Headword POS Pronunciation Definition

a shortened form of a speech, article, book, etc., giving

abstract n [C] b.strkt only the most important facts or ideas
conduct kn.dkt rst / n to examine a subject carefully and in detail in order to
research / an phr nves.te.n discover new information
a typical or obvious quality that makes one person or thing
characteristic n [C] kr.k.trs.tk different from others
confirm v [T] knfm to say or show that something is true

counter v [T] kan.t to prevent something or reduce the bad effect that it has
develop good to use a working method which is officially accepted as
practice phr dvel.p d prk.ts being the best one to use
If the amount, rate, or quality of something falls off, it
fall off phr v [I] fl f becomes smaller or lower.

study which consists of practical activities that are done

fieldwork n [U] fild.wk away from your school, college or place of work
a suggested explanation for something which has not yet
hypothesis n [C] hap..ss been proved to be true
independent a person who does not need help from other people in
learner n [C] n.dpen.dnt ln order to get knowledge
oriented adj .rien.td directed towards or interested in something
research n [C] rst prp.zl a written plan of the research that you intend to do
structured adj strk.td arranged in an organized way
undertake a
project phr n.dtek prd.ekt to do or begin to do a carefully planned piece of work
to write something in a complete form, usually using notes
write up phr v [I] rat p that you made earlier

back up phr v [I] bk p to prove that something is true

break through phr v [I] brek ru to force yourself through something that is holding you back
involving two or more people working together for a special
collaborative adj klb.r..tv purpose
conceptualise v [T] knsep.tu..laz to form an idea or principle in your mind
contend v [T] kntend to say that something is true
the collection of a single writer's work or of writing about a
particular subject, or a large amount of written and
sometimes spoken material collected to show the state of
corpus n [C] k.ps a language

If facts or pieces of information correlate, they are

connected to each other and influence each other, and if
correlate v [I/T] kr.l.t you correlate them, you show their connections.
ways of giving judgments and opinions on books, plays,
critical thinking phr krt..kl k films, etc
based on experience or scientific experiments and not only
empirical adj mpr.kl on ideas
ethical when you have to make a difficult choice relating to what
dilemma phr [C] e.kl dlem. you believe is right or wrong
the present time, when most information is in a digital form,
especially when compared to the time when computers
digital age n dd..tl ed were not used
 to consider or study something carefully and decide how
evaluate v [T] vl.ju.et good or bad it is
go hand in If two things go hand in hand, they exist together and are
hand phr hnd n hnd connected with each other.
something which people are not certain about, usually
grey area phr re e.ri. because there are no clear rules for it
ills n [C] lz (usually plural) a problem
incontrovertibl adj nkn.trv.t.bl certainly true
to describe only the most important ideas or facts about
outline v [T] at.lan something
outright adj at.rat total, clear, and certain

someone who is the same age, or who has the same

peer n [C] p social position or abilities as other members of a group
per capita adj pkp..t for each person
product when a company advertises a product by supplying it for
placement n [C/U] prd.kt ples.mnt use in films or television programmes
relating to how good something is and not how much of it
qualitative adj kwl..t.tv there is

quantitative adj kwn.t.t.tv relating to quantity (= the amount or number of something)

US spelling of scepticism (= when you doubt that
skepticism n [U] skep.t.s.zm something is true or useful)
supporting
evidence phr sp.t ev..dnts information which helps to show something to be true
the particular group of people to which an advertisement, a
product, a website or a television or radio programme is
target audience n [C] t.t .di.nts directed
working knowledge about something which is good enough to be
knowledge phr wk nl.d useful

a drug that makes you unable to feel pain during an

anaesthetic n [C] n.set.k operation
an important discovery or development that helps solve a
breakthrough n [C] brek.ru problem
commercialisat n [U] km..laze.n when something is organised to make a profit
Things which are complementary are good or attractive
complementary adj km.plmen.tr.i together.

distinguish v [T] dst.w to make one person or thing seem different from another
developing a country with little industrial and economic activity and
country n [C] dvel.p kn.tri where people generally have low incomes

drastic change phr drs.tk tend A drastic change is one that is sudden and extreme.
e-book n [C] i.bk an electronic book
a very powerful microscope device used for looking at very
electron small things which produces pictures by sending electrons
microscope n [C] ilek.trn ma.kr.skp through objects
facility n [C] fsl..ti a place where a particular activity happens
follow v [I/T] fl. to understand something
to discover more about a situation or take further action in
follow up phr v [I] fl. p connection with it

homogeneous adj hm.di.ni.s consisting of parts or members that are all the same
innovate v [I] n..vet to introduce changes and new ideas
all the people who want to buy a particular product, or the
market n [C] m.kt area where they live
to try to sell products using advertising or other ways of
market v [T] m.kt making people want to buy them
 the act of making something, esp. a product or service,
rollout n [C] rl.t available for the first time

solar cell n [C] s.l sel a device for producing electrical energy from the sun
support v [T] spt to help to show that something is true
technological tek.nld..kl
advances pl n [C] dvntsz new discoveries and inventions

a way in which something can be used for a particular

application n [C/U] p.lke.n purpose
a situation, idea, or principle that provides a strong base
bedrock n [U] bed.rk for something
biofuel n [U] ba.fju.l fuel produced from plant material
biomass n [U] ba.ms the total amount of living things in a particular area
climate change n [C/U] kla.mt tend the way the Earth's weather is changing
an amount of money that you can use to start a business
capital n [U] kp..tl or to make more money

critical adj krt..kl very important for the way things will happen in the future
cutting-edge adj kt ed very modern and with all the newest developments
a broader brd pk.t /
picture/context phr kn.tekst including a wider range of information about a situation
a person who decides things, especially at a high level in
decision-maker n [C] ds.nme.k an organization
relating to the study of changes in the number of births,
marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area during a period
demographic adj dem.rf.k of time

a situation in which enough food is produced and available

food security n [U] fud skj.r.ti for everyone in a group, country, etc. to have enough to eat
when scientists change the genes parts of cells which
genetic control particular characteristics in the cells of plants or
engineering n [U] dnet.k en.dnr animals
genetically modified plants or animals have had some of
genetically dnet.kli md.fad / their genes (= parts of cells which control particular
modified/GM adj di.em characteristics) changed

the increase of business around the world, especially by

globalisation n [U] l.bl.aze.n big companies operating in many countries
thinking about a complicated problem in an intelligent and
joined-up original way, and considering everything that is connected
thinking phr dnd p k with it
a short description of the most important ideas or facts
outline n [C] at.lan about something
renewable a form of energy that can be produced as quickly as it is
resource n [C] rnju.bl rzs used
spike n [C] spak a higher price, amount, etc., usually before a fall
causing little or no damage to the environment and
sustainable adj ssten.bl therefore able to continue for a long time

annotate v [T] n..tet to add a short explanation or opinion to a text or drawing

to arrange something or change the controls on a
computer or other device so that it can be used in a
configure v [T] knf. particular way
the amount of something that someone uses, eats, or
consumption n [U] knsmp.n drinks
counterproduct adj kan.t.prdk.tv having the opposite effect from the one you want
detrimental adj det.rmen.tl causing harm or damage
 to show or tell someone how to find something or do
direct v [T] drekt something
diverse adj davs including many different types
If a group of people do something en masse, they do it
en masse adv mms together as a group.
a fact, measurement, or condition that shows what
indicator n [C] n.d.ke.t something is like or how it is changing
when someone is officially accepted into a new job or an
induction n [C/U] ndk.n organization

materialize v [I] mt.ri..laz If something does not materialize, it does not happen.
mitigate v [T] mt..et to reduce the harmful effects of something

multitasking n [U] ml.tt.sk the ability of a person to do more than one thing at a time
relating to a system that keeps information on computers,
paperless adj pe.p.ls not on paper
in a way that seems very strange or impossible because of
paradoxically adv pr.dk.s.kli two opposite qualities or facts
to express something that has been said or written in a
paraphrase v [I]/[T] pr..frez different way, usually so that it is clearer
pedagogy n [U] ped..d.i the study of the methods and activities of teaching
quantify v [T] kwn.t.fa to measure or state the amount of something

a connection with a political party or religion, or with a

affiliation n [C/U] fl.ie.n larger organization
be alive and phr bi lav n wel to continue to be popular or successful
characterisatio the particular way in which someone or something is
n n [C/U] kr.k.tr.aze.n described or shown
confrontational adj kn.frnte.n.l intentionally causing fighting or an argument
when many different types of things or people are included
diversity n [U] dav.s.ti in something

If an emotion, attitude, etc. is embedded in someone or

embedded adj mbedd something, it is a very strong and important part of them.
when someone is given the confidence, skills, freedom,
empowerment n [U] mpa..mnt etc. to do something
enhance v [T] nhnts to improve something
when something such as a social problem or a disease is
eradication n [U] rd.ke.n destroyed or completely got rid of

abbreviation for Gross Domestic Product: the total value of

GDP n [U] di.dipi goods and services that a country produces in a year

text that you can click on that lets you move easily between
hyperlink n [C] ha.p.lk two computer documents or two pages on the Internet
the basic systems, such as transport and communication,
that a country or organization uses in order to work
infrastructure n [C] n.frstrk.t effectively

marginalise v [T] m.d.nl.az to treat someone or something as if they are not important
misconception n [C/U] ms.knsep.n when your understanding of something is wrong
a very small loan to individual people or families, for
example in developing countries, especially in order to
micro-credit n [U] ma.kr kred.t start a business

parameter n [C] prm..t a limit that controls the way that you can do something
when two people or groups become friendly again after
reconciliation n [C/U] rek.nsl.ie.n they have argued
safeguard v [T] sef.d to protect something from harm
 Someone's stewardship of something is the way in which
stewardship n [U] stju.d.p that person controls or organizes it.
social when the members of a group or society are united and
cohesion phr [U] s.l khi.n work together effectively
having the qualities that you expect a particular type of
stereotypical adj ster.i.tp..kl person to have

acquisition n [U] k.wz.n the process of getting something

beg the If a statement or situation begs the question, it causes you
question phr be kwes.tn to ask a particular question.

a lot of disagreement or argument about something,

controversy n [C] kn.tr.v.si usually because it affects or is important to many people
conversely adv kn.vsli in an opposite way
something that decides (determines) how or if something
determinant n [C] dt.m.nnt happens or doesn't happen

empirical adj mpr.kl based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory
to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount or
evaluate v [T] vl.ju.et value of something
a student in the first year of high school, college, or
freshman n [C] fre.mn university
grade point n [C] red pnt v.r.d a number which is the average mark received for all the
describes the value which is the middle one in a set of
median adj mi.di.n values arranged in order of size
to (cause to) become less in size, strength, or force; to
moderate v [T] md.r.t reduce something
outcome n [C] at.km a result or effect of an action, situation, etc.
outside of phr atsad v except for

something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc.,

phenomenon n [U] fnm..nn especially something which is unusual or interesting
plausible adj pl.z.bl seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed
coming before a more important action or event, especially
preliminary adj prlm..nr.i introducing or preparing for it
a practical and approximate way of doing or measuring
rule of thumb phr rul v m something
stakeholder n [C] stekhl.d involved with an organization, society, etc. and therefore
a small-scale activity or organization is not big and involves
small-scale adj smlskel few people.

brand name n [C] brnd nem the special name that a company gives to a product
a book or article that all students on a particular course
core text n [C] k tekst must read
differentiate v [T] df.ren.ti.et to make someone or something different
not willing to accept other ideas or opinions because you
dogmatic adj dmt.k think yours are right
encompass v [T] nkm.ps to include a lot of things, ideas, places, etc.
to become interested in something and keep thinking
engage with phr v [I] ned w about it
generic adj dner.k relating to a whole group of things or type of thing
all the people in all areas of the world who buy or might
global market n [C] l.bl m.kt want to buy something
likely to cause unhappiness or be unpleasant, especially
invidious adj nvd.i.s because unfair
marketing a plan that you use when you want to sell something to a
strategy phr [C] mk.t strt..di large number of people
monograph n [C] mn..rf a long article or a short book on a particular subject
pivotal adj pv..tl having a very important influence on something
prescriptive adj prskrp.tv saying exactly what must happen
promotion n [C/U] prm.n activities to advertise something
prospective n [C] prspek.tv ba. a person who is expected to buy something
in the same order as the people or things you have just
respectively adv rspek.tvli talked about
suffice it to say phr sfas t t se it is enough to say

synonymous If one thing is synonymous with another, they are very

with phr snn..ms w closely connected with each other in people's minds

adolescent n [C] d.les.nt a young person who is between being a child and an adult
anti-social Anti-social behaviour harms or upsets the people around
behaviour phr [U] n.tis.l bhe.vj you
showing a wish to help or bring advantages to other
altruistic adj l.trus.tk people, even if it results in disadvantage for yourself
contributory n [C] kntrb.j.tr.i fk.t a fact or situation which helps to cause something
crucial adj kru.l extremely important or necessary
behaviour that is not usual and is generally considered to
deviance n [U] di.vi.nts be unacceptable
Something that is distinctive is easy to recognize because
distinctive adj dstk.tv it is different from other things.
DNA analysis n [U] di.en.e nl..ss when you examine genetic information
forensic adj frent.sk relating to scientific methods of solving crimes
to guess that something is true because of the information
infer v [T] nf that you have
used to describe something which is intended to be very
like-for-like adj lak f lak similar to something else
a way of doing something which is planned or part of a
mechanism n [C] mek..n.zm system

relating to muscles that produce movement, or the nerves

motor adj m.t and parts of the brain that control these muscles
serious discussion of a subject in which many people take
public debate n [U] pb.lk dbet part
to examine something very carefully in order to discover
scrutinise v [T] skru.t.naz information

social a situation in which some people who are poor or who do

exclusion n [U] s.l ksklu.n not have a job do not feel part of the rest of society
stem from phr v [I] stem frm to start or develop as the result of something
trait n [C] tret a quality, good or bad, in someone's character
violate v [T] va..lt to not obey a law, rule, or agreement

civic adj sv.k relating to a city or town and the people who live there
comprehensive adj km.prhent.sv including everything
constraint n [C] knstrent something that limits what you can do
entail v [T] ntel to involve something
exploit v [T] ek.splt to use or develop something for your advantage

extended a family unit which includes grandmothers, grandfathers,

family n [C] ekstendd fm.l.i aunts and uncles, etc. in addition to parents and children
in sum phr n sm considered as a whole

a family consisting of two parents and their children, but

nuclear family n [C] nju.kli. fm.l.i not including aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc.
persuasive adj pswe.sv able to make people agree to do something
prescribed adj prskrabd set by a rule or order
 an official piece of information that is given to newspapers,
press release n [C] pres rlis television, etc
predominant adj prdm..nnt more important or noticeable than others
provocative adj prvk..tv causing an angry reaction, usually intentionally
when two people or groups agree to help each other in a
reciprocity n [U] res.prs..ti similar way
making something complicated seem simple by ignoring
simplistic adj smpls.tk many of the details
systematic adj ss.tmt.k done using a fixed and organized plan

the industrial i nds.tri.l the period of time during which work began to be done
revolution n [U] rev.lu.n more by machines in factories than by hand at home
variable n [C] ve.ri..bl a number, amount, or situation which can change

agenda n [C] den.d a list of aims or possible future achievements

controversy n [C/U] kn.tr.v.si a lot of disagreement and argument about something

counterintuitiv describes something that does not happen in the way you
e adj kan.tr.ntu..tv would expect it to
critical phase phr [C] krt..kl fez an extremely important stage in a series of events
discipline n [C] ds..pln a particular subject of study
exacerbate v [T] ezs..bet to make something worse
hit-and-miss adj ht.nms not planned, but happening by chance

ideological adj a.di.ld..kl based on or relating to a particular set of ideas or beliefs

to have an effect on something, often causing problems by
impinge on phr v [I] mpnd n limiting it in some way
interdisciplinar involving two or more different subjects or areas of
y adj n.tds..pl.nr.i knowledge
justification n [C/U] ds.t.fke.n a reason for something
paradigm n [C] pr..dam a typical example or model of something

pertain to sth v [I] pten tu to be connected with a particular subject, event or situation
a plethora of a very large amount of something, especially a larger
sth phr ple.r. v amount than you need, want or can deal with
existing at or since the beginning of the world or the
primordial adj pram.di.l universe
proliferation n [U] prlf.re.n when something increases in number very quickly
riven with having very strong differences of opinion on a particular
dissent phr rv.n w dsent subject
(a) testament phr () tes.t.mnt tu proof of