Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Adsse Road and Highway Manual
Adsse Road and Highway Manual
EXTERNAL FINISHES
1. SCOPE...................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................4
1.2 Approval ......................................................................................4
1.3 Compacted Thickness .................................................................4
1.4 Construction Traffic On Pavements.............................................4
1.5 Drainage & Underground Services ..............................................4
1.6 Equipment ...................................................................................4
1.7 Preparation of Formation.............................................................5
1.8 Tolerances...................................................................................5
3. DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................8
4. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.......................................................................8
5. MATERIALS ..........................................................................................8
5.1 Samples ......................................................................................8
5.2 Testing.........................................................................................8
5.3 Sub-Base.....................................................................................9
5.4 Base Prime Coat .......................................................................10
5.5 Dry Bound Macadam Base........................................................10
5.6 Asphalt Cement Materials .........................................................11
5.7 Base Course..............................................................................11
5.8 Tack Coat ..................................................................................12
5.9 Wearing Course.........................................................................12
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
1.1 Introduction
This specification shall apply to all new road surfacing and paving areas. Specifications as
mentioned herein exceed code & standard requirements in this regard in many instances and
such work shall generally follow existing configuration and thickness as followed by local
authorities.
1.2 Approval
Where ADWEA/ENGINEER approvals are required in this document, it shall mean that the
ADWEA/ENGINEER reserves the right to approve. However the ADWEA/ENGINEER may
elect to waive approval of certain aspects as will be informed in writing by the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
1.6 Equipment
The equipment shall include -
(a) Asphalt mixing plants designed to produce a uniform mixture within the job mix
tolerances;
(b) One or more self-powered pavers that are capable of spreading the mixture to the
thickness and width specified, true to the line, grade and crown shown on the plans;
(c) Enough smooth metal-bedded haul trucks, with covers, to ensure orderly and continuous
paving operations;
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
(e) One or more steel-wheeled, pneumatic-tyred or vibratory rollers capable of attaining the
required density and smoothness;
Other equipment may be used in addition to, or in lieu of, the specified equipment when
approved by the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
1.8 Tolerances
Horizontal alignments shall be determined from one side of the road surface, and as
constructed will be correct within +/- 10mm.
The finished levels of pavement surfaces shall be correct within +/- 6mm.
The level of any rigid pavement surface shall not deviate more than 3mm and the level of any
flexible pavement surface will not deviate more than 6mm when tested with appropriate
survey levelling tools.
The level of any point on the surface of pavement courses shall on completion of compaction,
conform to that shown on the drawings within the following tolerances.
Subgrade of Formation 0 mm
-25 mm
Sub-Base 0 mm
-25 mm
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
Base Course 0 mm
-10 mm
Wearing Course 4 mm
-4 mm
The surface of the completed pavement will be checked longitudinally and transversely for
smoothness with appropriate survey levelling tools. The surface shall not vary more than 3
millimetres in 3 metres parallel to the centre line and nor more than 6 millimetres at right
angles to the centre line.
British Standards
BS 63 Road aggregates
BS 812 Methods for Sampling and Testing of Mineral Aggregates, Sands and
Fillers
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
AASHTO T176 Plastic fines in graded aggregates and soils by use of the sand
equipment test
ASTM D2419 Plastic fines in graded aggregates and soils by use of the sand
equipment test
AASHTO M249 White and yellow thermoplastic stripping material (solid form)
All standards referenced in the specifications should be available with CONTRACTOR for
reference by ADWEA/ENGINEER as required.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
4. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Refer to cification for General Technical Requirements.
5. MATERIALS
5.1 Samples
Samples of all materials, together with test results proposed for use, shall be submitted to the
COMPANY for approval.
Sampling of asphalt materials shall be in accordance with the latest revision of Sampling
Asphalt Products for Specification Compliance, Manual Series 18 (MS-18), The Asphalt
Institute. Sampling of mineral aggregate shall be in accordance with the latest revision of
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Designation T
2 (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Designation D 75). Sampling of the
asphalt mixtures as required by the ADWEA/ENGINEER, shall be in accordance with the
latest revision of ASSHTO Designation T 168 (ASTM Designation D 979).
5.2 Testing
Preliminary samples of approved materials and mixes shall be tested by the CONTRACTOR
at an independent testing laboratory for the requirements of this specification by the
applicable methods specified. The materials shall not be used until the results have been
approved by the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
Samples of all materials and mixes shall be taken and tested by the CONTRACTOR for every
50 cubic metres of land materials.
Asphalt materials shall be tested by the methods of test of the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) designated in the applicable
asphalt specification. If an AASHTO method of test procedure is not available, the
equivalent American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method will be used.
Mineral aggregates shall be tested by one or more of the following methods of test of the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the
American Society for testing and Materials (ASTM).
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
(c) Mix
The mixture shall be tested for asphalt content by "Method of Test for Quantitative
Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving Mixtures", AASHTO Designation T
164 (ASTM Designation D 2172). The mixture will be tested for compliance with
aggregate grading requirements by "Method of Extracted Aggregate, AASHTO
Designation T 30.
If the mixture is produced in a mixing plant having automatic controls and print-out
system, and the controls are in proper calibration, asphalt content compliance will
be determined from recorded data. Hot bin analysis together with batch weight
read-out data will be used to determine composition compliance.
5.3 Sub-Base
The materials for sub-base shall be crushed rock, hard, durable, clean, free from organic
matter or other deleterious material. The material shall be in such a condition that it can be
readily compacted by rolling with the aid of watering if necessary, to form a stable and firm
foundation for the roads, car park and other paved areas.
The C.B.R. value of the material when tested in accordance with AASHTO T 193 shall not be
less than 60% when compacted to 95% of maximum dry density as hereafter specified.
The materials shall be well graded and lie with the following grading limits:
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
75 mm 100
37.5 mm 85 - 100
10 mm 45 - 70
5 mm 25 - 45
0.600 mm 8 - 22
0.075 mm 0 - 10
The material passing the 425 micron sieve shall have a plastic index of less than 4 when
tested in accordance with BS 1377.
The material shall be placed, spread evenly and compacted in layers not exceeding 150 mm
compacted thickness at a moisture content between 2% above and 2% below the optimum
percentage determined in accordance with the vibrating hammer method test in BS 1377.
The compaction shall be carried out using a smooth wheeled roller of not less than 8 tonnes
weight, the number of passes being that required to obtain a dry density of 95% of the
maximum dry density. The surface shall be blinded with crushed rock fines and re-rolled.
After completion of the priming operations the prime coat shall be allowed to penetrate the
surface of the sub-base for at least forty-eight (48) hours. If the asphalt primer has not been
completely absorbed by the sub-base after forty-eight (48) hours, just sufficient sand shall be
spread over the surface to blot up excess asphalt and prevent it from picking up under traffic.
The coarse aggregate shall consist of dry single sized crushed rock of 50 mm nominal size
and complying with BS 63 Part 2.
The fine aggregate shall all pass the 5 mm BS sieve size and shall be crushed rock or
naturally occurring coarse sand and shall be well grade between 5 mm to dust. The fine
aggregate shall be kept dry by being sheeted until required for use.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
After preliminary shaping, the first layer of the coarse aggregate shall be given two passes
with a 2.5 tonne smooth wheel roller or other approved means. The compacted first layer
shall then be covered with a 25 mm thick layer of fine aggregate as specified which shall be
vibrated into the interstices of the coarse aggregate by means of an approved vibrating plate
compactor or other approved means. Additional fine aggregate as above shall be added as
necessary until no more can be taken in and any hungry patches disappear. Final
compaction of the layer shall be with an 8 - 10 tonne roller until all movement of the surface
ceases, all excess fine aggregate being removed. The above procedure shall be adopted for
the second layer to provide an smooth and even surface free from irregularities or loose
material and true to cross-section, line and level.
The specified material shall comply with the applicable requirements of AASHTO
Specification M 20.
The CONTRACTOR shall submit to the ADWEA/ENGINEER for approval a job-mix formula
which shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO T 245 (ASTM D 1559) and with the
following limits:
25.0 mm 100
19.0 mm 80 - 100
12.5 mm 60 - 80
9.5 mm -
4.75 mm 36 - 56
2.36 mm 28 - 44
1.18 mm 20 - 34
0.600 mm 15 - 27
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
The asphalt-aggregate base course mixture shall meet the following test criteria:
The combined mineral aggregate after going through the dryer shall have a sand equivalent
value of not less than 70. Combinations of aggregates that have a history of polishing shall
not be used. Coarse aggregate (material retained on the US. Standard No. 8 sieve) shall
have a percent wear by the Los Angeles abrasion machine test of not more than forty unless
specified aggregate having higher values are known to be satisfactory.
Mineral filler shall meet the requirements of "Mineral Filler for Bituminous Paving Mixtures",
ASTM Designation D 242.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
19.0 mm 100
12.0 mm 80 - 100
9.5 mm -
4.75 mm 54 - 72
2.36 mm 42 - 58
1.18 mm 34 - 48
0.600 mm 26 - 38
0.300 mm 18 - 28
0.150 mm 12 - 20
0.075 mm 4 - 8
6.1 Asphalt
The asphalt shall be heated at the mixing plant to a temperature at which it can be applied
uniformly to the aggregate.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
When it is necessary to blend aggregates from one or more sources to produce the combined
gradation, each source or size of aggregate shall be stockpiled individually. Aggregate from
the individual stockpiles shall be fed through separate bins to the cold elevator feeders. They
shall not be blended in the stockpile.
Cold aggregates shall be fed carefully to the plant so that surpluses and shortages will not
occur and cause breaks in the continuous operation.
The heated and dried aggregates shall not contain enough moisture to cause the mixture to
slump, the asphalt to foam or the aggregate during hauling and placing.
For batch plants, dry mixing time, if required by the ADWEA/ENGINEER, shall not
exceed ten seconds. Wet mixing time shall not exceed fifty seconds.
For continuous mix plants, the mixing time will be computed by the following formula:
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
7.3 Joints
Joints in the base and wearing courses shall be offset by a minimum of 300 millimetres.
Before placing fresh mixture against a cut joint or against old pavement, the contact surface
shall be cut back to a straight line face and shall be painted or sprayed with a thin uniform
coat of RC-70 or RC-250 liquid asphalt. The joints formed shall be smooth and tight without
depression.
7.4 Compacting
The mix shall be compacted immediately after placing. Initial rolling with a steel-wheeled
tandem roller, steel three-wheeled roller, vibratory roller, or a pneumatic-tyred roller shall
follow the paver as closely as possible. If needed, intermediate rolling with a pneumatic-tyred
roller shall follow the paver as closely as possible. If needed, intermediate rolling with a
pneumatic tyred roller shall be done immediately behind the initial rolling. Final rolling shall
eliminate marks from previous rolling. In areas too small for the roller, a vibrating plate
compactor or a hand tamper shall be used to achieve thorough compaction.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
Target density will be determined by taking, for each lot, the average density of six laboratory
prepared specimens representing two subsamples (approximately 10 kg each) chosen on a
random basis taken from trucks delivering mixture to the job site. By quartering, each
subsample shall be reduced to obtain three sample unit, each of sufficient weight
(approximately 1.2 kg) to prepare a specimen approximately 64 mm in height.
Acceptance of the compacted pavement with respect to density will be based on the average
of five density determinations for each lot of asphalt mixture placed. Cores drilled from the
base course and surface course will be used to test the density of the pavement by either
ASTM Method of Test D 1188 or ASTM Method of Test D 2726, whichever is the applicable.
Each lot of the compacted base and surface will be accepted when the average of the five
density determinations is equal to or greater than 97 percent, and when no individual
determination is lower than 95 percent, of the average density of the six laboratory-prepared
specimens.
A lot will be equal to one days production. Less than a half day's production will not be
considered a lot but will be added to the immediately preceding lot. The location of sampling
sites within a lot's placement area will be chosen on a random basis through the use of
appropriate random numbers table.
7.7 Thickness
The same cores used to test the density will be used to measure the thickness of the
pavement. The compacted base and surface shall have average thickness no less than that
specified in Appendix A. Any deficiency in base thickness shall be made up with asphalt
concrete wearing course material.
8.1 General
Reinforced concrete for insitu paving slabs shall be strictly in accordance with the project
specification for concrete. Thickness of slab, its reinforcement, surface finish and description
of subsurface layers all to be in accordance with Appendix A.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
8.5 Tolerances
Horizontal and vertical alignments shall be as defined in section 1.8 of this specification.
The revel of any position on the surface of pavement courses, shall a completed, conform to
the following tolerances.
The surface of the completed pavement shall be checked in accordance with section 1.8 of
this specification.
8.6 Sub-Base
Sub-base material shall be supplied, placed and compacted to a minimum thickness of
150mm strictly in accordance with section 5.3 of this specification.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
8.11 Joints
Expansion and contraction joints shall be provided in accordance with the project specification
for concrete, at the location, and to the details shown in the drawings.
Isolation joints shall be provided at all interfaces between paving and other concrete works, to
the details shown on the project drawings.
Construction joints shall be provided in accordance with the details shown in project drawings.
The CONTRACTOR shall indicate on layout drawings the intended location of all construction
joints prior to the start of paving, and shall submit same for approval by the
ADWEA/ENGINEER. All additional joints identified by the ADWEA/ENGINEER or
necessitated during the execution of the works, shall be provided at the CONTRACTOR's
cost.
Joint sealants shall be heavy duty, impervious to organic chemical attack, and shall be
otherwise suitable for use under prevailing site conditions.
8.12 Extra Heavy Duty Non Slip Chemical Resistant Epoxy Coating
The wearing surface of all insitu concrete paving shall be protected by extra heavy duty, non
slip, chemical resistant epoxy coating. The substrate and coating shall be provided in strict
accordance with the recommendations the coating manufacturer. The CONTRACTOR shall
demonstrate the competence of all personnel engaged on the work to the satisfaction of the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
9.1 General
BS 7533 shall be generally followed. The locations and sizes of paved areas are shown on
the approved project drawings.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
9.6 Sub-Grade
The sub-grade shall be prepared in accordance with the Specification for General Civil
Construction.
9.7 Sub-Base
It should be formed of either graded material, lean concrete, cement bound granular material
or cement-stabilized soil.
9.8 Bedding
The laying course shall consist of sharp sand to BS 882 with a particle size of 4mm (3/16")
containing not more than 3% silt and/or clay by weight. The sand shall be obtained from a
single source, allowed to drain before use and shall be covered with suitable sheeting to
minimize moisture changes.
Permissible sulphate and chloride contents shall not exceed 0.4% and 0.06% respectively
(expressed as SO3 and Cl by weight).
Precast concrete paving blocks shall have an interlocking shape approved by the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
9.9.2 Cement
The cement used in the manufacture of the paving blocks shall, unless stated otherwise, be
Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement from approved manufacturers and shall comply with the
requirements of BS 4027.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
With the exception of the grading requirements, the mechanical and chemical properties of
fine and coarse aggregates shall comply with Specification for 'Concrete'.
The amount of material passing a BS 75 micron sieve in the combined aggregates when
tested in accordance with BS 812 (wet sieving method) shall not exceed the following limits:
Natural Crushed
The sand for concrete shall be capable of passing through a 5mm BS test sieve and it shall
be so graded that when mixed with the coarse aggregate and cement it shall produce a
concrete of the maximum density. Crushed sand may be added to natural sand in order to
achieve the required grading.
Crushed sand alone may only be used with the approval of the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
The fine aggregates shall not contain more than 25% by weight of soluble calcium carbonate
in either the fraction retained on or the fraction passing a 600 micron BS sieve.
The term coarse aggregate means an aggregate retained on a 4.75mm BS sieve with a
nominal size of 10mm. The grading of the coarse aggregate shall be as defined in BS 882,
and shall be such that when combined with sand and cement shall produce a concrete of
maximum density. The maximum aggregate size shall not exceed 20mm.
9.9.4 Water
For mixing concrete, water shall be fresh and free from all sediment and dissolved or
suspended matter which may be harmful to the manufacture of concrete as specified and
shall be tested in accordance with BS 3148.
9.9.5 Admixtures
Admixtures will only be permitted to be used in the concrete with approval of the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
When admixtures are used in the manufacture of the blocks very strict control is to be
maintained to ensure that the correct quantity of admixture is used at all times.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
The total chloride content of any mix, including that present in the cement, expressed as Cl
shall not exceed 0.6% by weight of cement in the mix and the total sulphate content
expressed as SO3 shall not exceed 4% by weight of cement in the mix.
9.9.7 Curing
Adequate measures shall be taken to ensure that the concrete paving blocks are properly
cured in a manner that is to the satisfaction of the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
After manufacture the paving blocks shall be stored so as to prevent excessive loss of
moisture and shall be protected from damage during the early stages of curing.
The ratio of length to width on plan shall be not less than 1: nor greater than 2: and the
widths should be not less than 80mm or greater than 115mm.
9.10.2 Thickness
The thickness of any ten samples shall be measured at four sensibly different points, to the
nearest 0.5mm. The thickness of any ten samples shall be within +/- 3mm of the specified
thickness.
The length and width shall be measured across two opposite faces, to the nearest 0.5mm.
The length and width of any of the ten sample blocks shall be within +/- 2mm of the specified
length or width.
9.10.4 Squareness
The stock of the square shall be placed in contact with the top or bottom face of the block and
the blade brought into contact with the side of the block. The clearance, if any, between the
square and the side of the block shall be measured with a feeler gauge at points 10mm from
the top and bottom edges. This measurement shall be carried out at six sensibly different
points round the block. A side shall be considered normal to the top and bottom faces
provided the feeler gauge measurement does not exceed 2mm.
9.10.5 Tolerances
Blocks shall be sampled, whenever practical, while the units are being moved, i.e. during
loading or unloading. One paving block shall be taken at random from each of ten
approximately equal sections of the delivery to be tested. The pattern of sampling shall be
such that units are taken from the top and sides of sections which are accessible and from
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
9.12 Colour
For coloured blocks only approved inorganic pigments shall be used. The concrete shall
have a minimum pigment content of 10% of the weight of cement.
The characteristic compressive strength of the sample of ten blocks when tested in the
2
manner described below shall not be less than 50 N/mm .
The testing machine shall be of any reliable type of suitable capacity for the test and capable
of applying the load at the rate specified. It shall comply as regards repeatability and
accuracy with the requirements of BS 1610 and also with the requirements of BS 1881 Part
115.
The specimens shall be tested in a wet condition after being stored for at least 24 hours in
water maintained at a temperature of 20 deg. C +/-5 deg. C. Before the specimens are
submerged in water, the wearing surface area shall be determined.
The platens of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any loose grit or other material
removed from the contact faces of the specimen. Plywood, 4mm thick, shall be used as
packing between the upper and lower faces of the specimen and the machine platens, and
these boards shall be larger than the specimen by a margin of at least 5mm at all points.
Fresh packing shall be used for each specimen tested.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate of approximately
2
15 N/mm per minute until no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to
the specimen shall be recorded.
2
The compressive strength of each specimen shall be calculated to the nearest 0.1 N/mm by
dividing the maximum load by the total plan area as, and multiplying by the appropriate
2
correction factor from Table 1 in the code and shall be expressed to the nearest 1 N/mm .
9.13.5 Calculation
The characteristic strength shall be calculated from the individual value of the ten blocks
determined above.
The standard deviation is estimated from the sample of ten specimens by using the formula:
s = (fi - fm)
2
2
where s = standard deviation (N/mm );
2
fi = successively the compressive strength of each of the specimens (N/mm );
2
fm = arithmetic mean of the compressive strengths of all the specimens (N/mm )
fk = (fm - 1.64s)
2
The characteristic strength shall be reported to the nearest 1 N/mm .
3
The minimum bulk density of the paving stones shall be 2.33 t/m .
Concrete paving blocks shall be tested as ADWEA/ENGINEER may direct for water
absorption. This test shall be based upon that specified in BS 1881 Part 122. The maximum
acceptable absorption limit shall be in accordance with the code.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
The profile of the laying course shall be similar to that of the finished surface. The maximum
deviation from the design levels shall be +/- 10mm.
The edge restraints to the paved area shall be laid in advance of the laying course and all
obstacles within the area, such as manhole covers, shall be constructed to the correct
finished levels.
The paving blocks shall be laid on the sand laying course in such a manner as not to disturb
the blocks already laid. Each block shall be placed firmly against its neighbour so that they fit
closely together. The joints between blocks shall not exceed 3mm.
Where blocks do not fit at the edge restraints or other obstructions such as manholes or
upstands the gaps shall be filled using cut blocks. Blocks shall be cut using a mechanical
grinder/saw. Where possible starter blocks shall be placed against the edge restraints, so as
to minimize the use of cut blocks.
Any damaged or broken blocks shall not be laid. Any blocks damaged during compaction
shall be replaced at the discretion of the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
Due allowance shall be made in the final levels of the base for the compaction of the laying
course above, which occurs when the paving blocks are being vibrated. The amount of
surcharge required for the laying course shall be determined by site trials prior to the
commencement of the actual surfacing and shall be repeated when the source of sand supply
or a change of weather conditions occur.
9.15 Compaction
After each 20 sq.m., or such area that has been agreed with the ADWEA/ENGINEER has
been laid the blocks shall be compacted to the required levels using a plate vibrator.
The plate vibrator shall have a plate area of 0.20 to 0.35 sq.m. and have a compaction force
of 12-24 kN and a frequency of approximately 75 to 100 Hz.
A minimum of two passes of the plate vibrator shall be made in each direction, i.e. at 90
degrees to each other. Vibration shall continue until no further compaction of the sand layer
is apparent. Fine dry sand with a particle size of 0-3 mm and which complies with Clause
8.12 shall then be brushed over the paving, and further passes of the plate vibrator made in
each direction, until the sand is no longer absorbed into the joints.
The plate vibrator shall not pass closer than 1m to a temporarily unrestrained edge during
laying.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
9.16 Accuracy
On completion, the finished surface level shall be within 5mm of the design level and the
maximum deviation within the compacted surface, measured by a 3m straight edge, shall not
exceed 5mm. The level of any two adjacent blocks shall not differ by more than 2mm. Any
areas of paving which do not comply with these tolerances shall be removed, the sand laying
course lifted and re-laid and the paving blocks re-laid to the correct levels.
Dimensional accuracy, uniformity of joint gaps, alignment and squareness shall be checked
after laying the first three rows of blocks and thereafter at regular intervals. If joints begin to
open the blocks shall be knocked together using a hide mallet.
9.18 Submissions
The CONTRACTOR shall submit the manufacturer's data on the precast concrete block
pavers together with the instructions for all manufactured materials and products.
The CONTRACTOR shall also submit a sample for approval of colour, texture and general
condition.
Any change in aggregates, admixtures, pigments or mix design will require a re-submission.
10.1 General
Precast concrete kerbs, channels and edgings shall comply with the requirements and
dimensions shown on the drawings and shall in accordance with BS 7263 Part 1 "Precast
Concrete Kerbs, Channels, Edgings and Quadrants".
They shall be cast from sulphate resisting concrete and the characteristic compressive
strength shall be 50 N/mm2. Kerbs and edgings shown on the drawings with radius less than
12 m shall be constructed to the appropriate radius. Straight units may be used where the
radius shown is greater than 12 m.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
A concrete base C30/20 sulphate resisting concrete shall be laid to the dimensions shown on
the drawings. Precast concrete kerbs, channels, etc. to be bedded on 1:3 cement:sand
mortar not less than 15 mm thick. Upstand kerbs shall only be laid immediately prior to laying
of the asphalt concrete surfacing, concrete slab paving, in-situ concrete slabs or paving
blocks.
Kerbs, edgings, etc. shall be haunched with concrete mix C30/20 and shall be jointed with 1:3
cement:sand mortar struck smooth. One joint in ten shall be left unfilled with cement mortar
and replaced with compressible joint filling material 15 mm thick. The compressible insert
shall also be provided through the concrete haunch. The joint shall then be sealed with an
approved joint sealing compound.
Any unit of kerb, channel, edging etc. deviating more than 3 mm from line and level at either
end shall be lifted and relaid.
11.1 General
The work shall consist of sprayed markings in accordance with this Specification.
11.2 Materials
The material shall consist of light coloured white silica sand, crushed calcite, calcinal flint or
quartz aggregate, pigment and extender, bound together with a thermoplastic resin,
plasticised as necessary. The approximate composition of the material as laid, including
spray on ballotini, will be:
Aggregate - 40%
Ballotini (Glass Beads) - 20%
Pigment and Extender - 20%
Binder - 20%
The proportioning of the various ingredients shall be such that the final product, when in a
molten state, can be readily sprayed onto the road surface to give an even line of good
definition.
Glass beads sprayed onto the surface of the line will conform to the following grading:
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
1.70 mm 100
0.600 mm 85 - 100
0.425 mm 45 - 100
0.300 mm 10 - 45
0.212 mm 0 - 25
0.075 mm 0 - 5
Not less than 80% of the glass beads shall be of transparent glass, reasonably spherical and
free from flaws. The glass beads shall have a refractive index of 1.50.
All markings shall be white containing a titanium dioxide (anatase or rutile) pigment and its
content shall be such as to give a minimum luminance factor for the material of 75 when
measured in accordance with Appendix D of BS 3262.
The total content of pigment and extender shall be between 18 and 22%.
The binder shall be based predominantly on synthetic hydrocarbon resins plasticised with
mineral oil. The viscosity and wetting properties of the molten binder at the spraying
temperature shall be such as to give a composition of satisfactory spraying properties.
(1) Properties
(c) a softening point when measured by the Ring and Ball Method contained in BS
2000, pt 58 of between 95 deg.C and 102 deg.C.
(d) a flow resistance such that the percentage decrease in the height of the cone of the
material shall not be more than 25 after testing for 48 hours at 40 deg.C in
accordance with Appendix F of BS 3262.
(e) the impact resistance (when tested at -1 deg.C. in accordance with the Impact Test
in AASHTO T 250) shall be greater than 10 inch pounds;
(f) an abrasive wear resistance of more than 100 revolutions per 0.33 mm when tested
in accordance with Appendix K of BS 3262.
(g) a laboratory skid resistance of not less than 45 when tested in accordance with
Appendix G of BS 3262.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
(c) be clearly marked with the manufacturer's name, batch number and date of manufacture.
11.4 Application
Application shall be by a self propelled mobile sprayer, at a temperature in the range 211
deg.C to 225 deg.C., to give a finished thickness of 2 - 2.5 mm.
The pavement surface shall be dry and free from loose debris, mud and other extraneous
matter.
In addition to the glass beads included in the material a further quantity of glass beads be
sprayed under pressure onto the hot sprayed plastic line at the time of application at a rate of
400-500 gms/sq.m.
12.1 General
The work shall consist of levelling the subgrade.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
1.1 Light duty interlocking concrete block paving For pedestrian footpaths only
60mm thick.
1.2 Medium duty interlocking concrete block paving For pedestrians and lightly trafficked areas only
80mm thick.
1.3 Heavy duty interlocking concrete block paving For plant service roads and aprons where called
100mm thick. for in lieu of asphalt surface.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
2.1 Medium duty insitu concrete paving 175mm For pedestrian and equipment access and
thick, 1 layer A393 mesh reinforcement. support of minor items.
3.2 As 3.1 but within areas of hydrocarbon spillage Concrete surface to be prepared in accordance
further protected by a heavy duty chemical with requirements of coating system
resistant non slip epoxy finish. manufacturer.
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES