Gender Discrimination: Effects on female Maritime students of John B.

Lacson

Foundation Maritime University Arevalo Inc.

Introduction to the Study

Chapter One is divided into five parts: Background of the Study and Theoretical

Framework, Statement of the Problem, Significance of the Study, Definition of Terms,

and Delimitation of the Study.

Part One, Background of the Study, gives the overview or rational of the research

problem while the Theoretical Framework presents ideas in which the research problem

is anchored.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem, identifies the general and specific problems.

Part Three, Significance of the Study, itemizes the benefactors and their

respective benefits that they could derived from the result of the study.

Part Four, Definition of Terms, includes the key terms used in the study, which

are defined conceptually and operationally.

Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, explains the nature coverage, period of the

study.

Sexism means discrimination based on sex. Sexism can be compared to racism; in

both the differences between two (or more) groups are viewed as indications that one

group is superior or inferior.

 Sexism can refer to either the belief of the person doing the discriminating or their

words and behavior. Feminist Origins of the Word; the word "sexism" became widely

known during the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1960s. At that time, feminist

theorists explained that oppression of women was widespread in nearly all human

society, and they began to speak of sexism instead of male chauvinism.

Three daily diary studies were conducted to examine the incidence, nature, and

impact of everyday sexism as reported by college women and men. Women experienced

about one to two impactful sexist incidents per week, consisting of traditional gender role

stereotypes and prejudice, demeaning and degrading comments and behaviors, and sexual

objectification. These incidents affected women's psychological well-being by decreasing

their comfort, increasing their feelings of anger and depression, and decreasing their state

self-esteem. Sexism is both discrimination based on gender and the attitudes, stereotypes,

and the cultural elements that promote this discrimination (Swim, Hyers, Cohen,

Ferguson, 2001).

R.A. 6275 Section 1 Article 134 stated that it shall be unlawful for any employer

to discriminate against any woman employee with respect to terms and conditions of

employment solely on account of her sex (R.A. 6275, Section 1, Article 134).

Given the historical and continued imbalance of power, where men as a class are

privileged over women as a class, an important, but often overlooked, part of the term is

that sexism is prejudice plus power. Thus feminists reject the notion that women can be

sexist towards men because women lack the institutional power that men have (Tejanki,

2007).
 The word sexism is often confused in everyday conversations because its used

in different ways by different people, often removed from its scientific and legal

definition. Sexism describes the ideology that one gender is superior to another. To put it

another way, its a system of ideas, both conscious and subconscious that people hold

onto either through their socialization, their family upbringing, their culture or their

institutional setting.

Sexism includes the attitudes, beliefs, stereotypes, and other types of bias that

perpetuate the idea that women are somehow lesser than men. These attitudes may or

may not be voiced overtly, but they nevertheless guide social interaction and behavior.

As sexism is a mental attitude, it is often taken for granted by individuals. Our attitudes

are deeply ingrained through socialization that they are not always explored deeply.

People mistake the idea that sexism is something specific thats said with the intent to

physically harm or violently dominate or punish a woman.

This is a narrow, individualistic view of sexism. Individuals now make

distinctions between different types of sexism. For example, hostile sexism is the idea

most people have in mind when they think of sexism as a problem. This includes cases

where someone makes an overtly sexual move on a woman or where they say obviously

nasty things (Gender Diversity, 101).

Sexism, prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against

women and girls. Although its origin is unclear, the term sexism emerged from the so-

called second-wave feminism of the 1960s through the 80s and was most likely

modeled on the civil rights movements term racism (prejudice or discrimination based
on race). Sexism can be a belief that one sex is superior to or more valuable than another

sex. It imposes limits on what men and boys can and should do and what women and

girls can and should do.

The concept of sexism was originally formulated to raise consciousness about the

oppression of girls and women, although by the early 21st century it had sometimes been

expanded to include the oppression of any sex, including men and boys, intersexual

people, and transgender people. Sexism in a society is most commonly applied against

women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through

ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress

women and girls on the basis of sex or gender.

Such oppression usually takes the forms of economic exploitation and social

domination.

Sexist behaviors, conditions, and attitudes perpetuate stereotypes of social

(gender) roles based on ones biological sex. A common form of socialization that is

based in sexist concepts teaches particular narratives about traditional gender roles for

males and females.

According to such a view, women and men are opposite, with widely different

and complementary roles: women are the weaker sex and less capable than men,

especially in the realm of logic and rational reasoning. Women are relegated to the

domestic realm of nurturance and emotions and, therefore, according to that reason,

cannot be good leaders in business, politics, and academia.

 These ideologies are cultural beliefs that, at a systemic level, help to legitimize

conventional gender relations and roles. (Glick, Fiske, 2001)

The term sexism denotes any system of beliefs, attitudes, practices, social norms,

or institutional forms that functions to create or perpetuate invidious social distinctions

among persons on the basis of their actual or presumed sex.

R.A. 7192 Section 5 states that women of legal age, regardless of civil status,

shall have the capacity to act and enter into contracts which shall in every respect be

equal to that of men under similar circumstances. In all contractual situations where

married men have the capacity to act, married women shall have equal rights (R.A. 7192,

Section 5).

This characterization of sexism reflects a widespread consensus among feminist

theorists and queer theorists that the phenomenon cannot be understood simply in terms

of the prejudices or ill-intentioned behavior of individuals, but rather must be seen as

involving wide-ranging social structures, structures that can affect both the meanings and

consequences of the actions of individuals, even if such actions are otherwise benign.

R.A. 7877 Section 5 states that the employer or head of office, educational or

training institution shall be solidarily liable for damages arising from the acts of sexual

harassment committed in the employment, education or training environment if the

employer or head of office, educational or training institution is informed of such acts

by the offended party and no immediate action is taken (R.A. 7877, Section 5).
 In just these terms, the inadequacy of a definition of sexism as any act or policy

involving an "irrelevant or impertinent marking of the distinction between sexes." She

then bids us to consider an employer who refuses to hire a woman for a managerial

position on the stated grounds that his employees would not accept the authority of a

woman.

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines Article XIV Section 4 (1) states that the

State recognizes the complementary roles of public and private institutions in the

educational system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all

educational institutions (1987 Constitution of the Philippines Article XIV Section 4 (1).

The purpose of this study is to determine the Effects of Sexism on female maritime students of

JBLFMU-A

1. What are the effects of sexism in female maritime students?

2. What are the things that can propel sexism on female maritime students

according to their surroundings?

3. What do women Maritime students feel, considering the course they took and

the environment they are fitting in?