=s cc gi tr hm PRINT=(Y or N)
V d:
FUNCTION
NAME=ACCSPEC NPL=1
0.0 .30
0.2 .70
0.3 ...
HISTORY Data Block
Block ny nh ngha hm thi gian. Ni dung cn a vo:
CSYS=
NAME=
162
MODE=
CSYS=
ACC=
LOAD=
V d lp file chun b d liu tnh tn s v dng dao ng ngang ca beam trnh by theo cch sau.
Dm thp, chu ti tnh bng kG lc (kgf), chiu di o bng cm. Dm chia lm 10 phn t di bng
nhau. Ntt th nht pha tri ti ngm, nt cui 11 ta gi cng. Tnh ton 6 tn s ring thp nht
cng dng dao ng.
FREQUENCY AND MODE SHAPE - vibration of beam

SYSTEM
FORCE=KGF LENGTH=CM DOF=UZ,RY

MODES
TYPE=EIGEN N=6 ;;;Xc nh 6 tn s thp nht

JOINTS
1 X=0
11 X=610
LGEN=1,11,1

RESTRAINTS
ADD=1 11 10 DOF=ALL

MATERIAL
NAME=1 M=7.8E-3
E=2.1E6 U=0.3

FRAME SECTION
NAME=1 MAT=1 A=6.5 I=36100 MPL=.1

FRAME
1 J=1,2 SEC=1 NSEG=4
GEN=1,10,1 IINC=1 JINC=1,
Kt qu tnh nh sau:
Mode Chu k (s) Tn s (Hz)
1 0,147 6,787
2 0,0534 18,7024
3 0,0273 36,6152
4 0,0166 60,2881
5 0,0112 89,1797
 163
Chng 4

TNH TON TIN CY

K hiu, vit tt dng trong chng

k, C - h s ni chung, coefficient generally

f - vit tt t failure, hiu theo ngha h hoi, ph hy
g(Z) - hm trng thi gii hn, limit state function
Pf - xc sut h hoi (ph hy), failure probability
p(x) - hm phn b xc sut, probability density function
Q - ti, load
R - bn , strength
S, L - ti, load
u thng s ch v tr, location parameter
SF - h s an ton, safety factor
VX - h s phng sai, coefficient of variantion
Z m un chng un, section modulus
- thng s t l , scale parameter
- thng s hnh dng, shape parameter
- ch s an ton, ch s tin cy, safety index
0 - ch s an ton ch, starget safety index
- h s an ton, safety factor
- h s x dch, bias factor
h s s dng, usage factor = 1/
h s bn, resistance factor
h s kt hp ti, load combination factor
h s tng quan, correlation coefficient
- gi tr trung bnh, mean value
- lch chun, standard deviation

Vit tt bng ting Anh

ASD Allowable stress design
Cov Coefficient of Variation
COV Covariance
FLS Fatigue limit state
FORM First-Order reliability method
SORM Second Order reliability method
LRFD Load and Resistance factored design
PD Plastic design
LSD Limit state design
164

1. TIN CY
Thit k kt cu nht thit phi tha mn cc iu kin khc nhau gia hiu ng m cc ti trng
gy ra, tc l gia i hi 5, k hiu S, m bo an ton kt cu v kh nng 6, k hiu R, (kh nng
p ng, kh nng chng tr, nng lc) chng li cc tc ng ca ti.
Mi thnh phn kt cu c th b ri vo trng thi an ton hoc trng thi khng an ton, gi l
trng thi b h hoi (failure). ng ranh gii gia hai trng thi gi chung trong k thut l
trng thi gii hn (limit state), c th din t bng cng thc g(Z) = R S nh trnh by ti hnh 4.1.
Nhng kh nng xy ra vi thnh phn kt cu th hin nh sau:
g(Z) < 0 trong ti S vt sc bn R, y l trng hp h hoi
g(Z) > 0 trong sc bn R ln hn ti S, y l trng thi an ton
g(Z) = 0 l trng thi gii hn.

Hnh 4.1
Trn c s phn tch nhng iu bt kh tn 7 hay cn gi nhng iu khng chc chn ca ti
bn ngoi v bn kt cu, tin cy kt cu 8 tin hnh nh gi xc sut h hoi kt cu.
2. TNH TON TIN CY KT CU
Kt cu c th c xc nh nh tp hp bin ngu nhin Z vi phn b xc sut fZ(z). C th
chia Z lm hai nhm nh, nhm an ton v nhm b h hoi. Hai nhm ny c gii hn chung l mt
h hoi, cn gi l trng thi gii hn, nh nu ti hnh 4.1.
Xc sut h hoi kt cu tnh bng cng thc:
Pf = P( g ( Z ) 0) = f Z ( z )dz (4.1)
g ( Z ) 0

tin cy R tnh t biu thc:

R = 1 Pf = 1 P( g ( Z ) 0) hay l R = P(g ( Z ) > 0) (4.2)

5
Nhng t chuyn ngnh thng dng ti y: Demand, vit tt D, Loads vit tt L, cn k hiu S.
6
Nhng t k thut thng dng: Requirement, vit tt R, Capacity, Strength, Resistance vit tt R
7
Uncertainty
8
Structural Reliability
 165

Hnh 4.2 Hm phn b xc sut ti S, bn R v gii hn an ton R-S

3. XC NH CH S AN TON (SAFETY INDEX), XC SUT H HOI 9
3.1 Ch s an ton Cornell
Hm trng thi gii hn:
g(Z) = R S (4.3)
Trong R, S l cc bin ngu nhin i din cho bn v ti tc ng.
Ch s an ton tnh nh sau 10:
g (Z ) R S
= = (4.4)
g R2 + S2
Trong : R, S l gi tr trung bnh ca R, S,
R, S l lch chun ca R, S.
z1

g (Z
)= 0

z2

Hnh 4.2a Ch s tin cy

Quan h ca ch s an ton i vi xc sut h hoi:
Pf = ( ) (4.5)
Hm (-) phn b chun trnh by ti bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1. Hm phn b chun
(-) (-) (-) (-) (-)
0 0.5 1 0.15866 2 0.02275 3 0.0015 4 3.17E-05
0.1 0.46017 1.1 0.13567 2.1 0.01786 3.1 0.00097 4.1 2.07E-05
0.2 0.42074 1.2 0.11507 2.2 0.0139 3.2 0.00069 4.2 1.33E-05
0.3 0.38209 1.3 0.0968 2.3 0.01072 3.3 0.00048 4.3 8.50E-06
0.4 0.34458 1.4 0.08076 2.4 0.0082 3.4 0.00034 4.4 5.40E-06

9
Failure Probability, Pf
10
Cornell, C.A. (1969),A Probability-Based Structural Code, ACI-Journal, Vol 86
166

0.5 0.30854 1.5 0.06681 2.5 0.00621 3.5 0.00023 4.5 3.40E-06
0.6 0.27425 1.6 0.0548 2.6 0.00466 3.6 0.00016 4.6 2.10E-06
0.7 0.24196 1.7 0.04457 2.7 0.00347 3.7 0.00011 4.7 1.30E-06
0.8 0.21186 1.8 0.03593 2.8 0.002555 3.8 7.2E-05 4.8 8.00E-07
0.9 0.18406 1.9 0.02872 2.9 0.001866 3.9 4.8E-05 4.9 5.00E-07
Dng gn ng quan h ang nu nh sau:
Pf = 0,475 exp 1,6 ( ) (4.6)
hay l
Pf = 10 (4.7)
V d 1: Tnh ch s an ton cho trm cha du trn bin
Vi mt trm cha du trn bin, t chuyn ngnh gi l FSO, ang hot ng ngi ta xc nh
c cc hm mt xc sut (PDF) 11 ca ti v bn thn trm dng momen un dc v momen
khng hay l kh nng chng un ca thn tu. C hai bin ti S v bn R phc tng lut phn b
t nhin Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh tng ng S = 20000Tm v R = 30000Tm. Gi tr cc
lch: R = 2500Tm, S = 3000Tm. Tnh xc sut h hoi thn trm.
Ch s tin cy theo cch lm Cornell:
S 30000 20000
= R = = 2,56
R +S
2 2
2500 2 + 3000 2
Xc sut h hoi:
Pf = 5,23.E 3
Hm trng thi gii hn tuyn tnh
Trng thi gii hn tuyn tnh trnh by bng quan h:
n
g ( X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n ) = a 0 + a1 X 1 + a 2 X 2 + ... + a n X n = a 0 + ai X i (4.8)
i =1

trong cc bin Xi l bin ngu nhin khng lin quan.

Ch tiu tin cy tnh theo cng thc:
n
a 0 + ai X i
= i =1
(4.9)
n

(a )
2
i Xi
i =1

Hm trng thi gii hn phi tuyn

Hm trng thi gii hn dng phi tuyn c tuyn tnh ha nh khai trin Taylor:
g
g ( X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n ) g (x1* , x 2* ,..., x n* ) + (X i xi* )
n
(4.10)
i =1 X i
trong cc bin Xi l bin ngu nhin khng lin quan.

11
Probability density function
 167

( ) ( ) Xg
n
g ( X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n ) g X1 , X 2 ,..., Xn + X i X i , tnh theo ga tr trung bnh (4.11)
i =1 i

Ch tiu tin cy tnh theo cng thc:

(
g X 1 , X 2 ,..., Xn ) g
= ; ai = , tnh theo ga tr trung bnh (4.12)
n X i
(a )
2
i Xi
i =1

V d 2: Tnh ch s tin cy dm L ta n chu ti phn b u q = const v ti tp trung P ti gia

nhp.
Bin ngu nhin: P, q, v ng sut chy Y vt liu . i lng hnh hc c trng dm xc nh t
thc t: L chiu di, Z moun chng un.
Trong tnh ton s dng h s x dch, hay h s lch (bias factor), k hiu , l t l gia gi tr
trung bnh ca bin vi gi tr danh ngha bin y.
Cc ga tr dng trong v d: q = 1,0; P = 0,85; Y = 1,12.
Cc ga tr V dng trong v d: Vq = 10%; VP =11%; VY = 11,5%.
p
q

Hnh 4.3
Hm trng thi gii hn dng cho dm un:
P.L qL2
g (P, q, Y ) = Y .Z
4 8
Thay cc gi tr sau y vo php tnh g v : q = 3,0; q = 3,0; P= 12; P = 10,2; Y = 36; Y =
40,3. L = 18, Z = 80 c th vit hm g di dng sau:
g (P, q, Y ) = 80Y 54 P 5382q
Ch s tin cy:
n
a0 + ai X i
80.40,3 54.10,2 5832.0,25
= i =1
= = 3,01
n
80.4,64 2 + (54.1,12) 2 + (5832.0,025) 2
(a )
2
i Xi
i =1

Nhng iu cn khi s dng cng thc tnh ton ch s tin cy ti y l, ch s ny ph thuc

vo dng thc c th ca hm trng thi gii hn. V d nu sau gii thch iu ang nu.
V d 3: Tnh ton ch s an ton dm thp di L chu ti tp trung P ti gia nhp.
Dm thp c m un chng un trng thi do Z = ZP, ng sut chy Y. Bn i lng ngu nhin
tham gia vo bng tnh: P, L, Z, Y. Ma trn gi tr trung bnh v COV nh sau:
168
P 10kN
8m
L
{ X } = =
Z 100 10 m
6 3

Y 600 10 3 kN / m 2

4kN 2 0 0 0

0 10 10 3 m 2 0 0
[COV X ] =
12


0 0 400 10 m 6
0

0 0 0 ( 2
10 10 9 kN / m 2 )
Hm trng thi gii hn cha cc momen:
PL
g1 (Z , Y , P, L ) = Z .Y
4
Trng thi gii hn ny nu chia cho i lng dng, v d Z, gii hn g = 0 khng thay i:
PL g1 (Z , Y , P, L )
g 2 (Z , Y , P, L ) = Y =
4Z Z

Hnh 4.4
Kt qu tnh ch s tin cy cho hai hm trn khng trng nhau mc du cng gii quyt cho mt
vn . Hm g1 phi tuyn khai trin theo cng thc:

g1 Z Y P L + Y (Z Z ) + Z (Y Z ) L (P P ) P (L L )
4 4 4
= 2,48
Vi g2 c th tnh:

g 2 Y P L + P L2 (Z Z ) + (Y Z ) L (P P ) P (L L )
4 Z 4( Z ) 4 Z 4 Z
= 3,48
Nhng trng hp cha hon ton n tha tng t c th x l theo cc phng php thch hp
hn.
3.2 Ch s an ton Hasofer-Lind
Cch lm ca Hasofer v Lind chuyn hm trng thi gii hn sang khng gian gi l khng gian
chun (standard space) 12 , chuyn cc bin ngu nhin R v S sang u1 v u2 theo cng thc:

12
Hasofer, A.M, and Lind, N.C. (1974) An Exact and Invariant First Order Reliability Format, ASCE J.
 169
R R
u1 = ; (4.13)
R
S S
u2 = ; (4.14)
S
Bin R v S:
R = u1 R + R (4.15)
S = u 2 S + S (4.16)
Trong h ta ny on thng th hin bng phng trnh:
g ( Z ) = R S = ( R S ) + (u1 R u 2 S ) (4.17)
ng g(Z) trong h ta ny, vung gc vi c dng nh trnh by ti hnh 4.5.

Hnh 4.5
V d 4: Gi s rng bin ngu nhin R v S tng ng vi momen un kt cu cho trc phc tng
phn b Gauss. Gi tr trung bnh S = 90 v R = 150. Gi tr cc lch: R = 20, S = 30. Tnh
Pf theo phng php Hasofer-Lind.
Hm trng thi ng sut:
g(Z) = R S
R = 20.u1 + 150
S = 30.u2 + 90
Hm g(Z) chuyn sang dng:
g(u) = 20u1 + 30u2 + 60
on thng t m O h ta n ng g(u):
60
= = 1,664
20 + ( 30 )
2 2

Xc sut h hoi:
Pf = ( ) = (1,664) = 4,9%
170
4 PHP TNH THNG K V BIN NGU NHIN
Bin ngu nhin, v d bin Z trong hm g(Z) nu trn, dng trong phn ny ti liu l hm thc xc
nh trong khng gian c th. Bin ngu nhin trnh by qua hm mt xc sut p(z) v hm phn
b tch ly Fz(z) = P[Z z].
Cc gi tr c trng ca bin ngu nhin:
Momen bc n:
n = E [Z n ], n = 1,2,... (4.18)
Momen trung tm bc n:
[
n = E (Z 1 )n ] (4.19)
trong : 1 - momen bc 1, hay gi thng dng l k vng ca Z,
2 = Var[Z] - bnh phng lch ca Z
= 2 - lch (4.20)
Gi tr trung bnh l tm ca hm mt xc sut.
Cov H s hip phng sai (Coefficient of Variance) l thc o khng chc chn ca bin ngu
nhin Z, nh ngha nh sau 13:
2
Cov = (4.21)
1
Phn b xc sut
Phn b t nhin hay phn b Gauss
Hm mt xc sut v hm phn b tch ly phn b t nhin c dng:
1 1 x 2
p ( x) = exp X
(4.22)
2 X 2 X
1
FX ( x ) =
(4.23)
1
2 exp 2 d
2
Phn b logarit t nhin
1 1 ln( x)
2

p ( x) = exp ln X
x0 (4.24)
2 ln X 2 ln X
ln( x) ln X
FX ( x ) = (4.25)
ln X
2
X = exp ln X + ln X (4.26)
2
X = X2 [exp( ln2 X ) 1] (4.27)
Phn b Rayleigh

13
h s hip bin
 171

xu 1 x u 2
p ( x) = exp x0 (4.28)
2 2
trong : u thng s ch v tr, - thng s t l , x = u + / 2 , X = (4 ) / 2
Phn b Weibull

p ( x) =
(x u ) exp 1 x u
xu
(4.30)
2
1 x u
FX ( x) = 1 exp xu (4.31)
2
trong : u thng s ch v tr, - thng s t l , - thng s hnh dng
1
x = u + 1 + (4.32)

2 1
X = 1 + 2 1 + (4.33)

5. CC PHNG PHP TNH
5.1 TNH THEO FORM
Trong phng php FORM First Order Reliability Method, dng phng php chyn mt trng tha
gii hn t khng gian X sang khng gian U, hnh 4.6 v 4.7, v thay bng mt hyperbol tip tuyn
ti im tnh ton u*.

Hnh 4.6 Mapping trong phng php FORM

h hoai

H hoai

An toan

Hnh 4.7 Chuyn khng gian

172

p dng phng thc chuyn Rosenblatt cho trng hp ny.

Hnh 4.8 Php chuyn Rosenblatt

Hm chuyn:
U i = 1 (Fi (Z i | Z 1 ,..., Z i 1 )) i = 1,2,..., n (4.34)
Trng hp bin ngu nhin Z c lp:
U i = 1 (Fi (Z i )) i = 1,2,..., n (4.35)
Mt trng thi gii hn g(Z) = 0 trong khng gian Z chuyn thnh trng thi gii hn tng ng g(u) =
0 trong khng gian U.
im thit k:
u * = * (4.36)
*
Vector php tuyn vi mt h hoi ti u :
g ( u * )
* = (4.37)
g ( u * )
Mt trng thi gii hn hin hnh g(u) = 0 dng hm gn ng:
g(u) = + Tu = 0 (4.38)
Gii hn an ton bc nht c xc nh theo cch sau:
M = g(u) = + Tu (4.39)
Php gn ng xc nh xc sut h hoi:
Pf ( ) (4.40)
Thut ton xc nh ch s xc sut trong khun kh FORM.
Bc 1. Gi thit im thit k ui* nh v, im ui*' trong h ta U tnh theo quan h:
ui* U i
ui*' = (4.41)
U i

Trong u = ; ui - gi tr trung bnh ca bin ngu nhin c bn.

*'
i
*
i

ui - lch ca bin ngu nhin

 173

Hnh 4.9 Tnh theo phng php FORM

Bc 2. Xc nh phn b chun tng ng cho nhng bin ngu nhin khng-chun ti im
thit k:
uN = u * (FX (u * ) ) UN (4.42)

v UN =
( (F
1
U (u * ) )) (4.43)
fU (u * )
Bc 3. Tnh cosine ch hng ti im thit k ( i* , i = 1,2,..., n ):
g
'
i* = ui i = 1,2,..., n (4.44)
2
n
g
u
i =1

'
i *

g g N
Trong : ' = U i
ui * ui *
Bc 4. Gii phng trnh xc nh :
[ ( )]
g UNi U* i UNi ,..., UNn U* n UNin = 0 (4.45)
Bc 5. S dng va nhn c xc nh im thit k mi:
ui* = UNi i* UNi (4.46)
Bc 6. Lp bc 1 n bc 5 cho n khi hi t t yu cu ra.
V d 5: Tnh ch s tin cy Hasofer-Link dm ba nhp, chu ti phn b u q(x) = const, bit rng
chiu di mi nhp L = 5m, ti phn b q = 10kN/m, m un n hi vt liu E = 2.107kN/m2,
momen qun tnh mt ct dm I = 8.10-4 m4.
174

A B C D

L L L

Hnh 4.10 Dm ba nhp chu ti phn b q = const

Phng sai chun I = 1,5. 10-4 m4, E = 0,5.10-4m4, q = 0,4kN/m.
Bin ngu nhin: ti phn b q, chiu di nhp dm L, m un n hi vt liu E, momen qun tnh
mt ct ngang dm I. Trng thi gii hn ang xem xt b x dch, gii hn cho php s l L/360.
vng ti a l 0,0069qL4/(EI), nm v tr 0,446L tnh t u dm. Hm trng thi gii hn c dng:
L qL4
g (q, L, E , I ) = 0,0069
360 EI
C th vit cc biu thc sau:
5
T g = 0 EI 0,0069 5 4 q = 0 EI - 310,5q = 0.
360
Gi tr cc bin trong h ta Z:
I I E E q q
Z1 = ; Z2 = ; Z3 =
I E q
I = I + Z 1 I ; E = E + Z 2 E ; q = q + Z 3 q
Thay vo hm g:
+ Z 1 I ) 310,5( q + Z 3 q ) = 0
( E + Z 2 E )( I
[ 7 7
][ 44
]
2.10 + Z 2 (0,5.10 ) 8.10 + Z 1 (1,5.10 ) 310,5[10 + Z 3 (0,4 )] = 0

3000 Z 1 + 4000 Z 2 + 750 Z 1 Z 2 124,2 Z 3 + 12895 = 0

Xy dng hm g ca v i:
z i* = i 3000 1 + 4000 2 + 750 2 1 2 124,2 3 + 12895 = 0
12895
=
3000 1 + 4000 2 + 750 1 2 124,2 3
T tnh c:
(3000 + 750 2 )
1 =
(3000 + 750 2 )2 + (4000 + 750 1 )2 + ( 124,2)2
(4000 + 750 2 )
2 =
(3000 + 750 2 )2 + (4000 + 750 1 )2 + ( 124,2)2
(124,2 )
3 =
(3000 + 750 2 )2 + (4000 + 750 1 )2 + ( 124,2)2
Cc php tnh gn ng bt u t:
 175
1 = 2 = 0,333 = 0,58; 3 = 0,333 = 0,58;
v = 3.
Cc php tnh lp thc hin theo bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2
i lng Gi tr S ln lp
u 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 3,664 3,429 3,213 3,175 3,173 3,173
1 -0,58 -0,532 -0,257 -0,153 -0,168 0,179 -0,182
2 -0,58 -0,846 -0,965 -0,988 -0,985 -0,983 -0,983
3 0,58 0,039 0,047 0,037 0,034 0,034 0,034
Kt qu tnh lp cho php rt ra = 3,17.
V d 6: Xc nh gi tr trung bnh ca momen qun tnh mt ct dm cng xn trnh by ti hnh .
vng ti a cho php l L/180. Cng thc tnh vng u t do dm: qL4/(8EI).
Gi tr trung bnh cc bin: q = 12kN/m; L = 10m; E = 200x106kN/m2.
Lch chun: q = 1kN/m; L 0; I = 10% t gi tr trung bnh; E = 20x106kN/m2.
Hm trng thi gii hn:
L qL4
g=
180 8 EI
Gi s g = 0:
L

q 10 4 ( )
=0 EI 22500q = 0
180 8 EI
K hiu:
q q E E I q
Z1 = ; Z2 = ; Z3 =
q E I
I = I + Z 3 I ; E = E + Z 2 E ; q = q + Z 1 q

T g = 0 c th vit: Hnh 4.11

( E + Z 2 E )( I + Z 3 I ) 22500( q + Z 1 q ) = 0

[200.10 6
( )]
+ Z 2 20.10 6 [ I + Z 3 (0,1 I )] 22500[12 + Z 1 (1)] = 0
Sau chun ha:
(
100 1 + 101 Z 2 + 101 Z 3 + 1 Z 3 Z 2 0,135 1,125.10 2 Z 1 = 0 )
Xy dng hm g ca v i. Trong phn ny xc nh.
z i* = i = 3 i

( )
100 1 + 10 1 (3 2 ) + 10 1 (3 3 ) + 1 (3 3 )(3 2 ) 0,135 1,125.10 2 (3 1 ) = 0

0,135 + 3,375.10 2 1
I =
100 + 30 2 + 30 3 + 9 3 2
T y tnh tip:
176
1,125.10 2
1 =
( 1,125.10 ) + [10
2 2
I + I (3 3 )] + [10 I + I (3 2 )]
2 2

[10 I + I (3 3 )]
2 =
( 1,125.10 ) + [10
2 2
I + I (3 3 )] + [10 I + I (3 2 )]
2 2

[10 I + I (3 2 )]
3 =
( 1,125.10 ) + [10
2 2
+ I (3 3 )] + [10 I + I (3 2 )]
I
2 2

Cc php tnh lp thc hin theo bng 4.3.

Bng 4.3
i lng Gi tr S ln lp
u 1 2 3 4 5
-4 -3 -3 -3
I 5.10 2,266.10 2,027.10 2,288.10 2,286.10-3 2,289.10-3
1 0,58 0,888 0,363 0,439 0,395 0,397
2 -0,58 -0,326 -0,659 -0,635 -0,650 -0,649
3 -0,58 -0,326 -0,659 -0,635 -0,650 -0,649
Ch s tin cy = 3 khi I = 2,29.10-3 m4.
Thut ton xc nh ch s tin cy dng phng trnh ma trn
1. Xy dng hm trng thi cng cc tham s tng thch cho cc bin ngu nhin Xi, vi i=
1,2, . . . ,n
2. Chn im thit k ban u {xi*}, gn gi tr n 1 bin Xi. Gii phng trnh trng thi gii hn g
= 0 cho bin ngu nhin cn li. Lu im chn nm trn ng gii hn h hoi.
3. Xc nh {zi*} theo cng thc sau:
x * Xi
z i* = i
Xi
4. Tnh o hm ring hm trng thi gii hn theo zi:
g g X i g
= = Xi
Z i X i Z i X i
thun tin lc tnh nn s dng vector {G} h tr sau:
G1
G
{G} = 2 vi Gi = g tnh ti im thit k
M Z i
Gn
5. nh gi theo cch sau:
z1*
*
=
{G}T {z * } vi {z }
* z
= 2
{G}T {G} M
z n*
6. Tnh vector {}:
 177

=
{G}
{G}T {G}
7. Xc nh im thit k mi cho n 1 bin:
z i* = i
8. Xc nh xi:
xi* = Xi + z i* Xi
9. Gii phng trnh g = 0 xc nh cc bin cha cp.
10. Lp bc 3 n 9 cho n khi v xi* hi t . { }
V d : Thc hin tnh tin cy dm ba nhp ti hnh 4.10 theo phng php s dng ma trn.
L qL4
1. Phng trnh trng thi gii hn g (q, L, E , I ) = 0,0069 c hiu nh sau:
360 EI
L X L4
g(X 1 , X 2 , X 3 ) = 0,0069 3
360 X 2 X1
2. Ln lp th nht hy gn x1* v x2* vo X1, X2. Gi tr x3* xc nh sau gii phng trnh g = 0.

4 L x1* x 2*
x = 8.10 ;
*
1 x = 2.10 x =
*
2
7

*
3 = 51,53
360 0,0069 L4
3. Tnh zi*:
x1* X 1 x 2* X 2 x3* X 3
z1* = = 0; z 2* = = 0; z 3* = = 103,8
X1 X2 X3
4. Xc nh vector {G}:
g g x * L4
G1 = = X 1 = 0,0069 3 2 X 1
Z 1 {Z * }
i
X 1 {X * }
i
x 2* x1* ( )
g g x * L4
G2 = = X 2 = 0,0069 3 2 X 2
Z 2 {Z * }
i
X 2 {X * }
i
x1* x 2* ( )
g g L4
G3 = = X 3 = 0,0069 X3
Z 3 {Z * }
i
X 3 {X * }
i
x *
2 x1
*
( )
hay l:
2,604
{G} = 3,472 10 3
0,1078

5. Tnh :

=
{G}T {z * } = 2,578
{G}T {G}
6. Tnh vector {}:
178
0,600
{ } = {G} = 0,800

{G}T {G} 0,025

7. Xc nh im thit k mi cho n 1 bin:
z1* = 1 = 1,546; z 2* = 2 = 2,062
8. Xc nh xi:
x1* = X 1 + z1* X 1 = 5,68.10 4 ; x 2* = X 2 + z 2* X 2 = 9,69.10 6
9. Gii g = 0 xc nh gi tr hin ti ca x3:
x3* = 17,7
10. Lp t bc 3 n bc 9 cho n khi hi t.
Trng hp cc bin ngu nhin lin quan vi nhau
Trng hp ny cn a ma trn lin quan (correlation matrix) tham gia cng thc tnh v
{}. Gi s X, Y hai bin ngu nhin lin quan vi nhau. Hip phng sai (covariance) ca hai bin
ngu nhin X, Y c hiu nh sau:
COV(X,Y) = E[(X- X)(Y- Y)] = E[XY - XY - XY + XY]
H s tng quan (coefficient of correlation / correlation coefficient):
COV ( X , Y )
XY Cov( X , Y ) =
XY
Ma trn lin quan trng hp n bin ngu nhin Xi, i=1,2, . . . ,n:
11 12 L 1n

22 L 2 n COV ( X i , X j )
[ ] = 21
vi ij =
M M O M Xi Xj

n1 n 2 L nn

Trng hp n bin ngu nhin khng lin quan nhau ma trn hip phng sai c dng:
X2 1 0 L 0

[C ] = 0 X 2 L 0
2

M M O M
2
0 0 L Xn
v
1 0 L 0
0 1 L 0
[ ] =
M M O M

0 0 L 1

Nhng ci bin khi tnh v c mt []nh sau:

z1*
*
=
{G}T z * { } { }
z
vi z * = 2
{G}T [ ]{G} M
z n*
 179
Tnh vector {}:
=
{G}
{G}T [ ]{G}
V d : Xc nh cho hm trng thi gii hn:
G(X1 , X2) = 3X1 2X2
Vi X1 = 16,6; X1 = 2,45
X2 = 18,8; X2 = 2,83
v Cov(X1 , X2 ) = 2,0
Hai bin u phc tng hm phn b Gauss.
1. Hm trng thi gii hn v phn b xc sut nh trnh by ti u .
2. Chn im thit k ban u x1* = 17. T g = 0 xc nh x2* = 25,5
3. B qua giai on ny.
4. Tnh vector {z*}:
z1* = 0,163; z 2* = 2,37
5. Xc nh vector {G}:
g g
G1 = = X 1 = (3) X 1
Z 1 {Z * } X 1 {X * }
i i

g g
G2 = = X 2 = 2 X 2
Z 2 {Z * } X 2 {X * }
i i

6. nh gi :
Cov( X 1 , X 2 ) 2
1 1
X 1 X 2 (2,45)(2,83) = 1 0,288
[ ] = Cov( X , X ) = 0,288
1 2
1 2
1 1
X 1 X 2 (2,45)(2,83)

=
{G}T {z * } = 1,55
{G}T [ ]{G}
7. Tnh {}
{ } = {G} =
0,726

{G}T [ ]{G} 0,499
8. z1* = 1 = ( 0,726 )(1,55) = 1,13
9. x1* = X 1 + z1* X 1 = 13,8
10. Gii g = 0, xc nh x 2* = 20,7
11. Tnh lp cho n khi v im thit k hi t.
Kt qu tnh c t bng 4.4:

Bng 4.4
Ln lp 1 2
x1* 17 13,8
x 2* 25,5 20,7

180
1,55 1,55

x1* 13,8 13,8
x 2* 20,7 20,7

5.2 TNH THEO SORM

Trong phng php SORM, vit tt t Second Order Reliability Method, mt trng thi ng sut xc
nh gn ng nh hm paraboloid tip tuyn, hnh 4.12.

Hnh 4.12 Hnh 4.13 Minh ha phng php tnh SORM

( ) n 1
( ) ( )
n 1 n 1
Pf ( ) 1 k j + [ ( ) ( )] 1 k j 1 ( + 1)k j
1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
+
j =1 j =1 j =1
12.47)
n 1
(
( + 1)[( ) ( )] 1 k j
j =1
)1 / 2
(
n 1
Re 1 ( + 1)k j )1 / 2

j =1
1 (Pf , SORM ) (4.48)
V d 7 : nh gi tin cy chng lt gin kiu t nng theo phng php tin cy bc nht.
Di y trnh by kt qu tnh tin cy kt cu gin t nng (jack-up rig) 3 chn lm vic ti vng
bin Vit nam. Bng tnh thc hin ti Vin c hc Vit nam 14.
Momen lt gin (capsizing moment) MC.
M C = M WIND + M S
trong MWIND momen do gi, MS momen do sng v dng chy.
Momen hi phc (righting moment):
Mr = CM
Trong C - h s x dch tnh n bin dng gin, M momen hi phc tnh theo gi thit gin
khng b bin dng,
H s an ton lt SF > 1. Theo tiu chun DNV SF = 1,25.
g = Mr - SF.MC
Gi tr trung bnh ca g: G = Mr SF . MC

lch chun: G = Mr
2
+ SF . MC
2

14
Phan Vn Khi, Phm Vn Kt thc hin nm 2000.
 181
Ch s an ton:
C M SF ( MW + MS )
= G =
G (C M )2 + SF 2 ( MW + MS )2
Xc sut lt gin:
Pf = P(SF M C M r ) = P( g 0)
Gin jack-up nu ti v d chu tc ng cc momen: M = 964,22MNm, Mr = 864,43MNm. H s x
dch C tnh n hiu ng P - mang gi tr: 0,896.
Momen lt do gi vn tc tnh ton v = 57,54m/s thi: Mwind = 268,3MNm. Momen lt do sng v
dng chy, c tnh n h s ng lc do gin dao ng trn sng: MS = 580,33MNm.
Gi tr trung bnh cc i lng k trn:
M = 964,22 MNm, Mr = 864,43MNm, MW = 268,3MNm, MC = 268,32 +312,01 =
580,33MNm.
MW = 23,99MNm, MC = 28,29MNm.
139,02
Ch s an ton: = = 2,92
47,66
Xc sut ph hy: Pf = ( 2,92) = 0,00175
6. PHN TCH NHNG IU KHNG CHC CHN 15 T TI V BN
Nhng iu khng chc chn hoc nhng sai st kh trnh trong phn tch tin cy, gi l
nhng iu bt kh tn, thuc cc nhm:
Khim khuyt vn c trong kt cu ng hnh vi cc hin tng vt l
T o c
T thng k
M hnh ha kt cu, m hnh ha ti
Li do con ngi phm lc phn tch
6.1 Bt kh tn vn c
Nhng i thay cc tc ng t mi trng l iu nhn bit c song rt kh nh gi chnh
xc v mt nh lng, kh miu t c th bng cc php tt nh, c th coi l nhng bt kh tn vn
c. nh gi tc ng gi n cc cng trnh ph thuc vo xc nh p lc gi song kt qu o, tnh
p lc ny cha m bo tin. D bo hot ng gi vn cn cha nhng nghi ng. Chiu cao sng,
chu k sng, hng sng bin l cc i lng ngu nhin, nh hng trc tip n vic nh gi tc
ng ti t mi trng bin n cng trnh trn bin. Kh khn v thiu chc chn khi miu t sng
ang l thc t. ng t gy nhiu nguy hi cho cng trnh tuy nhin cha c cch d bo chnh xc,
cha nh gi tc hi mt cch ton din yu t ny khi thit k cng trnh. Tr ngi ln cho nhng
nh thit k l kh gim bt nhng iu bt kh tn ny bng cc php tnh hoc tng cng cc php
o nh chng ta vn lm lu nay.
6.2 Bt kh tn cc php o
Nhng sai st ng hnh cc php o do con ngi v thit b cng gy ra. Bng nhng n lc
ng hng, bng cng c o chnh xc, thch hp, thit b c m bo chnh xc v tnh ton
ng hn ca con ngi c th gim bt cc iu bt kh tn ny.

15
uncertainties
182
6.3 Bt kh tn thng k
Sai st nhm ny do thiu ht thng tin, d liu. C th gim thiu nhng iu cha chc chn
nhm ny bng bin php tng cng thu nhp d liu, ci tin cch x l d liu.
6.4 Bt kh tn m hnh
M hnh tnh da trn c s l tng ha kt cu, m hnh ha ti. Nhng sai st lc lp m hnh
c gc t vt l v t chn phn b ti khng st thc t. M hnh ha kt cu trong iu kin thc
t cha th m bo tnh ng dng hon ton v ng thi cc yu cu v ng dng hnh hc,
ng dng ng hc v ng dng ng lc hc.
7. CHN HM PHN B
Cc hm phn b dng trong phn tch tin cy kt cu trnh by ti phn 4.2. Qui lut phn b
t nhin t ra ph hp vi rt nhiu hin tng vt l trong t nhin, p dng vo nghin cu bn
kt cu thng gp. Lut Gauss tm thy ch ng trong miu t tc ng ca thin nhin nh sng,
gi, ma, nng, thay i nhit mi trng v phn ng ca cc i tng trc tc ng . Tuy
nhin ngi ta quan st v nhn ra rng, cc tc ng trong phm vi din t c bng cc
hm tuyn tnh chp nhn lut Gauss, cn trong giai on phi tuyn cha hon ton phc tng phn b
Gauss. Nhn chung, chn phn b xc sut cho cng vic nh gi bn kt cu cng trnh vn l min
cn cha nhiu quan ngi v chnh xc, chc chn php tnh khi cn nh gi nh lng.
8 PHN TCH TIN CY H THNG
8.1 H thng ni tip
Xc sut h hoi h thng:
m m
( )
Pf , sys = P U (M i 0) = P U i iT u = 1 m ( , ) (4.49)
i =1 i =1
trong :
m hm phn b chun m chiu,
= [1 , 2, . . .] vector ch s tin cy ca m thnh phn h hoi ,
- ma trn lin quan tng ng.
V d 8: Kt cu trnh by ti hnh 4.14, chi tit 1 bn tri, chi tit 2 bn phi, c c tnh sau: R1 =
1,5R, R2 = R. Ti P v R phc tng phn b chun c lp vi: P = 4kN, R = 4kN; P =
0,8kN, R = 0,4kN. Xc nh xc sut h hi ca h thng.
3 2
g1 ( Z ) = R P
2 2
2 L
g 2 (Z ) = R P
2
Chun ha cc bin ngu nhin: 2L
R4 P4
x1 = ; x2 = Hnh 4.14
0,4 0,8
Z1 = 0,728 x1 0,686 x2 + 3,846;
Z 2 = 0,577 x1 0,816 x2 + 1,691;
T : 1 = 3,846; 2 = 1,691 xc nh xc sut h hoi ca hai thnh phn kt cu:
 183
Pf ,1 = ( 1 ) = 0,00006
Pf , 2 = ( 2 ) = 0,04794
Xc sut h hoi ca h thng kt cu:
max Pf ,i Pf ,sys Pf ,i
T y:
0,04796 Pf ,sys 0,0480
8.2 H thng song song
Xc sut h hoi h thng:
m m
(
Pf , sys = P I (M i 0 ) = P I i iT u ) = ( , )
m (4.50)
i =1 i =1
V d 9: H thng gm 4 thnh phn ni song song, trong : 1 = 3,57, 2 = 3,41, 3 = 4,24, 4 =
5,48. Xc nh gii hn ca xc sut h hoi.
Pf ,1 = ( 1 ) = 1,7894.10 4

Pf , 2 = ( 2 ) = 3,2481.10 4

Pf ,3 = ( 3 ) = 1,1176.10 5
Pf , 4 = ( 4 ) = 2,1266.10 8

P(Q ) P
i f , sys minP(Qi )
Gii hn xc sut:
1,3779.10 20 Pf ,sys 2,1266.10 8
Gii hn tng ng ca ch s tin cy:
5,48 sys 9,23
9 XC NH CC H S S DNG TI (S) V TR LC (R)
M hnh ha ti S
Ti tng qut Qi dng trong phn tch tin cy th hin bng quan h:
Qi= Ai Bi Ci
trong Ai i din cho ti danh ngha, Bi i lng tnh n nh hng cc phng thc p ti n
kt cu, Ci thnh phn tnh n nh hng cc phng php tnh gn ng, cch m hnh ha. Cc i
lng c trng c xut x t ti Qi tnh nh sau:
Q A B C
Q A B C
Q2 ( B C )2 A2 + ( A C )2 B2 + ( A B )2 C2

VQ V A2 + VB2 + VC2
M hnh ha tr lc R
Tr lc hay l kh nng p ng, kh nng chng tr, nng lc
Ngun cc bt kh tn i vi R c th l:
184
- Tnh cht vt liu: thiu tnh chc chn ca bn vt liu, gi tr m un n hi, ng sut gii
hn, thnh phn ha hc.
- Ch to vt liu: khng m bo tnh chnh xc ch kch thc, hnh dng vt liu, nh hng n gi
tr momen qun tnh mt ct, m un chng un.
- M hnh ha kt cu, m hnh ha ti.
M hnh ca R trong cc php tnh tin cy:
R = RnMFP
trong M thng s phn nh s thay i bn vt liu, F bin phn nh khng chc chn
ca ch to vt liu, P h s tnh n nh hng qui trnh phn tch, nh gi.
Tr lc danh ngha Rn th hin cho nhng kt cu c th, v d trong cc kt cu h khung, Rn
dm thp mang dng sau:
Rn = Y.W
trong Y ng sut chy vt liu, Z m un do chng un .
Cc i lng c trng lin quan R:
R = Rn M F P
R = M F P
V R VM2 + VF2 + VP2
D liu thng k v c tnh thp xy dng trnh by ti bng 4.5.
Bng 4.5
Kiu kt cu P VP M VM F VF R* VR
Chu ko, gii hn chy 1,0 0 1,05 0,10 1,0 0,05 1,05 0,11
Chu ko, gii hn bn 1,0 0 1,10 0,10 1,0 0,05 1,10 0,11
Dm lin tc 1,06 0,07 1,05 0,10 1,00 0,05 1,11 0,13
Dm n hi, mt n nh 1,03 0,09 1,00 0,06 1,00 0,05 1,11 0,12
ngang-xon
Dm khng n hi, mt n 1,03 0,09 1,00 0,10 1,00 0,05 1,11 0,14
nh ngang-xon
Ct 1,02 0,10 1,05 0,10 1,00 0,05 1,07 0,15
Kh nng chu ct dm thp:
1
VS = A.Y ; P = 1,02; VP = 0,07
3
trong A din tch mt ct ngang dm
R = 0,106
9.1 Nguyn l thit k ASD
Thit k theo ng sut cho php 16 c dng trong thc t biu din bng biu thc:
Allow ; Allow = L (4.51)
trong : Allow - ng sut cho php
- h s s dng

16
Allowable Stress Design, vit tt ASD. Cm t Working Stress Design - WSD, ng ngha ASD.
 185
L ng sut tiu biu, trng hp ny trng vi ng sut chy Y.
Phng php dng ASD khi nh gi ti cho php n nay cha tho g cc kh khn lin quan bt
kh tn ti, t hp ti vv
Th tc LRFD The Load and Resistance Factored Design
Tiu chun thit k theo LRFD pht biu nh sau: bn danh ngha tnh ton ln hn hoc bng
tng ti danh ngha tnh ton, hiu di dng cng thc:

Rn i Qni (4.53)

trong : h s ti hay h s bn (resistance factor) , cn k hiu R, phn nh bt kh tn (khng

chc chn) ca mi thnh phn kt cu khi xc nh kch thc, hnh dng, ng sut cc b, nh hng
kim loi gc, ng sut d, qui trnh ch to ra sn phm vv H s an ton lin quan ti i tnh
n bt kh tn ca mi ti Qi, phn nh thiu chnh xc trong nh gi cng ti p t, tnh
ton ng sut do ti gy.

Hnh 4.15 Hnh 4.16

Th tc nu ti 4.4 tun th cng thc (4.53) ny.
9.2 Thit k theo trng thi gii hn LSD
Thit k theo trng thi gii hn 17 nhm xem xt v nh gi iu kin h hoi kt cu, trong
khung cnh kh nng chu ti kt cu gim st, tc ng ti bn ngoi c chiu hng tng ln.
Thit k LSD c th pht biu trong khun kh ASD hoc LRFD.
Trong khun kh ASD phng trnh thit k din t bng biu thc:
RD .S D (4.54)
H s an ton th hin nh sau:
B
= S exp( 2,33 S ) (4.55)
BR
trong :
- h s an ton (h s s dng)
- h s tnh n nh hng qua li ti ng, ti nht thi trong h thng
BS - lch ca ti maximum
BR - lch ca kh nng thnh phn kt cu
- ch s an ton hng nm
- tng bt kh tn (khng chc chn) trong S v R
S - bt kh tn khi nh gi ti ln nht trong nm

17
Limit State Design, vit tt LSD
186
H s c dng:
= S2 + R2 (4.56)
18
9. 3 Kim nh tin cy. Xc sut t ch
Phng php LRFD gip vo vic kim tra tin cy cc thnh phn kt cu thn tu. Ch s an
ton tnh ton theo thuyt tin cy, v d bng phng php FORM khng nh hn ch s an
ton ch 0, th hin iu kin an ton thit k:
> 0
trong : 0 ch s an ton t ch
- ch s an ton xc nh bng ng tnh ton
H s an ton ring (Partial Safety Factor)
x*
H s an ton ring i xc nh t biu thc: i = ~i
xi
trong bin xi* xc nh theo xi* = Xi + z i* Xi v tha mn g(x1*, x2*, . . ., xn*) = 0,
~
xi - gi tr thit k danh ngha ca bin Xi.
Th tc tnh:
1. Xy dng hm trng thi cng cc tham s tng thch cho cc bin ngu nhin Xi, i=1,2, . . .
,n
2. Chn im thit k ban u {xi*}, gn gi tr n 1 bin Xi. Gii phng trnh trng thi gii hn g
= 0 cho bin ngu nhin cn li. Lu im chn nm trn ng gii hn h hoi.
3. Tnh gi tr trung bnh tng ng Xie v phng sai chun tng ng Xie

4. S dng vector {G} h tr sau:

G1
G
{G} = 2 vi Gi = g tnh ti im thit k
M Z i
Gn
5. Tnh vector {}:
{ } = [ ]{G}
{G}T [ ]{G}
6. Xc nh im thit k mi cho n 1 bin:
z i* = i 0
trong ch tin cy t ch s phi tm.
7. Xc nh xi:
xi* = Xi + z i* Xi
8. Gii phng trnh g = 0 xc nh cc bin cha cp, gi thit rng ~
xi = Xi .
xi* Xi + z i* Xi
i = = = 1 + z i*V Xi = 1 + i V Xi
Xi Xi

18
Target Probability
 187
xi*
T : Xi =
1 + i V Xi
9. Lp bc 3 n 8 cho n khi { } hi t .
x*
10. Sau hi t php tnh, s dng cng thc i = ~i tnh cc h s thit k
xi
V d : Xc nh cc h s an ton ring trng hp c bn g = R Q c ch s tin cy t ch
0 = ch = 3,0. Bit rng VR = 10%; VQ = 12%.
Phng trnh thit k vit di dng:
RR QQ hoc R QQ
Nhng bc thc hin trong chu trnh lp:
1. Xc nh hm trng thi nh c
2. Chn im thit k ban u r* = q*. Vi trng hp ny R = Q.
3. Bc 3 khng thc hin trong bi ny.
4. Tnh vector {G}:
g
G1 = R = R = VR R = 0,1 R = 0,1 Q
R iemT.K

g
G2 = Q = + Q = VQ Q = 0,12 Q
Q iemT.K

5. Tnh vector {}:

{ } = [ ]{G} = 1 0,1 Q 0,641

=
{G}T [ ]{G} ( 0,1 Q )2 + (0,12 Q )2 0,12 Q 0,769
6. Xc nh im thit k mi:
z Q* = Q ich = 0,769.3,0 = 2,31
7. Tnh q*:
q * = Q* Q = Q (1 + z Q* VQ ) = 1,28 Q
8. Gii g = 0 xc nh r* = 1,28Q
9. nh gi R = f(Q):
r* 1,28 Q
R = = = 1,58 Q
(1 + R 0VR ) 1 0,641.3,0.0,10
10. Thc hin tnh lp:
Bng 4.6
Ln lp 1 2 3
r* (khi ng) Q 1,28Q 1,22Q
q* (khi ng) Q 1,28Q 1,22Q
R (khi ng) Q 1,58Q 1,60Q
R -0,641 -0,796 -0,800
Q 0,769 0,605 0,600
r* (kt thc) 1,28Q 1,22Q 1,22Q
q* (kt thc) 1,28Q 1,22Q 1,22Q
R (kt thc) 1,58Q 1,60Q 1,60Q
Kt qu tnh:
188
r* 1,22 Q
R = = = 0,763
R 1,60 Q
q* 1,22 Q
Q = = = 1,22
Q Q
V d : Phng trnh trng thi gii hn dm un gm tr lc R, ti c nh, v d trng lng bn
thn dm, k hiu D (dead load) v ti bin ng k hiu L (live load) c dng:
g(R, D, L) = R (D + L) = R D L
Phng trnh thit k tng ng vi hm ang nu:
Rn DDn + LLn.
Trong Rn, Dn, Ln - cc gi tr danh ngha ca ti.
R phc tng lut logarit, D phc tng lut t nhin, L phn b cc tr.
VR = 10%; R = 1,10; VD = 10%; D = 1,05; VL = 25%; L = 1,0;
Xc nh cc h s an ton ring = 3,0.
Trong ba n ch c hai trong s c th cn nhc, tnh ton. n th ba c th tm trong iu kin
tha mn gi thuyt rng L/D = const, gi s = 3,0.
Cc bc tnh ton theo th tc ang nu.
1. Xc nh hm trng thi nh c
2. Chn im thit k ban u. Gi s d* = D v l* = L = 3D. T g = 0 xc nh r* = 4D, R
= 4D.
3. Xc nh thng s tng ng cho R v L.
R* r *VR
[
R* r * 1 ln (r * ) + ln( R ) ]
Kt qu tnh: R* r *VR = 0,52 D
[ ]
R* r * 1 ln (r * ) + ln( R ) = 4 D
Le = 0,7173 D
Le = 2,872 D
4. Tnh {G}:
g
G1 = Re = Re
R iemT.K

g
G2 = D = + D = V D D
D iemT.K

g e
G3 = L = + Le
L iemT.K

G1 = -0,52D; G2 = 0,10D; G3 = 0,717D;

5. Tnh vector {}:
0 0
1 0,52 D

Cc ma trn thnh phn: [ ] = 0
1 0; {G} = 0,10 D
0 1
0 0,717
D

0,5832
Vector {}: { } =
[ ]{G}
= 0,1122
{G} [ ]{G} 0,8045
T

 189
6. Xc nh im thit k mi:
z D* = D = 0,1122.3,0 = 0,3366
z L* = L = 0,8045.3,0 = 2,414
7. Tnh cc im thit k :
( )
d * = D + z D* D = D 1 + z D* VD = 1,034 D
l * = Le + z L* Le = 2,872 D + 2,414.0,7173 D = 4,604 D
8. Gii g = 0 xc nh r* = d* + l* = 5,637D
r* 5,637 D
9. R = = = 7,298 D
(1 + R VR ) 1 + (0,5832).3,0.0,13
10. Thc hin tnh lp:
Bng 4.7
Ln lp 1 2 3 4 5
r* (khi ng) 4D 5,638D 6,683D 6,908D 6,921D
d* (khi ng) D 1,034D 1,020D 1,016D 1,015D
l* (khi ng) 3D 4,604D 5,663D 5,892D 5,906D
R (khi ng) 4D 7,29D 8,249D 8,425D 8,429D
R -0,5832 -0,4868 -0,4618 -0,4588 -0,4586
D 0,1122 0,0664 0,0532 0,0511 0,0510
L 0,8045 0,8710 0,8854 0,8871 0,8872
r* (kt thc) 5,638D 6,683D 6,908D 6,921D 6,921D
D* (kt thc) 1,034D 1,020D 1,016D 1,015D 1,015D
l* (kt thc) 4,604D 5,663D 5,892D 5,906D 5,906D
R (kt thc) 7,29D 8,249D 8,425D 8,429D 8,429D

Kt qu tnh:
r* r* 6,921 D
= = = 1,10 = 0,9032
Rn R / R 8,429 D
d* 1,015 D
D = D = 1,05 = 1,066
D D
l *
5,906 D
L = L = 1,0 = 1,969
L 3 D
10 TH TC PHN TCH TIN CY KT CU
Bc 1: Xc nh c trng k thut v chc nng ca i tng
Cu hnh i tng, kt cu v kch thc kt cu
iu kin mi trng i tng hot ng
iu kin khai thc ca i tng .
Bc 2: Xy dng hm trng thi gii hn
Xy dng hai nhm phng trnh trng thi gii hn: nhm khai thc 19 v nhm bn. Mi nhm
phng trnh bao gm bn mc khc nhau ca trng thi gii hn.
Hm trng thi gii hn lm hng kt cu

19
serviceability
190
Hm trng thi gii hn cho dm cng
Hm trng thi gii hn cho n nh tm v
Hm trng thi gii hn mi cc kt cu nhy cm
Bc 3: Xc lp c trng thng k cho cc bin ngu nhin
Bc 4: Chn phng php tnh tin cy
Bc 5: Tnh xc sut h hoi cho mi dng hng hc ca i tng xem xt
11 BN THN TU
Thn tu xt nh dm c bn bn thn R, lin tc chu tc ng momen un dng kt hp
S. bn thn tu nh gi qua m un chng un mt ct.
1.1 Ti tnh ton
Momen un tu xt trong ba trng thi: trn nc tnh, trn sng v momen ng. Momen un
tu trn nc tnh xem xt theo cch hng dn ti chng bn tu trong sch ny. Momen
un b sung trn sng v momen ng chu nh hng t nhiu pha: c trng hnh hc thn tu, kt
cu thn tu, vn tc khai thc, hng sng, trng thi bin vv Cc i lng thuc ti tc ng ln
tu u l bin ngu nhin do vy trc khi a vo m hnh tnh bn thn tu cn phi x l
bng cc phng php ton thch hp, trong s c phng php thng k, xc sut.
1) Momen un tu trn nc tnh MS
Momen MS tc ng ln thn tu ph thuc vo hiu ca phn b trng lng tu ti thi
im khai thc vi phn b lc ni dc tu. Gi tr momen un, lc ct tu tnh theo cch ny c
coi nh gi tr danh ngha, tnh trong khun kh LRFD.
2) Momen un do sng gy
Momen MW do sng gy (wave-induced) xt nh bin ngu nhin, ph thuc hon ton vo
c tnh hnh hc thn tu, vn tc khai thc, chiu cao, chu k, hng tc ng sng bin, dng chy
vv Tnh ton RAO chuyn ng tu, RAO momen un lc ct hoc ng sut tu trn sng thc hin
trong khun kh phng php phn tch ph. Momen MW tham gia vo tnh ton di dng cc c
tnh ca i lng ngu nhin, gn kt vi sng bin qua cc hm RAO.
3) Momen ng
Momen un ng do slamming v /hoc whipping gii quyt bng phng php phn tch ph.
4) Kt hp momen un do sng v momen ng
Phng php phn tch ph dng vo trng hp ny xc nh ph momen un kt hp, d bo
di hn cho momen un ny sinh.
11.2 T hp ti
1) T hp momen un trn nc tnh v trn sng
Momen gii hn hay l gii hn bn ca thn tu Mu xc nh bng cng thc:
Mu = MSW + kWDMWD
H s lin quan kWD c th nhn bng n v khi tnh tu i bin.
2) T hp momen un trn nc tnh, trn sng v momen ng
Mu = MSW + kW(MW + kDMD)
H s kD h s tng quan gia momen un do sng v momen ng, tnh ring cho trng hp
hogging v sagging.
iu kin hogging:
 191
53080
k D = exp
(
158LPP
0 , 2 0,3
)
+ 14,2 LPP LPP
iu kin sagging:
21200
k D = exp
(
158LPP
0 , 2
)
+ 14,2 LPP LPP
0,3

trong LPP thay k hiu LPP , n v o ft.

Gi tr kD tnh cho trng hp hogging: 0,254 0,706, trng hp sagging: 0,58 0,87.
11.3 Trng thi gii hn ca momen un tu
M M u SW M SW + kW ( W M W + D k D M D )
M cFy Z SW M SW + kW ( W M W + D k D M D )
M M u SW M SW + W M W + D k D M D
M cFy Z SW M SW + W M W + D k D M D
trong :
c h s tnh nh hng mt n nh
M - h s bn ca momen un gii hn
Fy - bn chy danh ngha
kW, kWD, kD nh gii thch trn
Z - m un chng un thn tu
11.4 Tnh ton cc h s an ton ring ca thn tu
Cn c momen gii hn xc nh cc h s an ton ring thn tu lm vic trong iu kin b cc
momen un trn nc tnh, trn sng v momen ng tc ng.
Hm trng thi gii hn:
g = M M U SW M SW kW (M + D k D M D )
c tnh xc sut cc bin ngu nhin c mt trong nh gi bn thn tu:
Cc i lng o bng n v o chiu di gm chiu di tu, chiu rng, chiu cao tu, mn nc,
chiu dy kt cu vv phc tng phn b t nhin (phn b Gauss)
Cc i lng vt l:
bn tu v thp thng thng Fy: gi tr trung bnh 1,11Fy; COV = 0,07; phn b lognormal
bn tu v thp bn cao Fy: gi tr trung bnh 1,22Fy; COV = 0,09; phn b lognormal
bn gii hn Fu: gi tr trung bnh 1,05Fu; COV = 0,05; phn b t nhin
M un n hi E: gi tr trung bnh 1,024E; COV = 0,05; phn b t nhin
H s Poisson: = 0,3
M un chng un Z: gi tr trung bnh 1,04Z; COV = 0,05; phn b t nhin
Momen un trng thi n hi My = FyZy: COV = 0,15; phn b lognormal
Momen un trng thi do MP = FyZP: COV = 0,18; phn b lognormal
Cc h s an ton ring cho hm trng thi gii hn tnh chn theo hng dn ginh cho tu i bin,
nu trn. Ch s xc sut t ch 0 = 4.
Nhng h s sau y khuyn co dng trong tnh ton tin cy tu i bin:
192
Gi tr trung bnh h s gin c bn (M) = 0,44
Gi tr trung bnh h s ti tu trn nc tnh (SW) = 1,04
Gi tr trung bnh h s ti tu trn sng (W) = 1,22
Gi tr trung bnh h s ti ng (D) = 1,05
T l cc thnh phn momen un tu:
M SW / M W = 0,25 0,35
M D / M W = 0,25 0,35
M WD / M W = 1,0 1,35
T l gia gi tr trung bnh v gi tr danh ngha ca momen, COV ca cc momen:
T l momen COV
Mu 1,1 0,15
MSW 1,0 0,15
MW 1,0 0,1 n 0,2
MD 0,83 n 1,11 0,2 n 0,3
 193
TI LIU THAM KHO
Chng 1
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Academic Press, NY
2. Wallerstein D. V., (2002), A Variational Approach To Structural Analysis, Wiley-Interscience,
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Chng 2
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Dekker, Inc. NY
2. Yang W.Y., Cao W., Morris J., (2005), Applied Numerical Methods Using MATLAB, Wiley-
Interscience, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Chng 3
1. Hutton, D.V., (2004), Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis, Mc GrawHill Higher Education,
The Mc Graw Hill Inc., NY
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Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, London.
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Butterworth Heinemann, London

Chng 4
1. Ayyub, B.M.., Beach, J., and Packard, T., (1995),Methodology for the Development of Reliability-
Based Design Criteria for Surface Ship Structures, Naval Engineers Journal, ASNE.
2. Mansour, A.E. Jan, H.Y., Zigelman, C.I., Chen, Y.N., Harding, S.J.,(1984), Implementation of
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