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Ingles (Wight Macgregor Pag 449)
Ingles (Wight Macgregor Pag 449)
Ingles (Wight Macgregor Pag 449)
Transformed section
at service loads, the beam is assumed to act elastically. the basic assumptioons in elastic bending
are (a) that straings are linearly distributed over the depth of the member and (b) that the stresses
can be calculated from the strains by the relationship sigma.this leads to the elastic bending
equation sigma. when a beam made of two materials is loaded, the different values of E for the
two materials lead to a different stress distribution, because one material is stiffer and accepts
more stress for a given strain than the other. however, the elastic beam theory can be used if the
steel concrete beam is hypothetically transformed to either an all steel beam or an all concrete
beam, customarily the latter. this is donde by replacing the area of steel with an area of concrete
having the same axial stiffness AE. because Es/Ec=n, the resulting area of concrete will be NAs. this
transformed area of the steel is assumed to be concentrated at the same point in the cross section
as the real steel area.
when the steel is in a compression zone, it's transformed area is nA's, but it displaces an area of
concrete equal to A's. As a result, compression steel is transformed to an equivalen concrete area
of (n-1)A's (in the days of working stress design, compression steel was transformed to an
equivalent concrete area of (2n-1)A's, to reflect to effect of creep on the stresses).
prior to flexural cracking, the beam shown in fig91a has the transformed section in fig91b. because
the steel is diplacing concrete, which could take stress, the transformed area is (n-1)As for both
layers of steel. the cracked transformed section is shown in fig91c. here, the steel in the
compression zone displaces stressed concrete and has a transformed area of (n-1)A's, while that in
the tension zone does not and hence has an area of nAs.
the neutral axis of the cracked section occurs at a distance c=kd below to the top of the section.
for an elastic section, the neutral axis occurs at the centroid of the area, which as defined as that
point at wich, where yi is the distance from the centroidal axis to the centroid of the ith area. the
solution of eq 9.2 is illustrated in example 9.1
For the especial case of rectangular beams without compression reinforcement, gives:
Equation 9-3 can be used to locate the neutral axis position directly, thus simplifying the
calculation of the moment of inertia. This equation applies for rectangular beams without
compressive reinforcement.
En las cargas de servicio, se asume que el haz acta elsticamente. Las premisas bsicas en flexin
elstica son (a) que las flechas estn distribuidas linealmente sobre la profundidad del miembro y
(b) que las tensiones pueden calcularse a partir de las deformaciones por la relacin sigma. Esto
conduce a la ecuacin elstica de flexin sigma. Cuando se carga una viga de dos materiales, los
diferentes valores de E para los dos materiales conducen a una distribucin de tensiones
diferente, porque un material es ms rgido y acepta ms tensin para una cepa determinada que
la otra. Sin embargo, la teora del haz elstico se puede usar si el hormign de hormign de acero
se transforma hipotticamente en una viga de acero o en una viga de hormign, habitualmente
sta. Esto es donde reemplazando el rea de acero con un rea de hormign que tiene la misma
rigidez axial AE. Porque Es / Ec = n, el rea resultante de concreto ser NAs. Se supone que esta
zona transformada del acero se concentra en el mismo punto en la seccin transversal que el rea
de acero real.
Cuando el acero est en una zona de compresin, su rea transformada es nA, pero desplaza un
rea de hormign igual a A. Como resultado, el acero de compresin se transforma en un rea de
hormign equivalente de (n-1) A (en los das de diseo de esfuerzo de trabajo, el acero de
compresin se transform en un rea de hormign equivalente de (2n-1) A, para reflejar al efecto
De fluencia en las tensiones).
Antes de la fisuracin por flexin, el haz mostrado en la fig. 91a tiene la seccin transformada en la
fig. Porque el acero est desplazando el concreto, que podra tomar tensin, el rea transformada
es (n-1) como para ambas capas de acero. La seccin transformada agrietada se muestra en la fig.
91c. Aqu, el acero en la zona de compresin desplaza el hormign tensado y tiene un rea
transformada de (n-1) A's, mientras que en la zona de tensin no tiene y por lo tanto tiene un rea
de nAs.
El eje neutro de la seccin agrietada se produce a una distancia c = kd inferior a la parte superior
de la seccin. Para una seccin elstica, el eje neutro se produce en el centroide de la zona, que se
define como aquel punto en el cual yi es la distancia desde el eje centroideo al centroide de la i-
sima rea. La solucin de la ecuacin 9.2 se ilustra en el ejemplo 9.1
The moment of inertia, in addition to the modulus of elasticity, determines the stiffness of the
flexural member. Under small, loads, the produced maximum moment will be small, and the
tension stresses at the extreme tension fibers will be less than the modulus of rupture of concrete;
in this case, the gross transformed cracked section will be effective in providing the rigidity. At
working loads or higher, flexural tension cracks are formed. At the cracked section, the position of
the neutral axis is high, whereas at sections midway between cracks along the beam, the position
of the neutral axis is lower (nearer to the tension steel). In both locations only the transformed
cracked sections are effective in determining the stiffness of the member; therefore, the effective
moment of inertia varies considerably along the span. At maximum bending moment, the concrete
is cracked, and its portion in the tension zone is neglected in the calculations of moment of inertia.
Near the points of inflection the stresses are low, and the entire section may be uncracked. For
this situation and in the case of beams with variable depth, exact solutions are complicated.
Figure 6.2a shows the load deflection curve of a concrete beam tested to failure. The beam is a
simple supported 17-ft span and loaded by two concentrated loads 5 ft apart, symmetrical about
the centerline. The beam was subjected to two cycles of loading: in the first (curve cy 1), the load
deflection curve was a straight line up to a load P=1.7 K when cracks started to occur in the beam.
Line a represents the load- deflection relationship using a moment of inertia for the uncracked
transformed section. It can be seen that the actual deflection of the beam under loads less than
the cracking load, based on a homogeneous uncracked section, is very close to the calculated
deflection (line a). curve Cy 1 represents the actual deflection curve when the load is increased to
about one half the ultimate load. The slope of the curve, at any level of load, is less than the slope
of line a because cracks developed, and the cracked part of the concrete section reduces the
stiffness of the beam. The load was the released, and a residual deflection was observed at
midspan. Once cracks developed, the assumption of uncracked section behavior under small loads
did not hold.
In the second cycle of loading, the deflection (Curve C) increased at rate greater than that of line a,
because the resistance of the concrete tension fibers was lost. When the load was increased, the
load deflection relationship was represented by curve Cy 2. If the load in the first cycle is increased
up to the ultimate load, curve cy 1 will take the path cy 2 at about 0.6 of the ultimate load. Curve c
represents the actual behavior of the beam for any additional loading or unloading cycles.
Line b represents the load deflection relationship based on a cracked transformed section; it can
be seen that the deflection calculated on that basis differs from the actual deflection. Figure 6.2c
shows the variation of the beam stiffness EI with an increase in moment. ACI code, section 9.5,
presents an equation to determinate the effective moment of inertia used in calculating deflection
in flexural members. The effective moment of inertia given by the ACI code (eq 9.8) is based on
the expression proposed by branson and calculated as follows:
Ma maximum unfactored moment in member at stage for which deflection is being computed.
Ig moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the centroidal axis, neglecting the
reinforcement
Yt distance from centroidal axis of cross section, neglecting steel, to the tension face
1 for continuous spans, the effective moment of inertia may be taken as the average of the
moment of inertia of the critical positive and negative moment sections.
2 for prismatic members, Ie may be taken as the value obtained from eq 6.5 at midspan for simple
and continuous spans and at the support section for cantilevers (ACI code, section 9.5.2)
Note the Ie, as computed by eq 6.5 provides a transition between the upper and lower bounds of
the gross moment of inertia, Ig, and the cracked moment of inertia, Icr, as a function of the level of
Mcr/Ma. Heavily reinforced concrete members may have an effective moment of inertia, Ie, very
close to that of a cracked section, Icr, whereas flanged members may have an effective moment of
inertia close to the gross moment of inertia , Ig.
3 for continuous beams, and approximate value of the average Ie for prismatic or nonprismatic
members for somewhat improved results is a follows: for beams with both ends continuous,
Properties of sections
To determine the moment of inertia of the gross and cracked sections, it is necessary to calculate
the distance from the compression fibers to the neutral axis (x or kd).
2) cracked moment of inertia, Icr: let x=the distance of the neutral axis from the extreme
compression fibers (x=kd).
Where: multiplier for additional deflection due to long term effect, As/bd for the section at
midspan of a simply supported or continuous beam or at the support of a cantilever beam, time
dependent factor for sustained loads that may be taken as shown in table 6.2
The factor is used to compute deflection caused by the dead load and the portion of the live
load that will be sustained for a sufficient period to cause significant time dependent deflection.
The factor is a function of the material property, represented by , and the section property,
represented by (1+50). In eq 6.14, the effect of compression reinforcement is related to the area
of concrete rather than the ratio of compression to tension steel.
The ACI code commentary, section 9.5.2.5, presents a curve to estimate for periods less than 60
months. These values are estimated as shown in table 6.2.
The total deflection is equal to the immediate deflection plus the additional long time deflection.
For instance, the total additional long time deflection of a flexural beam with =0.01 at a 5 year
period is equal to times the immediate deflection, where =2/(1+50x0.01)=1.33.
Traduccion:
El momento de inercia, adems del mdulo de elasticidad, determina la rigidez del miembro de
flexin. Bajo cargas pequeas, el momento mximo producido ser pequeo, y las tensiones de
tensin en las fibras de tensin extrema sern menores que el mdulo de rotura del hormign; En
este caso, la seccin agrietada transformada bruta ser eficaz para proporcionar la rigidez. A
cargas de trabajo o superiores, se forman grietas de tensin de flexin. En la seccin agrietada, la
posicin del eje neutro es alta, mientras que en las secciones a medio camino entre las grietas a lo
largo de la viga, la posicin del eje neutro es ms baja (ms cerca del acero de tensin). En ambos
lugares, slo las secciones agrietadas transformadas son eficaces para determinar la rigidez del
miembro; Por lo tanto, el momento efectivo de inercia vara considerablemente a lo largo del
tramo. En el momento de flexin mximo, el hormign es agrietado y su parte en la zona de
tensin es descuidada en los clculos de momento de inercia. Cerca de los puntos de inflexin los
esfuerzos son bajos, y toda la seccin puede ser uncracked. Para esta situacin y en el caso de
vigas con profundidad variable, las soluciones exactas son complicadas.
La figura 6.2a muestra la curva de deflexin de la carga de una viga de hormign ensayada hasta el
fallo. La viga es un simple soporte de 17 pies de largo y cargado por dos cargas concentradas de 5
pies de separacin, simtrica alrededor de la lnea central. La viga se someti a dos ciclos de carga:
en la primera (curva cy 1), la curva de deformacin de carga fue una lnea recta hasta una carga P =
1,7 K cuando comenzaron a producirse grietas en la viga. La lnea a representa la relacin carga-
deflexin usando un momento de inercia para la seccin transformada no agrietada. Se puede
observar que la deflexin real del haz bajo cargas menores que la carga de craqueo, basada en una
seccin homognea no agrietada, est muy prxima a la deflexin calculada (lnea a). La curva Cy1
representa la curva de deflexin real cuando la carga se incrementa a aproximadamente la mitad
de la carga final. La pendiente de la curva, a cualquier nivel de carga, es menor que la pendiente
de la lnea a porque se desarrollaron grietas y la parte agrietada de la seccin de hormign reduce
la rigidez de la viga. La carga fue la liberada, y una deflexin residual se observ a mediados de
pulgada. Una vez que se desarrollaron las grietas, la asuncin del comportamiento de la seccin no
agrietada bajo cargas pequeas no se mantuvo.
En el segundo ciclo de carga, la deflexin (curva C) aument a una velocidad mayor que la de la
lnea a, porque se perdi la resistencia de las fibras de tensin de hormign. Cuando se aument la
carga, la relacin de deflexin de carga se represent mediante la curva Cy 2. Si la carga en el
primer ciclo se incrementa hasta la carga final, la curva cy 1 tomar la trayectoria cy2 en
aproximadamente 0,6 de la carga final. La curva c representa el comportamiento real de la viga
para cualquier ciclo de carga o descarga adicional.
Donde: multiplicador para la deflexin adicional debido al efecto a largo plazo, A / bd para la
seccin a mediados de una viga simplemente soportada o continua o al soporte de una viga en
voladizo, factor dependiente del tiempo para cargas sostenidas que se pueden tomar como se
muestra en la tabla 6,2
El factor se utiliza para calcular la deflexin causada por la carga muerta y la porcin de la carga
viva que se mantendr durante un perodo de tiempo suficiente para causar deflexin significativa
dependiente del tiempo. El factor es una funcin de la propiedad material, representada por ,
y la propiedad de la seccin, representada por (1 + 50 '). En la ecuacin 6.14, el efecto del
refuerzo de compresin est relacionado con el rea de hormign en lugar de la relacin de
compresin a acero de tensin.
El comentario de cdigo ACI, seccin 9.5.2.5, presenta una curva para estimar para perodos
menores de 60 meses. Estos valores se estiman como se muestra en la tabla 6.2.
La deflexin total es igual a la deformacin inmediata ms la deflexin adicional de largo tiempo.
Por ejemplo, la deflexin total adicional de largo tiempo de un haz de flexin con '= 0.01 en un
perodo de 5 aos es igual a veces la desviacin inmediata, donde = 2 / (1 + 50x0.01) = 1.33.