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Tensor Review
Tensor Review
Vector: Quantity that possess both a direction and a magnitude located somewhere in
space. It is a first order tensor.
v
v = a1e1 + a2 e2 + a3e3 = a '1 e'1 + a ' 2 e'2 +a '3 e'3
Note: A vector possesses two invariants with respect to coordinate space:
v , and its direction.
Its magnitude, v
A Scalar
(0th order tensor)
v v v v
A = A1e1 + A2e2 + A3e3 Vector
(1st order tensor)
v v v v v v v v
A1 = A11e1 + A21e2 + A31e3 A3 = A13e1 + A23e2 + A33e3 2nd order
v v v v tensor
A2 = A12 e1 + A22 e2 + A32 e3
etc.
By dividing the Aij in three vector components, 3 3
3 3
a11 a12 a13
a= aijei e j = a21 a22 a23
i =1 j =1
a31 a32 a33
Dot and Cross products
Definition of dot product:
v v 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
A B = Ai ei B j e j = Ai B j ei e j = Ai B j ij = Ai Bi
i= 1 j =1 i= 1 j =1 i =1 j = 1 i= 1
Where ij is the Kronecker delta, a 2nd
order tensor.
Does it hold in tensor notation? 3
Lets test it using a change of coordinate: Ai = aij A' j
j =1
v v 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
A B = aki A'k ek alj B'l el = akialj A'k B'l kl
i=1 k =1 j= 1 l =1 i =1 j =1 k =1 l =1
Where ijk is called the Levi-Civita density and is the cross product
equivalent of the Kroneker delta, ij , for the dot product. It is a third order
tensor. 0, i=j, j=k, or i=k
ijk This is the famous
1, ijk= 123, 231, 312
right hand rule
-1, ijk= 132, 321, 213
Gradients and Divergence
v 3
f v 3
We know: f = x e j and A = Aiei
=
j 1 j i= 1
vv
Q: What about the gradient of a vector A ?
E2
v v
F F
E1
F1 u1 : E11 = E x cos
F1 u2 : E12 = E x sin F1 E x cos E x sin u1
F2 u1 : E 21 = E y sin = E sin E y cos u2
F2 y
F2 u2 : E 22 = E y cos
Effective modulus
Fx ' v
[Eij ]
1.8
1
= F = Fx2' + Fy2' 1.6
F
y' 0
1.4
1.2
v 1
0 0.5 1 1.5
F angle (rad)
cos sin
F= E 'ij aiju je j
i =1 j =1
aij =
sin cos
vv t
[
1 vv t vv
e& = ( v ) + ( v ) ]
( v ) = e& + 2
&
=
2
[
1 vv t vv
( v ) ( v ) ] V orticity tensor
Conclusion
2nd order tensors establish relation between two sets of vectors.
Ex: Vectors in one cartesian space vs vectors in another, but ALSO
vectors from the displacement vector space to the force vector space
(as we just saw).
Higher order tensors fulfill the same role but with tensors instead
of vectors
The divergence of a tensor reduces its order by one. The gradient
of a tensor increases it order by one. The Curl of a tensor yields a
tensor of the same order.