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Wang2016
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2016.2612180, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
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Transactions on Industrial Electronics
resistor, reactor or capacitor. Thus, a single-phase inverter grounding system and the neutral-to-ground voltage is firstly
based grounding system is adopted in this paper. derived. Then, a practical current detection method for
The current detection and control methods are essential to the compensating the neutral-to-ground voltage is introduced by
control system of an inverter. These two aspects are great analyzing that relationship. Furthermore, the load effect and
challenges for the design and implementation of the active resonance phenomena are addressed in detail, followed by a
grounding system. Regarding to current detection methods, current control strategy. The controller design method is then
literatures [5]-[10] have introduced several charging current presented to fulfill the requirements of the control system.
detection methods. In [5], the distributed capacitances are Experimental results for validation of the proposed control
detected by twice changing the Petersen coil inductance and topology and design method are subsequently provided.
measuring the corresponding neutral-to-ground voltage and
Petersen coil current. The charging current can be easily II. PRINCIPLE OF ACTIVE GROUNDING SYSTEM
calculated then with the measured parameters and the
A. Principle of Neutral-to-ground voltage compensation
line-to-neutral voltage. However, this method relies on the
existence of Petersen coil, thus cannot be adopted in the active A typical 10kV non-effectively grounded distribution
grounding system. Literature [7] has introduced a charging network [15] with one feeder is studied in this paper. Fig. 1
current detection method by the phase voltage of the faulty shows the topology of the distribution network with the
feeder and the variation of three-phase currents. This method proposed active grounding system. Since the 10kV busbar is
can be easily implemented by feeder terminal units. However, supplied from the 110kV system via a wye/delta transformer Td,
the method employs too many sensors, thus the accuracy is hard there is no actual neutral point. Thus, a zigzag/wye transformer
to be guaranteed. Bolted connection of one phase to the ground Tz is applied to virtualize one, and the grounding system is
with a fixed resistor and a contactor is introduced in [10] to connected between the point and the ground. Fig. 2 shows the
detect the charging current. This method can easily guarantee simplified distribution network, where EA, EB, EC are three
the current accuracy. However, it still needs a grounding phase voltages. The distributed capacitance and resistance of
resistor and the detection procedure is too complicated for the phase X (X=A, B or C) are CX and RX, respectively. The
control of active grounding system. Additionally, these grounding system is composed of a single-phase full-bridge
methods cannot be used directly to compensate the inverter, a LC-type output filter and a coupling transformer Ti.
neutral-to-ground voltage as the current for voltage The DC bus of the inverter is supplied by a three phase
compensation is not identical to the charging current. uncontrolled rectifier which connects to the secondary
The distribution transformer is always in delta/wye windings of Tz. The output current of the system is controlled
connection, thus the three-phase load of the feeder line has no by the PWM pulses of IGBT to execute compensated current
influence on the zero sequence impedance. As the reference detection and neutral-to-ground voltage
neutral-to-ground voltage only depends on the zero sequence compensation. The transformer is used to regulate the inverter
circuit, the real load of the grounding system is thus the output voltage and isolate the inverter from the distribution
distributed impedance. Obviously, the load is mainly capacitive network.
and is likely to be resonant with the LC filter of the grounding Assume that the inverter output current is totally under
system at around fundamental frequency. This may bring about control, then the grounding system can be treated as an ideal
steady state error and undermine stability margin of the control current source. According to electric circuit theories, the
system. These features complicate the topology and parameter partition of distribution network can be simplified to a voltage
design of the active grounding system controller. Several
literatures have addressed the load effect and resonance 110kV Td
Load
phenomena, and many effective measures have been proposed
[11]-[14]. Literature [11] has proposed a mixed controller of Ti
proportional integral differential (PID) and Resonant plus load
current feedback, to reduce the steady state error and improve Tz
the dynamic response while dealing with different load types. 10kV busbar
However, the design of the controller parameters are not Fig. 1. Topology of distribution network and active grounding system (in
discussed in detail. Literature [12] has discussed the inherent dashed box).
instability of LCL filter in active power filter and introduced
EA
the active damping method of capacitive current feedback iN
N
(CCF) to improve the stability margin. Degradation method can Lo io
EB
simplify the design of control system for LCL filter [14].
However, as the load types of the grounding system are EC
vd uo Co
different from that of the LCL filter, these methods cannot be CC RC CB RB CA RA
adopted without modification.
G
In this paper, a new grounding system based on single-phase
Fig. 2. Simplified distribution network.
inverter is proposed to flexibly control the neutral-to-ground
voltage. The relationship between injected current of the
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N iN i0 cos( * 0 ) . (9)
The trend of uN needs to be discussed under several
Eeq conditions. If /2 *0 < /2, uN will first decrease then
increase when iN increases from 0 to infinite. The break point is
iN uN
G
determined by (9). This means uN has a minimal value at the
point. If /2 *0 < 3/2, uN will be monotonically increasing.
Therefore, uN has a minimal value at the point determined by (9)
G as well. From (8), when we set iN to certain value of i*, uN has
Fig. 3. Simplified circuit of the distribution network. another inflection point in
source in series with an impedance. Therefore, the circuit of the 0 . (10)
whole system can be simplified to Fig. 3, where Eeq and G
denote the equivalent voltage source and impedance of the B. Compensation Current Detection Method
distribution network, respectively. They are shown in (1) and Comparing (9) with (10), interesting conclusions can be
(2), where YX is the phase-to-ground admittance, i.e., YX =j0CX found. Firstly, the inflection point determined by (9) is related
+ 1/RX, and 0 denotes the fundamental angular frequency. to *, which means it changes with the set value of . However,
Eeq G ( EAYA EBYB ECYC ) (1) the inflection point determined by (10) is independent to iN.
1 1 That is to say, whatever value iN is chosen, the inflection point
G
(2) will not vary. Secondly, must be chosen to 0 to make the
Y YA YB YC
inflection point in (9) equal to the magnitude of i0, which is the
Therefore, the relationship between the output current of the compensated current reference; whereas, the inflection point in
grounding system iN and the neutral-to-ground voltage uN is (10) is right the phase angle of i0. These features can be used to
uN iNG Eeq G (iN EAYA EBYB ECYC ) . (3) quickly locate the magnitude and phase of i0.
Obviously, if iN can be controlled to the value in (4), the From the analysis above, it can be seen that if sinusoidal
neutral-to-ground voltage will be zero, which means the currents with any fixed magnitude and changing phases are
asymmetry of distribution network is fully compensated. injected to the neutral, the phase of i0 can be located just by
i0 EAYA EBYB ECYC (4) detecting the minimal uN. Comparatively, only when the phase
of the injected current is set to 0 could the magnitude of i0 be
It can be further concluded that the compensated current
located in the same way, which is almost impossible as i0 is
reference also meets (4) while an inductor or resistor is parallel
unknown. This can be seen more directly from the vector
connected to the grounding system. This indicates the
diagrams in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. In these figures, the magnitude of
grounding system is suitable for distribution network with both
uN is divided by the magnitude of G to simplify the analysis.
HRG and RG grounding. However, as the distributed
Fig. 4 shows the variation of uN when different magnitudes
parameters of the distribution network are complicated to be
of iN are chosen. Two typical values are chosen, that is, iN1 and
precisely detected, direct calculation of i0 is not practical.
iN2. The first one is smaller than i0, and the second is larger.
As the line-to-neutral voltages are balanced and
Assuming the two groups of iN with fixed magnitudes are
positive-sequenced, EB and EC can be substituted by
injected to the neutral, the corresponding groups of vector uN
expressions of EA. Take the initial phase angle of EA as the zero
can be drawn according to (5). Obviously, the initial points of
phase base, i.e., EA=EA0, then (3) can be rewritten to
iN2
uN G (iNe j i0e j0 ) .
(5) iN2 iN1
In (5), and 0 denote the phase angle of iN and i0, uN2
respectively. Therefore, the magnitude of neutral-to-ground uN1 iN1
voltage can be obtained. uNM2 iNM2
uNM1 i0 O i
uN (iN , ) G iN2 i02 2iN i0 cos( 0 ) (6) NM1
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Transactions on Industrial Electronics
them are fixed to the tail of i0, and the terminal points of them As Lo, the inductance of LC filter, is usually set to be small,
follow the circles in dash line, as uN1 and uN2 illustrate. By the resonance occurs when the frequency comes to r.
laws of geometry, the vector in radial direction has the minimal 1
magnitude in both groups, shown by uNM1 and uNM2. The r (12)
Lo (Co Cs )
corresponding injected current vectors are shown by iNM1 and
iNM2. Obviously, they have the same phase angle with 0, thus Fig. 8 shows Bode diagram of G1 with typical parameters
the conclusion can be drawn that no matter how much the listed in TABLE I. The parameters of distribution network are
injected current magnitude is chosen, the phase angle of the the same as a real one with 50A charging current. In Fig. 8,
current corresponding to the minimal magnitude of uN is just resonance in r can be obviously observed. This resonance
the same with 0. brings about phase shift to G1. The resonant frequency is
Fig. 5 shows the variation of uN when different phase angles related to Cs, which varies with the distribution network
parameters. If the frequency locates in the low frequency band,
of iN are chosen. 1 to 4 are chosen for comparison; two of
them have less than /2 angle difference to i0 (1 and 2), and Lo io
the others larger (3 and 4). Assuming that four groups of iN
with these phase angles are injected to the neutral, the Co uc
corresponding groups of uN can be drawn according to (5). For vd uo CS RS
the first two groups of uN, it is obvious that the minimal
magnitude occurs when uN is vertical to iN, as shown by uNM1
and uNM2. The injected current vectors corresponding to them
are iNM1 and iNM2, respectively. For the other two angles of iN, ic
the minimal uN occurs only when iN comes to zero, as uNM3 and Hi
uNM4 show. It can be seen that none of the current magnitudes io
corresponding to the minimal uN is identical to 0. vm ir r
It can be concluded that when the magnitude of iN is preset Gi(s)
and fixed to certain value large enough for precise detection,
Fig. 6. Simplified main circuit.
the angle of i0 can be located via detecting minimal uN; whereas,
if the angle of iN is preset and fixed to certain value, the 1/Rs
magnitude of i0 can hardly be located by detecting minimal uN. i*(s) io(s) vm(s)
ic(s) io(s)
Gi(s) Kpwm 1/(sLo) 1/(sCo) sCs
Therefore, a convenient way to detect the magnitude and phase
uc(s)
io(s)
of i0 can be drawn.
Firstly, preset the magnitude of iN to certain value; search the Fig. 7. Control diagram with only output current feedback.
minimal magnitude of uN by changing the angles of iN and solid: nominal load
80 dash-dot: 60% nominal load
Magnitude(dB)
injecting them to the neutral; the phase angle corresponding to 70 dot: 30% nominal load
minimal uN is namely r. Then, fix the angle of iN to r; search 60
50
the minimal magnitude of uN again by changing the magnitudes 40
of iN and injecting them to the neutral; the corresponding
90
magnitude is namely ir. Finally, the current reference for
Phase(deg)
45
compensating the distribution network asymmetry is with the 0
magnitude of ir and the angle of r. 45
90 0
Frequency(rad/s)
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solid: G1(s)
100 dash-dot: GPR(s) 1/Rs
Magnitude(dB)
solid: Hi0
0 80 dash-dot: Hi0.06
Magnitude(dB)
dot: Hi1
90 60
180 40
Frequency(rad/s) 20
Phase(deg)
diagrams as Cs varies in nominal, 60%, and 30% of nominal. 0
Magnitude in fundamental angular frequency decreases from
67.7 dB to 47.1 dB as Cs decreases, which means significant 145
increase of steady state error at fundamental frequency.
Frequency(rad/s)
Moreover, if the resonant frequency locates in the medium Fig. 11. Bode diagrams comparison of G1(s) and G2(s) with various Hi.
band, the phase margin of the control system might decrease. In 2k ri s
order to guarantee minimal steady state error in fundamental GPR ( s ) k p_PR
(14)
frequency, the proportional resonance controller is usually s 2i s 02 2
adopted [16]. However, the controller also brings about The magnitude of PR controller in both low and high
phase shift, as the Bode diagrams in Fig. 9 show. Since the frequency band is determined only by the proportional ratio
crossover frequency c is always in the medium band, which is kp_PR. To avoid the high order harmonic interference, the
probably larger than r and 0, the phase margin of the whole crossover frequency of the whole control system is always set
control system GC(s) = GPR(s)G1(s) approaches zero, which in the medium band, typically 1/10 of the switching frequency
makes the system easily unstable. [20]. In order to fulfill this requirement, kp_PR should not be too
large. However, the limited kp_PR may not ensure the system
B. Capacitive current feedback
stability as shown later. Therefore, PR controller can hardly
From the analysis above, the resonance should be carefully meet both the requirements of anti-interference and control
damped to meet control performance requirements [17]-[19]. system stability. Thus, an additional PI controller is introduced.
This paper presents an active damping method that flexibly
k
damps the resonance without any loss as illustrated in Fig. 10. GPI ( s) kp_PI i (15)
In this method, the current of Co is feedback to the control loop s
The compound controller has the advantage of infinite gain
with a ratio of Hi. Therefore, the transfer function from current
at zero frequency and fixed gain in high frequency. Thus, it is
regulator output vr to output current io is
easy to enlarge the system gain in low band and avoid its
i (s) K pwm ( sRsCs 1)
G2 ( s ) o 2 . influence to the crossover frequency. The integral ratio ki
v r ( s ) s Rs Lo (C o Cs ) s ( Lo K pwm H i Rs C o ) Rs should also be carefully chosen to prevent the phase shift
(13) in low frequency from undermining phase margin.
Obviously, the capacitive current feedback (CCF) introduces Consequently, the current regulator and the open-loop transfer
a ratio of KpwmHiRsCo to the s term of the denominator. As a function of the whole system can be described as follows.
result, the magnitude of G2 decrease significantly at the original Gi ( s) GPR ( s)GPI ( s) (16)
resonant frequency r, which effectively damps the control
Gt ( s) GPR ( s)GPI ( s)G2 ( s) (17)
system. Fig. 11 shows both Bode diagrams of the original
system and damped system. It is clear that CCF damps the
magnitude at the resonant frequency and enhances the phase IV. CONTROL PARAMETER DESIGN
margin of the system. The damping degree rises as the feedback A. PWM constraint
ratio Hi increases, which means smaller magnitude in resonant The PWM constraint is firstly described so that the
frequency and larger phase margin. Meanwhile, the CCF also conclusion can be used in the following analysis. For a
brings smaller magnitude at fundamental frequency, which realizable pulse width modulation, the modulation waveform
undermines the steady state performance. Therefore, the should only cross the carrier waveform once in a switching
current regulator must have significant magnitude at period. That is to say, the maximum frequency of modulation
fundamental frequency to achieve minimal steady state error. waveform should not exceed the switching frequency [21].
C. Current Regulator Therefore, the following expression stands.
PR controller with damped form is used in current regulator 4f L
H i sw o (18)
to enhance the steady state performance and adapt to the power K pwm
system frequency variation.
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Transactions on Industrial Electronics
Magnitude(dB)
60
As the PI controller has phase shift in low frequency
40
band, which might decrease the phase margin of the control 20
0dB
0
system, the corner frequency of the controller should be much 20
smaller than the crossover frequency. That is 180
ki 90
c . (19)
Phase(deg)
k p_PI 0
The proportional ratio kp_PI can be adjusted to slightly modify
180
the performance of the whole system. In order to simplify
Frequency(rad/s)
parameter design, kp_PI is set to one, so that in the medium Fig. 12. Bode diagrams of open-loop transfer function with single PR
frequency band and above, the effect of PI controller is controller and PR plus PI controller.
negligible. Therefore, the following expression of integral ratio single PR controller with certain proportional ratio of (26) is
stands. used, the whole system gain at zero-frequency will be
ki c (20) c Lo K pwm c Lo
. (27)
C. Crossover frequency K pwm Rs Rs
To prevent phase shift of PR controller from decreasing the With the typical values listed in TABLE I, it can be seen that
phase margin, the crossover frequency c is always set to be in cLo / Rs is less than one. Thus, the gain of the control system
the medium band far away from the fundamental frequency. with single PR controller in zero frequency is below 0 dB line,
Thus, the PR controller can be simplified to a pure amplifier which means the whole control system is marginally unstable
loop at crossover frequency determined by the proportional as shown in Fig. 12. It also shows the stabilized control system
ratio. As analyzed above, the PI controller at the crossover after adding PI controller.
frequency can be treated as a proportional loop with the gain of D. Steady state error and stability margin constraint
kp_PI. Thus, the gain of current controller at the crossover
frequency is The magnitude of output current error at fundamental
frequency is used to describe the steady state error.
Gi ( jc ) GPR ( jc )GPI ( jc ) kp_PR . (21)
i * ( j 0 ) io ( j 0 )
As the magnitude of open-loop gain at the crossover Ei (28)
i * ( j 0 )
frequency is unity, the relationship of c, kp_PR and Hi can be
obtained by the following equation. Assuming that unity feedback of output current is applied,
the equation above can be described by open-loop transfer
Gt ( jc ) 1 (22)
function
Using (13) to (21), following equation can be drawn.
G t ( j 0 ) 1
Ei 1 . (29)
kp_PR Kpwm (1 jc RsCs ) 1 G t ( j 0 ) 1 G t ( j 0 )
1 (23)
Rs [1 L (Co Cs )] jc ( Lo Kpwm H i RsCo )
2
c o As the magnitude of PR controller is kp_PR + kr at the
Notice that the distribution network damping ratio d =1/ fundamental frequency, using expressions from (13) to (17),
(oRsCs) has typical values of 0.03 to 0.08. It is reasonably (29) can be transformed to
negligible comparing to one. The capacitance of LC filter Co is 1 ( k p_PR k r ) K pwm
1 . (30)
always set to be much smaller than the distributed capacitance Ei d 0 Lo K pwm H i Co / Cs j (1 / 0 Cs 0 Lo )
Cs. Thus, (23) can be rewritten to
At fundamental frequency, the reactance of Lo is negligible.
0 Also, HiCo Cs is negligible comparing to kp_PR + kr. The
kp_PR (1 jd )
c reactance of Cs at fundamental frequency is also neglected to
1. (24)
d 0 Lo C 1 1 simplify the analysis. As a result, the steady state error
Hi o j ( c Lo )
K pwm Cs K pwm cCs constraint can be described as
Considering the reactance of Cs at the crossover frequency is k p_PR k r C
o . (31)
far less than that of Lo, thus, (24) can be further simplified to Hi Cs Ei
C L Obviously, the gain of current controller at fundamental
2
k p_PR H i2 ( o ) 2 ( c o ) 2 . (25)
Cs K pwm frequency is inversely proportional to the steady state error.
It can be observed from (18) that Hi is limited to a small Increasing the gain can obtain better steady state performance.
value. Furthermore, Co is much smaller than Cs, thus the However, the CCF ratio Hi is proportional to the error, which
following expression stands. means better damping of load resonance brings larger steady
L state error.
k p_PR c o (26) It can be seen from Fig. 12 that, with careful selection of
K pwm
controller parameters, the phase of the open-loop transfer
As the zero-frequency gain of G2(s) is Kpwm/Rs from (13), if function will not exceed the line. These selection tips
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Transactions on Industrial Electronics
Magnitude(dB)
away from the crossover frequency, and the resonant cutoff 60
40
frequency of PR controller should be as small as possible. 20
solid:Compound controller with CCF
Consequently, infinite gain margin can be achieved. 0 dash-dot: PI controller without CCF
20 dot: Compound controller without CCF
While dealing with phase margin constraint, it is necessary to
180
consider the effect of resonant ratio to phase shift. Consider the 90
PR controller at crossover frequency,
Phase(deg)
0
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platform with carrier waveform frequency of 10 kHz. In the which indicates the proposed controller is more suitable for
experimental process, a step-up of load from 0 to 30% nominal load change than PI controller. It should be noticed that the
load is first carried out, followed by another step-up from 30% dynamic process of neutral-to-ground voltage after load change
nominal load to 100%. The controller of PI without CCF is are longer than that of output current, due to the large time
taken as the comparative controller to the proposed compound constant of the load.
controller with CCF. The reference values of output current are Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 show steady state waveforms of the two
detected by the compensation current detection method control methods subjecting to 100% nominal load. Greater
proposed in Section II. Dynamic waveforms subjecting to the error in the fundamental components of output current error and
two step-ups with different controllers are shown in Fig. 14 to neutral-to-ground voltage can be observed with PI controller
Fig. 17. The error of the output current io (see Fig. 7) is shown than the proposed method. Spectrum analysis indicates that the
for explicit observation of the control performance. neutral-to-ground voltage subjecting to the proposed method
From the dynamic waveforms of output currents, it can be mainly contain harmonics with integrally multiple orders of the
seen that both methods can reach stable system output. The switching frequency. The neutral-to-ground voltage waveform
adjusting time of PI controller is slightly smaller than the in Fig. 18 shows a reduced voltage of around 42V subjecting to
proposed method because of larger bandwidth of PI control PI method. Spectrum analysis indicates the total harmonic
system as shown in Fig. 13. However, Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 distortion (THD) of the output current as 5.1%. From the output
indicate that PI method suffers from larger overshoot than the current and current error waveform in Fig. 19, it can be seen
proposed method with almost twice the value of output current that the steady state error of the proposed method reaches 3%.
and neutral-to-ground voltage, which is harmful for the safety The neutral-to-ground voltage is reduced by the grounding
of power supply apparatus. It can be seen from Fig. 16 that with system with the proposed method to around 21V, better than PI
PI method the percentage error of output current is smaller
method. The THD of the output current with the proposed
subjecting to 100% nominal load than 30% of nominal load,
method reaches 3.0%, also better than that of PI method. Both
which can be explained by the load effect in section III.
of the neutral-to-ground voltage and output current THD
Comparatively, as shown in Fig. 17, with the proposed
controller, the percentage errors of output current before and indicate a better steady state performance of the proposed
after load change are relatively closer than that of PI method, method than PI method.
(100A/div) (300A/div) (12kV/div)
(2kV/div) (150A/div) (150A/div) (10kV/div)
uXG
uXG
io
io
(2kV/div)
uN
uN
t(10ms/div) t(10ms/div)
Fig. 14. Dynamic waveforms subjecting to load step-up from 0 to 30% Fig. 16. Dynamic waveforms subjecting to load step-up from 30%
nominal load with PI controller. nominal load to 100% with PI controller.
(1.5kV/div) (100A/div) (300A/div) (12kV/div)
(1.5kV/div) (20A/div) (100A/div) (10kV/div)
uXG
uXG
io
uN io
uN
t(10ms/div) t(10ms/div)
Fig. 15. Dynamic waveforms subjecting to load step-up from 0 to 30% Fig. 17. Dynamic waveforms subjecting to load step-up from 30%
nominal load with proposed method. nominal load to 100% with proposed method.
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Transactions on Industrial Electronics
K pwm (1 jd 0 / c )
(300V/div) (50A/div) (300A/div) (10kV/div)
G2 ( jc ) ..
( Lo K pwm H i RsCo ) / ( RsCs ) j (c Lo 1 / (cCs ))
uXG
as
c Lo Rs Cs
G2 ( jc )= arctan . (A.2)
Lo K pwm H i Rs Co
io
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and
io
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44834491, Nov. 2009. automation control in 2002, and the M.S. degree in
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Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 20332041, Jun. 2010. Technology, Changsha, China, and the Ph.D.
[15] X. Dong and S. Shi, "Identifying Single-Phase-to-Ground Fault Feeder in degree in control science and engineering from
Neutral Noneffectively Grounded Distribution System Using Wavelet Central South University, Changsha, China, in
Transform," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1829-1837, Oct. 2014.
2008. Since 2015, he has been an Associate
[16] A. Kuperman, Proportional-Resonant Current Controllers Design Based Professor with the School of Electrical and
on Desired Transient Performance, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science and
30, no. 10, pp. 53415345, Oct. 2015. Technology, Changsha, China. In 2016, he is a Visiting Scholar at the
[17] R. Pea-Alzola, M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg, R. Sebastin, J. Dannehl, and F. power electronics laboratory in the Department of Electrical Engineering
W. Fuchs, Analysis of the Passive Damping Losses in LCL-Filter-Based and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Tennessee, USA. His
Grid Converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2642 current research interests include power conversion technologies.
2646, Jun. 2013.
[18] W. Wu, Y. He, T. Tang, and F. Blaabjerg, A New Design Method for the
Passive Damped LCL and LLCL Filter-Based Single-Phase Grid-Tied Josep M. Guerrero (S01-M04-SM08-FM15)
Inverter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 43394350, Oct. received the B.S. degree in telecommunications
2013. engineering, the M.S. degree in electronics
[19] M. Liserre, R. Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg, Stability of photovoltaic engineering, and the Ph.D. degree in power
and wind turbine grid-connected inverters for a large set of grid electronics from the Technical University of
impedance values, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 263 Catalonia, Barcelona, in 1997, 2000 and 2003,
272, Jan. 2006. respectively. Since 2011, he has been a Full
[20] Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2nd Professor with the Department of Energy
ed. Norwell, MA, USA: Kluwer, 2001, pp. 331408. Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark, where
[21] C. Bao, X. Ruan, X. Wang, W. Li, D. Pan, and K. Weng, Step-by-Step he is responsible for the Microgrid Research Program.
Controller Design for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverter with His research interests include power electronics, distributed
CapacitorCurrent-Feedback Active-Damping, IEEE Trans. Power energy-storage systems, hierarchical and cooperative control, energy
Electron., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1239 - 1253, Mar. 2014. management systems, smart metering and internet of things for AC/DC
microgrid clusters and islanded minigrids; recently specially focus on
maritime microgrids for electrical ships, vessels, ferries and seaports.
Wen Wang (M14) received the B.S. and Ph.D. Prof. Guerrero is an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
degrees in electrical engineering from Hunan ON POWER ELECTRONICS, the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
University, Changsha, China, in 2008 and 2013, INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, and the IEEE Industrial Electronics
respectively. Magazine, and an Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS on SMART
Since 2013, he has been an Assistant GRID and IEEE TRANSACTIONS on ENERGY CONVERSION.
Professor with the School of Electrical and
Information Engineering, Changsha University of
Science and Technology, Changsha, China. In
2016, he is a Guest Researcher in the
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg,
Denmark. His current research interests include power electronics,
grounding methods in distribution networks.
0278-0046 (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.