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 Key technologies of
GSM System

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 Overview

• Time Advance
• DTX
• Frequency Hopping

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 TA

Signals sent by a base station on the broadcasting

channel help mobile stations to synchronize with the base
station. After connection is set up between a mobile
station and the base station, the base station will make
continuous tests, and provide the time advance (TA) on
the SACCH channel to all mobile stations twice every
second according to the BS-MS-BS broadcasting delay.
Mobile stations will make self-adaptive frame adjustment
according to time advance so that the time of mobile
station transmission to the base station matches that of
base station reception.

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 DTX

Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode. One is to

lower the total interference level in the air, and the other is to
save transmitter power. The DTX mode and the normal mode
are optional, since the former will slightly lower the transmission
quality.

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 Frequency Hopping

• To enhance system anti-interference ability, the GSM

system adopts the frequency hopping technology.
Frequency hopping refers to the hopping of carrier wave
frequencies according to a certain sequence in a very
wide frequency range. Data of control information are
converted into base band signals after modulation, which
are then sent into carrier wave modulation. Afterwards,
the carrier frequency changes under the control of
pseudo-random codes, the sequence of which is
frequency-hopping sequence. Finally, when filtered by
radio filter, the carrier is transmitted to and radiated by
antenna.

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 Frequency Hopping

• Frequency hopping is to avoid external interference.

In other words, it is to prevent or greatly reduce co-
channel interference and frequency selective fading
effect by converting frequencies to an extent that
interference cannot catch up with.

• There are two frequency hopping modes: base band

frequency hopping and radio frequency hopping.

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 Frequency Hopping

Baseband frequency hopping

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 Frequency Hopping

Radio frequency hopping

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 CCCH_CONF

The CCCH can be one or more physical channels. The

CCCH and SDCCH can share the same physical channel.
The combination mode of the common control channel in a
cell is determined by the CCCH_CONF.
CCCH_CONF Coding Meanings CCCH message blocks in one
BCCH
000 CCCH use one basic physical channel, not shared with SDCCH 9
001 CCCH use one basic physical channel, shares with SDCCH 3
010 CCCH use two basic physical channels, not shared with SDCCH 18
100 CCCH use three basic physical channels, not shared with SDCCH 27
110 CCCH use 4 basic physical channels, not shared with SDCCH 36
Others Reserved

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 Setting and Impact of CCCH_CONF

The CCCH_CONF is determined by the telecom

operation department according to the traffic model of a
cell. It is often decided in the system design period.
According to the ordinary experience, if a cell has 1 or 2
TRX, we recommend that the CCCH uses one basic
physical channel and shares it with the SDCCH; if a cell
has 3 or 4 TRX, we recommend that the CCCH uses one
basic physical channel but does not share it with the
SDCCH.

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 AGBLK

Since the CCCH consists of the access grant channel

(AGCH) and paging channel (PCH), it is necessary to
set how many blocks of the CCCH information blocks
are reserved and dedicated to the AGCH. To let the MS
know about the configuration information, the system
message of every cell contains a configuration
parameter, that is, the access grant reserve blocks
(AGBLK).
AGBLK is represented in decimal numerals, and its
value range is:
• CCCH is not combined with SDCCH: 0～7.
• CCCH is combined with SDCCH: 0～2.

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 Setting and Impact of AGBLK

The AGBLK setting principle is: given that the AGCH is

not overloaded, try to reduce the parameter as much as
possible to shorten the time when the MS responds to the
paging and improve the quality of service of the system.

The recommended value of AGBLK is usually 1 (when the

CCCH is combined with the SDCCH), 2 or 3 (when the
CCCH is not combined with the SDCCH).

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 BS-PA-MFRMS
According to the GSM specifications, every mobile subscriber
belongs to a paging group. In every cell, every paging group
corresponds to a paging subchannel, the MS calculates the
paging group to which it belongs by basing on its own IMSI, then
calculates the location of the paging subchannel belonging to
the paging group. In an actual network, the MS only
"receives“ the contents in the paging subchannel to which it
belongs but ignores the contents in other paging subchannels,
or even turn off the power supply of some hardware equipment
of the MS for other paging subchannels to save the MS power
overhead (i.e. DRX source). The BS-PA-MFRMS refers to how
many multi-frames are used as a cycle of a paging subchannel.
This parameter in fact determines how many paging sub-
channels are to be divided from the paging channels of a cell.

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 BS-PA-MFRMS

is represented in decimal numerals and its value range is 2～9,

its unit is multiframe （51 frames）, its default value is 2

BS-PA-MFRMS Multiframes of the same paging group

that cycle on the paging channel

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9
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 Periodic Updating Timer (T3212）

The reasons for the location update in the GSM system are
of two types: one is that the MS finds its location area
changed (with a different LAC), the other one is that the
network requires the MS to periodically update its location.
The frequency of periodic location update is controlled via
the network and the period length is determined by the
parameter T3212.
In general, in areas with larger traffic and signaling flow,
you should select the larger T3212（e.g. 16 hours, 20
hours or even 25 hours）, but in areas with smaller traffic
and lower signaling flow, you can set the smallerT3212 (3
hours or 6 hours, etc.). In areas where traffic is far beyond
the system capacity, we recommend that you set T3212 as
0.
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