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  • Earth Gravity From Space

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    This document discusses measuring Earth's gravity from space. It begins by explaining how the geoid and gravity anomalies define Earth's horizontal and vertical surfaces. It then discusses how satellite gravimetry works based on three principles: having satellites orbit as close to Earth as possible, measuring or eliminating non-gravitational forces, and measuring the relative motion of test masses in free fall. The document provides a history of satellite gravimetry beginning with Sputnik 1 and improvements over time from missions like CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE. It shows how these missions have improved models of Earth's gravity field and geoid and helped identify regions needing better gravity data.

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    1_Rummel_20140423

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    1_Rummel_20140423

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    This document discusses measuring Earth's gravity from space. It begins by explaining how the geoid and gravity anomalies define Earth's horizontal and vertical surfaces. It then discusses how satellite gravimetry works based on three principles: having satellites orbit as close to Earth as possible, measuring or eliminating non-gravitational forces, and measuring the relative motion of test masses in free fall. The document provides a history of satellite gravimetry beginning with Sputnik 1 and improvements over time from missions like CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE. It shows how these missions have improved models of Earth's gravity field and geoid and helped identify regions needing better gravity data.

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    26 views25 pages

    Earth Gravity From Space

    Uploaded by

    Kenneth_Alba
    This document discusses measuring Earth's gravity from space. It begins by explaining how the geoid and gravity anomalies define Earth's horizontal and vertical surfaces. It then discusses how satellite gravimetry works based on three principles: having satellites orbit as close to Earth as possible, measuring or eliminating non-gravitational forces, and measuring the relative motion of test masses in free fall. The document provides a history of satellite gravimetry beginning with Sputnik 1 and improvements over time from missions like CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE. It shows how these missions have improved models of Earth's gravity field and geoid and helped identify regions needing better gravity data.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 25

    Earthgravityfromspace

    ReinerRummel
    InstitutfrAstronomischeundPhysikalischeGeodsie
    TechnischeUniversittMnchen
    rummel@bv.tum.de

    NVRminisymposium,Delft,April23,2014
    earthgravityfromspace:aboutthewhy?

    gravityandgeoidingeophysicsandgeodesy
    A)Geoidandgravitydefinehorizontalandvertical
    Iftheseawereatrest,itssurfacewouldcoincidewiththe
    geopotentialsurface.(AEGill,1982)

    B)Geoidandgravityanomalies:
    anomaliesreferredtowhat?

    C)Temporalchangesofgeoidandgravity
    Afterthreedecades.ofadvances,
    spacegeodesyispoisedforprimetimeinobservingthe
    integratedmasstransportsthattakeplaceinthe
    Earthsystem(BFChao,2003)
    earthgravityfromspace:aboutthehow?

    Source:I.NewtonDemundisystemate1715
    3.VolumeofhisPhilosophiaenaturalisPrincipia
    mathematica
    earthgravityfromspace:aboutthehow?

    threeprinciplesofsatellitegravimetry:
    orbitasclosetotheearthaspossible
    measurementoreliminationofnongravitational
    forces
    measurementofrelativemotionoftestmasses
    infreefall
    satellitegravimetry:thebeginning

    October4,1957
    launchofSputnik1
    satellitegravimetry:thebeginning

    October4,1957 Earthoblateness
    geometric1:297.7
    launchofSputnik1 dynamic0.0010856
    KingHeleDG,1958,Nature
    BucharE,1958,Nature
    temporalchangesoftheearthsoblateness

    Sealevelrise
    (eustatic)

    Greenland/
    WestAntarctica

    Sealevelrise
    (regionalvariations)

    Cox & Chao, 2002, Science


    also: Dickey et al 2002, Science,
    LAGEOS1+2 Cazenave & Nerem, 2002, Science
    satellitegravimetry:thebeginning

    Kaula,1966

    withargument

    andfrequencies:

    Wagner&Klosko,1977,p.145
    firstmodelsofthegeoid

    Geoidasderivedfrom
    terrestrial
    gravityanomalies
    (Uotila,1962)

    Geoidasderivedfrom
    opticaltrackingof
    artificialsatellites
    (Izsak,1964)

    HenriksenSW
    Introductionp.14
    NationalGeodeticSatelliteProgram,
    PartI,NASA1977
    stepbystepimprovements

    SSE1 GEM9 GRIM5s


    d/o15 d/o30 d/o99
    LundquistCA&GVeis(eds.),1966 LerchFJetal.1979 BiancaleRetal.,2000

    FreeairgravityanomaliesofSouthAmerica(mGal)
    gravityanomaliesfromsatellitealtimetry

    ocean
    topography
    altimetry

    geoid levelsurface
    gravityanomaliesfromsatellitealtimetry

    AndersenOB,PKnudsen,PBerry&SKenyon
    TheDNSC08oceanwidealtimetryderivedgravityanomalyfieldEGU,Vienna,2008
    Also:SandwellD,WHFSmith,GlobalmarinegravityfromretrackedGeosatandERS1altimetry:
    Ridgesegmentationversusspreadingrate ,JGR,2009
    theneweraofsatellitegravimetry

    CHAMP
    20002010

    GRACE
    2002

    GOCE
    20092013
    freefallofasinglesatelliteasmeasuredbyGPS

    location(GPS)
    time(atomicclocksofGPS)
    noairdrag
    nomicroseismicity principleofCHAMP
    freefalloftwotestmasses

    GRACE:relativemotionoftwosatellites(infreefall),
    followingeachotheratadistanceof200km
    relativeaccelerationbetweenseveraltestmassesinsideonesatellite
    measurementprincipleofGOCEgravitygradiometry
    GOCEsatellitemission:principles

    accelerometer(Onera)

    upperelectrode

    proofmass
    4cmx4cmx1cm
    PlatinRhodium
    320g

    cage:
    ULEceramics
    goldelectrodes
    GOCEsatellitemission:principles

    singleaccelerometer

    threeaxis
    oneaxis gradiometer
    gradiometer consistingof
    6accelerometers
    GOCE sensorsystem

    ionthrusters xenontank nitrogentank powersupply

    starsensor

    gravitational GPSreceiver
    gradiometer
    source:ESA

    ionthruster magnetotorquers controlunit


    controlunit

    anorbitinggravitationallaboratory
    highperformanceofallsensors
    verydifferentfromtypicalremotesensingsatellites
    GOCEandsolidearth

    [m]

    geoid(orpotential)variations
    relativetoabestfittingellipsoidfigure
    GOCEandsolidearth

    meters

    shortscalegeoidanomalies(degree/order21200)
    anewqualityofgravityanomalymaps
    combinedmodel

    GGM03sd/o150 GOCETIM4 EGM2008


    Tapleyetal2007 Pailetal2011 Pavlisetal,2012
    GOCEandsolidearth

    500km 200km 100km


    S.America

    China

    SOAsia

    Africa

    Antarctica

    Antarctic
    CircumpolarCurrent

    identificationofregionswithpoorgravityinformation:
    acomparisonofGOCEandEGM2008
    YiW,RRummel,JofGeodynamics,2013
    Delft almost30yearsback

    1985:invitationtotenderforHorizon2000
    NRC,april19,pageW8:
    articleabouttherecent andanaveletterfromTUDtoSRON
    selectionofM3mission from1986to1991severalstudiesonARISTOTELES
    ofESAsscienceprogramme:
    (ApplicationsandResearchInvolvingSpaceTechniques
    PLATOwasselected
    LOFT*didnotmakeit ObservingTheEarthsfieldsfromLowEarthorbit
    Spacecraft)
    De satelliet die niet de ruimte in ging
    1991to1993:STEP
    Na vier jaar zwoegen viel de
    geavanceerde rntgensatelliet (SatelliteTestofEquivalencePrinciple)
    van de UvA alsnog buiten de boot // workonGOCEbegins
    Slechts een paar van de satellieten 1996UserConsultationMeeting:from19downto4
    die bedacht worden,
    gaan echt de ruimte in 1998ESAsLivingPlanetProgramme
    1999UserConsultationMeeting:GOCEchosen
    (togetherwithADM)
    2009:launchofGOCE
    2013:successfulmissionend
    *LOFT=LargeObservatory
    ForXrayTiming
    acknowledgement

    Itwastheworkofateam:
    membersoftheGOCEHighlevelProcessingFacilityandofESA

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