Professional Documents
Culture Documents
To Rsion
To Rsion
To Rsion
Torsion
Twist or torsion is caused in a member by the action of a torque.
The problem of transmitting a torque (a couple) from one plane to a parallel plane
is frequently encountered in the design of machinery
The simplest device for accomplishing this function is a circular shaft such as that
connecting an electric motor with a pump, compressor or other machine.
In a nut.
In a helical spring.
In two way slab.
Thin walled tubes
Torsion-
Consider a shaft rigidly clamped at one end and twisted at the other end by a
torque T=F.d applied in a plane perpendicular to the axis of shaft is said to be
torsion.
Effect of torsion-
[Every section of the shaft is subjected to a state of pure shear, the moment of
resistance developed by the shear stresses of being everywhere equal to the
magnitude and oppositein sense, to the applied torque.]
Assumption:
Here,
During torsion of a bar, axial lines drawn on the surface of a bar become helical
and circumferential lines remain circumferential. Therefore, as can be seen in the
figure, material elements are shared in the process. This shear strain must be
accompanied by a shear stress (from hooks law; =G).
Angle of twist:
Consider the solid circular shaft of radius r subjected to a torque T at one end,
the other end being fixed. Under the action of this torque aradial line at the free end
of the shaft twists through an angle , point A moves to B, and AB subtends an
angle at the fixed end. This is the angle of distortion of the shaft I, e, shear strain.
Now consider any internal fiber located at a radial distance p from the axis of the
shaft. From assumption 3, the radius of such fiber also rotates through the angle ,
causing a total shearing deformation s equal to CD.
Shearing deformation, s =p
=s/L
As a result shear strain is zero at the center and reaches maximum at the outer
radius.
Now, the shearing stress is related to the shearing strain according to the Hooks
law,
=G=( )e___________(2)
Here,
G/L is constant for definite . The conclusion is that, the shearing stress at
any internal fiber is determined by the product of constant and a variable radial
distance. The shear stress is zero at center and increases linearly to a maximum at
the outer surface.
The torque transmitted through the cross section of a far is the resultant of the
moments created by the shear stresses on the cross-section.
The differential shear force dv that results from shear stress () applied over the
differential area dA of cross-section is -
Shear force,
dv=
The equivalent torque T on the cross-section is the resultant of all the moments
created by shear stress.
So that, T = = ( )
=( )
Therefore, T= .(2)
= , where is in radians
Gives =
Again, = gives,
Max = Tr/J
Now for solid shaft of radius (r) or dia (d), the polar moment of inertia , J= =
max = ( )= =
/
max=
( )
=
( )
P =T
The shaft is rotating with a frequency of (f) revolutions per unit time, =2 ,
then power,
P=T2
Thus, T=
Where,
P=Watt
f=frequency
=radians per time
Flanged bolt coupling are commonly used to connect two shafts. It consists of
flanges rigidly attached to the end of the shafts and bolted together. The torque is
transmitted by the shearing force P created in bolts.
The torque resistance of one bolt is PR, where R is the radius of the bolt circle.
For any number of bolts, n, the torque capacity of the coupling is expressed by
T= PRn=
T=P1R11+P2R22
For rigid flanges, the shear deformations in the bolts are proportional to their radial
distance from the shaft axis .The shearing strains are related by
1/R1 = 2/R2
If the bolts on the two circles have the same area, A1=A2, and if the bolts are made
of the same material G1=G2.
P1/R1=P2/R2 ]
Problem -326,328
A useful concept associated with the analysis of thin walled tubes is shears flow
(q).
Shear flow (q) is defined as the internal shearing force per unit length of the thin
section. In terms of stress, shear flow, q= t
the shear flow on across section is constant even through the thickness of the
section wall varies.
A enlarge free body of a typical element of length L cut from this tube. The
longitudinal stress across thickness t1 is 1 . similarly across thickness t2 is 2, a
different torsional shearing stress 2 is induced.
The equivalence of shear flow at two arbitrary position means that the shear flow
must be constant around the cross section of the tube.
The relation between the shear flow applied torque T can be obtained by
considering the tangential force (dP=qdL) acting through the differential length
(dL).
The resisting torque is the resultant of the moments of the tangential forces
(dP=qdL).
Therefore, T=(dF)=(qdL)=qdL
Here the quantity dL is twise the area of the shaded triangle whose base is dL and
whose altitude is .
Therefore, T=2Aq
The average shearing stress across any thickness t acting tangent to the perimeter
ios given by
=q/t=T/2AT
Springs:
Spring:
Application of springs:
When the spring is being subjected to an axial load to the wire of the spring gets be
twisted like a shaft.
Consider a closed coiled helical spring is elongated by an axial load P.The spring is
composed of a wire of diameter d wound into a helix of mean coil radius R. The
helix angle is small, so that any one coil will be assumed to be lie in a plane which
is nearly perpendicular to the axis of the spring.
At B , the stresses are oppositely directed , and the resulted stress is the difference
between 2 & 1.
At the inside fiber C, stresses are collinear, their sum produces the maximum stress
in the section. .
Therefore, maximum shearing stress always occurs at the element of the spring
wire.
So, = + = + = +
4 16
= +
= (1 + )
The term (1 + ) is called stress concentration factor. For a spring of small wire
diameter relative to large radius[ The ratio d/4R is small that indicates maximum
stress caused by torsion]
The proceeding discussion contains an error because the torsion formula derived
for use with straight bars was applied to a curved bar.
A.M. Wahl has developed the formula that account of the coil curvature and
defines stress concentration factor,
.
Kw= +
.
Max, = ( + )) [used for heavy spring]
Spring Deflection:
Practically, all the spring elongation under axial load, measured along its
axis, is caused by torsional deformation of the spring.
Consider, a spring subjected to an axial load P, the wire of the spring gets
twisted like a shaft.
If is the total angle of twist along the wire and is the deflection of spring
under the action of load P along the axis of the coil, so that from triangle
Substitution yields,
.
= = & =
.
=
=
Spring Stiffness:
Spring quality is measured by stiffness and defined as the load per unit
deflection.
Therefore, S= = =
Spring in series:
If two springs of different stiffness are joined end on and carry a common
load, they are said to be connected in series and combined stiffness is given by,
= =
Spring in Parallel:
If the two springs are joined in such a way that they have a common
deflection, they are said to be connected in parallel and combined stiffness,
= +
v EXAMPLE:
1) Wire diameter
2) Mean coil diameter
3) Weight of spring
Solution:
= 40010
R = 15.7110 ..(1)
Again, deflection,
5010 =
= 1621.1
(15.71 10 ) = 1621.1
= 4.1910
= 4.1910
= 0.01332 m (Ans:)
From e (1),
D = 74.21 mm (Ans:)
v Example
Solution
= 64PR3n/Gd4
= * 1968.75 * 180
Example
Solution
m = D /d = 10d / d = 10
= {16 PR * (1 + 1/2m)} / d3
90 = {16*100 * 5d * (1 + 1 / 20) / d3
.. d = 5.45 mm
L = 2 R.n = 2 * 27.25 * 6
.. L = 1027.3 mm (Ans.)
Example:
A solid shaft and a hollow shaft of same material have some length and outer
radius R. The inner radius of the hollow shaft is 0.7R.
(a)If both shafts are subjected to the same torque, compare their shear stresses,
angle of twist, and heights.
(b)Also find the strength of weight ratio for both the shafts.
Solution:
[ ( . ) ] .
Now, Jh= =
Js =
Since, = T & are same both for solid and hollow shaft.
Example:
A solid steel bar of diameter 30mm is enclosed by a steel of outer diameter 45mm
and inner dia. 36mm. Both bar and tube are held rigidly at end A and joined to a
rigid plate at B.
(a) Determine the maximum shear stresses in the bar and the tube.
Solution: