CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion

From this paper we can find some conclusion:

1. Hydroelectricity systems generate electricity from running water - usually

a small stream. Small or "micro" hydroelectricity systems can produce
enough electricity for lighting and electrical appliances in an average
home. Hydroelectricity systems are also called hydro power systems or
just hydro systems.
2. the main advantages to develop small hydro comparing with other
electricity sources:
It saves consumption of fossil, fuel, and firewood.
It is self-sufficient without the need of fuel importation.
It does not contribute for environment damages by resettlement, as it
occurs with large dams and reservoirs.
It can be a good private capital investment in developing or developed
countries.
It offers a decentralised electrification at a low running cost and with
long life. A small- scale project can also induce tourist activities and can
benefit both rural and small urban areas with a friendly water scenario.
3. Is hydro system sustainable for home?
To tell if a hydro system is right for you, there are a few key questions to
consider:
Is there a river or steam close to your home? You'll need access to a
fairly fast flowing water course, and the right to build around it
Does the water flow vary significantly during the year? If so, the
hydro system may not be able to supply you with all the electricity you
need during dry months. If you're not connected to the electricity grid,
you'll need a backup power system.

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 Do you want to sell excess energy? Hydro systems can be connected to
the National Grid if a suitable connection point is available. Any
electricity you generate but don't use can then be sold to electricity
companies
4. The difference between impulse and reaction can be explained simply by
stating that the impulse turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of
water in air into movement by striking turbine buckets or blades - there is
no pressure reduction as the water pressure is atmospheric on both sides
of the impeller.
The blades of a reactionturbine, on the other hand, are totally immersed
in the flow of water, and the angular as well as linear momentum of the
water is converted into shaft power - the pressure of water leaving the
runner is reduced to atmospheric or lower.

(Micro Hydro Practical Action, The Schumacher Centre for Technology and
Development, Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV23 9QZ, UK)
5.
Hydro Turbine type Head (H) Range in Head(H) Range in
Meters Feet
Kaplan and 2 < H < 40 6 < H < 125
Propeller
Francis 10 < H <350 30 < H < 375
Pelton 50 < H < 1300 150 < H < 5000
Banki 3 < H < 250 9 < H < 750
Michell
Turgo 50 < H < 250 50 < H < 750
Fig 6: shows the use of different turbine units

6. Theory of Operation: Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a

turbine runner, creating a force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning,

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 the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the
definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow
to the turbine.
Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse
turbines.The precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the
supply pressure of water, and the type of impeller selected.
7. Another criterion for characterising generators is how their bearings are
positioned. For example it is common practice to install a generator with
extra-reinforced bearings supporting the cantilevered runner of a Francis
turbine. In that way the turbine axis does not need to cross the draft tube so
improving the overall efficiency. The same solution is frequently used with
Pelton turbines.
When these generators are small, they have an open cooling system, but
for larger units it is recommended that a closed cooling circuit provided
with air-water heat exchangers.

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