Optimizing Small

Cells and the

Heterogeneous
Network (HetNet)
Small cells are proliferating and investment is growing in every aspect. So are the various new
business models surrounding the technologymanaged services maintaining the HetNet are
being pitched to various operators on a global basis. In the UK, for instance, Vodafone and
O2 agreed to collapse their cell sites into one network. RAN sharing is becoming common
practice, creating macrocell and future small-cell backhaul infrastructure opportunities shared
between operators.
Cable operators assets are well positioned to bring unique value to mobile operators seeking to deploy, fill coverage, or data offload with the
development of a small-cell offer, with Time Warner Cable and Comcast showing interest in this space. Virgin Media UK is already offering small-
cells-as-a-service and this will be an interesting space to watch going forward. With the added benefits that small cells bring, new charging and
policy mechanisms are also being introduced. More importantly, with backhaul costs to small cells the same as to macrocells, the cost benefit
rests heavily on backhaul. With this in mind, backhaul sharing is moving from an initial thought to definitive business case, and these are just a
few of the business models that have sprung up to date.

Taking a snapshot of the news in the small-cell industry, 2012 wrapped up with Informas latest report showing that almost 98 percent of
mobile operators believe that small cells are key to the future of their mobile networks with capacity coming to the fore. In Europe, for example,
Vodafone Greece launched a location-based service driven by indoor picocells which whitelists traffic generated indoors, and this will be an
interesting market to watch, not least for the impact of macro-economic conditions but in the value-add that location-based services provide.

On the pricing front, some interesting pricing models have come to the fore. These range from free to high upfront fees, as shown in Table 1
from Informa Telecoms & Media.

White Paper
 Table 1. Pricing models for femtocell services.
Market Pricing Model Deployment Examples
Consumer Add-ons for unlimited MoldTelecom, Sprint, Optus
calling
Free femtocell Softbank, Vodafone (GR), SFR
Low upfront fee Vodafone (UK)
High upfront fee Vodafone (Italy, Hungary),
Verizon

Monthly fee Sprint, Movistar, NTT DoCoMo

Enterprise High upfront fee All operators

Source: Informa Telecoms & Media

As of November 2012, 9 of the top 10 mobile operator groups (by revenue) offered femtocell services. In Japan, NTT DoCoMo announced the
launch of a dual-mode 3G/LTE femtocell, future-proofing their investment.
Table 2. Femtocell deployments by target group.
Number of
Target Group Deployments Examples
Consumer 26 Vodafone UK, AT&T, Cosmote
Enterprise 6 T-Mobile UK, Network Norway, Orange France
Consumer and 8 Vodafone NZ, Verizon Wireless, Sprint
Enterprise
Public 5 Vodafone Qatar, SK Telecom, TOT Thailand

Rural 1 Softbank (using satellite backhaul)

Source: Informa Telecoms & Media

The latest forecast from ABI Research shows that outdoor small cells will reach 500,000 units in 2013 and that the 1 W and below small-cell class
will exhibit the highest growth, representing almost two-thirds of unit shipments in 2013, and continue to grow to overtake the higher-power 5
to 10 W microcell shipments during 2014.

On the deployment side, the big news was that the number of small cells deployed overtook the total number of macro cells in November 2012,
with estimates that the number of small cells has surpassed 6 million while there are 5.9 million macrocells deployed since inceptionand we
are just in early stages of global deployment.

Exabytes per Month 78% CAGR 2011-2016

12

10.8 EB
per
month
6.9 EB
per
month

6 4.2 EB
per
month

2.4 EB
per
1.3 EB month
0.6 EB per
per month
month

0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 1. Mobile data traffic.

Source: Cisco 2012 VNI report

2 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Mobile traffic is predicted to grow anywhere from 20 to 50 times over the next 5 years. It is clear that urgent action is required to meet these
demands. For operators to take urgent action, they need to look deeper, and two data points come to mind. The first is that almost 80 percent
of data traffic happens indoors, while just 10 percent of cells handle almost 90 percent of data traffic.

80 percent 90 percent
of data traffic is indoors of data traffic is handled by
fewer than 10 percent of cells

When you couple this information, it becomes very clear that a multi-faceted approach is needed to solve this traffic growth. It becomes clear
that optimizing those 10 percent of cells, whether macro or small, will have a major impact to the network capability. When combined with
optimizing traffic for indoor scenarios, this will have a force-multiplier effect.

Get the Most Out of Your Macrocell Network

With billions already spent, operators first look at squeezing the most out of their existing macrocell networks. There are several strategies that
are getting attention to this end.

Multicarrier If a carrier finds that they have available spectrum, re-farming of spectrum offers a cost-efficient way to increase both coverage
and capacity.

Sectorization Allocating more sectors in one form or another reduces the need for new macrocell sites. By adding additional sectors,
operators are getting increased capacity and, to a lesser extent, increased coverage but without densification in the macrocell network.

Figure 2. Different sectorization options.

Source: Nokia Siemens Networks

3 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Tilt Optimization The third macrocell optimization strategy is antenna tilt, which minimizes interference. This has the added effect
of increasing capacity at a low cost, and as such should always be pursued before any further optimizations. It is a powerful optimization
technique as it has the most direct impact on coverage and interference parameters of the network. When you couple this with the advent of
remote electrical tilt (RET) antennas, tilt optimization lends itself well to antenna-based self optimizing networks (SON).

Downtilting reduces
interference to neighbors

Uptilting increases
cell coverage

Figure 3. Impact of antenna tilt on coverage and interference.

Source: Nokia Siemens Networks

Cloud RAN C-RAN takes its form from a distributed base-station architecture by pooling baseband processors in a central location and
distributing remote radio head ends which are connected through dark fiber to the baseband engines. The interface between the baseband and
the remote radio has been standardized by a few industry consortia including CPRI (Ericsson) and OBSAI (Nokia).

Antenna

Indoor Outdoor
Optical Fiber Cable Remote
Baseband
Backhaul Radio
Processing OBSAI/CPRI Interface Head

Figure 4. Distributed wireless base-station architecture.

Source: FrankRayal.com

This approach provides marginal improvements in capacity and coverage where there is abundant fiber. In this case, operators benefit from
reduced cost, reduced power consumption, smaller footprint, and lower maintenance cost.

4 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Small Cells
Operators are shifting their focus to a three-pronged approach to squeezing out more capacity and coverage:

yy Moving the base station closer to the user equipment results in a higher-quality air interface, which provides better spatial efficiency

yy Spectrum increase: more spectrum is being freed up in an attempt to meet demand

yy Spectrum efficiency: moving to LTE delivers better spectrum efficiency

Figure 5. A three-pronged approach to capacity needs

With higher signal quality using small cells, more bits can be transmitted at the same time, which leads to better throughput. When you
combine this with new spectrum it has a multiplier effect. Couple that with the spatial efficiency of small cells and you get the force-multiplier
effect of a theoretical 1000x capacity increase as highlighted in Figure 5. Note that for completeness, other methods from various vendors get to
the 1000x by 10x more performance and 10x more spectrum with 10x more cells.

Apart from the capacity increase, small cells enable:

yy Better latency: users will experience faster download and upload times

yy In-building coverage: small cells invariably provide better in-building coverage and this can represent a significant source of revenue for
network operators

yy Better cell-edge coverage: small cells provide better cell-edge performance than macro cells, resulting in better quality of experience

5 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Informa published a report recently that highlighted the industrys views on what the important factors are concerning small cells,
summarized in Figure 6.

Coexist with Macrocells Other Coexist with Macrocells

There are more handovers, requiring
efficient and higher capacity to
handle the higher signaling traffic.
There is more neighbor management,
with neighbor lists across clusters of
small cells and their larger cousins.
Vendor Interoperability
Open interfaces essential to optimize
performance between multiple
vendors
With such close interaction
required between the different
layers of a Heterogeneous Network,
it is important that open standard
interfaces are implemented. These
allow different vendors products to be
used in different parts of the network,
so that the best products can be
selected for different tasks.
Self-organizing Networks (SON)
Interference Management
Backhaul
Careful planning and performance
management is required to avoid creating
bottlenecks where capacity is restricted by
insufficient backhaul upstream.
capabilities coordinate between cells,
harmonize parameters, maximizing
performance of the entire network.
Network continually monitors its
own performance, traffic type and
source, adapting itself automatically
to achieve optimal performance,
automatically coming into service.
As the number of cells increase in a
mobile network, there are more cell
borders, leading to greater potential
for interference.
Automatically adjust its transmit
power and scheduling of resources to
avoid intercell interference.
Power levels need to be carefully set
to balance interference and coverage.

Figure 6. Factors affecting small-cell deployment

The Self-Organizing Network (SON) Imperative

A difficult factor when introducing and managing hetnets is that an operator is potentially facing not one dimension, but five dimensions of
difficulty while trying to offer a seamless user experience.

An operator could try to manage perhaps 100,000 small cells, and 1000s of macrocells, with some on UMTS, some on LTE, all on different
vendors gear, sharing some RAN resources, and leasing backhaul from another player. How do you connect and manage the network and its
issues? This is the big operational challenge operators are facing when going small.

6 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

A SON tries to address these challenges. A 2012 Infonetics report highlights the top reasons for implementing SON in Figure 7.

Opex reduction

Improvement in capacity, quality,

and network performance

Small cell usage in the network

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Percent of respondent operators

Figure 7. Top reasons to deploy SON

Both the 3GPP and the Next Generation Mobile Network Alliance (NGMN) have working groups making progress attempting to standardize
features and use cases. As an example, some NGMN requirements are listed below.
Table 4. NGMN SON focus

Performance management Self optimization

Real-time monitoring Fault management/correction (self
healing)
Self configuration (installation) O&M-related SON (extension/upgrade)

SON was introduced as a 3GPP release 9 feature, and now there are over 30 use cases for SON. The breadth of these use cases, in terms of what
they address within the network, is vast enough that most SON vendors focus on only a specific area. It will be interesting to see how the SON
market matures as with the advent of LTE and its heterogeneous nature, perhaps it seems logical that operators might end up with multiple
SON vendors, all part of the same network.

On the SON revenue front, most vendors are still in a pre-revenue stage with the likes of Intucell, Spidercloud, and Reverb networks leading the
charge. Intucell was recently acquired by Cisco for $475M, showing the importance of this technology in this fast-moving space.

With device-assisted SON, user equipment can collect measurements on network performance. However, standardization of this feature has
been slow, with the access network discovery and selection function (ANDSF) being the most prominent method for achieving this.

There is a growing school of thought that SON is equivalent to vendor lock-in, which may detract from the business case for HetNets. Perhaps a
hybrid of SON solutions will allow for vendor differentiationbut at what expense to interoperability?

7 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Adding Intelligence to Smart Cells
Early signs in this space can be found in running things like network and application services. Intel recently conducted a trial on this subject and
the results showed that deploying intelligence at the access point can radically change the traffic profile. This can make the small-cell business
case far more attractive.

A summary of the benefits and methods are shown below.

Caching and
offloading cut Running apps
backhaul costs closer to users
improves QoE

Benefits Cuts backhaul traffic Improves the user experience

Method
Caching Wireless policy Transrate video
content management

Determining what content Local transrate in

How Managed offload
users will most likely the small cell
wantto download

Figure 8. Adding intelligence to smart cells

If an operator can radically change a traffic profile at a moments notice, there are two very compelling benefits. The first is that you can cut the
amount of traffic being backhauled. The second is that the user experience can be greatly improved with faster web page and video downloads.

There are several ways the industry can achieve this.

Caching Content Even with exponential traffic growth over the past and future years, analysis shows that there are many situations
where multiple users actually access the same content. Some examples are popular TV shows, and a prime example is with viral videos such
as Gangnam Style with over a billion viewings. Geographically-relevant data such as maps and restaurant guides are similar draws. In these
situations, the network will be inundated with requests for the same content.

Caching can deliver a number of benefits if an operator can predict the content that the user will try and pull from the network. This is
the concept of predictive caching. If the carrier predicts content and downloads it off-peak, the traffic profile can be evened out during
the day, reducing load at peak times. When the user pulls content, whenever there is a hit, it actually comes from the cache. This saves on
backhaul needs.

8 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

The other method of caching is proactive. Here, the user downloads content from the network and, once content is downloaded, it is stored as
it traverses the small cell. Any subsequent request for that content will be served by the small cells cache. This process is described below.

Users access the same content such as popular TV shows,

YouTube videos, sports, maps

Carrier predicts content, User requests

downloads prior to request content

Predictive
Proactive Caching
Caching
Carrier predicts the content and
downloads it off-peak
SMALL CELL Content downloaded once and
cached for future requests.
Evens out traffic profile during Reduces backhaul traffic all day
the day, reduces load at peak
times

First and subsequent First play direct Subsequent plays

plays from cache from YouTube from the cache

Figure 9. Content-caching mechanisms

Transrating Video One forecast predicts that by 2015, video will consume 90 percent of mobile traffic, and it surpassed 50 percent just
last year. Any intelligence that can be added to optimize this bandwidth hog would have far-reaching benefits. To this end, content-aware
technology is making big inroads into mobile operators strategies. Content awareness brings valuable visibility by analyzing and understanding
a packets contents. It also recognizes the type of application or service to which a packet belongs. For example, the technology has the ability
to see the header and the payload, most notably Layer 4 through Layer 7. The data contained in these layers is then adapted to the user device
and modified to optimize delivery. Video is one application that can benefit from content awareness. Inspecting packets from Layer 4 through
Layer 7 reveals valuable information for mobile network operators.

Transrating comes in a couple of different variants. The first is where the codec is transrated in a dedicated node at the edge and then decoded
right at the small cell, reducing the backhaul bandwidth needed. Bear in mind that reducing the peak load has the greatest impact on reducing
backhaul costs. Transrating reduces a video down to a lower bit-rate codec while minimizing the impact on the video quality. More prevalent
these days is doing the transrating on the fly, meaning adapting to network conditions (intelligent transrating). Figure 10 highlights different
transrating mechanisms.

9 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

 Content - Aware Video Bit Rate
Throttling

Delivers video consistent with the viewing rate

Analyzes the encoded video stream and estimates the video content in the buffer of the subscriber device

Smart Video Transrating for

Bandwidth Reduction

Content - Aware Video Transrating

Frames and bit rate in the video stream are analyzed and reduced without noticeably degrading viewing quality
Network operators can support more users without affecting QoE
Device - Aware Video Transrating
Reduces the bit rate of the video to fit the specific device, saving bandwidth
Network - Aware Video Transrating
Real-time RF conditions are estimated and the video bit rate adapted to match varying bandwidth conditions
When network conditions are poor, the bit rate is reduced to minimize or eliminate potential stalls while
still maintaining good video frame quality

Figure 10. Video Transrating Mechanisms

Another transrating method is where the node is still at the edge encoding on the fly, and if a smartphone is sufficiently powerful and supports
the same codecs, the transrated video is delivered to the smartphone directly without the smart cell taking the burden of transrating.

On the business front, a recent Tellabs report forecasts that transrating can save 30 to 50 percent of needed video bandwidth; this amounts to a
considerable savings for operators backhaul costs. Later, we discuss managed offload, where Internet traffic such as video is routed away from
the core of the network and sent through other means such as a home owners Internet connection.

Small Cell Backhaul

While deploying large numbers of small cells near to consumers helps solve the capacity and coverage problem for the RAN, it also creates a
new one for backhaul, which must provide connectivity at sufficient capacity and quality of service. Backhaul is perceived as the most critical
factor for a small-cell platform, followed by the ability to self-optimize and cooperate with the macrocell network.

Working with building owners for site,

power, backhaul network connections

Source fiber backhaul connections

Determining if Line of Sight (LOS) or

Non-LOS (NLOS) is needed for backhaul

Availability of suitable backhaul

product form factor (size, color, shape)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Percent of operators rating it a barrier

Figure 11. Barriers to entry for small-cell backhaul

10 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Ericsson recently published a report on backhaul trends. The report indicates that microwave dominates the backhaul space and, over time, fiber
will replace copper. Another takeaway is that TDM backhaul is quickly being eroded and replaced with packet-based backhaul.

100% 100%
Installed connections

Microwave Packet

50% 50% Packet

Fiber TDM
Copper
0% 0%
2010 2020 2010 2020

Figure 12. Projected changes in backhaul technologies.

Source: TIA 2012|Ericsson AB 2012

2011 2013 2015

80% of sites 20 Mbps 60 Mbps 100 Mbps

20% of sites 60 Mbps 100 Mbps 500 Mbps

few % of sites 150 Mbps 300 Mbps 1 Gbps

Figure 13. Projected mobile broadband backhaul bandwidth demand.

Source: TIA 2012| Ericsson AB 2012

Another trend with backhaul is that of bandwidth to support the growing RAN capacity. An 80/20 rule applies here also: 80 percent of sites
in 2010 had on average 20 Mbps, but by 2015 will grow to 100 Mbps. The remaining 20 percent of sites have much higher averages and are
growing to as much as 1 Gbps.

In choosing the right backhaul transport technology, the number of choices can be a burden. The Layer 2 Ethernet solution is cost-efficient,
but perhaps lacks reliability, scalability, and manageability. The Layer 2.5 MPLS technology however is a virtual-connection-oriented tunnel
technology which easily adapts to various scenarios. A third option of Layer 3 routing provides a way to adapt to more complex traffic models.
Some Layer 3 advantages coming to the fore are increased flexibility regarding IPSec as well as different services that can be routed separately
such as Internet offload. An important aspect to Layer 3 transport is that it lends itself nicely to SON.

Figure 14. Layer technologies for mobile backhaul

11 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

With the exception of the last 100 meters, small-cell backhaul has more in common than not with macrocells. Key performance indicators for
small cells should ideally be the same as with the macrocell network. Apart from reusing existing POPs, other existing network resources can
also be leveraged. Small-cell traffic can be routed to the same concentrator in the network that the macrocell network already serves. Typically,
the additional traffic from the small cells or the fact its origination differs doesnt require additional switches or routers, at least on first pass. A
recent Infonetics study shows that 86 percent of operators surveyed plan to backhaul small-cell traffic to nearby macrocell sites via a variety of
locations including buildings, streetlights, and traffic and utility poles.
Table 6. Current regional backhaul methods

Copper Microwave Fiber

North America 85% 5% 10%
Europe 25% 65% 10%
Asia 10% 40% 50%

While fiber provides the most bandwidth, it cannot be cost effectively pulled to every lamp post, at least in many markets. Therefore, various
forms of microwave, non line of sight (NLOS), standard microwave, and millimeter wave, will most often be the solutions of choice.

New, lower-cost wireless backhaul products with new features will be needed to support small cells. Existing microwave frequencies in
the 6 to 42 GHz band cannot support discrete antennas, at least at the street level. New frequency bands are being considered for wireless
backhaul such as 3.5 GHz, 60 GHz, and 80 GHz. This does not factor in the need for near- and NLOS-propagation characteristics in relation to
small cells.
V Band E Band
<6 GHz ~6-42 GHz
60 GHz 71-76, 81-86 GHz

NLoS LoS

Figure 15. Small-cell RF bands of interest

Source: RFMD

With public-access small cells typically needing only to support Ethernet interfaces, and the fact that typically, small cells support a maximum
of 20 to 30 subscribers compared to the low 100s for macrocells, small-cell aggregation routers will inevitably reduce in complexity, power
requirements, size, and, most importantly, costa huge factor in the small-cell business case. Heavy Reading, for example, is forecasting a
reduction from a current 1U/2U solution down to <0.5U in the short term.

Iub vs. Iuh is also an important consideration, with much of the femtocell industry adopting the 3GPP standard luh interface for linking femtocell
access points to the service providers network. Ericssons perspective is that all small cells, including femtocells, picos, and microcells should
be linked by the Iub interface, which allows them to be integrated completely into the network just like macrocells, claiming less interference
as it enables an operator to use the same spectrum for a small cell and a macrocell. However, the Iub interface was not popular among some
femtocell proponents, particularly Nokia Siemens Networks, because its implementation is proprietary across vendors: you cant attach a small
cell over an Iub from another vendor.

12 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Internet Offload
Internet offload is an important response to the growth in mobile traffic. The industry has, in fact, a long history of embracing technologies
and approaches that could be categorized as Internet offload. 3GPP has done a lot of work with this approach over the years, starting back in
release 6 with specs such as LIPA and SIPTO. Internet offload comes in several forms: WiFi, femtocell, and core network.

Direct
I-WLAN Femtocell LIPA
Tunnel
UMA/GAN ANDSF SIPTO
IFOM

3GPP Rel 6 3GPP Rel 10

WiFi Offload Femto Offload Core Network

Current user driven
connections to WiFi
Next wave is SIM -based
Authentication (T-Mobile,
Orange)
Next will be where WiFi
access is integrated into
the Core (session mobility)
Coverage & Offload main
drivers
A push to integrate with
WiFi AP
Offload
LIPA / SIPTO
Packet Switch Offload by
deploying Offload
Gateways behind RNC
RAN Aware Traffic shaping

Figure 16. Internet offload standards

WiFi Offload
Ericssons acquisition of the carrier-grade WiFi provider BelAir networks shows how important WiFi is to the industry. If WiFi integration is
coming, the question for mobile operators is how they will adapt. Operators may continue to let the user-driven WiFi model prevail, where
people offload on their own without much operator involvement. Or, they may take a more active role and offer managed offload solutions
where they have more control over how, when, and what traffic is offloaded.

Operators are taking a long, hard look toward tighter integration of WiFi with cellular services. The first phase of deployment is that of hard
offload. This is the current situation today, where a user simply roams into their home and content automatically offloads. The second phase is
already being used by some operators such as T-Mobile and Orange, where the offload is based on SIM-based authentication. In phase three,
there will be tighter integration between WiFi access and the core, offering seamless session mobility. This is where the industry seems to
be heading.

Femtocell Offload
Femtocell offload differs from WiFi offload in two ways: femtocells are deployed in licensed spectrum and they are fully integrated with a
carriers network. The core network integration is important because it means that the femtocells are transparent to all operator services. With
femtocell offload, Internet traffic can be selectively offloaded through the owners general internet connection.

13 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Core Network Offload
Core network offload reflects selected IP traffic offload (SIPTO) standards. The intent is to distribute packet gateways so that traffic is not
concentrated on a handful of nodes.

Iu-PS offload involves deploying Internet offload gateways behind an RNC or group of RNCs. This has the effect of splitting out Internet traffic
bound for the operators core network. In the same vein, the industry has started to leverage this architecture to push content caches and
content optimization closer to the end user not just in the small cell itself, but at the edge of the core where greater control can be achieved.
This is where an offload gateway is served either directly from the Internet (for example, from an Akamai server) or from a local server such as a
mobile CDN collocated with the gateway.

An unintended consequence of core network offload is that by diverting traffic from the core, it becomes harder for the operator to meter
usage, bill for traffic, and apply traffic management. This is also an issue for content caching. A proposed solution is to make the offload
gateway also function as a traffic management device, which means integrating deep packet inspection and policy enforcement capability
mirroring the core network capability. For this architecture to be optimized, the traffic management function needs to be increasingly RAN
aware. However, this has the added consequence that the offload gateway should have access to standardized RAN and policy management
interfaces which are still being standardized. This lets it adapt dynamically to load conditions on the network.

Summary
Optimizing current macrocell and future heterogeneous networks requires a multi-dimensional approach. It begins with an operator cost-
efficiently optimizing an existing macrocell network. The next step is densification of the network with the addition of small cells to the
existing infrastructure.

Capacity and coverage are driving this approach, and further enhancements to the resulting HetNet should be made with the goals of cutting
backhaul costs and improving the customers quality of experience. The combination of using small cells and turning them into smart cells has a
force multiplier effect both on backhaul saving and quality of experience.

The importance of SON is highlighted by the multi-dimensional issues associated with densification and HetNets. There is some industry
standardization work going on, with the goal of reducing small-cell backhaul with techniques such as offload perspective as well as local
caching, video optimization, Wi-Fi integration, and various Internet offload techniques.

If an operator is to improve a customers quality of experience while managing the exponential growth in their networks complexity, they will
need a highly-integrated solution that is fully adaptable to network conditions as they happen. Adding intelligence to the network and having
RAN resources direct their efforts to where its needed is fast becoming a necessity where once inflexibility ruled.

14 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

References
yy Small Cell Market Status Dec 2012, Small Cell Forum.

yy Deployment strategies for Heterogeneous Networks, Nokia Siemens Networks.

yy Intelligent Small Cell Trial Case Study, Intel

yy Mobile Video Optimization Concept and Benefits, Tellabs

yy Small Cell Backhaul Requirements, Version 1.0, 04-June-2012

yy Heavy reading, Small Cell Backhaul: What, Why and How. July 2012

yy Heterogeneous Networks, TIA 2012 | Ericsson AB 2012

yy O2, Vodafone allowed to hop onto each others towers

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/01/o2_voda/

yy Integrated Wi-Fi/Picocell Platform Specification WR-SP-IWP-I01-120724

http://www.cablelabs.com/specifications/WR-SP-IWP-I01-120724.pdf

yy Infonetics Research: Small Cell Operators Face Myriad Operational and Financial Challenges
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/infonetics-research-small-cell-operators-120700233.html

15 Optimizing Small Cells and the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)

Contact Us +1 844 GO VIAVI
(+1 844 468 4284)
To reach the Viavi office nearest you,
visit viavisolutions.com/contacts.
2015 Viavi Solutions Inc.
Product specifications and descriptions in this
document are subject to change without notice.
smallcellhetnet-wp-nsd-tm-ae
30173411 900 0313
viavisolutions.com