Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.0 Data Representation Slides
1.0 Data Representation Slides
1-5 13-17
Finger Counting
29-33 18-22
Sanskrit Symbols
(~1000 BC)
Store
Mill
6. Global Networks
5. Parallel Processing (1990s) 7. Single Chip Computers
(1980s) (2000s)
IENG 331: Ahluwalia 30
Microprocessor CPUs (1979-2004)
size
1000000000
1000000
1989 4 165 ns
100000 1992 16 145 ns
1996 64 120 ns
10000
2000 256 100 ns
1000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Supercomputers
100
Mainframes
10
Minicomputers
Microprocessors
1
0.1
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
IENG 331: Ahluwalia 33
Computers vs. Cars
(A Hypothetical Comparison)
If car engines developed at the pace of computers, then
~ Engine size would be < .1
~ Car would give 120, 000 mpg
~ Car would have top speed of 240,000 mph
~ Car would cost $4.0
However,
Car would stop for no reason
For every new car the user would have re-learn driving
There will be a single warning, The car performed an illegal
function
Shutting down and restarting the car would clear all warnings.
Personal Computers
4. Desktops 6. Tablets
5. Laptops 7. Smart Phones
1975 IBM 1975 Altair 1976 PET 1976 Steve 1977 Apple II
5100 PC (55 lbs, 8800 with BASIC Commodore Altair Jobs and Steve with BASIC and
5 CRT, 64KB interpreter by 8800 with MS Wozniak Apple I Apple DOS
RAM, 1.9 MHz) Microsoft BASIC interpreter
CPU
Hard Drive
Memory
Android Computer System
Hard Drive Platter 40
Motherboard
IENG 331: Ahluwalia
Memory Hierarchy
Larger Faster
Operating Application
System Program
1 2 3, 4 5 6, 7 8 9, 0 4 1
Units
a = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
b = 10
Tens
Hundreds
Thousands
Ten Thousands
Hundred Thousands
Million
Ten Millions
123456789041 = 1*1011 + 2*1010 + 3*109
Hundred Millions
+ 4*108 + 5*107 + 6*106 + 7*105 + 8*104
Billions + 9*103 + 0*102 + 4*101 + 1*100
Ten Billions
Hundred Billions
Decimal point
Digits to the right of decimal point represent fractions
i
ak b
k j
k a = Symbols (digits)
b = Base
a) (41.6875)10 to base 2
b) (41.6875)10 to base 8
c) (41.6875)10 to base 16
Coefficients
Step 2: Convert
0.6875*2 1.375 a-1 (MSB)
(.6875)10 to base 2
0.375*2 0.75 a-2 (.6875)10 = (.1011)2
0.75*2 1.5 a-3
0.5*2 1.0 a-4 (LSB)
Q R Coefficients
41/16 2 9 a0 (LSB) (41)10 = (29)16
2/16 0 2 a1 (MSB)
a) (41.6875)10 = (101001.1011)2
b) = (101 001 . 101 100)2 = (51.54)8
c) = (0010 1001 . 1011)2 = (29.B)16
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 + 0 + 0 = 0
0 + 0 + 1 = 1
0 + 1 + 0 = 1
0 + 1 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1
1 + 0 + 0 = 1
1 + 0 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1
1 + 1 + 0 = 0 with a carry of 1
1 + 1 + 1 = 1 with a carry of 1
S E E E E E E E E F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
-127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1 126 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 127 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+127 255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IENG 331: Ahluwalia 77
Steps in Floating Point Representation
Internal
Byte Dec Hex ASCII
Representation
0 0100 0100 68 44 D
1 0110 1111 111 6F o
2 0110 0101 101 65 e
3 0010 1100 39 2C ,
4 0010 0000 32 20
5 0100 1010 74 4A J
D o e , space J
0100 0100 0110 1111 0110 0101 0010 1100 0010 0000 0100 1010
Internal
Byte Dec Hex ASCII
Representation
(47 6F 6F 64 21)16
0 01000111 71 47 G
1 01101111 111 6F o
2 01101111 111 6F o G o o d !
3 01100100 100 64 d
4 00100001 33 21 !
Binary Representation (0101 0011 0110 1110 0110 1111 0111 0111)2
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 ? ? ?
? 101.1101 ? ?
? ? 3.07 ?
? ? ? C.82
Major Components:
a) Message, b) Medium, c) Protocol, d) Sender, and e) Receiver
Serial-Parallel Transmission
Parity Schemes
Asynchronous-Synchronous Transmission
Simplex-Half-duplex-Full-duplex Transmission
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Wireless
IENG 331: Ahluwalia
Microwave Tower 107
(2 GHz to 40 GHz)
Transmission Speed and Cost
N = Number of
computers
L = Number of links
(connections)
N=2, L=1; N=3, L=3;
N=4, L=6, N=6, L=15
IENG 331: Ahluwalia
Hybrid
1. Local Area Network (LAN) over a small region (<1 mile). Suited
for room, building, or campus. Uses single cable (10 to 100
Mbps). Based on Bus (Ethernet) or Ring topology.
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) over a city. Supports voice
and data. Two unidirectional buses
3. Wide Area Network (WAN) over a wide area. Uses broadband
or fiber optic cables.
4. Internet collection of interconnected networks (WANs, MANs,
and LANs). Dedicated path only during transmission. Uses
packet (small chunks) switching. Packets are passed from node
to node between source and destination.
IENG 331: Ahluwalia
LAN: Local Area Network
Router
Routers are used to connect
heterogeneous networks
In a virtual network each
computer is assigned an
address. LAN WAN
IP Address:
157.182.36.1
Class B Class B
Class A
Class C
CEMR
Server
IMSE MAE
Server Server