SLAC-TN-93-6

January 1994
c-w

IMAGE BROADENING IN AN ELECTRON B E A M M O M E N T U M SPECTRUM

MONITOR USING SYNCHROTRON LIGHT*

Daryl Reagan
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309

I. Introduction
In the 197Os, radiation originating in the secondary emission foils of the SLAC A-
beam electron-momentum spectrum monitor sometimes degraded experimental
results. For a noncontaminating monitor, a lens m ight focus synchrotron light,
form ing an image of a cross section of the beam upon an image splitter. (In the part
of the beam path where the spectrum is observed, the electron beam is spread out
horizontally; the electrons are thus sorted according to momentum.) Synchrotron
light radiated from fast-moving electrons is strongly concentrated forward. The
resolving power of the new monitor would depend upon the shapes of the light
patterns. I thought that a useful spectrum monitor m ight result if the light pattern
emitted by an electron were:
1) Broad enough horizontally to fill a lens with a diameter large
enough to form a usefully sharp diffraction-lim ited image of a
beam cross section at a designated light source focal plane,
but
2) Narrow enough horizontally so that out-of-focus light
originating upstream or downstream from the designated
beam cross section would not obscure the momentum profile
too much.
These assumptions oversimplified the problem . I also thought that the
monoenergetic spot size of the SLAC electron beam was so large that it would
lim it resolving power more severely than would any properties of the radiation
patterns or any effects due to lens focusing or aperture. I still think that was true.
Now that the emittance of some SLAC electron beams has been greatly reduced for
collider operation, it is conceivable that the performance of the monitor to be
described m ight occasionally become more sensitive to the shapes of radiation
patterns. This note will outline some interesting, indeed, sometimes puzzling,
characteristics of the light, which m ight noticeably affect the performance of the
present instrument, or influence the design of a new one.

* Work supported by Department of Energy contract DE-AC03-76SF00515.

II. The Basis For This Report
J. Schwinger described synchrotron radiation in an article in Physical Review in 1949
(Ref. 1). His paper gives many details, including how the intensity of radiation
observed at a specified frequency depends upon the horizontal angle x and the
vertical angle w measured with respect to a tangent to a horizontal circular orbit
belonging to a relativistic electron. Schwingers Eq. II.34 is an explicit profile
function, which describes the intensity of synchrotron light as a function of the
vertical angle g and of the frequency of the observed light. To obtain the vertical
profile result he integrated the I? (for power) function given in his Eq. II.31 over a
time variable and over the horizontal angle variable x. A feature of Schwingers
profile function is that, in spite of its origin as an integral of a power function which
is sometimes positive and sometimes negative, the profile function is always
positive (see Fig. l), as average radiated power ought to be. Moreover, the power
belonging to the vertical profile is always positive for each of the two polarization
components of the light. Figure 1 and other computed results to be reported
represent results of Microsoft Quick Basic (version 4) programs for IBM *PC-
compatible computers. For Fig. 1, the procedure is called SII-34.BAS, which appears
in Appendix I. Figure 1 indicates that the light beam can illuminate a horizontal
stripe a few centimeters high across the middle of the monitors 50 mm (net as
mounted) diameter primary lens, which is located about 11 meters downstream
from a designated central source cross section of an electron beam. The lens thus
subtends angles of 4 to 5 milliradians with respect to the part of the electron beam
path whose synchrotron light can reach it.
Contrary to the received wisdom that a synchrotron light beams angular width in
radians approximately equals the ratio of the electrons rest energy to its total energy,
Schwingers vertical profile implies a much wider visible light beam, wide enough,
at least vertically, to focus into a useful image. The prospect of such a wide vertical
light beam divergence was encouraging. But I think that the resolving power of the
spectrum monitor would not be noticeably affected if the light beams vertical width
were several times larger or smaller than Schwingers Eq. II.34 indicates.
Instead, the monitors resolving power depends strongly upon horizontal profile
functions analogous to Schwingers Eq. 11.34, but representing integrations over 9
and a time variable, and giving I? (for power) vs. x. Such expressions, also derived
from Schwingers Eq. 11.31, indicated that the visible light beam would be wider
horizontally than vertically, but not so wide as to cause too much image
deterioration by any depth-of-field effect. Details are reported in SLAC-TN-794
(1979) (Ref. 2). I did not have so much confidence in the x-profile results as in
Schwingers q-results. Depending upon the scheme chosen for making averages of
P over ranges of the horizontal angle x, the numerically computed power radiated
into a given narrow vertical angular zone might be positive, negative, or zero. (I
have heard that analogous problems can arise in calculating radiation fields near a
radio transmitting antenna.) But the results encouraged an anticipation that a useful
monitor might be built.

2
 C
1 2
12-93
76OOAl Vertical Angle, II, (mrad)
Figure 1. Relative intensity of 500 nm synchrotron light as a function of vertical angle Ic,and
electron energy. The electron bending radius is 57.3 m. Each intensity represents Schwingers
integrations over all horizontal angles x and time (The intensity function is symmetrical in Q).
III. The Electron Beam Momentum Spectrum Monitor
The monitor was built and installed by Tom Hostetler, downbeam from the B13
bending magnet in the A line in SLACs beam switchyard. The instrument indeed
proved useful. On occasion, it has been the only working spectrum monitor along
the SLAC A-line. Its resolving power was indeed much better than that predicted
from received wisdom. Some of its features and an outline of some parameters
which govern its performance with a 1970s electron beam are described in SLAC-
PUB-2271 (Ref. 3).
IV. Resolving Power Initially Limited By Electron Beam Quality
Even if each electrons visible synchrotron light waves were spherically symmetric
and all such light originated from a single beam cross section, for years after the
instrument was installed, the electron beams monoenergetic horizontal spot
diameter in B13 would nevertheless have prevented the achievement of electron
momentum resolving power much better than dp/p = 0.1%. Until recently, all
beams that might pass through B13 have been undamped, with spot sizes large
enough to prevent the formation of images smaller than the size described in
SLAC-PUB-2271: Suppose a monoenergetic component of an undamped SLAC
beam could be examined. Its horizontal diameter (20, encompassing most of the
beam), as it passed through B13, would be at least 0.3 mm. This corresponds to about
0.1% @p/p) in electron beam momentum dispersion at B13.

3
The monitor was designed so that its display would conform with that of a
previously existing secondary emission monitor (which, when inserted, slightly
contaminated the electron beam). The visible-light optical system was thus designed
to focus synchrotron light upon center-of-spectrum image splitter elements that had
horizontal widths corresponding to about 0.1% in electron momentum (dp/p). For
best resolving power, the monitors lens system must focus light radiated
tangentially from a central source point on an electron orbit in the gap of B13 upon
the center of the image splitter. (For the past year, best focus has in fact occurred for
light emitted about 1 meter upstream from the tangent point.)
V. Image Splitter
The image splitter consists of a sandwich of 1 inch wide strips of Plexiglas separated
by aluminum foil. The 12 light pipes were made from stock having nominal
thicknesses of l/4, l/8, l/16, and l/32 inch. The four central strips are l/32 inch
thick. The magnification of the lens system, M = l/4, was chosen to make l/32 inch
correspond to approximately 0.1% (dp/p). The strips are mounted with their wide
surfaces vertical. Each strip is wide enough vertically to sample essentially all of the
visible synchrotron light projected into the vertical zone that it occupies. Each strip
supplies light to an RCA type 931A photomultiplier tube. Signal pulses are
integrated and multiplexed for display (see Ref. 3).
VI. A Simplified Object-Lens-Image Model
The monitor uses an eyepiece projection lens arrangement, as described in Ref. 3.
But to simplify the following evaluation of its images, I will describe a model which
uses only one lens. For the model, as for the monitor, the primary lens has a 50 mm
(net, as mounted) diameter, and is fixed 11 meters downstream from an object plane
which contains the point at which the lens-and-image splitter line-of-sight is
tangent to a central electron orbit. The magnification is M = 0.25. In the model the
lens has a focal length of 2.2 m, and the image splitter has dimensions as described
above, but is located 2.75 meters downstream from the (single) lens.
VII. Applying Some Of Schwingers Results
The numerical calculations to be described herein will use expressions reported in
SLAC-TN-794. That note quoted Schwingers Eq. 11.31, which is:

P(ww) = 4;r:2XW::(1_Bl+lyi)[~-~2+l-~~+~2(~2+~2+2~)]
(1)
COS~(l-P+W))1(xtg+y+$)]dxdy,
1
where o is the angular frequency of the radiated light, R is the radius of the electron
orbit, 00 = c/R, p = v/c, IC, is the vertical angle, x = (1-p +~~)-~x, x is the
horizontal angle, y = (1 - /3+ q 2)-v2czl X, and z is a time variable. As explained in

4
SLAC-TN-794, the results of an integration over y can be expressed as

P* - 5*3Ky3(5)COSe,

Pz - xWY3(5)sin&

&(2nR/3A)(l-p2 +q2)3/2/

8 - 3+ + x3/3)/2,
where h is the wave length of the light, and the Ks are Bessel functions (see Ref. 4).
Please note that some brackets indicating averages have been omitted from these
expressions. For this note, averages will be computed and represented according to
schemes which will be described.
Equation 2 represents results of integration over a variable y which is proportional
to time, of expressions that can be characterized with respect to an origin in time.
Schwingers Eqs. 1.37, 11.5,11.7, and II.9 (Ref. 1) all indicate that the energy exchange
function is symmetric about an origin in time. (Such symmetry may not be
necessary for associating a radiation process with an origin in time.) At any event,
the following calculations are consonant with an interpretation of angular
distributions which attributes each computed light pattern to a fixed point source (to
be called a SITE), which is the position of the radiating electron at the origin in time
which pertains to the integrations reported in Eq. 2, above. This attribution may
cause some error. For example, it introduces uncertainty into the horizontal angle x
attributed to any light ray received by the lens, an uncertainty proportional to the
sagitta of a radiating arc. How long is the arc? A crude answer will be outlined in
Section X. But the point source attribution is part of a conceptual scheme which has
helped me to get the results to be reported. Perhaps a reader will improve upon the
scheme.
VIII. A Threadlike Model Electron Beam
Computations of profiles of focused light to be described are based upon the idea of a
threadlike zero-emittance electron beam. I will assume that monoenergetic
electrons radiate from a sequence of points along the thread. The monitor will
probably give best results when its lens system is focused to produce its sharpest
image for a light beam (or pattern) radiated from a central source point, which is
where the line of sight through the centers of the lens and image splitter is tangent
to the electron beam thread. Other light patterns, originating elsewhere along the
thread, will project larger images. Image enlargement has three causes whose effects
will be estimated:
1) The light pattern produced by a radiating electron is
nonuniform. The light waves are not perfectly spherical. Light
5
 intensity and phase vary in two angular dimensions, x,
horizontal, and W, vertical.
2) Poor focus results when electrons radiate from locations
which are upstream or downstream from the object plane
mentioned above. This effect is sometimes called depth of
field.
3) The orbit is curved, which causes a horizontal shift of each
image projected from any place but the object plane along the
thread.
To account for these effects, aggregated image profiles will be computed by summing
representations of a sequence of subprofiles, each projected by the lens, originating
from equally spaced SITES along the thread. Computations will be reported for 10
GeV electrons which travel in an orbit which has a 57.3 meter bending radius,
which radiate light whose wavelength is 500 nanometers. I think that synchrotron
light from any threadlike electron beam whose energy exceeds about 1 GeV would
produce a visible image having approximately the same size.
IX. A Pair Of Two-Dimensional Radiation Patterns
The two terms in Eq. 2a represent vertically and horizontally polarized light,
respectively. Tables I and II show numbers computed using Eq. 2. The program used
to compute Tables I and II is called CHIPSI.BAS, and appears in Appendix II. Each
tabulated number is proportional to the light intensity in a small vicinity near the
designated angular position (x, Q). Tabulated positive numbers represent power
radiated, and negative ones represent power absorbed by an electron. Each radiation
pattern is symmetrical with respect to each of the x and X/Jaxes. Please note that most
of the power is radiated into four lobes, which are directed above, below, and to each
side of a tangent to the beam orbit. Indeed, the positive power belonging to the four
lobes already substantially exceeds the net power calculated for the whole pattern.

6
 Table Relative intensity of vertically polarized light as a function of x and q angles (mi&radians).
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
XP
0.00 0 2 8 16 26 21 14 7 0
0.20 0 2 8 16 23 27 26 20 13 7 0
0.40 0 2 8 16 23 26 25 19 11 5 0
0.60 0 2 8 16 23 25 23 16 9 3 -0
0.80 0 2 8 16 22 24 20 12 5 0 -0
1.00 0 2 8 15 21 21 16 7 0 -3 -0
1.20 0 2 8 14 19 17 10 1 -5 -5 -0
1.40 0 2 7 13 16 12 3 -6 -10 -7 0
1.60 0 2 7 11 11 5 -6 -13 -13 -7 0
1.80 0 2 5 8 5 -4 -14 -19 -13 -5 0
2.00 0 1 3 3 -3 -13 -22 -21 -10 -1 0
2.20 0 1 1 -2 -11 -22 -26 -18 -4 4 -0
2.40 0 -0 -2 -9 -19 -27 -23 -8 5 7 4
2.60 0 -1 -6 -14 -23 -25 -12 5 12 6 -0
2.80 0 -2 -8 -16 -20 -13 5 18 13 1 0
3.00 0 -2 -8 -12 -9 6 21 20 4 -5 0
3.20 0 -1 -4 -2 9 23 25 8 -9 -7 4.
3.40 0 0 3 10 22 25 10 -12 -13 -1 -0
3.60 0 2 8 16 19 6 -16 -21 -3 7 4
3.80 0 2 7 8 -2 -21 -25 -4 12 4 0
4.00 0 0 -2 -10 -22 -24 -2 18 9 -5 -0
4.20 0 -2 -8 -15 -13 7 25 12 -10 -5 -0
4.40 0 -1 -3 2 17 27 9 -17 -9 6 0
4.60 0 2 7 16 17 -4 -25 -10 12 2 0
4.80 0 1 3 -2 -18 -26 3 20 3 -7 4
5.00 0 -2 -8 -15 -11 14 25 -2 -13 4 0
5.20 0 -1 1 10 23 16 -16 -17 10 2 4
5.40 0 2 7 7 -10 -27 -7 20 0 -6 0
5.60 0 -2 -7 -16 -10 17 23 -11 -9 7 0
5.80 0 4 3 14 22 1 -26 -1 13 -6 -0
6.00 0 1 2 -7 -23 -14 21 9 -14 5 0
6.20 0 -2 -5 0 19 21 -16 -13 13 -4 -0
6.40 0 2 7 4 -16 -24 13 14 -13 5 -cl
6.60 0 -2 -7 -5 16 24 -14 -12 14 -6 0
6.80 0 2 6 2 -18 -20 19 6 -12 7 4
7.00 0 -2 -5 3 22 12 -25 4 8 -6 0
7.20 0 1 1 -10 -22 4 24 -16 3 1 0
7.40 0 0 5 16 12 -22 -9 20 -13 5 4
7.60 0 -2 -8 -11 10 25 -17 4 10 -6 -0
7.80 0 2 4 -6 -23 2 24 -19 8 3 0
8.00 0 1 6 16 2 -27 10 8 -10 6 0

7
 Table? 11L Relative Intensity of horizontally polarized light as a function of x and w angles (milliradians).
,\ul 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
o.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D.20 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0.40 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 0 0 0
0.60 1 1 2 3 5 6 6 5 3 2 1 0 0
0.80 2 2 4 6 9 10 10 8 5 3 1 0 0
1.00 4 5 8 11 15 17 16 12 7 3 1 0 -0
1.20 9 10 14 18 23 25 22 16 8 3 0 -0 -0
1.40 17 18 22 28 33 34 28 17 7 1 -1 -0 -0
1.60 28 30 35 41 45 42 31 16 4 -1 -2 -1 -0
1.80 43 45 50 55 56 48 30 10 -2 -5 -2 -0 0
2.00 60 62 66 69 63 46 21 -1 -9 -7 -2 0 0
2.20 78 79 80 76 62 34 4 -15 -16 -6 -0 1 0
2.40 88 87 83 71 44 8 -21 -29 -16 -2 2 1 -0
2.60 82 79 68 44 8 -29 -46 -33 -8 5 3 0 -0
2.80 50 44 26 -6 -43 -66 -55 -19 8 9 2 -1 -0
3.00 -11 -19 -40 -68 -88 -78 -34 10 21 7 -2 -1 0
3.20 -84 -90 -103 - -111 -95 -44 15 39 18 -4 -4 0 0
3.40 -125 -125 -118 -91 -36 31 63 36 -5 -12 -1 1 -0
3.60 -83 -75 -46 6 66 94 57 -7 -26 -5 4 0 -0
3.80 42 53 83 117 121 65 -18 -49 -13 10 3 -1 0
4.00 145 147 143 112 38 -52 -80 -24 22 9 -4 -0 0
4.20 78 65 23 -46 -111 -108 -22 45 21 -11 -3 2 -0
4.40 -116 -127 -149 -153 -96 16 83 34 -24 -8 5 -0 -0
4.60 -131 -119 -76 8 103 122 27 -52 -17 15 -0 -1 0
4.80 115 129 159 167 99 -34 -95 -17 34 -1 -5 2 -0
5.00 119 102 46 -53 -142 -115 20 65 -8 -14 6 -1 -0
5.20 -176 -184 -189 -145 -16 113 82 -40 -26 17 -2 -1 0
5.40 10 34 101 172 157 8 -104 -19 39 -8 -2 2 -0
5.60 163 146 81 -43 -159 -117 52 62 -31 -2 6 -2 1
5.80 -211 -213 -196 -104 68 155 18 -76 15 11 -7 2 -1
6.00 157 177 212 190 36 -137 -71 71 -0 -15 8 -2 1
6.20 -74 -103 -175 -217 -108 104 99 -63 -7 17 -8 2 -1
6.40 11 45 136 218 145 -83 -111 61 8 -16 8 -2 1
6.60 13 -23 -124 -222 -153 87 110 -70 1 12 -7 2 -0
6.80 10 48 150 235 132 -120 -91 85 -20 -3 3 -1 -0
7.00 -83 -120 -208 -242 -65 168 40 -90 42 -12 3 -1 1
7.20 193 219 261 193 -60 -190 51 59 -52 24 -9 3 -1
7.40 -272 -271 -222 -34 203 113 -139 23 21 -16 6 -1 -0
7.60 185 147 11 -194 -219 81 114 -98 40 -14 6 -3 1
7.80 113 157 254 250 -18 -207 66 42 -46 23 -8 1 0
8.00 -289 -275 -180 65 254 6 -148 96 -38 16 -8 3 -0

Concerning the first condition enumerated in Section I, above, please note that, for
example, the upper central lobe indicated in Table I (only half of the lobe is
represented) could only partially and nonuniformly fill a 50 mm diameter lens
mounted 11 meters downstream from any point source of visible synchrotron light
in B13.

8
Tables I and II indicate that the P values have periodicities in both x and w that
increase as x increases. Equation 2 results from integrations over time and thus
cannot give phase variations directly. But Tables I and II indicate loci in x and w
where reversals in the direction of power flow occur. These curves perhaps indicate
directions of propagation for which, close to a radiating electron, E and H vectors are
in phase quadrature. The power reversal contours constitute hints about the
wavefronts belonging to the radiation. For example, rapid variations with angle
probably modulate the phase of light wavefronts reaching the whole area of the
primary lens when a radiating electron is aimed so that all x values falling within
the lens aperture exceed a few milliradians.
X. Sampling and Averaging Light With the Lens
How far from the radiating electron do the putative absorbed power streams implied
by Eq. 2 propagate? Perhaps, at some distance, the hills indicated in Tables I and II
slump to fill the troughs between them, becoming wider. Or the slumping might
cause the hills to become narrower. In any case, how are phase shifts affected?
Perhaps readers will give me answers to these questions. Leaving such issues for the
future, I have applied Eq. 2, unmodified, to calculate, approximately, the net power
transmitted from various places along a curved orbit into the solid angle defined by
the diameter of the primary lens and its distance from the central source point. It
seems evident that light originating from too far upstream or downstream will miss
the lens entirely. If the lens is too small, Eq. 2 predicts that the computed power
representing light from some places along the thread will be (unphysically)
negative. The lens in fact subtends about 4.5 milliradians, and is wide enough so
that the resulting computed power only goes a little negative for some horizontal
aim angles. The negative results indicate that the computations are somewhat
unrealistic. But they are the best I know about so far. The program that does the lens
light transmission calculation is called AIMTHRU.BAS. It is listed in Appendix III.
Figures 2a and b show results of AIMTHRU calculations, giving numbers which are
approximately proportional to the flux of light reaching the lens as a function of its
angular position with respect to the aim of a short segment of the orbit of a radiating
electron. Each curve is symmetric about the vertical axis. Please note that essentially
no net light power passes through the lens when the orbit is aimed too far to either
side of the lens center. For vertically polarized light, 3 milliradians is too far off the
mark. For horizontally polarized light, 4.5 milliradians is too far. The aim of the
model thread electron beam shifts by 1 milliradian for each 5.73 cm, of advance
along the orbit. The length of the radiating arc mentioned in Section VII may thus
be said to be about 40 cm, its sagitta, about 0.6 mm, for horizontally polarized light.
At a distance of 11 m, the uncertainty in angular attributions mentioned in Section
VII would be about 53 microradians in the worst case, where the affected light power
would be very small. At M = 0.25, the projected image of the sagitta would be about
0.15 mm wide. But most of the light in the image will originate from near the center
of the arc. I will thus neglect the sagitta effect.

9
 150 (a) Vertically Polarized Light
t
it 100
4
6 50
is
e 0
k
g (b) Horizontally Polarized Light
a 200
E
.-Y
Q, 150
.g
a
5
c 100
-8
5
SO
e
23
0

-50
0 2 4 6 8
l-94
76ooA2
AIM Azimuth (x) (mrad)
Figure 2. Relative vertically and horizontally polarized synchrotron light flux incident upon a
50 mm lens installed 11 m downstream from a radiating electron as a function of the azimuthal
aim angle of the electron. The electron energy is 10 GeV, its bending radius 57.3 m, and the
light wavelength is 500 nm. It is assumed that the electron radiates only while travelling a
short segment of its path. (Each function is symmetrical in aim angle.)
Tables I and II and AIMTHRU results indicate that the total power attributed by Eq. 2
to light rays belonging to the angular region outside the loci circumscribing the four
central radiation lobes is relatively small. Does some diverting mechanism make
good the power deficiencies that are evident beyond the four central lobes? The
computations to be reported are based upon the (possibly incorrect) assumption that
much of the power attributed to the four central lobes by Eq. 2 indeed reaches the
lens and illuminates regions of the lens plane with relative intensities that can be
computed using Eq. 2. Light power that may indeed illuminate angular regions
beyond the four central lobes will be neglected for this preliminary and approximate
evaluation. In any event, the neglected power probably amounts to only a small
fraction of that belonging to the central lobes. Further, its intensity and phase shift
patterns are evidently angularly fragmented. Consequently, after it passes through
the lens, the neglected light will probably be diffused over an area that is much
wider, horizontally, than the focal spot to be described.
The vertically polarized light belonging to the upper and lower central lobes
constitutes only a small fraction of the total light power. These lobes are broader,
and their phase shift variations are probably smaller (phase shift will be discussed in

10
Section XIV, below) than those of their horizontally polarized innermost side lobe
(ISL) neighbors. In short, the upper and lower central lobes, by themselves, produce
less light, which focuses into a (horizontally) narrower spot than that of the ISLs. In
this note I will thus concentrate upon evaluating a profile of the wider focal spot
produced by the light belonging to one of the two ISLs.
XI, FraunhoferDiffraction Due to a Vertical Slit
Imagine that the model lens mentioned in Section VI is made up of two focusing
elements separated by a thin slit and filter. The upstream lens has an I1 meter focal
length and would transform spherical light wavefronts into plane waves if they
originated from the central source point 11 meters upstream. The hypothetical filter
will be described below. It will attenuate the amplitude and shift the phase of the
light to conform (approximately) in amplitude and phase with Schwingers
description of the light source mentioned in Section VII. The filter will be framed
with a rectangular iris, which I will treat as if it were a slit with vertical edges. The
focal length of the downstream lens element is 2.75 meters. It would focus parallel
rays nearly to a point at the (model) image splitters entrance plane. This model
represents an elaboration of a scheme used to evaluate a Fraunhofer diffraction
pattern caused by a slit. In some computations to be described, the diffraction pattern
due to an ISL of synchrotron radiation belonging to each SITE light source will be
approximated according to the vibration curve method. See Ref. 5, p. 113, for the
beginning of an explanation of the method.
XII. Light Profiles Plotted Against Horizontal Angel, x
Figures 3a and b show light power projected by an electron as a function of x,
calculated from Eq. 2 above. (See Appendix IV for the BASIC program,
CHIFINE.BAS, that did the sums.) Figures 3a and b represent sums of I?1 and P2
terms, describing vertically and horizontally polarized light respectively. Each curve
is symmetric about x = 0. Each point on each curve is proportional to a summation
of P (power) over an interval in w which encompasses a lens radius (25 mm). (Each
P function is also symmetric about 9 = 0.) The positive and negative excursions
shown in Figs. 3a and b seem to describe a mysterious bidirectional exchange of
power between an electron and its radiation field. Figures 3a and b show that an
upper or lower central lobes light profile (3a) is somewhat broader than that of an
ISL (3b).

11
 -200

g 6oo
tz
z 400
5
it
6 200

?F;
a 0
5
cc
-200 -

-400 -

-600 -

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
l-94
7ewA3 Horizontal Angle h) (mrad)
Figure 3. Relative synchrotron light power radiated as vertically and horizontally
polarized light, as a function of horizontal angle x. The plotted functions represent integrations
over I) of the functions PI and P2, given in Eq. 2. Note that local power exchange between an
electron and its radiation field may in some sense be bidirectional. Parameters are the same as
in Fig. 2.
XIII. Light Amplitudes for Vibration Curve Calculations
In applying the vibration curve method (see Ref. 5) to calculate Fraunhofer
diffraction patterns for the horizontally polarized light belonging to an ISL, I have
used an amplitude value for each x which is proportional to the square root of the P
value (intensity) computed like those represented in Fig. 3b. Each assigned
amplitude approximates an algebraic average over all w angles which add or subtract
light power near a particular x value. Tables I and II show that for each x the P
values vary with W. In the spectrum monitor, each detecting element averages over
all values of Q which contribute appreciable light. For the purpose of specifying the
filter for calculating vibration curves, I will therefore proceed as if each vertical strip
were illuminated by light having uniform (average) amplitude and phase. (This is
another questionable practice.)
XIV. Phase Shifts for the Vibration Curve
Tables I and II make it evident that synchrotron light waves are not perfectly
spherical. Departures from sphericity give rise to the deflections and asymmetries as
illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, below. To characterize phase shifts, define a reference
12
circle in the orbital plane. Let its center be the central source point, and make it
tangent to the model filter mentioned in Section XI. Since synchrotron light beams
are strongly directional, it is plausible to assume that, in the orbital plane, the
relative phases of radiated light waves are governed by the first signal arrival
times for signals projected tangentially by an electron from successive positions
along its orbit. Signals transmitted along rays that are tangent at points upstream
(downstream) from the central source point will arrive at the reference circle earlier
(later) than those tangent at the central point. Their total time delays will be shorter
(longer), since the electrons orbit is curved, with radius R, and each light ray is
straight. Expressed as a function of the deflection angle A of the electron (in the
orbital plane), the relative incident phase shift, for wavelength h, which
corresponds to a first-signal arrival time at the reference circle is approximately

where A is the angle measured between the light ray and the optical line-of-sight
(which is tangent to the electrons orbit at the central source point), and y is the ratio
of the electrons total energy to its rest energy. Note that the last term in Eq. 3, which
expresses an effect of the speed difference between light and the electron, will be
relatively small for electron energies above 1 GeV. Also note that, if 8 = cp, then Eq.
3, which results from kinetics and geometry, agrees with Eq. Zf, which results from
Schwingers electrodynamics, for 2~,= 0 when the deflection angles x and A are equal.
Note that in Eq. 2f, 0 advances more rapidly with x when w differs from zero. Thus,
in the numerical estimates to be described, representing vertically sliced samples,
the model filter will assign an average incident phase shift to the power computed
for each x. This average phase shift will be proportional to ~3, and scaled so that it
will equal 3t at the first zero crossing shown in Fig. 3b. This is yet another debatable
simplification.

13
 0
-200 -100 0 100
12.93
76OOA4 Position of Detector (pm)
Figure 4. Relative flux of synchrotron light focused by the model lens upon a tall, narrow
detector as a function of the detectors position, measured horizontally. The light all belongs to
one vertically sliced innermost side lobe of horizontally polarized light, as described in the
text. The different curves represent diffraction patterns produced as different parts of the lobe
are transmitted through the lens, in response to different electron aim angles. (Orbit
curvature and depth-of-field effects may produce additional offset and pattern broadening in
each case; this figure does not include these effects.)

o Bottom Half of ISL Width

.g 8
c A Top Half of ISL Width
0)
E6
?
'S
m
$4

-50 0 50
Normalized and Shifted Horizontal Displacement (pm)

Figure 5. A comparison of some calculated diffraction pattern profiles (plotted symbols) with a
Gaussian curve (solid line). The coordinates of the plotted points have been scaled to accord
with numbers adopted for scaling the Gaussian curves used in preparing Table IV and Fig. 6.

14
XV. Diffraction Pattern Results
In the spectrometer described above, if the light source were replaced by a point
source of incandescent light and the lens stopped by a 10 m m wide vertical slit, a
bright focused spot with some fine structure would appear. W ith careful focus, the
full width between points having half the maximum intensity of the central spot in
the pattern would be about 0.1 mm. This spot width would vary in inverse
proportion to the slit width. See Ref. 5 for details on calculating such a diffraction
pattern. The procedure to be described is similar, but somewhat more complicated.
DXSIN.BAS is shown in Appendix V. It is a program for computing and evaluating
profiles of diffraction patterns produced by an inner side lobe (ISL). When started,
DXSIN:
1) Computes some parameters which are useful for applying
Schwingers formulas; and
2) Invites the user to specify some top or bottom percentage of
the width of the ISL to represent the (sometimes partially
obscured) 1% light source.
3) Then, having accordingly averaged Schwingers P function
over q for each of 21 evenly spaced x angles, DXSIN displays a
first table showing the 20 relative intensities (and another for
a check on crossover) belonging to the designated part of the
ISL. These characterize radiation from an electron which is
aimed so that a vertical slit edge formed by a selected side of
the lens mount can, as specified, stop all ISL light but that part
designated.
4) DXSIN then asks for a starting point, a step size, and a number
of steps for preparing a Fraunhofer angular distribution to
describe the transmitted ISL light after it passes through the
(model) upstream lens element and filter-and-slit; and then
5) Computes and displays a second table showing the results. See
Appendix V for an example. The fourth and seventh columns
of this table describe intensity vs. position for a part of a profile
of the light spot which is produced when the designated light
fan has been focused by the downstream (model) lens
element. The user may then repeat steps 4 and 5, and examine
details of the profile.
6) Finally, DXSIN invites the user to apply the displayed results
and to estimate the width of a Gaussian curve, and then
7) Computes and displays a third, comparison, table. For this
table, DXSIN shifts and scales computed profile abcissas and
ordinates, so that a curve can be plotted together with a
standard Gaussian to show differences. The user may then
make a second Gaussian width guess, or as many as she

15
 wishes, or she may try a different displacement, perhaps to
center the skirts, rather than the peak, of a computed curve.
Appendix V includes an example of each of the three tables
just mentioned.
Figure 4 shows some profiles produced by DXSIN at step 5, and Fig. 5 shows some
comparisons among different light patterns produced at step 7 as described in the
paragraph above. Appendix V includes a fourth table, which shows some widths
and displacements inferred for cases in which different parts of the ISL are
transmitted through the lens. For computing entries for Table III, which lists
elements of focused-subspot profile calculations, I have approximated the widths
and displacements of the profiles produced by the top Innermost Side Lobe
partitions, using
W = 0.0665 + 0.0145(1- F) + 0.86(1- F)85 (4)
and
D - -0.026 - 0.045(1- F)2, (5) I
where W is the full width (mm) of the SITE light spot at l/e in intensity, D is the
position (mm) of the peak of the intensity curve, measured with respect to the point
at which the optical line of sight enters the image splitter, and F is the fraction of the
x-dimension of the sliced ISL which is unobstructed by the (assumed rectangular)
lens mount. Corresponding expressions describing light patterns originating from
bottom parts of the Innermost Side Lobe (those nearest the origin) are

16
 Table III. Parameters for evaluating a focused spot profile using Gaussian Curves.
Site Subspot Width Subspot Shift Subspot Relative
Scan ISL DFRCT DPTHF <SUM> DFRCT CURV SUM Light Peak
Angle Percent (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Power Intensity
(mr)
-2.10 6.3 0.691 0.009 0.695 0.004 0.034 0.038 0 0
-1.90 13.7 0.463 0.017 0.472 0.002 0.028 0.030 3 6
-1.70 21.0 0.319 0.023 0.331 -0.000 0.022 0.022 18 56
-1.50 28.3 0.230 0.028 0.244 -0.003 0.017 0.015 70 286
-1.30 35.7 0.174 0.030 0.191 -0.005 0.013 0.008 195 1023
-1.10 43.0 0.140 0.031 0.157 -0.007 0.009 0.003 448 2853
-0.90 50.3 0.118 0.029 0.134 -0.009 0.006 -0.003 899 6695
-0.70 57.7 0.102 0.026 0.117 -0.011 0.004 -0.007 1631 13914
-0.50 65.0 0.091 0.021 0.103 -0.013 0.002 -0.011 2729 26490
-0.30 72.3 0.083 0.014 0.090 -0.015 0.001 -0.014 4251 47099
-0.10 79.7 0.076 0.005 0.079 -0.017 0.000 -0.017 6194 78758
0.10 87.0 0.071 0.006 0.074 -0.019 0.000 -0.019 8419 113761
0.30 94.3 0.068 0.018 0.078 -0.021 0.001 -0.021 10592 135291
0.50 100.0 0.067 0.033 0.087 -0.023 0.002 -0.021 12141 140278 I
0.70 100.0 0.067 0.046 0.096 -0.023 0.004 -0.019 11927 123792
0.90 100.0 0.067 0.059 0.107 -0.023 0.006 -0.017 11604 108585
1.10 100.0 0.067 0.072 0.118 -0.023 0.009 -0.014 11235 95273
1.30 100.0 0.067 0.085 0.129 -0.023 0.013 -0.010 11017 85143
1.50 100.0 0.067 0.098 0.141 -0.023 0.017 -0.006 10914 77317
1.70 100.0 0.067 0.111 0.153 -0.023 0.022 -0.001 10858 70895 3
1.90 100.0 0.067 0.124 0.165 -0.023 0.028 0.005 10782 65216
2.10 100.0 0.067 0.137 0.178 -0.023 0.034 0.011 10745 60491
2.30 99.0 0.067 0.148 0.189 -0.026 0.041 0.015 10653 56474
2.50 91.7 0.068 0.149 0.190 -0.026 0.048 0.022 10471 55042
2.70 84.3 0.070 0.148 0.191 -0.027 0.056 0.029 10293 53851
2.90 77.0 0.074 0.145 0.191 -0.028 0.065 0.037 9996 52231
3.10 69.7 0.080 0.141 0.191 -0.030 0.074 0.044 9562 50036
3.30 62.3 0.087 0.134 0.191 -0.032 0.084 0.052 9042 47456
3.50 55.0 0.097 0.125 0.190 -0.035 0.095 0.060 8369 43985
3.70 47.7 0.110 0.115 0.192 -0.038 0.106 0.068 7499 39124
3.90 40.3 0.129 0.102 0.198 -0.042 0.118 0.076 6501 32854
4.10 33.0 0.160 0.088 0.216 -0.046 0.130 0.084 5319 24676
4.30 25.7 0.216 0.072 0.258 -0.051 0.143 0.092 4044 15701
4.50 18.3 0.317 0.054 0.346 -0.056 0.157 0.101 2704 7811
4.70 11.0 0.501 0.034 0.518 -0.062 0.171 0.109 1301 2509
4.90 3.7 0.828 0.012 0.834 -0.068 0.186 0.118 370 444

W = 0.0665 + 0.015(1- F) + 0.155(1-F) + 0.75(1- F)7 (6)

and
D - -0.023 + 0.02857(1- F). (7)
Resulting W values are probably within lo%, and D values within 0.01 m m of those
resulting from proper DXSIN calculations, for F values exceeding 0.1. The second
column of Table III reports the F value (actually, approximately 100 x F, a
percentage) used in each SITE calculation. Entries for column 3 of Table III are
computed using Eq. 4 or 6. Those for column 6 use Eq. 5 or 7. (Caution: numbers
describing the bottom of the ISL appear at the top of Table III.)

17
The DXSIN procedure treats the lens as if it fully accommodated a rectangular
aperture whose height (in the 9 direction) equals the lens diameter. The whole ISL
light fan is marked off by the origin and the first zero crossing shown in Fig. 3b. I
think that errors due to the neglect of light lost from the corners of the rectangle by
the round lens edge are small. As indicated in Fig. 1 the top and bottom of the lens
receive only a small fraction of the light. And I think that the image profile results
are less sensitive to details of vibration curve calculations than to unresolved
uncertainties mentioned above in Section X.
Furthermore, the symmetry of Eq. 2 causes the two mirror pair ISLs to produce light
patterns whose aggregated image spots would coincide, but for differences in source-
to-lens distances among the two sets of subspots. The results to be reported will
neglect any such differences.
I have found that ISL diffraction pattern shapes computed using DXSIN do not
always show null points as do those produced by ordinary point-source light passing
through a lens and slit combination. Jenkins and White (Ref. 5) describe the
diffraction pattern from a slit as an effect of edges. But an ISL radiation pattern
computed using Eq. 2 will possess a sharp edge only when partially blocked by the
lens mount, Diffusion may be a more apt characterization than diffraction for cases
in which light decreases gradually to zero at an edge. (Remember that in calculating
diffraction effects, the DXSIN program takes no account of any effects of the
curvature of vertical lens or light pattern edges.) As illustrated in Fig. 5, ISL intensity
profiles make reasonable fits with Gaussian curves. I have thus used such curves in
a procedure, HSCNSPT, to be described, which adds up subspot contributions from
successive SITES to aggregate an approximate ISL image profile.
XVI. Geometric Effects of Longitudinal Source Position
Since the electron orbit thread will remain nearly parallel to a line-of-sight
belonging to the instrument for many centimeters, one must take into account
another effect of the horizontal angular breadth of the light lobe, which causes a
depth-of-field effect which further enlarges the image. To estimate this effect, think
about ordinary light, (with spherical wavefronts), well focused through a vertical slit
S cm wide at the lens into a spot at an image plane, L (275) cm downstream. If the
(point) light source is moved Z cm toward the lens, the image will move
approximately ZM2 cm downstream. The width of the image observed at the
original image plane will consequently increase by approximately

where M, again, is the (initial) lens magnification (0.25) from source to image. Please
note that moving the source the same distance, but away from the lens, would have
increased the width of the image by approximately the same amount. The SUBSPOT
WIDTH/DPTHF numbers that appear in the fourth column in Table III will
represent an analogous AW, but the slit width S will be specified as the width of that
portion of the lens which is illuminated by the ISL. Note that the maximum
possible value of S for horizontally polarized synchrotron light is proportional to

18
the angular width of the ISL, but that S and AW go to zero as the ISL shifts its
direction and becomes obscured by either edge of the lens aperture. The horizontal
position G of the focal spot will also change as the radiating electron appears at
various points along its circular orbit. Approximately,

where R is the bending radius of the thread. The seventh column in Table III
tabulates G.
XVII. Image Profile Computation Outline
The program HSCNSPT.BAS applies results for focal subspot displacements and
widths described above, calculates numbers proportional to transmitted ISL light
power for the sequence of subspots, and prints Tables III and IV. At the start, a
prompt invites the user to specify the spacing of an angular grid that will govern
sums over x and W. In response, Table III appears, line by line. Each line enumerates
elements affecting the computed profile of a focused light spot which receives light
from the range of x values belonging to one ISL. The first column of Table III lists
evenly spaced scan angles which identify the x-angular slices of the light which
strikes the lens, according to the lenss changing perspective. (The longitudinal
position of an electron will shift by about 5.73 cm for each milliradian of scan angle.)
The second column lists the approximate percentage of the angular width of the x-
sliced Innermost Side Lobe which strikes the lens at each scan angle. Sections XI-
XVI, above, describe how the elements of columns 3, 4, 6, and 7 in Table III were
evaluated.
Table IV. Relative light power focused upon a narrow vertical detector vs. its horizontal position in
millimeters (approximated using Gaussian Curves).
mm+
mm .oo .Ol -02 .03 .04 -05 .06 .07 .08 .09
-0.3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 8 10 13
-0.2 19 27 39 59 90 136 207 315 475 716
-0.1 1073 1598 2350 3380 4698 6223 7768 9063 9851 10000
0.0 9556 8710 7699 6711 5842 5112 4499 3969 3497 3066
0.1 2669 2302 1964 1658 1383 1140 930 750 599 475
0.2 374 293 229 179 140 111 88 71 57 47
0.3 39 33 28 24 20 18 15 13 12 10
0.4 9 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 3

Column 9 results from calculations like those described in Section X above, except
that, in contrast to Section X, where all synchrotron light power, positive and
negative, striking the lens was included in the sums, the light power includes only
the horizontally polarized light power, positive and negative, belonging to x-slices
which begin at the origin and end at the first zero crossing indicated in Fig. 3b and
which fall within the x-angle span bracketed by the lens diameter for each SITE. The
HSCNSPT x-slicing procedure, incidentally, includes some negative power which
actually resides outside the ISL, and excludes some positive power which belongs to
the right-hand tip of the ISL. (Please compare Table II and Fig. 3b. Note also that,

19
unlike the numbers appearing in columns 3 and 6 of Table III, those in column 9
have been affected by light lost from the corners of the circular lens. This loss is
evident in entries for column 9 reporting scan angles between 0.5 and 2.1
milliradians.)
Each entry in the last column of Table III is proportional to the light power listed in
column 9 divided by a sum of the two widths reported in columns 3 and 4. How
should the spot width enlargement due to depth-of-field be combined with the
diffraction width? I think that a simple sum would over-represent the combination.
The rms sum would probably underestimate the combination, since there must be
correlations between the diffraction and depth-of-field effects. For this note, I have
used the average of the two combined widths just mentioned. I think that for most
SITES the resulting <SUM> tabulated in column 5 for each row in Table III will not
differ from the correct value, perhaps to be determined later, by more than about
20%. The sequence of peak intensities, together with corresponding combined
widths and total displacements, constitute parameters which are used to specify
Gaussian functions which are summed to approximate the horizontal profile .of a
focused ISL light spot, as shown in Table IV and Fig. 6. The spot profile shown in
Fig. 6 represents the non-zero-width of the horizontal profile of a focused image,
produced downstream, by light from a postulated thread beam which has a point-
like cross section. For a comparison, when an electron beams energy changes by
O.Ol%, its orbit in B13 moves sideways by about 320 micrometers, and its focused
light spot at the instruments image splitter moves about 80 micrometers.

10

-200 0 200
12.93 Horizontal Position of Sensor
76OOA6 (pm)
Figure 6. Approximate profile of focused 500 nanometer synchrotron light flux produced by a
hypothetical monoenergetic 10 GeV threadlike electron beam whose bending radius is 57.3
meters. Each ordinate represents light which illuminates a detector that is tall and narrow.
This profile results from adding the 36 Gaussian functions characterized in Table III.

20
XVIII. Six For-Next Loops
A listing of the image subspot sequence program HSCNSPT.BAS is given in
Appendix VI. After preliminary calculations of constants, there are six FOR-NEXT
loops in this program. The first three consist of an outer loop, identified by the index
SITE, an intermediate, CHIN loop, and an inner, PSIN loop. These loops compute
approximations to integrals over the lobes angular distribution of radiated power,
and characterize each subspot. They incorporate information abstracted from DXSIN
computations, as mentioned above, and cause Table III to appear. The SITE loop also
computes the arrays EXPD, DSP, and AMP, which represent the widths,
displacements and amplitudes of Gaussian functions which will represent the
subspots. When the SITE loop is finished, the NB loop computes numbers for Table
IV, which represents the aggregated spot profile. Nested in the NB loop, the SITA
loop computes samples of all the Gaussian functions and sums them. Finally, the
NC loop multiplies all the tabulated numbers by a constant and prints Table IV,
displaying an array of numbers, the largest of which is 10,000.
The SITE loop scans the x-neighborhood of the radiation lobe in steps of 0.2
milliradians. For its first-snapshot it (conceptually) aims the lens to the left so that
only the right-hand lens edge is grazed by light rays originating from near the lobes
2~)axis (see Table II and Fig. 3b). Computing and recording very little light power,
along with other specified data, as explained above, SITE then prints the first line of
Table III, advances the SCAN angle by 0.2 milliradian, and continues. As it
continues, it reports a narrowest subspot width and relatively large light power near
SCAN angle zero.
Note that whenever the spectrum monitor has been disturbed, it is important to
install an illuminated optical target at the central source plane, which contains this
SCAN-angle-zero point, and to make sure that the targets image is properly focused
upon the entrance surface of the image splitter. A new, narrower, illuminated target
is needed to make this possible. The present target cannot be inserted far enough
into the B13 vacuum chamber for proper focusing. Please remember that there are
two ISLs, and note that they share a common (zero) x value for scan-angle-zero, but
that scan angles for maximum power from the two will have opposite signs.
The SITE loop reports maximum light power at a scan angle of 0.5 milliradians. The
procedure ends at a SCAN angle of 4.9 milliradians, as the left hand edge of the
(conceptual) lens reaches a vertical slice close to the right hand end of the x-sliced
ISL. (This last slice, as averaged over q, contributes very little light power.)
Nested in the SITE loop, the CHIN loop sums the P (light power) contributions
belonging to each SITEs set of x values, which scan across the lens, and must be
newly specified for each orbit position. For a given SITE, x values correspond to
evenly spaced points (specified by the prompt mentioned above) on the horizontal
diameter of the instruments lens, but for each x which falls outside the specified
limits, P is assigned the value zero. Each x is the angle separating the ISLs origin
from a designated point on the lenss diameter.

21
The PSIN loop is nested in the CHIN loop. For each SITE and x, an even integer,
PSIL, is computed, which will restrict a corresponding w excursion along a vertical
chord to a limit just short of, at, or just beyond, the lenss edge. In the PSIN and
CHIN loops, sums are accumulated in accord with Simpsons rule. In many cases,
the upper limit of ZC)will exceed any value that would yield an appreciable
contribution to P. The PSIN loop sums the P values for each designated 9 for each x
specified for each SITE. Because of symmetry, the PSIN loop needs to cover only half
of each vertical chord of the primary lens, and the integral includes only half the
circle represented by the lens. This situation differs from that of the CHIN loop,
which covers a P field which may be very asymmetric in x.
XIX. Gaussian Curve Representations of Subimage Profiles
Each time the CHIN loop completes the computation of an integral of the light
power which passes through the lens to the image plane from a SITE, the SITE
procedure then makes use of formulas abstracted from DXSIN results, and
represents each new SITE subspot using three numbers, stored as members of arrays.
Peak value is represented by AMP(SITE), width by EXPD(SITE), and displacement by
DSP(SITE). Each triple specifies a Gaussian curve which approximates the size,
shape, and position, at the entrance plane of the image splitter, of a diffraction
pattern attributed to light received from an electron which radiates from the SITE.
XX. Aggregating the Sequence of Images
When the SITE loop is finished, the NBR loop steps through a range of candidate
positions in the image plane which may receive some light power from the lens.
The SITA loop is nested in the NBR loop and, for each such candidate position,
calculates local light power amplitudes of the subspot Gaussian curves belonging to
all 36 sites and adds them together, yielding a number which is proportional to the
total light power received at the image plane in the (somewhat diffuse) vertical
stripe belonging to that position. The NBR loop then prints Table IV, which
represents the aggregated spot profile. Please note that the whole array of light
power values reported in Table IV (see also Fig. 6) is encompassed by a width that is
about the same as the thickness of one of the thinnest of the Plexiglas light pipes
that makes up the image splitter.
XXI. Another Approach
Figure 5 indicates that the Gaussian curves representing subspot diffraction patterns
may tend, on average, to understate the intensity of the light shining well away
from the center of the profile, compared with numerically calculated examples.
Figure 7 shows results from a different program, VBCRVPR.BAS, which appears in
Appendix VI. VBCRVPR does some of the things that HSCNSPT does, but replaces
HSCNSPTs 36 Gaussian curves with 36 stretched diffraction pattern curves.
VBCRVPR uses DXSIN results already mentioned and, for each subspot:
1) Selects a center for a subspot vibration curve calculation
using Eq. 5 or Eq. 7,

22
 2) Computes an enlargement factor called STRETCH which is
the ratio of the <SUM> width to the DFRCT width
represented in Table III,
3) Applies part of the DXSIN program which has been modified
for this purpose, and computes and represents a Fraunhofer
subprofile with its horizontal dimensions expanded about its
center by the factor STRETCH,
4) Displays the resulting PRFL array of numbers representing the
shape of the laterally stretched subspot profile,
5) Shifts the positions of all the numbers in the array, causing the
position of the peak in intensity to agree within 0.01 mm with
the number reported in column 8 of Table III,
6) Multiplies each of the numbers in the array by a WEIGHT
factor. WEIGHT is proportional to the Light Power number
reported in column 9 of Table III divided by the <SUM> in .
column 5. This is to make the total power represented by each
intensity array agree, approximately, with that reported in
column 9,
7) Adds each number resulting from step 6 to an element of an
aggregate array, each element of which will grow to
represent a sum of elements belonging to all 36 subspots.
When steps 1-7 have been completed for all subspots, VBCRVPR then scales and
displays the aggregate array shown in Table V, which represents the shape of the
composite spot profile. Table V is plotted in Fig. 7.

23
 0
-400 -200 0 200
12-93
76OOA7 Horizontal Position of Sensor (pm)
Figure 7. Profile found by adding 36 crudely displaced, stretched, shifted, and scaledi
subprofiles computed using the vibration curve method as described in the text. This represents
an attempt to estimate errors in the intensities plotted in Fig. 6 at relatively large distances
from the origin.
Table V. Vibration curve profile sums of centered,stretched, weighted, and shifted subspots.
nun+
mm .oo .Ol .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
-0.50 21 21 21 21 21 22 24 26 30 34
-0.40 39 43 48 52 56 59 62 64 66 69
-0.30 74 81 92 107 127 152 182 217 255 297
-0.20 343 395 452 514 584 669 782 934 1136 1398
-0.10 1745 2224 2907 3859 5094 6530 7976 9177 9895 10000
0.00 9516 8609 7513 6443 5529 4805 4233 3752 3317 2907
0.10 2520 2161 1833 1534 1264 1025 820 647 506 392
0.20 302 233 183 148 125 109 99 92 86 81
0.30 77 71 66 60 54 49 44 39 36 33
0.40 31 30 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22

VBCRVPRs crude stretching procedure probably causes an overestimate in the

width of the curve shown in Fig. 7. In a proper calculation, the effect of depth-of-
field would be to flatten diffraction peaks and valleys, but in no case would a gross
outward shift in position occur. But differences between Figs. 6 and 7 may turn out
to be unimportant when better answers to questions suggested at the beginning of
Section X are revealed and applied.
XXII. Is the Primary Lens Diameter Optimum?
These calculations contain hints to an answer to a question posed by Roger Miller
more than ten years ago: Is the monitors visible-light optical system optimum? A
real answer to this question will require the resolution of questions and
reservations already alluded to, and some more calculations. Confidence in an

24
answer may not emerge quickly. My guess is that the answer to Rogers question
may turn out to be Pretty close. Here are some more guesses about details:
1) I think that resolving power could be improved, but probably
by not much more than a factor of 2, and at the cost of some
loss in sensitivity. It would require using a filter to eliminate
horizontally polarized light. Figures 2a and b imply a resulting
loss factor of about 4 in sensitivity. For this approach, I think
that the present lens is nearly the right size. Perhaps it is a
little too big.
2) With no polarizing filter, doubling the lens diameter would
only modestly increase the light collected into an image, and
would affect resolving power only slightly. Decreasing the
diameter by, say, 30% would probably degrade the resolving
power somewhat.
3) If it should become customary to transmit very low emittance
electron beams down the SLAC A-line, it might enhance the
instruments usefulness to increase its visible-light optical
magnification M or to make its central image splitter elements
thinner. To increase M by a factor of about 3 might be helpful,
and might merely require replacing the present 12 mm
projection lens (astronomical telescope eyepiece) with a 4 mm
one (and refocusing). But increasing M by much more than a
factor of 3 might not be very useful. And increasing M by
changing the eyepiece as described would reduce the field of
view by an amount proportional to the change in M.
XXIII, Unfinished Business
As I have suggested in several places above, certain results from the numerical
evaluation of Schwingers 1949 formulas (Ref. 1) have puzzled me. Perhaps a reader
will resolve all my uncertainties. If not, then perhaps a fruitful approach to better
understanding would be to make some pertinent measurements using synchrotron
light. It may be that proposed improvements of the SLAC A line will be helpful.
What is needed is a new, finer grained, array of detectors, together with a nearly
monoenergetic, very low emittance, electron beam.

25
Appendix. I
SII-34.BAS is based upon Schwingers Eq. II.34 (Ref. 1). To compute Bessel functions
for this and succeeding programs, I have used formulas reported by Kostroun
(Ref 4). SII-34.BAS prints a table with six columns, representing electron energies
(GeV). Each column reports relative light power, integrated over all horizontal
angles x, for each of 31 vertical angles w ranging from 0 to 3 milliradians. The results
are sums of vertically and horizontally polarized visible light power. The
wavelength is 500 nm, radiated by electrons whose bending radius is approximately
57.3 meters. Four resulting vertical profiles are shown in Fig. 1. Results computed
for 10,100, and 1000 GeV are nearly identical.
To replicate the numbers which are plotted for Fig. 1, load and start the program. A
prompt, SII-34: SIX ENERGIES IN GEV? will appear. Type 0.5,1,2,10,100,1000
(omit quotation marks). Then press the ENTER key. A PC with no coprocessor
may require several minutes to do the calculations.
SII-34 1 OCT 93 PLOT INTENSITY(ENERGY, PSI)
DIM BES(5, 30): DIM E(6): DIM AR(6, 30)
PI = 4 * ATN(l): R = 180 / PI: LAM = .0000005:PSISTPS = 30: DPSI = .OOOl
STARTOVER:
INPUT SII-34: SIX ENERGIES IN GEV; E(l), E(2), E(3), E(4), E(5), E(6)

FOR TALLY = 1 TO 6 TALLY IS COLUMN (ENERGY) NUMBER

E = E(TALLY) * lEt09: GA = E / 511000!:GM2 = 1 / (GA * GA): GM4 = GM2 * GM2

FOR NUMB = 0 TO PSISTPS NUMB IS PSI NUMBER

BES(l, NUMB) = NUMB * DPSI BES(l,n) = nth PSI
BESFCTR = (GM2 + BES(l, NUMB) + BES(l, NUMB)) A (3 / 2)
BES(2, NUMB) = 2 * PI * R * BESFCTR / (3 * LAM) BES(2,n) = nth XI
BES(3, NUMB) = GA * GA * BES(1, NUMB) * BES(l, NUMB)
INDK=1/3 BES(3,n) = GAMMA SQUARED * nth PSI SQUARED

BESSEL: HK = .5: SK = (HK / 2) * EXP(-BES(2, NUMB)): RK = 1

AGAIN: AK = EXP(RK * HK) / 2 t EXP(-RK * HK) / 2AK = COSH(rh)
BK = EXP(INDK * RK * HK) / 2 t EXl?(-INDK * RK * HK) / 2BK =COSH(nrh)
,TK = (HK * BK) * EXl?(-BES(2, NUMB) * AK): SK = SK + TK SK = NEW SUM
IF TK < .OOOOl* SK THEN GOT0 SPLIT
RK = RK t 1: GOT0 AGAIN
SPLIT: IF INDK > .5 THEN GOT0 BESFINI
BES(4, NUMB) = SK + SK BES(4,n) = nth K1/3(XI) SQUARED
INDK = 2 / 3: GOT0 BESSEL
BESFINI: BES(5, NUMB) = SK * SK BES(5,n) = nth K2/3(XI) SQUARED
NEXT NUMB

FOR STP = 0 TO PSISTPS STP IS TABLE ROW (PSI) NUMBER

Fl = GM4 * (1 t BES(3, STP)) * (1 + BES(3, STP))
F2 = BES(3, STP) * BES(4, STI?) / (1 t BES(3, STP))
HORZ = Fl * BES(5, STP) HORIZONTALLY POLARIZED TERM
VERT=FlF2 VERTICALLY POLARIZED TERM
AR(TALLY, STP) = 1.0392Et13 * (HORZ t VERT) CONSTANT GIVES MAX = 100
NEXT STl

26
NEXT TALLY

PRINT w RELATIVE INTENSITY

PRINT AS A FUNCTION OF
PRINT It VERTICAL ANGLE [PSI] AND ELECTRON ENERGY
PRINT
PRINT w PSIIN ELECTRON ENERGY IN GEV
PRINT MILLIRADIANS ;
FOR CH = 1 TO 6: PRINT USING #####.#; E(CH); : NEXT CH COLUMN HEADS
PRINT
FOR ROW = 0 TO 30: PRINT USING #.## I; 1000 * BES(l, ROW); PSIs
FOR COLUMN = 1 TO 6: PRINT USING ###.## ; AR(COLUMN, ROW); : NEXT COLUMN
PRINT
NEXT ROW: GOT0 STARTOVER: END

27
Appendix. II
CHIPSLBAS produced Tables I and II. They provide glimpses of the puzzling and
complicated behavior of power radiated by an electron (and sometimes reabsorbed?)
in various directions. The intensity functions are symmetrical in each of the
horizontal, x, and vertical, $, directions. To replicate, e.g., Table II, load and start the
program, In response to the first prompt, type h, and press the ENTER key. In
response to the second prompt, type 0.2,40 and press ENTER (omit quotation
marks).
CHIl?SINF.BAS 2 OCT 93 8:45AM
MAKES ARRAY OF PSI, XI, XI^(1/3), K1/3(XI), K2/3(XI), AND USES ELEMENTS TO
MAKE ENTRIES REPRESENTING RADIATED POWER (POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE) IN AN
ARRAY
REPRESENTING A GRID OF HORIZONTAL (CHI) AND AND VERTICAL (PSI) ANGLES.
PSISPAN COVERS HALF THE (SYMMETRICAL ABOUT PSI = 0) RANGE OF PSI.
PRELIMINARY: MAKE A LIST OF UP TO 101 (EACH) PSIs AND 4 OTHER BES FACTORS
l?SI=BES(l,n), OTHERS ARE BES(2,n), BES(3,n), ETC., AS NOTED.

STARTOVER: PI = 4 * ATN(l): LAM = .0000005 LAM IS LIGHT WAVELENGTH IN METERS

CNST = 2 / 3: R = 180 / PI: R IS BENDING RADIUS IN B13 IN METERS
PPOLZ$ = l?OLZ$: PRINT
INPUT POLARIZATION WANTED, V OR H; POLZ$
POLZ$ = UCASE$(POLZ$): PRINT DATE$; CHIPSINF; : PRINT POLZ$;
PIF=3(1/6)*PI*(1/3):CNSTl=O:CNST2=0
IF POLZ$ = V THEN CNSTl = (2 + R / LAM) A (2 / 3) / PIF
IF POLZ$ = H THEN CNST2 = SQR(3) / PI: DIM BES(8,lOl)
PRINT SPECIFY CHI-STEP SIZE IN MILLIRADIANS: DPSI = .25: PSMXN = 12
INPUT SIZE AND NUMBER OF CHI STEPS; DCHI, CHMXN
PRINT CHIPSINF ; DATE$; I; TIME$; ;
IF POLZ$ = V THEN PRINT VERTICAL POLARIZATION
IF POLZ$ = H THEN PRINT HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION
PRINT : PRINT :

IF POLZ$ = V THEN PRINT RELATIVE INTENSITY OF;

IF l?OLZ$ = V THEN PRINT VERTICALLY;
IF POLZ$ = H THEN PRINT RELATIVE INTENSITY OF;
IF POLZ$ = H THEN PRINT HORIZONTALLY;
PRINT POLARIZED LIGHT

28
PRINT AS A FUNCTION OF [CHI] AND [PSI] ANGLES
PRINT , (ANGLES ARE SHOWN IN MILLIRADIANS)

DCH.I = DCHI / 1000: DPSI = DES1 / 1000

IF PSMXN = PPSMXN AND POLZ$ = PPOLZ$ THEN GOT0 NOCHANGE
E = lE+lO: GA = E / 511000!: GM2 = 1 / (GA * GA) E = ENERGY, GA = E RATIO
FOR NUMB = 0 TO PSMXN + 1: BES(l, NUMB) = NUMB * DPSI BES(l,n) = nth PSI
BESFCTR = (GM2 + BES(l, NUMB) * BES(l, NUMB)) A (3 / 2)
BES(2, NUMB) = 2 * PI * R * BESFCTR / (3 * LAM) BES(2,n) = nth XI
BES(3, NUMB) = BES(2, NUMB) A (1 / 3) BES(3,n) = nth XI^(1/3)
INDK=1/3

KOSTROUN: HK = .5: SK = (HK / 2) * EXI(-BES(2, NUMB)): RK = 1

AGAIN: AK = EXP(RK * HK) / 2 + EXP(-RK * HK) / 2AK = COSH(rh)
BK = EXP(INDK * RK * HK) / 2 t EXP(-INDK * RK * HK) / 2BK =COSH(nrh)
TK = (HK * BK) * EXP(-BES(2, NUMB) * AK): SK = SK t TK SK = NEW SUM
IF TK < .OOOOl* SK THEN GOT0 SPLIT
RK = RK t 1: GOT0 AGAIN
SPLIT: IF INDK > .5 THEN GOT0 BESFINI
BES(4, NUMB) = SK BES(4,n) = nth K1/3(XI)
INDK = 2 / 3: GOT0 KOSTROUN
BESFINI: BES(5, NUMB) = SK BES(5,n) = nth K2/3(XI)
BES(6, NUMB) = BES(1, NUMB) * BES(l, NUMB)
BES(7, NUMB) = BES(3, NUMB) * BES(4, NUMB)
BES(8, NUMB) = BES(2, NUMB) + BES(5, NUMB)
NEXT NUMB

NOCHANGE:
PRINT 1e--e~~~~~~__~~~~~~~~
[PSI] IN MILLIRADIANS --____________
I;
PRINT _______
1
PRINT ] -CHI- ] I;

FOR PSIM = 0 TO PSMXN: PRINT USING ##.##I; 1000 * PSIM * DPSI; : NEXT PSIM
PRINT

FOR SITE = 0 TO CHMXN SITE IS INDEX OF CHI VALUE

29
CHI = DCHI * SITE: PRINT USING I###.## ; 1000 * CHI;

NOW USE PSIs AND OTHER BE9 FACTORS TO COMPUTE POWER ENTRIES

suM=o: SUM PRINTED ONCE AT END OF EACH ROW

FOR PSIN = 0 TO PSMXN PSIN ENUMERATES PSI STEPS

X = CI3I / SQR(GM2 t BES(6, PSIN))

THETA = 1.5 + BES(2, PSIN) * (X t X * X * X / 3)
PERP = CNSTl * BES(6, PSIN) * COS(THETA) + BES(7, PSIN)
PARA = CNST2 + X * SIN(THETA) * BES(8, PSIN)
SUM = SUM t PERl? t PARA: PRINT USING #### ; lOO! * (PERP t PARA);
NEXT PSIN
PRINT USING I####; lOO! * SUM
NEXT SITE
PRINT CH.IPSINF I; DATE$; ; TIME$;
IF POLZ$ = V THEN PRINT VERTICAL
IF POLZ$ = H THEN PRINT HORIZONTAL
PPSMXN = PSMXN: PDPSI = DPSI
GOT0 STARTOVER: END

30
Appendix. III
AIMTHRU.BAS computes the light power incident upon a circular lens as a
function of the azimuthal aim angle of a (hypothetical) short radiating segment of
an electrons orbit with respect to the center of the lens. Separate results of
AIMTHRU calculations for vertically and horizontally polarized light appear in
Figs. 2a and b. To replicate the numbers which are plotted, e.g., for Fig. 2a, load and
start the program. In response to the first prompt, type 25,40 and press the Enter
key. After the second prompt, type v and press the Enter key. After the third
prompt, type 0.05,160 (omit quotation marks).
AIMTHRU.BAS 26 MAY 93 8:30AM VERT OR HORZ POLARIZATION MILLIRADIANS
MAKES ARRAY OF PSI, XI, XI^(1/3), K1/3(XI), K2/3(XI), ETC., AND USES
ELEMENTS TO MAKE ENTRIES REPRESENTING 500 NM LIGHT POWER PROJECTED UPON
A LENS BY AN ELECTRON AIMED AT VARIOUS HORIZONTAL AIM ANGLES MEASURED
WITH
RESPECT TO THE CENTER OF THE LENS, WHICH LIES IN THE (HORIZONTAL) ORBITAL ,
PLANE. ELECTRON ENERGY IS 10 GEV, BENDING RADIUS, 57.3 M. ENTRIES ARE
ANGLE, LOCAL POWER, POWER ACCUMULATION FROM ZERO ANGLE, AND TIME IN
SECONDS
SINCE THE START OF THE CALCULATION. NO CORRECTION IS MADE FOR VARIATIONS
IN DISTANCE (11M t /- MANY CM) BETWEEN ELECTRON AND LENS.
PSISPAN COVERS HALF THE (SYMMETRICAL ABOUT PSI = 0) RANGE OF PSI.
CHISPAN COVERS THE WHOLE RANGE (USUALLY ASSYMETRICAL) OF CHI.
PRELIMINARY: MAKE A LIST OF UP TO 101 (EACH) PSIs AND UP TO 7 OTHER BES
FACTORS: PSI=BES(l,n), OTHERS ARE BES(2,n), BES(3,n), ETC, AS NOTED

STARTOVER: PRINT
INPUT LENS RADIUS, MM, ANGLE STEPS SUBTENDED BY LENS RADIUS; LENSRAD, NLRS
INPUT ENTER V FOR VERT, H FOR HORZ, B FOR BOTH POLARIZATION(S); POLZ$
POLZ$ = UCASE$(POLZ$)
INPUT INPUT AIM ANGLE STEP SIZE (MR), NUMBER OF STEPS; MR, STMX
TIME0 = TIMER: NLRS = INT(NLRS) NLRS IS Number of Lens Radius Slices
LENSRAD = LENSRAD / 1000: LENSDX = 11: LENSANGLE = LENSRAD / LENSDX
DA = LENSANGLE / NLRS: CHISTPS = 2 * NLRS: DA = ANGLE STEP SIZE (RADIANS)
E = lEtlO: GA = E / 511000! E = ENERGY, GA = ENERGY RATIO (GAMMA)
GM2 = 1 / (GA * GA): PI = 4 * ATN(1): CHISPAN = 2 * NLRS + DA
R = 180 / PI: R IS BENDING RADIUS IN B13 IN METERS
LAM = .0000005:CNST = DA *DA LAM IS LIGHT WAVELENGTH IN METERS

31
IF POLZ!! = V THEN CNSTl = CNST * (2 * R / LAM) A (2 / 3) / PIF
IF POLZ$ = B THEN CNSTl = CNST * (2 * R / LAM) n (2 / 3) / PIF
IF l?OLZ$ = T-ITHEN CNST2 = CNST * SQR(3) / PI:
IF POLZ$ = B THEN CNST2 = CNST * SQR(3) / PI: DIM BES(8,lOl): DIM AMP(200)
FOR NUMB = 0 TO NLRS + 1: BES(l, NUMB) = NUMB *DA BES(l,n) = nth PSI
BESFCTR = (GM2 t BES(l, NUMB) * BES(1, NUMB)) A (3 / 2)
BES(2, NUMB) = 2 * PI * R * BESFCTR / (3 * LAM) BES(2,n) = nth XI
BES(3, NUMB) = BES(2, NUMB) A (1 / 3) BES(3,n) = nth XI*(1/3)
INDK=1/3 NOW COMPUTE K1/3(XI)

KOSTROUN: HK = .5: SK = (HIS / 2) * EXP(-BES(2, NUMB)): RK = 1

AGAIN: AK = EXP(RK * HK) / 2 t EXP(-RK * HK) / 2AK = COSH(rh)
BK = EXP(INDK * RK * HK) / 2 t EXP(-INDK * RK * HK) / 2BK =COSH(nrh)
TK = (HK * BK) * EXP(-BES(2,NUMB) * AK): SK = SK t TK SK = NEW SUM
IF TK < .OOOOl* SK THEN GOT0 SPLIT
RK = RK + 1: GOT0 AGAIN
SPLIT: IF INDK > .5 THEN GOT0 BESFINI
BES(4, NUMB) = SK BES(4,n) = nth K1/3(XI)
INDK = 2 / 3: GOT0 KOSTROUN NOW COMPUTE K2/3(XI)
BESFINI: BES(5, NUMB) = SK BES(5,n) = nth K2/3(XI)
BES(6, NUMB) = BES(l, NUMB) * BES(1, NUMB)
BES(7, NUMB) = BES(l, NUMB) * BES(l, NUMB) * BES(3, NUMB) * BES(4, NUMB)
BES(8, NUMB) = BES(2, NUMB) * BES(5, NUMB) CONSTANT
NEXT NUMB

NOCHANGE:
DAIM = MR / 1000
PRINT AIMTHRU: PSISTEPS =I; NLRS; PSISPAN =I;
PRINT USING I##.###; 1000 * NLRS * DA; : PRINT mr ; : PRINT DATE$:
PRINT CHISTEPS =I; CHISTPS; : PRINT CHISPAN =I; :
PRINT USING ##.###; 1000 * CHISPAN; : PRINT mr I; : PRINT TIME$

STARTTIME:
PRINT AIM RELATIVE ELAPSED ACCUMULATED
PRINT ANGLE TRANSMITTED TIME IN POWER

32
PRINT MR POWER SECONDS (TRAPEZOID RULE)

SSM=O SSM IS PROPORTIONAL TO SUM OF POWER FROM SITES REACHED SO FAR

PSMOFSM = 0 PSMOFSM IS SAVED FOR TRAPEZOID RULE ACCUM OF SITE SUMS

FOR SITE = 0 TO STMX AIM IS CHI VALUE AT THE CENTER

OF THE LENS APERATURE
AIM STARTS AT 0 AND STEPS BY DAIM FOR SUCCESSIVE SUMMATIONS
AIM = DAIM * SITE AIM AND DAIM ARE IN RADIANS
SMOFSM = 0: SMOFSM IS PROPORTIONAL TO SITE POWER

NOW USE PSIs AND OTHER BES FACTORS TO COMPUTE POWER INTO LENS

FORCHIN=OTO2*NLRS - CHIN DESIGNATES STEPS IN CHI SUMMATION

CH.I = AIM + DA * (CHIN - NLRS) PLEASE NOTE THAT THE CHI SUMMATION IS
SUM=O:SMPARA=O USUALLY NOT SYMMETRIC ABOUT AN AXIS

L3 = SQR(CHIN * (2 * NLRS - CHIN)) L3 IS EXACT LIMIT FOR PSI STEPS

IA = INT(L3) BUT ROUND L3 DOWN TO INTEGER, L4
PSIL=L4+1 THEN CHOOSE PSIL = L4 t 1 IF L4 IS ODD
IF INT(L4 / 2) = L4 / 2 THEN PSIL = L4 OR CHOOSE PSIL = L4 IF L4 IS EVEN

FOR PSIN = 0 TO PSIL PSIN ENUMERATES PSI STEPS

Cl IS SIMPSONS RULE COEFFICIENT
Cl=4 Cl = 4 FOR ODD NUMBERED TERMS
IF INT(PSIN / 2) = PSIN / 2 THEN Cl = 2 Cl = 2 FOR EVEN TERMS, EXCEPT
IFPSIN=OTHENCl=l Cl = 1 FOR THE ZEROTH TERM
IFPSIN=PSILTHENC1=1 Cl = 1 FOR THE LAST TERM
IF PSIL = 2 THEN Cl = 1 SPECIAL IF PSIL (=2), THEN
IFPSIL=2ANDPSIN=lTHENC1=4 C1=1,4,ANDlFORTHE3TERMS

X = CHI / SQR(GM2 + BES(6, PSIN))

THETA = 1.5 * BES(2, PSIN) * (X + X * X * X / 3)
PERP = Cl * BES(7, PSIN) * COS(THETA) * CNSTl
PARA = Cl * X * SIN(THETA) * BES(8, PSIN) * CNST2

33
SUh4 = SUM t PERP + PARA ONE OF PERP OR PARA IS ZERO

NEXT PSIN

C2=4 SIMPSONS COEFFICIENT FOR CHIN ODD

IF INT(CHIN / 2) = CHIN / 2 THEN C2 = 2 FOR CHIN EVEN (NOT 1ST OR LAST TERM)
IFCHIN=OTHENC2=1 FOR FIRST CHIN TERM
IFCHIN=2*NLRSTHENC2=1 FOR LAST CHIN TERM
SMOFSM = C2 * SUM / 3 t SMOFSM

NEXT CHIN

SSM = SSM t (PSMOFSM t SMOFSM) / 2

IFSITE=OTHENSSM=O ADJUSTS FIRST SAMPLE FOR ACCUM
PSMOFSM = SMOFSM
PRINT USING ###.## I; SITE + MR;
PRINT USING #.### I; 500000 * SMOFSM;
PRINT USING ####.# I; TIMER - TIMEO;
PRINT USING ######.### ; SOOOOO!
* SSM
NEXT SITE
IF POLZ$ = V THEN PRINT VERTICALLY ;
IF POLZS = H THEN PRINT HORIZONTALLY ;
IF POLZ$ = B THEN PRINT UN;
PRINT POLARIZED LIGHT
PRINT AIMTHRU I; : PRINT DATE!!; ; TIME$; I;
PRINT LENS SUBTENDS; .* PRINT USING ##.###; 1000 * CHISPAN;
PRINT MILLIRADIANS : PRINT 2 * NLRS; : PRINT CHISTEPS =;
PRINT NLRS; PSISTEPS :
PRINT LIGHT STRIKING HALF OF LENS SCANNED IN; 2 * NLRS; xl;
PRINT NLRS; EQUIANGULAR GRID
PRINT RESULTS REPRESENT; STMX; ORBIT STEPS OF;
PRINT USING ##.## I; MR * 5.729578; : PRINT CM EACH: PNLRS = NLRS
GOT0 STARTOVER
END

34
Appendix. IV
CHIFIN.BAS computed the numbers for Figs. 3a and b. The first loop of Fig. 3b
represents the q-sliced innermost side lobe (ISL) which is the focus of much of the
discussion in the text. To replicate the numbers which are plotted, e.g., for Fig. 3b,
load and start the program. In response to the first prompt, type h and press the
Enter key. At the second prompt, type 46 and press the Enter key (omit
quotation marks).
CHIFINVH.BAS 3 OCT 93 5:54 PM
PRODUCES PROFILE VS CHI USING PSI INTEGRATIONS. MAKES AN ARRAY OF PSI
VALUES AND OF CORRESPONDING VALUES OF XI, X1*(1/3), AND K1/3(XI), ETC.
IT THEN REPORTS AVERAGE LIGHT WHICH WOULD STRIKE A VERTICALLY STRIPED
DETECTOR ARRAY. (THE DIRECTION OF INCREASING PSI IS VERTICAL; POWER IS
SYMMETRICAL ABOUT PSI OR CHI = 0.)
BESSEL FUNCTIONS ARE CALCULATED USING A FORMULA REPORTED BY KOSTROUN.
PSIRANGE = .025 / 11: E = lE+iO: GA = E / SllOOO!:GM2 = 1 / (GA + GA)
STARTOVER: PRINT : PI = 4 * ATN(l): DIM BES(8,lOl)
PRINT DATE$; I; : PIF = 3 A (1 / 6) * PI A (1 / 3)
INPUT ENTER POLARIZATION DESIRED (VERT, HORZ, OR BOTH) V, H, OR B; POLZ$
POLZS = UCASE$(POLZ$): R = 180 / PI: LAM = .0000005:DCHI = .00005:
INPUT CHIFINVH-NUMBER OF STEPS FOR EACH PSI SUM; PSISTPS
PSISTPS = 2 * INT(PSISTPS / 2): DPSI = PSIRANGE / PSISTPS: CHISTPS = 129:
CNST = DPSI * DCH.I / 3: CNSTl = 0: CNST2 = 0
IF POLZ$ = H THEN CNST2 = CNST * SQR(3) / PI
IF POLZ$ = B THEN CNST2 = CNST * SQR(3) / PI
IF POLZ$ = V THEN CNSTl = CNST * (2 + R / LAM) h (2 / 3) / PIF
IF POLZ$ = B THEN CNSTl = CNST * (2 * R / LAM) A (2 / 3) / PJ.F
FOR NUMB = 0 TO PSISTPS: BES(1, NUMB) = NUMB * DPSI BES(l,n) = nth PSI
BESFCTR = (GM2 + BES(1, NUMB) * BES(l, NUMB)) A (3 / 2)
BES(2, NUMB) = 2 * PI * R + BESFCTR / (3 * LAM) BES(2,n) = nth XI
BES(3, NUMB) = BES(2, NUMB) A (1 / 3): INDK = 1 / 3 BES(3,n) = nth XI(1/3)
KOSTROUN: HK = .5: SK = (HK / 2) * EXP(-BES(2, NUMB)): RK = 1
AGAIN: AK = EXI(RK + HK) / 2 + EXP(-RK * HK) / 2AK = COSH(rh)
BK = EXP(INDK * RK * HK) / 2 t EXP(-INDK * RK * HK) / 2BK =COSH(nrh)
TK = (HK * BK) * EXI?(-BES(2,NUMB) * AK): SK = SK t TK SK = NEW SUM
IF TK < .OOOOl* SK THEN GOT0 SPLIT
RK = RK t 1: GOT0 AGAIN
SPLIT: IF INDK > .5 THEN GOT0 BESFINI

35
BES(4, NUMB) = SK: INDK = 2 / 3: GOT0 KOSTROUN BES(4,n) = nth K1/3(XI)
BESFINI: BES(5, NUMB) = SK BES(5,n) = nth K2/3(XI)
BES(6, NUMB) = BES(1, NUMB) * BES(1, NUMB)
BES(7, NUMB) = BES(l, NUMB) * BES(1, NUMB) * BES(3, NUMB) * BES(4, NUMB)
BES(8, NUMB) = BES(2, NUMB) * BES(5, NUMB): NEXT NUMB
PRINT DATE$; PSISTEPS =; PSISTPS; DPSI =;
PRINT USING I##.## ; 1000 * DPSI; : PRINT ; : PRINT TIME$:

PRINT CHI CHIt.00 t.05 +.lO t.15 t.20 t.25 t.30 t.35 t.40 t.45

FOR DFLCTN = 0 TO CHISTPS DFLCTN ENUMERATES STEPS IN CHI

CHI = DCHI * DFLCTN: SUM = 0 THE STP LOOP SUMS OVER THE RANGE IN PSI
FOR STP = 0 TO PSISTPS: Cl = 4 Cl IS THE SIMPSONS RULE COEFFICIENT
IF INT(STP / 2) = STP / 2 THEN Cl = 2 Cl = 4 FOR ODD TERMS
IFSTI?=OTHENCl=l Cl = 2 FOR MOST EVEN TERMS, BUT
IF STP = PSISTPS THEN Cl = 1 Cl = 1 FOR ZEROTH AND FINAL TERMS.
X = CHI / SQR(GM2 t BES(6, STP))
THETA = 1.5 * BES(2, STP) * (X t X * X * X / 3)
PERP = Cl * CNSTl * COS(THETA) * BES(7, STP)
PARA = Cl * CNST2 * X * SIN(THETA) * BES(8, STP): SUM = SUM t PERP t PARA
NEXT STP
IF INT(DFLCTN / 10) = DFLCTN / 10 AND DFLCTN c> 0 THEN PRINT
IF INT(DFLCTN / 10) = DFLCTN / 10 THEN PRINT USING ##.## ; 1000 * CHI;
PRINT USING #####; lEtlO * SUM; : NEXT DFLCTN: PRINT :
PRINT PSI RANGE =; PSISTPS; STEPS x;
PRINT USING I##.#### ; 1000 * DPSI;
PRINT MILLIRADIANS / STEP =I;
PRINT USING I##.#### I; 1000 * PSISTPS * DPSI;
PRINT MILLIRADIANS
PRINT DATE$; I; TIME$; CHIFINVH ;
IF POLZ$ = V THEN PRINT VERTICALLY ; POLARIZATION
IF l?OLZ$ = I-I THEN PRINT HORIZONTALLY ; POLARIZATION
IF POLZ$ = B THEN PRINT UN;
PRINT POLARIZED LIGHT
GOT0 STARTOVER: END

36
Appendix. V
I have used DXSIN3.BAS, listed below, in several versions to study diffraction
pattern profiles which might be similar to those produced by synchrotron light,
trying several candidate illumination patterns. The version reported here computes
profiles which may approximate those produced by a complete innermost side lobe
(ISL) or some specified top or bottom part of it. Each profile computation takes
into account effects due to variations in amplitude and phase of the two-
dimensional angular distribution of light described in the text. Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7,
Eqs. 4, 5, 6, and 7, and Tables III, IV, and V in the text all represent applications of
DXSIN3.
The procedure first computes light power (integrated over I+) vs. x for the part of the
ISL specified. DXSIN3s initial prompt, a user response (supplying two parameters),
and PWR (light power) vs. x results are shown in Table Vl. (This table reports an
extra point to verify that a zero crossing has occurred.)
Table Vl report:
DXSIN3: ENTER B (BOTTOM) OR T (TOP), PERCENT? T, 80
DCHI = .13635 MR, DPSI = .0568182 MR, 41 PSI-POINTS MARK OFF 2.272728 MR
(CHI is in microradians, and PWR is in arbitrary units).
Table Vl. Light power vs. X.
CHI 1 PWR CHI 1 PWR CHI 1 PWR CHII PWR CHI 1 PWR
600 46.61 709 66.49 818 90.49 927 118.84 1036 151.61
1145 188.75 1254 229.91 1364 274.43 1473 321.19 1582 368.53
1691 414.14 1800 454.96 1909 487.20 2018 506.29 2127 507.12
2236 484.37 2345 433.06 2454 349.44 2563 232.14 2672 83.68
2782 -88.00
DXSIN3 12-06-1993 08:46:43 TOP 80.0 PERCENT

DXSIN3 can then compute a partial profile of the diffraction pattern according to the
users three responses to a new prompt, as illustrated in Table V2.
Table V2 report:
START, INCREMENT, ENTRIES (O,O,OFOR NEW PERCENT)? -.0285, .OOOl , 10
DXSIN3: POWER LISTED, OcINCIDENT PHASE SHIFT<PI (CUBIC) 08:47:07
LIGHT RAY DEFLECTION = NORM DFLCTN*(WAVELENGTH/FULL PATTERN-WIDTH)
Table V2. Elements of vibration curve calculations.
ENTRY PHASESTEP AMPLITUDE INTENSITY ACCMLTN DFLCTN SPOT MM
0 -0.1563 252.6 63819.3 63819.3 -0.6218 -0.02850
1 -0.1557 252.6 63823.9 127643.2 -0.6196 -0.02840
2 -0.1552 252.6 63827.6 191470.8 -0.6174 -0.02830
3 -0.1546 252.6 63830.3 255301.1 -0.6152 -0.02820
4 -0.1541 252.7 63832.1 319133.2 -0.6130 -0.02810
5 -0.1535 252.7 63833.0 382966.2 -0.6108 -0.02800
6 -0.1530 252.7 63832.9 446799.1 -0.6087 -0.02790
7 -0.1524 252.6 63831.8 510630.9 -0.6065 -0.02780
8 -0.1519 252.6 63829.8 574460.8 -0.6043 -0.02770
9 -0.1513 252.6 63826.9 638287.6 -0.6021 -0.02760
10 -0.1508 252.6 1 63823.0 702110.6 -0.5999 -0.02750
LAW=( OWER LISTED, 0 < INCIDENT PHASE SHI < PI (CUBIC
12-06-1993 08:47:09 DXSIN3 TOP 80.0 PERCENT TRANSMITTED

37
Finally, after receiving responses to four more prompts, DXSIN3 does some
calculations to assist the user in fitting a computed profile to a Gaussian curve, as
reported in Table V3.
Table V3 report:
REPEAT INTENSITY SCAN? Y OR N? N
ENTER SPOT MM (e.g. AT INTENSITY PEAK)? -.028
ENTER PEAK INTENSITY/1000 (OR 0 FOR NEW PERCENT)? 63.833
NOMINATE FULL WIDTH AT l/e IN mm FOR MODEL GAUSSIAN? .072
NORMALIZED INTENSITY VS
DISPLACED AND NORMALIZED POSITION
POSITIONS LISTED ARE IN MICROMETERS
INTENSITY DEVIATIONS ARE FROM MODEL GAUSSIAN CURVE
.ble V3. Normalized i :ensity vs. displaced i 3 normalized positio
POS INT DEV POS INT DEV POS INT DEV POS INT DEV POS INT DEV
-169 1 1 -161 2 2 -152 5 5 -144 8 8 -135 10 10
-127 10 10 -118 8 8 -110 10 9 -101 18 18 -93 34 33
-85 51 50 -76 65 59 -68 73 56 -59 86 43 -51 123 s8
-42 219 18 -34 3n 15 -25 574 13 -17 782 8 -8 940 2
0 1000 -0 8 940 2 17 776 2 25 554 -7 34 333 -25
42 159 -43 51 52 -47 59 8 -35 68 2 -14 76 10 4
85 14 13 93 12 11 101 5 5 110 1 1 118 0 0
127 2 2 135 4 4 144 4 4 152 2 2 161 0 0
169 0 0

Results of several DXSIN3 calculations are shown in Table V4. I have chosen the
parameters for Eqs. 4,5, 6, and 7 in the text to fit these numbers.
Table V4. Widths and displacements of diffraction patterns.
Unobscured Portion of ISL Full Width Displacement
at l/e of Peak
Part I Percent (mm) (mm)
Tov 10 0.534 -0.061
Tob 30 0.176 -0.049
TOP 50 0.106 -0.038
TOP 80 0.072 -0.028
Top 90 0.068 -0.026
Whole 100 0.066 -0.025
Bottom 90 0.071 -0.022
Bottom 80 0.078 -0.018
Bottom 50 0.123 -0.007
Bottom 30 0.203 -0.002
1 Bottom 10 0.606 0.000

DXSIN3
DXSINS: X*SINX, LOWER OR UPPER PARTITION OF MAIN LOBES CHI REGION
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION VIBRATION CURVE

ILLUMINATE A STRIPE ACROSS A LENS. OPAQUE SCREEN, VERTICAL SLIT AS WIDE

AS THE STRIFE, LENS WITH ELEMENTS UPSTEAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE SCREEN,
AS SHOWN IN FIG 5A IN JENKINS AND WHITE PHYSICAL OPTICS FIRST EDITION

38
PAGE 106. SEE ALSO SECTION 5.4 PAGE 113 (MCGRAW HILL, 1937). TO MODEL
INCIDENT LIGHT WITH NONUNIFORM BRIGHTNESS AND VARYING PHASE. ASSUMPTION:
INTENSITY AND PHASE OF INCIDENT LIGHT FUNCTIONS OF X ONLY, X HORIZONTAL.
BRIGHTNESS OF INCIDENT WAVE LIKE X*SINX (BUT CALCULATED FROM SCHWINGER).
AS IN THE JENKINS AND WHITE EXAMPLE OF DIFFRACTION FROM A SLIT, EACH LIGHT
RAY WILL SUFFER A DEFLECTION ANGLE PHASE SHIFT, NAMED SCNPHS, WHICH IS
ITS PHASE PROPORTIONAL (to its) DEFLECTION ANGLE AND (to its) X.
IN THIS VERSION, POWER AND PHASE ARE USUALLY FIXED BY THE PROPERTIES OF THE
INNERMOST SIDE LOBE. SCAN ANGLES ARE COMPUTED FROM POSITIONS IN THE IMAGE
PLANE USING PARAMETERS OF THE INSTRUMENT IN THE SLAC BSY AT B13.)
COMPUTES INTEGRALS OF POWER OVER PSI FOR A SET OF CHI VALUES SPECIFIED BY
RESPONSE TO FIRST PROMPT: WHICH PART OF THE LENS IS ILLUMINATED BY ISL?
MAKES ARRAY OF PSI, XI, XI(1/3), K1/3(XI), K2/3(XI), AND USES ELEMENTS TO
MAKE ARRAY REPRESENTING POWER IN VERTICAL STRIPES UNIFORMLY SPACED IN CHI
PSISPAN COVERS HALF THE (SYMMETRICAL ABOUT PSI = 0) RANGE OF PSI.
PRELIMINARY: MAKE A LIST OF UP TO 101 (EACH) PSIs AND BES FACTORS
BES(l,n), BES(2,n), BES(3,n), AND BES(4,n).
E = lEtlO: GA = E / 511000!: GM2 = 1 / (GA * GA): E, ENERGY, 10 GEV
PI = 4 * ATN(l): R = 180 / PI: R IS ELECTRON BENDING RADIUS IN METERS
CNST = .0000002 / 3: CNST2 = CNST * SQR(3) / PI: DIM BES(4,lOl): NS = 20:
DIM PWR(120): DIM CHI(120): INDK = 0: LAM = .0000005 LIGHT WVLNGTH METERS
PWDTH = .002727: PWDTH3 = PWDTH * PWDTH * PWDTH FULL PATTERN LOOP RADIANS
CHI ANGLE OF FIRST STRIPE WHOSE SUMMED POWER CROSSES ZERO IS 2.726996 MR.
DPSI = 5.68182E-05: PSMXN = 40 40 STEPS DIVIDE PSI-SPAN OF LENS RADIUS
IF INDK > .5 THEN GOT0 SKIIBES
1 FOR NUMB TO PSMXN LOOP GETS BESSELs FOR PSIs
FOR NUMB = 0 TO PSMXN t 1:
BES(1, NUMB) = GM2 t NUMB * NUMB * DPSI + DPSI
BES(2, NUM) = BES(1, NUMB) * (3 / 2)
BES(3, NUMB) = 2 * PI + R * BES(2, NUM) / (3 * LAM) BES(3,n) = nth XI
INDK=2/3
KOSTROUN: HK = .5: SK = (HK / 2) + EXP(-BES(3, NUMB)): RK = 1
AGAIN: AK = EXP(RK * HK) / 2 + EXP(-RK * HK) / 2AK = COSH(rh)
BK = EXP(INDK * RK * HK) / 2 t EXP(-INDK * RK * HK) / 2BK =COSH(nrh)
TK = (HK * BK) * EXP(-BES(3, NUMB) * AK): SK = SK + TK SK = NEW SUM
IF TK < .OOOOl* SK THEN GOT0 BESFINI SPLIT

39
RK = RK + 1: GOT0 AGAIN
BESFINI: BES(4, NUMB) = BES(3, NUMB) * SK: NEXT NUMB SK IS K2/3(XI)

SELECTPARTITION: PRINT : PRINT DATE$; ; TIME$:

INPUT DXSIN3: ENTER B (BOTTOM) OR T (TOP), PERCENT; E$, FW
E$ = UCASE$(E$): FW = .Ol * FW FW CONVERTED TO A FRACTION

SKIPBES:
PRINT DCHI =; 1000 * PWDTH / NS; MR, DPSI =I;
PRINT 1000 * DPSI; MR, I; PSMXN t 1; PSI-POINTS MARK OFF;
PRINT 1000 * DPSI * PSMXN; MR
PRINT CHI IS IN MICRORADIANS, PWR IN ARBITRARY UNITS IN THE FOLLOWING TABLE
PRINT CHI---PWR CHI---PWR CHI---PWR CHI---PWR CHI---PWR

1
FOR SMPL TO CHMXN LOOP COMPUTES SMIL POWER VALUES
FOR SMPL = 1 TO NS t 1 SMPL IS INDEX OF CHI VALUE
IF E$ = B THEN CHI = FW * PWDTH * (SMPL - .5) / NS CHI IN RADIANS
IF E$ = T THEN CM = PWDTH * (1 - FW t FW * (SMPL - .5) / NS)
NOW USE PSIs AND OTHER BES FACTORS TO COMPUTE SMJ?L POWER ENTRIES
SUM = 0:

I
FOR PSIN TO PSMXN LOOP SUMS OVER PSI FOR EACH SMPL
FOR PSIN = 0 TO PSMXN PSIN ENUMERATES PSI STEPS
CNST3 = 4 SIMPSONS COEFFICIENT FOR ODD TERMS
IF PSIN = 2 * INT(PSIN / 2) THEN CNST3 = 2 FOR EVEN TERMS
IF PSIN = 0 THEN CNST3 = 1 FOR FIRST (ZERO) TERM
IF PSIN = PSMXN THEN CNST3 = 1 FOR LAST TERM
X = CHI / SQR(BES(l, PSIN))
THETA = 1.5 * BES(3, PSIN) * (X t X * X * X / 3)
PARA = CNST3 * CNST2 * X * SIN(THETA) * BES(4, PSIN)
SUM=SUMtPARA/3
NEXT PSIN
PWR(SMPL) = 5E+08 * SUM: CHI(SMPL) = CHI STORE POWER, CHI IN ARRAYS
NEXT SMPL

FOR NONCE = 1 TO NS t 1

40
 PRINT USING I#### I; lOOOOOO!
* CHI(NONCE); PRINT CI-II
PRINT USING ####.## ; PWR(NONCE); PRINT POWER
IF INT((NONCE) / 5) = (NONCE) / 5 THEN PRINT LINE FEED
NEXT NONCE

PRINT DXSIN3 ; DATE$; I; TIME$;

IF E$ = T THEN PRINT TOP;
IF E$ = B THEN PRINT BOTTOM;
PRINT USING ###.#I; 100 * FW; : PRINT PERCENT: PRINT

SCANSPOTPROFILE: HAVING SKIPPED UNNECESSARY SHAPE CALCULATIONS

INPUT START, INCREMENT, ENTRIES (O,O,OFOR NEW PERCENT); START, 11, ENTRIES
START = START + FW * 6.853653: 11 = 11 * FW * 6.853653
*6.853653 CONVERTS SPOT MM TO ANGLE UNITS FOR SCAN OF VIBRATION CURVE
11 = ABS(I1) START IS UNIT PHASE STEP FOR FIRST VIBRATION CURVE
IF ENTRIES = 0 THEN GOT0 SELECTPARTITION 11 IS UNIT PHASE STEP INCREASE FOR
NEXT VIBRATION CURVE (FOR NEXT LINE OF TABLE)
PRINT DXSIN3: POWER I;
PRINT LISTED, OcINCIDENT PHASE SHIFT<PI (CUBIC) ;
PRINT TIME$
PRINT LIGHT RAY DEFLECTION = NORM DFLCTN*(WAVELENGTH/FULL PATTERN-
WIDTH)
PRINT ENTRY PHASESTEP AMPLITUDE INTENSITY ACCMLTN NORM DFLCTN SPOT MM
RADRAD = 0

NE LOOP MAKES ENTRIES OF INTENSITY ETC VS NORMALIZED DEFLECTION ETC

FOR NE = 0 TO ENTRIES NE, INTEGER ENTRY NUMBER, SPECIFIES LIGHT RAY ANGLE
ABSI = 0: ORDI = 0
SCNPHO = START t NE + 11 11 IS SMALL STEP IN WAVEFRONT PHASE SHIFT

2*PI*PATTERNWIDTH*(LIGHT DEFLCTN SPREAD)=(LIGHT WAVELENGTH)*Il*NS*ENTRIES

2*PI*PTRNWTDTH*DEFLECTIONANGLE=WAVELENGTH~Il*NS~NE
(O=<NE=ENTRYNUMBER=<Nl)
Incident light pattern width is to be measured in meters at the lens and is
divided by vertical lines into NS slices for vibration curve computations

41
I
SLICE TO NS LOOP ADDS AMPLITUDES OF SLICES FOR EACH ENTRY
FOR SLICE = 1 TO NSSTART A HALF-STEP F R O M ZERO (MINUS PI/2)
range 0 < SLICE< 40, but use only alternate steps: 1,3, etc to t39
so that there are NS steps in X [=N/2], each calculated at m id-step
N and X (=N/2) specify vertical lines in the slit
X = SLICE - .5

INITIAL SCNPHS IS PROPORTIONAL TO LIGHT DEFLECTION ANGLE AND X IN SLIT

SCNPHS = SCNPHO * X THIS IS THE PHASE VALUE PROPORTIONAL TO DEFLECTION
ANGLE AND POSITION IN SLIT
NS TIMES SCNPHO GIVES PHASE RANGE FOR CLOSED PATH IF FINAL RADI IS ZERO
ADD PHASE BY (CHOOSE) LAW, REACHING AN EXTRA 0 OR PI WHEN X=20
CHI3F = CHI(SLICE) * CHI(SLICE) * CHI(SLICE) / PWDTH3
PHASE = SCNIHS t PI * CHI3F ALTERNATIVE POSITIVE CUBIC T E R M
AMPLTD = SQR(PWR(SLICE))
ABSI = ABSI t AMPLTD * COS(PHASE)
ORDI = ORDI + AMPLTD * SIN(PHASE)
RADI = SQR(ABSI * ABSI t ORDI * ORDI)
NEXT SLICE
RADISQ = RADI + RADI: RADRAD = RADRAD t RADISQ
PRINT USING #####; NE; NE IS ENTRY NUMBER, SPECIFIES DEFLECTION ANGLE
PRINT USING ####.####I; SCNPHO; SCANNING PHASE STEP
PRINT USING ########.#; F W * RADI; F W * F W * RADISQ; AMPLITUDE, INTENSITY
PRINT USING ########.#; F W * F W * RADRAD; ACCUMULATION
PRINT USING #####.####; SCNPHO * NS / (2 * PI * FW); NORMALIZED DFLCTION
PRINT USING ####.#####; 39.789 * LAM * SCNPHO * NS / (PWDTH * FW) SPOT M M

NEXT NE
PRINT LAW = I; LAW; POWER ;
PRINT LISTED, 0 < INCIDENT PHASE SHFT c PI (CUBIC)
PRINT DATE$; I; TIME$; DXSIN3 I;
IF E$ = B THEN PRINT B O T T O M ;
IF E$ = T THEN PRINT TOP I;
PRINT USING ###.#; 100 * FW; : PRINT PERCENT TRANSMITTED

COMPAREPROFILEANDGAUSSIAN:

42
INPUT REPEAT INTENSITY SCAN? Y OR N; ISCN$: ISCN$ = UCASE$(ISCN$)
IF ISCN$ = Y THEN GOT0 SCANSPOTPROFILE
INPUT ENTER SPOT MM (e.g. AT INTENSITY PEAK); CNTR
IF CNTR > 100 THEN GOT0 SCANSPOTPROFILE
CTR = CNTR * FW * 6.853653
INPUT ENTER PEAK INTENSITY/1000 (OR 0 FOR NEW PERCENT); INTENS
IF INTENS = 0 THEN GOT0 SELECTPARTITION
SPOTMM = 39.789 * LAM * CTR * NS / (PWDTH * FW)
IF SPOTMM > 900 THEN GOT0 SELECTPARTITION
TRYNEWFWOOE:
INPUT NOMINATE FULL WIDTH AT l/e IN mm FOR MODEL GAUSSIAN; FWOOE
FWOOE = ABS(FWOOE): IF FWOOE = 0 THEN FWOOE = .Ol
11 = .05: ENTRIES = 40 11 AND ENTRIES FIXED FOR TABLE TO FOLLOW
L

PRINT DXSIN3 NORMALIZED INTENSITY VS 367.9

PRINT DISPLACED AND NORMALIZED POSITION
PRINT ; TIME$; POSITIONS LISTED ARE IN MICROMETERS ; DATE$
PRINT INTENSITY DEVIATIONS ARE FROM MODEL GAUSSIAN CURVE
PRINT 1 -_______---me 1 1 __-_________m ( I~~~~~----~~-~ 1 I_____________ 1 I;

PRINT I_____________ 1

PRINT POS INT DEV 1 POS INT DEV 1 POS INT DEV 1 POS INT DEV ;
PRINT It I POS INT DEV
RADRAD = 0

NE LOOP MAKES ENTRIES OF INTENSITY VS NORMALIZED POSITION IN SPOT REGION

FOR NE = -ENTRIES / 2 TO ENTRIES / 2 NE, INTEGER ENTRY NUMBER, SPECIFIES
LIGHT DEFLECTION ANGLE
ABSI = 0: ORDI = 0
SCNPHO = CTR t NE * ABS(I1) 11 IS SMALL STEP IN WAVEFRONT PHASE SHIFT

1
SLICE TO NS LOOP ADDS AMPLITUDES OF SLICES FOR EACH ENTRY
FOR SLICE = 1 TO NS
X = SLICE - .5

INITIAL SCNPHS IS PROPORTIONAL TO LIGHT DEFLECTION ANGLE AND X IN SLIT

43
 SCNPHS = SCNPHO * X THIS IS THE PHASE VALUE PROPORTIONAL TO DEFLECTION
ANGLE AND TO X-POSITION ACROSS SLIT
NS TIMES SCNPHO GIVES PHASE RANGE FOR CLOSED PATH IF FINAL
RADI IS ZERO
ADD PHASE BY (CHOOSE) LAW, CAN REACH AN EXTRA PI WHEN X=20
CHJ3F = CHI(SLICE) * CHI(SLICE) * CHI(SLICE) / PWDTH3
PHASE = SCNPHS t PI * CHI3F ALTERNATIVE POSITIVE CUBIC TERM
AMPLTD = SQR(PWR(SLICE))
ABSI = ABSI t AMPLTD * COS(l?HASE)
ORDI = ORDI t AMPLTD * SIN(PHASE)
RADI = SQR(ABS1 * ABSI t ORDI * ORDI)
NEXT SLICE
RADISQ = RADI * RADI: RADRAD = RADRAD t RADISQ
SPM = 39.789 * LAM * SCNPHO-* NS / (PWDTH * FW) SPOT MM
NRMPOS = 2 * (SPM - SPOTMM) / FWOOE CENTERED POSITION/HALFWIDTH (TO l/e)
GAUSS = 1000 * EXP(-NRMPOS * NRMPOS) MODEL GAUSSIAN
, PRINT USING ####; 66.737 * (SPM - SPOTMM) / FWOOE; NORMALIZED SPOT MM
NRMINT = FW * FW * RADISQ / INTENS NORMALIZED INTENSITY
PRINT USING #### ; NRMINT;
PRINT USING ### I ; NRMINT - GAUSS; SUBTRACT MODEL GAUSSIAN

NEXT NE
PRINT POWER ;
PRINT LISTED, 0 < INCIDENT PHASE SHFT < PI (CUBIC)
PRINT DATE$; I; TIME$; DXSIN3 ;
IF E$ = B THEN PRINT BOTTOM I;
IF E$ = T THEN PRINT TOP I;
PRINT USING ###.#; 100 * FW; : PRINT PERCENT TRANSMITTED
PRINT OFFSET = I; *. PRINT USING I###.###### ; CNTR; : PRINT mm ;
PRINT FULL WIDTH (1 /e) = ; . PRINT USING I##.###### ; FWOOE; : PRINT mm
PRINT PEAK INTENSITY = ; .* PRINT USING ######.###; 1000 * INTENS
INPUT TRY AGAIN FOR GAUSSIAN FIT, Y OR N; TAGF$: TAGF$ = UCASE$(TAGF$)
IF TAGF$ = Y THEN GOT0 TRYNEWFWOOE
INPUT REPEAT INTENSITY SCAN, Y OR N; RIS$: RIS$ = UCASE$(RIS$)
IF RIS$ = Y THEN GOT0 SCANSPOTPROFILE
GOT0 SELECTPARTITION:
END

44
Appendix. VI
HSCNSPT.BAS computes and prints two tables, which appear as Tables III and IV
in the text, making use of information derived from DXSIN3, from lens geometry,
and from Schwingers (Ref. 1) and Kostrouns (Ref. 4) results. Table III summarizes
information some of which will be used by VBCRVPR. Table IV represents a
profile made by adding Gaussian functions as described in the text. Figure 6 is
plotted using Table IV. To replicate the results shown in Table IV, load and start the
program. Then respond to the prompt by typing 30 and pressing the Enter key
(omit quotation marks).
HSCNSPT2.BAS 28 OCT 93 8:lOPM INNERMOST LOBE HORIZONTALLY POLARIZED LIGHT
MAKES ARRAY OF PSI, XI, X1^(1/3), K1/3(XI), K2/3(XI). COMPUTES HORIZONTAL
WIDTHS,DISPLACEMENTS, AND LIGHT POWER OF VERTICALLY DIFFUSE IMAGE SUBSPOTS
AS IF SCANNED BY A LENS WHICH FOCUSES LIGHT ON AN ARRAY OF NARROW VERTICAL
DETECTORS. THE LIGHT SOURCE MIMICS AN INNERMOST SIDE LOBE OF SYNCHROTRON
LIGHT, ONE OF A SYMMETRIC PAIR. FOR EACH CALCULATION IN THE SCAN, THE AXIS
OF THE MODEL LENS-AND-DETECTOR IS ADJUSTED TO A DIFFERENT AZIMUTHAL
SCAN ANGLE WITH RESPECT TO THE ORIGIN OF THE LOBE, WHICH REMAINS
(CONCEPTUALLY) FIXED. TABULATED RESULTS ARE: SUBSPOT WIDTHS, SHIFTS DUE TO
ORBIT POSITION AND DIFFRACTION, RELATIVE POWER CONTRIBUTED, AND SUBSPOT PEAK
INTENSITY, PROPORTIONAL TO POWER/SPOT WIDTH. (RADIATING ELECTRONS ARE
USUALLY AIMED OFF TARGET WITH RESPECT TO THE LENS CENTER.) THE
INTEGRATION COVERS ONLY HALF THE (SYMMETRICAL ABOUT PSI = 0) RANGE OF PSI.
BUT COVERS THE WHOLE RANGE (ASSYMETRICAL) OF CHI WITHIN WHICH
THE PSI-SLICES OF THE ISLS LIGHT PATTERN OVERLAP THE LENS APERTURE.

PRELIMINARY: MAKE A LIST OF UP TO 101 (EACH) OF 3 BE!? FACTORS

STARTOVER: PLRN = LRN: PRINT : LNSRR = .025 / 11 LeNS Radius in Radians

PWD = .002727 Pattern angular WiDth OF FULL X+SINX-LIKE LOOP, FOR OcX<PI
INPUT NUMBER OF ANGLE STEPS (DPSI, DCHI) DESIRED PER LENS RADIUS; LRN
IFLRN<4THENLRN=4 ENTER KEY GIVES FAST, CRUDE CALCULATION
IF LRN > 100 THEN LRN = 100: PRINT HSCNSPT2 I; ARRAY LIMIT IS 101
PRINT HSCNSPT2 I; : TIME0 = TIMER: MX = 0: PRINT DATE$; I; TIME$;
PRINT SCAN ANGLES ARE LISTED IN MILLIRADIANS
IF LRN = PLRN THEN GOT0 NOCHANGE LRN IS Lens Radius Number
PI = 4 * ATN(l): DA = LNSRR / LRN: DA=ANGLE STEP SIZE (RADIANS)
E = lE+lO: GA = E / 511000!:GM2 = 1 / (GA * GA) E = ENERGY, GA = E RATIO

45
R = 180 / PI: LAM = .OOOOOOS
R BENDING RADIUS, LAM LIGHT WAVELENGTH, METERS
CNST2 = DA * DA * SQR(3) / PI: DIM BES(l TO 3,101): DIM AMP(0 TO 101):
DIM LT(100): DIM EXPD(0 TO 101): DIM DSP(0 TO 101)
FOR NUMB = 0 TO LRN t 1: BES(l, NUMB) = NUMB * NUMB + DA + DA
BESFCTR = (GM2 t BES(1, NUMB)) A (3 / 2) BES(l,n) = nth PSI SQUARED
BES(2, NUMB) = 2 * PI * R * BESFCTR / (3 * LAM) BES(2,n) = nth XI
INDK=2/3 INDK = 2/3 PROVIDES FOR HORIZ POLARIZATION TERMS ONLY

KOSTROUN: HK = .5: SK = (HK / 2) * EXP(-BES(2, NUMB)): RK = 1

AGAIN: AK = EXP(RK * HK) / 2 t EXP(-RK * HK) / 2 AK = COSH(rh)
BK=EXP(INDK*RK*HK)/2tEXP(-INDK*RK*HK)/2 BK = COSH(nrh)
TK = (HK * BK) * EXP(-BES(2, NUMB) * AK): SK = SK t TK SK = NEW SUM
IF TK c .OOOOl* SK THEN GOT0 BESFINI
RK=RKtl:GOTOAGAIN _ ULTIMATE SK IS K2/3(XI)
BESFINI: BES(3, NUMB) = BES(2, NUMB) * SK: NEXT NUMB BES(3,n) FOR PARA

NOCHANGE:
PRINT SCAN ISL I ---SUBSPOT WIDTH--- I I ---SUBSPOT SHIFT--- I 1-SUBSPOT ;
PRINT RELATIVE- I
PRINT ANGLE PER- DFRCTN DPTHF <SUM> DFRCTN CURV SUM LIGHT;
PRINT PEAK
PRTNImr CENT mm mm mm mm mm mm POWER;
PRINT INTENSITY

FOR SITE = 1 TO 36

SCAN = -.0023 t .0002 * SITE SCAN IS CHI FOR LENS CENTER

SMOFSM = 0: SCAN STEPS BY .0002 RADIANS PER SITE
NOW USE PSIs AND OTHER BES FACTORS TO COMPUTE POWER INTO LENS

FORCHIN=OTO2*LRN CHIN DESIGNATES STEPS IN CHI SUMMATION

Cl3 = SCAN t (CHIN - LRN) *DA CHI SUMMATION IS NOT

suM=o: SYMMETRIC ABOUT PSI AXIS

46
L3 = SQR(CHIN * (2 * LRN - CHIN)) L3 IS EXACT LIMIT FOR PSI STEPS
L4 = INT(L3) PSIL IS THE NEAREST EVEN INTEGER
PSIL=L4tl PSIL = L4 t 1 IF L4 IS ODD
IF INT(L4 / 2) = L4 / 2 THEN PSIL = L4 PSIL = L4 IF L4 IS EVEN

FOR PSIN = 0 TO PSIL PSIN ENUMERATES PSI STEPS

Cl IS SIMPSONS RULE COEFFICIENT
Cl=4 Cl = 4 FOR ODD NUMBERED TERMS
IF INT(PSIN / 2) = PSIN / 2 THEN Cl = 2 Cl = 2 FOR EVEN TERMS, EXCEPT
IFPSIN=OTHENCl=l Cl = 1 FOR THE ZEROTH TERM
IF PSIN = PSIL THEN Cl = 1 Cl = 1 FOR THE LAST TERM
IFPSIL=2THENCl=l SPECIAL IF PSIL (=2), THEN
IFPSIL=2ANDPSIN=lTHENC1=4 C1=1,4,ANDlFORTHE3TERMS
L
X = CHI / SQR(GM2 t BES(1, PSIN))
THETA = 1.5 * BES(2, PSIN) * (X t X * X * X / 3)
PARA = Cl + CNST2 * X + SIN(THETA) + BES(3, PSIN) / 3
IF CH.I < 0 THEN PARA = 0
IF CHI > .002727 THEN PARA = 0
SUM = SUM t PARA

NEXT PSIN

C2=4 SIMPSONS COEFFICIENT FOR CHIN ODD

IF INT(CHIN / 2) = CHIN / 2 THEN C2 = 2 FOR CHIN EVEN (NOT 1ST OR LAST TERM)
IFCHIN=OTHENC2=1 FOR FIRST CHIN TERM
IFCHIN=2*LRNTHENC2=1 FQR LAST CHIN TERM
SMOFSM = C2 * SUM / 3 t SMOFSM
NEXT CHIN

FW IS FRACTION OF ISL LIGHT PATTERN WIDTH BRACKETED BY LENS DIAMETER

IF PWD > SCAN t LNSRR THEN RISING AT LH END BOTTOM OF ISL ACCEPTED
FW = (SCAN t LNSRR) / PWD: IF FW < .02 THEN FW = .02
FWMl = 1 - FW: FWM2 = FWMl * FWMl
DFRW = .0665 t .015 * FWMl t .155 * FWM2 t .75 * FWMl A 7
DFRX = -.023 t (1 - FW) * .02 / .7

47
 ENDIF
IF PWD <= SCAN + LNSRR THEN
FW=l FW IS UNITY IN MIDDLE BUT SEE NEXT IF-THEN
DFRW = .0665
DFRX = -.023
FNDIF

IF SCAN >= LNSRR THEN FALLING AT R H END TOP OF ISL ACCEPTED

FW = (PWD t LNSRR - SCAN) / PWD: IF FW < .02 THEN FW = .004
DFRW = .0665 t .145 * (1 - FW) * (1 - FW) t .86 * (1 - FW) A 8.5
DFRX = -.026 - .045 * (1 - FW) * (1 - FW)
END IF

DPFW = 65.109 * ABS(FW * SCAN)

CRVX = .04 * SCAN * SCAN / (LNSRR * LNSRR) (2.27273 + 2.27273)

WDTHA = DFRW t DPFW: WDSQB = DFRW * DFRW t DPFW * DPFW: WDTHB = SQR(WDSQB)
WDTH = .5 * (WDTHA t WDTHB): WDSQ = WDTH + WDTH: EXlD(SITE) = WDSQ / 4:
DSP(SITE) = CRVX t DFRX: PRINT USING ##.## I; 1000 * SCAN;
PRINT USING I###.# I; 100 * FW; : PRINT ;
PRINT USING I##.### I; DFRW; DPFW; WDTH; : PRINT ;
PRINT USING ##.### ; DFRX; CRVX; DSP(SITE);
PRINT USING ######; lEtlO * SMOFSM; : AMP(SITE) = lEtlO * SMOFSM / WDTH
PRINT USING ######; AMP(SITE)

NEXT SITE

PRINT
PRINT RELATIVE LIGHT POWER FOCUSED UPON
PRINT A NARROW VERTICAL DETECTOR
PRINT VS ITS HORIZONTAL POSITION IN MILLIMETERS
PRINTmm mm+.00 t.01 t.02 t.03 t.04 t.05 t.06 t.07;
PRINT t .08 t.09
PRINT ________________________________________~;
PRINT _____________

48
FORNB=OT079 NBtl IS NUMBER OF ENTRIES IN
POSIT = -.3 t .Ol + NB PROFILE TABLE. POSIT IS POSITION
LT(NB) = 0 IN mm. NUMBER OF SCAN ANGLES IS
FOR SITA = 1 TO 36 36. D%(n) IS DISPLACEMENT
FAC = POSIT - DSP(SITA) FAC IS DSPLCMNT FACTOR IN EXPONENT
EXPNT = -FAC * FAC / EXPD(SITA) EXID IS DENOMINATOR OF EXPNT (WDTH)
LT(NB) = LT(NB) + AMP(SITA) * EXP(EXPNT) LT SUMS LIGHT POWER IN STRIP
NEXT SITA AMP IS HEIGHT OF MODEL GAUSSIAN
IF LT(NB) > MX THEN MX = LT(NB)
NEXTNB SITA LOOP SUMS ALL POWER
FORNC=OTO79 CONTRIBUTIONS FOR EACH ENTRY
POSIT = 53 t .Ol * NC
IF ABS(POSIT) c .Ol THEN POSIT = 0 MAKES 0 mm PRINT O.OO,NOT -0.00
IFNCMODlO=OTHEN -
PRINT USING ##.# ; POSIT; PRINTS POSIT AT 100 urn INTERVALS
PRINT 1 I; MAKES VERTICAL MARK FOR TABLE
ENDIF
PRINT USING ##### ; 10000 * LT(NC) / MX;
IF NC MOD 10 = 9 THEN PRINT 1 MAKES VERTICAL MARK FOR TABLE
NEXT NC

PRINT ____________________________ll;
BOTTOM LINE FOR TABLE
PRINT _________________________________
PRINT HSCNSPT2 I; DATE$; I; TIME$; I; LRN; STEPS/LENS RADIUS;
PRINT USING ###.# ; TIMER - TIMEO; : PRINT SECONDS
GOT0 STARTOVER: END

49

.A&: .,
1.
Appendix. VII
VBCRVPR.BAS does calculations intended to complement those of HSCNSPT,
which probably, on average, underestimate the intensity of light falling at relatively
large distances from the center of the focused spot. VBCRVPR computes a
sequence of subspot diffraction profiles that are horizontally centered,
stretched, and khifted, and then scaled in intensity. It then aggregates these
functions to produce Table V for the text, from which Fig. 7 of the text is plotted. To
replicate the results shown in Table V, load and start the program. Then respond to
the prompt by typing 30 and pressing the Enter key (omit quotation marks).
VBCRVPRl: CALCULATES A PROFILE OF A FOCUSED SPOT USING VIBRATION CURVE.
1 CALCULATES AND STORES BESSEL FUNCTIONS, ETC. FOR EACH PSI.
2 CALCULATES AND AGGREGATES SUBSPOT PROFILES ORIGINATING FROM POINTS
1 SPACED AT UNIFORM INTERVALS ALONG AN ORBIT. FOR EACH SUBSPOT PROFILE,
I A CALCULATES INNERMOST-SIDE-LOBE POWER ILLUMINATING LENS APERTURE.
1 B USES RESULTS-FROM DXSINX TO ESTIMATE DISPLACEMENTS AND WIDTHS FOR
I USE IN ESTIMATING THEIR EFFECT UPON SUBSPOT DIFFRACTION PATTERN.
I C COMPUTES FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION USING SCHWINGERS POWER FUNCTION
I AND A RELATED PHASE FUNCTION. CONSTRUCTS TABLE REPRESENTING
, AVERAGED DIFFRACTION PROFILE SHAPE AT INTERVALS OF .Ol mm.
1 D MULTIPLIES THE TABULATED NUMBERS BY A CONSTANT PROPORTIONAL TO
t SUBSPOTS CALCULATED CONTRIBUTION TO AGGREGATED IMAGE PROFILE.
t E SHIFTS POSITION OF THE PEAK IN TABLE TO CORRESPOND (WITHIN ABOUT
I 10 urn) TO THE SUBSPOT IMAGE PEAKS CALCULATED POSITION.
1 F ADDS EACH TABLE ENTRY TO NUMBER STORED IN AGGREGATE TABLE.
3 PRINTS TABLE SHOWING RELATIVE LIGHT POWER IN VERTICAL STRIPS .Ol mm APART.
SEE DETAILS IN TEXT AND IN DXSINX PROGRAM.
E = lE+lO: GA = E / 511000!:GM2 = 1 / (GA * GA): E=ELECTRON ENERGY, 10 GEV
PI = 4 * ATN(l): R = 180 / PI: R=ELECTRON BENDING RADIUS, ABOUT 57 METERS
DIM BES(l TO 4,101): NS = 20:
DIM PWR(120): DIM CHI(120): DIM PRFL(-150 TO 150): DIM SPRFL(-200 TO 200)
LAM = .0000005 LAM IS LIGHT WAVELENGTH IN METERS (SE-7)
PWD = .002727: PWD3 = PWD * PWD + PWD PWD IS SLICED ISL WIDTH IN RADIANS
THE CHI ANGLE OF THE FIRST VERTICAL STRIPE WHOSE POWER, WHEN AVERAGED OVER
ALL PSI ANGLES, BECOMES NEGATIVE, IS APPROXIMATELY 2.727 MR.
LNSRR = .025 / 11 ANGLE SUBTENDED BY LeNS Radius in Radians (.0022727)
DOAGAIN: FOR U = -200 TO 200: SPRFL(U) = 0: NEXT U SETS ARRAY TO ZERO
MAXS = 0 MAXS ACQUIRES PEAK VALUE FOR SPRFL ARRAY

50
INPUT ENTER NUMBER (~101) OF STEPS PER LENS RADIUS; LRSTPS: TIME0 = TIMER
IF LRSTPS < 4 THEN LRSTPS = 10
LRSTPS = 2 * INT(LRSTPS / 2): PRINT DATE$; ; T1ME.S; I; VBCRVPRl ;
PRINT LRSTPS; STEPS PER LENS RADIUS: LNSTP = LNSRR / LRSTPS:

, LOOP FOR NUMB = 0 TO LRSTPS STORES BESSELs FOR PSIs

FOR NUMB = 0 TO LRSTPS:
BES(l, NUMB) = GM2 t NUMB * NUMB * LNSTP * LNSTP
BES(2, NUMB) = 2 * PI * R * BES(l, NUMB) A (3 / 2) / (3 * LAM)
INDK = 2 / 3 INDK = 2/3 FOR HORZ POLARIZED LIGHT ONLY BES(2,n) = nth XI
KOSTROUN: HK = .5: SK = (HK / 2) * EXP(-BES(2, NUMB)): RK = 1 RK INTEGER
AGAIN: AK = EXP(RK * HK) / 2 + EXl?(-RK * HK) / 2 AK = COSH(rh)
BK=EXP(INDK*RK*HK)/2tEXI(-INDK*RK*HK)/2
. BK=COSH(nrh)
TK = (HK * BK) * EXP(-BES(2, NUMB) * AK): SK = SK t TK SK = NEW SUM
IF TK < .OOOOl* SK THEN GOT0 BESFINI
RK = RK t 1: GOT0 AGAIN
BESFINI: BES(3, NUMB) = BES(2, NUMB) * SK: NEXT NUMB SK IS K2/3(XI)

FOR AZM = 1 TO 36: AIM = -.0023 t .0002 * AZM

SMOFSM = 0: AIM IS CHI FOR LENS CENTER; AIM STEPS 0.2 mr FOR EACH AZIMUTH

NOW USE PSIs AND OTHER BES FACTORS TO COMPUTE ISL POWER INTO LENS

FOR CHIN = 0 TO 2 * LRSTPS CHIN DESIGNATES STEPS IN CHI SUMMATION

SUM = 0: CHI = AIM t (CHIN - LRSTPS) * LNSTP CHI SUMMATION NOT SYMMETRIC
EXACT LIMIT FOR PSI STEPSIS L3
L3 = SQR(CHIN + (2 * LRSTPS - CHIN)) BUT CHOOSE THE NEAREST EVEN INTEGER
L4 = INT(L3): IJSIL = L4 t 1 PSIL = L4 t 1 IF L4 IS ODD
IF INT(L4 / 2) = L4 / 2 THEN PSIL = L4 PSIL = L4 IF L4 IS EVEN
FOR PSIN = 0 TO PSIL PSIN ENUMERATES PSI STEPS
Cl IS SIMPSONS RULE COEFFICIENT
Cl=4 Cl = 4 FOR ODD NUMBERED TERMS
IF INT(PSIN / 2) = PSIN / 2 THEN Cl = 2 Cl = 2 FOR EVEN TERMS, EXCEPT

51
IFPSIN=OTHENCl=l Cl = 1 FOR THE ZEROTH TERM
IF PSIN = PSIL THEN Cl = 1 Cl = 1 FOR THE LAST TERM
IFPSIL=2THENCl=l SPECIAL: IF PSIL = 2, THEN
IFPSIL=2ANDPSIN=lTHENC1=4 C1=1,4,ANDlFORTHE3TERMS

X = CHI / SQR(BES(l, PSIN))

THETA = 1.5 * BES(2, PSIN) * (X t X * X * X / 3)
HORZ = Cl * X * SIN(THETA) * BES(3, PSIN)
IFCHI<OTHENHORZ=O
IF CHI > .002727 THEN HORZ = 0
SUM = SUM t HORZ

NEXT PSIN

C2=4 SIMPSONS COEFFICIENT FOR CHIN ODD

IF INT(CHIN / 2) = CHIN / 2 THEN C2 = 2 FOR CHIN EVEN (NOT 1ST OR LAST TERM)
IFCHIN=OTHENC2=1 FOR FIRST CHIN TERM
IF CHIN = 2 * LRSTPS THEN C2 = 1 FOR LAST CHIN TERM
SMOFSM = C2 * SUM / 3 t SMOFSM
NEXT CHIN
SMOFSM = SMOFSM / (LRSTPS * LRSTPS)
SMOFSM IS PROPORTIONAL TO INNERMOST SIDE LOBE LIGHT POWER STRIKING LENS

NOW USE APPROXIMATE FORMULAS FOUND USING DXSINX TO COMPUTE DISPLACEMENTS

AND RATIOS OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO WIDTHS OF FOCUSED SPOTS FROM EACH SITE
FW IS FRACTION OF ISL LIGHT PATTERN WIDTH WHICH STRIKES THE LENS
IF PWD > AIM t LNSRR THEN LOWER PART ONLY OF INNERMOST SIDE LOBE
FW = (AIM t LNSRR) / PWD: STRIKES THE LENS
FWMl = 1 - FW: FWM2 = FWMl * FWMl DFRW IS WIDTH DUE TO DIFFRACTION
DFRW = .0665 t .015 * FWMl t .155 + FWM2 t .75 + FWMl h 7
DFRX = -.023 t (1 - FW) * .02 / .7 DFRX IS SHIFT DUE TO DIFFRACTION
END IF DFRW AND DFRX ARE APPROXIMATIONS FROM RESULTS OF DXSINX
IF PWD c= AIM t LNSRR THEN
FW=l THE WHOLE ISL PATTERN IS ACCEPTED IN THE MIDRANGE OF AIM
DFRW = .0665: DFRX = -.026 APPROXIMATION FROM DXSINX RESULTS
ENDIF BUT SEE FOLLOWING FOR EXCEPTION

52
IF AIM >= LNSRR THEN UPPER PART ONLY OF ISL HITS LENS
FW = (PWD t LNSRR - AIM) / PWD: IF FW < .02 THEN FW = .004
DFRW=.0665t.145*(1-FW)*(l-FW)t.86*(1-FW)^8.5
DFRX = -.026 - .045 u.(1 - FW) * (1 - FW) APPROX FROM DXSINX
END IF

DPFW = 65.109 * ABS(FW * AIM) DEPTH OF FIELD WIDTH RESULT FROM GEOMETRY
CRVX = .04 * AIM * AIM / (LNSRR * LNSRR) ORBIT CURVATURE IMAGE SHIFT
WDTHA = DFRW t DPFW: WDTHB = SQR(DFRW * DFRW t DPFW * DPFW)
WDTH = .5 + (WDTHA t WDTHB): PARTIALLY CORRELATED (?) EFFECTS
STRETCH = WDTH / DFRW FACTOR FOR DIFFRACTION CALCULATIONS
SHFT = CINT(lOO * (DFRX t CRVX)) FOR SHIFTING DIFFRACTION TABLE ENTRIES

FOR SMPL TO NStl LOOP COMPUTES RELATIVE PSI-SUMMED POWER VS CHI FOR
1 THE PART OF THE INNERMOST SIDE LOBE THAT STRIKES THE LENS

FORSMPL=lTONS+l SMPL IS INDEX OF CHI VALUE

IF AZM < 16.5 THEN CHI = FW * PWD * (SMIL - .5) / NS CHI IN RADIANS
IF AZM > 16.5 THEN CHI = PWD * (1 - FW + FW * (SMIL - .5) / NS)
NOW USE PSIs AND OTHER BES FACTORS TO COMPUTE SMPL POWER ENTRIES FOR
I EVENLY SPACED VERTICAL ILLUMINATED STRIPES (LIGHT NOT YET FOCUSED)
SUM = 0:

I
FOR PSIN TO LRSTPS LOOP SUMS OVER PSI FOR EACH SMPL
FOR PSIN = 0 TO LRSTPS PSIN ENUMERATES PSI STEPS
c3=4 SIMPSONS COEFFICIENT FOR ODD TERMS
IF PSIN = 2 * INT(PSIN / 2) THEN C3 = 2 FOR EVEN TERMS
IFPSIN=OTHENC3=1 FOR FIRST (ZERO) TERM
IF PSIN = LRSTPS THEN C3 = 1 FOR LAST TERM
X = CHI / SQR(BES(1, PSIN))
THETA = 1.5 * BES(2, PSIN) * (X + X * X * X / 3)
HORZ = C3 * X * SIN(THETA) * BES(3, PSIN)
SUM=SUMtHORZ/3 AVERAGE VALUE OF C3 IS 3 PER STEP
NEXT PSIN
PWR(SMl?L) = 5Et08 * SUM: CHI(SMPL) = CM STORE POWER, CHI IN ARRAYS
NEXT SMPL

53
NEXT, ADOPTING A DISPLACED AND SHRUNKEN X-AXIS, SCAN THE SPOT PROFILE
1 USING THE VIBRATION CURVE METHOD TO TRACE A FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION
I PATTERN

IlF = FW * 6.853653: 11 = .Ol * IlF / STRETCH MAXINT = 0

$6.853653CONVERTS SPOT MM TO RADIANS FOR SCAN OF VIBRATION CURVE
/STRETCH CHANGES SCALE OF SCAN TO ACCOMODATE (CRUDELY) THE INCREASE
IN THE WIDTH OF THE DIFFRACTION PATTERN CAUSED BY DEPTH-OF-FIELD.
MAXINT WILL RISE TO THE MAXIMUM VALUE OF THE INTENSITY
NE LOOP CALCULATES INTENSITY VS HORIZONTAL POSITION OF A NARROW DETECTOR

FOR NE = -70 TO 59 NE, INTEGER ENTRY NUMBER, GOVERNS LIGHT RAY ANGLE _
ABSI = 0: ORDI = 0 TWO COMPONENTS OF LIGHT AMPLITUDE VECTOR
SCNPHO = NE * 11 t DFRX * IlF 11 REPRESENTS A SMALL STEP IN
WAVEFRONT PHASE SHIFT. DFRX IS FROM DXSINX

I
LOOP FOR SLICE = 1 TO NS ADDS VECTORS OF SLICES FOR EACH ENTRY
FOR SLICE = 1 TO NS START A HALF-STEP FROM ZERO
range 0 < SLICE< 40, but use only alternate steps: 1,3, etc to t39
so that there are NS steps in X [=N/2], each calculated at mid-step
N and X (=N/2) specify vertical lines in the slit
X = SLICE - .5

INITIAL SCNPHS IS PROPORTIONAL TO LIGHT DEFLECTION ANGLE AND X IN SLIT

SCNPHS = SCNPHO * X THIS IS THE PHASE VALUE PROPORTIONAL TO DEFLECTION
ANGLE AND TO DISPLACEMENT OF RAY IN SLIT
NS TIMES SCNPHO GIVES PHASE RANGE FOR CLOSED PATH IF FINAL RADISQ IS ZERO
ADD PHASE BY CUBIC LAW, SCALE TO REACH PI FOR CHI = PWD
CHI3F = CHI(SLICE) * CHI(SLICE) * CHI(SLICE) / PWD3
PHASE = SCNPHS t PI * CHI3F TERM CUBIC IN CHI
AMPLTD = SQR(PWR(SLICE)) PWR HAS ALREADY BEEN COMPUTED AND STORED
ABSI = ABSI t AMPLTD * COS(PHASE) ADD TO X-COMPONENT OF VECTOR
ORDI = ORDI t AMPLTD * SIN(PHASE) ADD TO Y-COMPONENT OF VECTOR

54
NEXT SLICE SLICES DIVIDE SLIT WIDTH

RADISQ = ABSI * ABSI t ORDI * ORDI SQUARED LENGTH OF VECTOR SUM

SPOTMM = 39.789 * LAM * SCNPHO * NS / (PWD * FW)
PRINT USING I###### ; RADISQ; OPTION TO PRINT RAW INTENSITY
PRFL(NE) = RADISQ ENTRY IN A PROFILE ARRAY
IF RADISQ > MAXINT THEN MAXINT = RADISQ SCALE FACTOR FOR NF TABLE

NEXT NE NE IS ENTRY NUMBER IN ONE PROFILE SCAN

FOR NF = -70 TO 59
PRFL(NF) = 100000 * PRFL(NF) / (MAXINT) MULTIPLY EACH ENTRY SO
PRINT USING ###### I; PRFL(NF); : NEXT NF THAT MAX = 100,000
FOR NJ = -70 TO 59 NOW SHIFT, WEIGHT, AND ACCUMULATE INTENSITIES IN ARRAY
SPRFL(NJ) = SPRFL(NJ) t SMOFSM + PRFL(NJ - SHFT) / WDTH:
IF SPRFL(NJ) > MAXS THEN MAXS = SPRFL(NJ)
NEXT NJ
PRINT : PRINT AIM = I; : PRINT USING ##.#; 1000 * AIM; :
PRINT mr WEIGHT =; : PRINT USING ##.#hA ; SMOFSM / WDTH;
PRINT FW = ; : PRINT USING #.### I; FW;
PRINT SHIFT = ; SHFT;
IF ABS(SHFT) = 1 THEN PRINT SLOT;
IF ABS(SHFT) > 1 THEN PRINT SLOTS;
PRINT USING ####I; TIMER - TIMEO; : PRINT ISECONDS: PRINT
NEXT AZM: MAXS = MAXS / 100000:
PRINT PROFILE TABLE: SUMS OF STRECHED, WEIGHTED, AND SHIFTED;
PRINT SUBSPOTS
PRINT It mm+.00 t.01 t.02 t.03 t.04 t.05 t.06 t.07;
PRINT t.08 t.09
PRINT mm --------------------------------------------------------~;
PRINT __-_____-_______
FOR NM = -50 TO 49
POSIT = .Ol * NM: IF ABS(POSIT) < .005 THEN POSIT = 0
IF NM MOD 10 = 0 THEN
PRINT USING I##.# I; POSIT;
PRINT 1;
ENDIF

55
PRINT USING ##### ; .l + SPRFL(NM) / MAXS;
IF (NM t 100) MOD 10 = 9 THEN PRINT 1
FOR NM = -50 TO 49: PRINT USING ###### ; SPRFL(NM) / MAXS;
NEXT NM
PRINT ---------------------------------------------~;
PRINT ___________________________ 1
PRINT : PRINT DATE$; ; TIME$; I;
PRINT VBCRVPRl I; LRSTPS; STEPS PER LENS RADIUS ; : TIME1 = TIMER
PRINT USING ####.#; TIME1 - TIMEO; : PRINT SECONDS: GOT0 DOAGAIN: END

56
Bibliography
1. Schwinger, Julian. Physical Review 75 1912 (1949).
2. Reagan,D. SLAC-TN-79-4, (1979).
3. Reagan, Daryl and Hostetler, Thomas E. SLAC-PUB-2271. Published in IEEE
Trans. NS-26 3297 (1979).
4. Kostroun, Vaclav O., Nuclear Instruments and Methods 172 371 (1980).
5. Jenkins, Francis A., and White, Harvey E. Fundamentals of Physical Optics.
McGraw-Hill 1937, p 113.

57