Measurement System Performance: Following are the main two distinct categories of

instruments and measurements characteristics. (1) Static characteristics. The main static
characteristics are (i) Accuracy (ii) Sensitivity (iii) Reproducibility (iv) Drift (v) Static error
(vi) Dead zone. (2) Dynamic characteristics: The dynamic characteristics of a measurement system
Are (i) Speed of response, (ii) Measuring lag, (iii) Fidelity, (iv) Dynamic error.

FLUID SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS: If fluid flow system there are three basic building blocks which can
be considered to be the equivalent of electrical resistance, capacitance and inductance. Fluid system can
be considered to fall into two categories hydraulic, where the fluid is a liquid and is deemed to be
incompressible; and pneumatic, where it is a gas which can be compressed and consequently shows a
density change.
Hydraulic resistance is the resistance to flow which occurs as a result of a liquid flowing through values or
changes in a pipe diameter. The relationship between the volume rate of low of liquid q through the
resistance element and the resulting pressure difference (p1 p2) is (p1 p2 = Rq. Where R is a constant
called the hydraulic resistance. The bigger the resistance, the bigger the pressure difference for a given
rate of low. Such hydraulic linear resistance occur with orderly flow through capillary tubes and porous
plugs but non-linear resistances occur with flow through sharp edged orifices or if flow is turbulent.
Hydraulic capacitance is the term used to describe energy storage with a liquid where it is stored in the
form of potential energy. A height of liquid in a container, i.e, a so called pressure head, is one form of such
storage. For such a capacitance, the rate of change of volume V in the container, i.e., dV/dt is equal to the
difference between the volumetric rate at which liquid enters the container q1 and the rate at which it
leaves q2, q1 q2 = (dV/dt), But V = Ah, where A is the cross sectional area of the container and h the
height of liquid in it. Hence q1 q2 = d (Ah) / dt = A ( dh/dt). But the pressure difference between the input
and output is p, where p = h p g with p being the liquid density and g the acceleration due to gravity