Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pex 08 02
Pex 08 02
1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very ______.
2. Tom doesn't take risks when he's driving. He's always ______.
5. Monica's English is very ______ although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.
6. I cooked this meal ______ for you, so I hope you like it.
10. I'd like to buy a car but it's ______ impossible for me at the momen
1. quickly
2. careful
3. continuously
4. happily
5. fluent
6. specially
7. complete
8. perfectly
9. nervous
10. financially / completely
2. conjunction
A conjunction is a part of speech that joins two words, phrases or clauses together.
There are three types of conjunctions:
in order that
after
so
before
if
although
lest
either...or though
and even if
neither...nor even though
but that
not only...but also as much as
or unless
both...and as long as
nor until
whether...or as soon as
when
because
where
since
whether
so that
while
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that connect two or
more equal items.
Examples:
Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs.They work in pairs to coordinate two items.
Examples of correlative conjunctions include both...and..., either...or, not only... but also...
Examples:
Not only are they noisy but they are also lazy.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join a dependent
(or subordinating) clause to an independent (or main) clause.
Examples:
Even if you get the best grade in the writing test, you'll need to pass an oral test.
3. When you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.
7. She went to the shops but cocouldn't find anything that could fit her needs.
would stop
will live
didn't loose
-They would pay the rent, if they (not loose) their jobs
eat
will
had been
If the beggar (ask) for money, you won't give him any.
If you had bought that big house, you (not have) money to pay it.
will post
If you put the parcel on the table, the boy (post) it for you.
4.
Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.
She says: "I like tuna fish." She says that she likes tuna fish.
statements
questions
requests / commands
other types
A. Reporting Statements
pronouns
tense
1- Pronouns
In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.
Example:
She says, My dad likes roast chicken. She says that her dad likes roast chicken.
2- Tenses
If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in reported speech.
If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in reported speech.
No backshift
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense (e. g. He says). Note,
however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person
singular).
Example:
He says, I write poems. He says that he writes English.
Backshift
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past tense (e. g. He said).
Example:
He said, I am happy. He said that he was happy.
Conditional (would+verb)
Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich"
rich"
The modal verbs could, should, would, might, needn't, ought to, used to do not normally
change.
Example:
He said, "She might be right." He said that she might be right.
must "She must apply for the job." He said that she must/had to apply for the job.
will "They will call you." He tod her that they would call her.
Place, demonstratives and time expressions change if the context of the reported statement
(i.e. the location and/or the period of time) is different from that of the direct speech.
In the following table, you will find the different changes of place; demonstratives and time
expressions.
now then
Place
here there
Demonstratives
this that
these those
B. Reporting Questions
pronouns
tenses (backshift)
With question word (what, why, "Why" dont you speak He asked me why I didnt
where, how...) English? speak English.
When transforming requests and commands, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
"Nancy, give me your pen, please." He asked Nancy to give him her pen.
Tenses are not relevant for requests simply use to / not to + verb (infinitive without "to")
Example:
D. Other transformations
Expressions of advice with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge.
Example:
You must read this book.
He advised / urged me to read that book.
The expression lets is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are two possibilities
for reported speech: gerund or statement with should.
Example:
Lets go to the cinema.=
1. He suggested going to the cinema.
2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.
If two complete main clauses are connected with and or but, put that after the conjunction.
Example:
He said,I saw her but she didn't see me. He said that he had seen her but that she hadn't
seen him.
If the subject is dropped in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do
not use that.
Example:
She said,I am a nurse and work in a hospital. He said that she was a nurse and worked in
a hospital.
In the example:
that is a relative pronoun which introduces the relative clause that he had lost.
In English the relative pronouns are who, whom, which, whose, and that.
Relative pronouns
whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in non-restrictive relative clauses (in
restrictive relative clauses use who)
The boy whom you told me about got the best grades in mathematics.
that - subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in restrictive relative clauses
(who or which are also possible)
6.
1 I used my time well while I (wait) for my plane - I wrote
some emails.
Correct answer: was waiting
9 Why did you bring your umbrella? (it/rain) when you left
home?
Correct answer: Was it raining
7.
1. He teaches English.
Answers
1. English is taught by him.