Breakage of glassware due to KOH

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_optimum_quantity_of_carbonization_of_biomass_with_K
OH_activation_for_prolonged_quartz_tube_life

https://books.google.com.my/books?
id=rbpZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347&lpg=PA347&dq=calcination+and+carbonization+in+biodiesel&so
urce=bl&ots=c931FQy9Xk&sig=OKS28Rxen338sQbdTp8eDYvRazU&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v
=onepage&q=calcination%20and%20carbonization%20in%20biodiesel&f=false

Dry raw material before crushing

Calcination of cockle shell

Overall, better performance is shown at the calcination temperature of 850 oC

for 40 minutes, heating rate of 20oC/min, particle size of < 0.125mm
and the carbonation temperature is at 650oC.

Activation (weight ratio, duration,)

(calcination temperature, heating rates and particle sizes)
Carbinization= heat in furnace

Calcination of shell form--> CaO catalyst

In physical treatment, precursors will be first carbonized followed by

activation step by steam or carbon dioxide. It means that this physical
activation involves two steps; carbonization step and activation step.
On the other hand, in chemical treatment, precursors are impregnated by
an activating reagent and followed by heating process under an inert
atmosphere