Flight Mechanics

Project
Bra KURU 13030021020
Burak Dam 13030021007
Muhammet Mustafa ABAY 13030021002

22.05.2017
Contents
1.Problem Definition ...............................................................................................................................2
1.1 Limitations and Conditions .............................................................................................................2
2.Pre-Solution ..........................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Equations of Flight ..........................................................................................................................3
2.2 Assumptions....................................................................................................................................3
2.3 Simplification of Equations of Flight ...............................................................................................4

2.4 Selection of Solution Way and Tool ................................................................................................4

3.Solution .................................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Hand Calculations ...........................................................................................................................5
3.2 Excel Calculations ...........................................................................................................................5
4.Post-Solution...................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Solutions of Euler Method with t=1 s. ...................................................................................... 11
4.2 Solutions of Euler Method with t=0,01 s. ................................................................................ 12
4.3 Solutions of Clasical RK-4 with t=1 s. ........................................................................................ 12
4.4 Solutions of Clasical RK-4 with t=0,01 s. ................................................................................... 12

4.5 Correction .................................................................................................................................... 13

5.Result ................................................................................................................................................. 14

Sayfa 1
1. Problem Definition
At known altitude, there is a aircraft that havent motor. With known initial velocity, it wants
that aircraft will fly maximum distance. Design this aircraft for maximum range. In figre 1.1,
Missions is shown.

1.1 Limitations and Conditions

Initial conditions are like follow;

h0=50m
e=0.9
X0=0
0=0
CD-0 =0.03
Limitations are like follow;
T=0
V0 10 m/s
m 100 kg
Cl max 2.5
c(y) 2m
b 20m
stoll 20
cl=0 -5

Sayfa 2
 Figre 1.1 :Starting of motion

2. Presolution
Before solve problem, some assumptions and way of solution should be determined. This
step is very important for solution

2.1 Equations of Flight

Figure 2.1 : General Equations of flight

The general equations of flight is shown in figure 2.1.

2.2 Assumptions
Before simplicating of equation of flight, some values is assumed that costant, and some
values is neglected.

<<
CL is constant
V0=10

Sayfa 3
 m0=100 and costant.
Actually V0 and m0 arent known. There are some limitations about them. But, When
mass equals to minimum and velocity equals to maximum, the result would be maximum.
It can be estimated clearly. So these values were selected.

2.3 Simplification of Equations of Flight

Equations are prefered to solve related to time(t).

Simplification of Equations of Flight is shown figure 2.2

Figure 2.2: simplification of flight equations

2.4 Selection of Solition Way and Tool

Firstly, problem was solved with hand calculation. After studing,all iterations with all
combinations were tried with excel and Microsoft visual basic for applications.

Sayfa 4
 Figure 2.3 Screen of VBA

3. Solution
Problem was solved with varied methods

3.1 Hand Calculations

Choosen Variables

m=100 kg W=981 N
AR=20
b=10m
S=5m2
First calculation with Euler method t =1 second

Solutions are in appendix-1.1

Second calculation with Euler method t=0.01 second

Solutions are in appendix-1.2

Third calculation Classical Runge Kutta-4 method t =1 second

Solutions are in appendix-1.3

. 3.2 Excel Calculations

Choosen variables

m=100 kg

V0=10 m/s

Sayfa 5
Changing variables

Wing span =0.5m to 10m step 0.5m

For each span value; chord=0.1m to 2m step 0.1

For each combinations; CL =0 to 2.5 step 0.05

Number of all combinations is 10400

First calculation with Euler method t =0.01 second for Max. Distance

Solutions are in :(Appendix 2.1)

Second calculation with Euler method t=0.01 second for Max. Time

Solutions are in : (Appendix 2.2)

Third calcaulation Classical Runge Kutta-4 method t =0.01 for Max. Distance

Solutions are in : (Appendix 2.3)

Fourth calcaulation Classical Runge Kutta-4 method t =0.01 second for Max. Time

Solutions are in : (Appendix 2.4)

Solutions were sent with email.

3.2.1 VBA Codes

3.2.1.1 Euler Method Solution

Sub iteration()

Dim deltaq, deltav, deltah, deltax, q, v, h, x As Double

Dim sayac As Double

m = 100

w = m * 9.81

q=0

v = 10

h = 50

x=0

Cells(1, 1).Value = "wing span"

Cells(1, 2).Value = "chord"

Cells(1, 3).Value = "area"

Sayfa 6
Cells(1, 4).Value = "aspect ratio"

For span = 0.5 To 10 Step 0.5

For chord = 0.1 To 2.1 Step 0.1

sayac = (chord / 0.1 + 1) + 20 * ((span / 0.5) - 1)

Cells(sayac, 1).Value = span

Cells(sayac, 2).Value = chord

Cells(sayac, 3).Value = span * chord

Cells(sayac, 4).Value = span / chord

Next chord

Next span

For cl = 0 To 2.5 Step 0.05

Cells(1, 5 + (cl / 0.05)).Value = "for Cl=" & cl

For burak = 2 To 401 Step 1

ar = Cells(burak, 4).Value

s = Cells(burak, 3).Value

k = 1 / (Application.WorksheetFunction.Pi() * 0.9 * ar)

cd = 0.03 + k * cl ^ 2

For t = 0.01 To 100000 Step 0.01

l = 0.5 * 1.225 * s * v ^ 2 * cl

d = 0.5 * 1.225 * s * v ^ 2 * cd

deltaq = (l - w * Cos(q)) / (m * v)

deltav = (-d - w * Sin(q)) / m

deltah = v * Sin(q)

deltax = v * Cos(q)

q = q + 0.01 * deltaq

v = v + 0.01 * deltav

h = h + 0.01 * deltah

x = x + 0.01 * deltax

If h <= 0 Then Exit ForNext t

Sayfa 7
Cells(burak, 5 + (cl / 0.05)).Value = t

h = 50

q=0

v = 10

x=0

Next burak

Next cl

For i = 1 To 86 Step 1

Cells(1, i).Interior.ColorIndex = 25

Cells(1, i).Font.ColorIndex = 2

Next i

End Sub

3.2.1.2 Classical Runge Kutta-4 Method Solution

Sub iteration()

Dim deltaq, deltav, deltah, deltax, q, v, h, x As Double

Dim sayac As Double

m = 100

w = m * 9.81

q0 = 0

v0 = 10

h0 = 50

x0 = 0

Cells(1, 1).Value = "wing span"

Cells(1, 2).Value = "chord"

Cells(1, 3).Value = "area"

Cells(1, 4).Value = "aspect ratio"

For span = 0.5 To 10 Step 0.5

Sayfa 8
For chord = 0.1 To 2.1 Step 0.1

sayac = (chord / 0.1 + 1) + 20 * ((span / 0.5) - 1)

Cells(sayac, 1).Value = span

Cells(sayac, 2).Value = chord

Cells(sayac, 3).Value = span * chord

Cells(sayac, 4).Value = span / chord

Next chord

Next span

For cl = 0 To 2.5 Step 0.05

Cells(1, 5 + (cl / 0.05)).Value = "for Cl=" & cl

For burak = 2 To 401 Step 1

ar = Cells(burak, 4).Value

s = Cells(burak, 3).Value

k = 1 / (Application.WorksheetFunction.Pi() * 0.9 * ar)

cd = 0.03 + k * cl ^ 2

stepsize = 0.01

aby_sbt = 0.5 * 1.225 * s * cl

brk_sbt = 0.5 * 1.225 * s * cd

For t = 0.01 To 100000 Step 0.01

l = aby_sbt * v0 ^ 2

d = brk_sbt * v0 ^ 2

deltax1 = v0 * Cos(q0)

deltah1 = v0 * Sin(q0)

deltav1 = (-d - w * Sin(q0)) / m

deltaq1 = (l - w * Cos(q0)) / (m * v0)

q1 = q0 + (stepsize / 2) * deltaq1

v1 = v0 + (stepsize / 2) * deltav1

h1 = h0 + (stepsize / 2) * deltah1

x1 = x0 + (stepsize / 2) * deltax1

Sayfa 9
'Debug.Print x1

l = aby_sbt * v1 ^ 2

d = brk_sbt * v1 ^ 2

deltax2 = v1 * Cos(q1)

deltah2 = v1 * Sin(q1)

deltav2 = (-d - w * Sin(q1)) / m

deltaq2 = (l - w * Cos(q1)) / (m * v1)

q2 = q1 + (stepsize / 2) * deltaq2

v2 = v1 + (stepsize / 2) * deltav2

h2 = h1 + (stepsize / 2) * deltah2

x2 = x1 + (stepsize / 2) * deltax2

l = aby_sbt * v2 ^ 2

d = brk_sbt * v2 ^ 2

deltax3 = v2 * Cos(q2)

deltah3 = v2 * Sin(q2)

deltav3 = (-d - w * Sin(q2)) / m

deltaq3 = (l - w * Cos(q2)) / (m * v2)

q3 = q2 + (stepsize) * deltaq3

v3 = v2 + (stepsize) * deltav3

h3 = h2 + (stepsize) * deltah3

x3 = x2 + (stepsize) * deltax3

l = aby_sbt * v3 ^ 2

d = brk_sbt * v3 ^ 2

deltax4 = v3 * Cos(q3)

deltah4 = v3 * Sin(q3)

deltav4 = (-d - w * Sin(q3)) / m

deltaq4 = (l - w * Cos(q3)) / (m * v3)

xnew = x0 + stepsize * (1 / 6) * (deltax1 + 2 * deltax2 + 2 * deltax3 + deltax4)

hnew = h0 + stepsize * (1 / 6) * (deltah1 + 2 * deltah2 + 2 * deltah3 + deltah4)

Sayfa 10
qnew = q0 + stepsize * (1 / 6) * (deltaq1 + 2 * deltaq2 + 2 * deltaq3 + deltaq4)

vnew = v0 + stepsize * (1 / 6) * (deltav1 + 2 * deltav2 + 2 * deltav3 + deltav4)

If hnew <= 0 Then Exit For

q0 = qnew

v0 = vnew

h0 = hnew

x0 = xnew

Next t

Cells(burak, 5 + (cl / 0.05)).Value = t

h0 = 50

q0 = 0

v0 = 10

x0 = 0

Next burak

Next cl

For i = 1 To 86 Step 1

Cells(1, i).Interior.ColorIndex = 25

Cells(1, i).Font.ColorIndex = 2

Next i

End Sub

4. Post-Solution
After solutions, all result was examined. And each
method was evaluated .

. 4.1
SOLUTIONS OF EULER METHOD
WITH t=1 s.
This method is very usefull for hand calculations. It is
very easy and fast. But results are inaccurate.

As seem in Figure 4.1, some values are found very

irrelevant. So this way shouldnt be used for this
Figure 4.1 Euler method for step size
problem.
is 1 sec.

Sayfa 11
. 4.2 SOLUTIONS OF EULER METHOD WITH t=0.01 s.
When step size is selected 0.01 sec, With this way,
more accurate result will be found.

Maximum endurance is 77,82 sec for b=10 m , c=0,4 m

and cl=2,5 so;

S=4 m2 and AR=25

Maximum range is 1126,367 m for b=10 m, c=0,3 m

and cl=2,35 so ; Figure 4.2 Solution of Euler method for max.

Time
S=3 m2 and AR=33,333

. 4.3
SOLUTIONS OF CLASSICAL RUNGE
KUTTA-4 METHOD t=1 s.
The result is same with euler method dt=0.01

T=78 sec. It is very close. So RK-4 method is most usefull

method for this problem.
Figure 4.3 Solution of Euler method
for max. Distance

4.4 SOLUTIONS OF CLASSICAL RUNGE KUTTA-4 METHOD t=0.01 s.

Maximum value of time is 77,94 sec for b=10 m , c=0,4 m and cl=2,5 so

S=4 and AR=25

Maximum value of distance is 1175,913 m for b=10 m , c=0,2 m and cl=2,5 so

S=2 and AR=50

Figure 4.4 Solutions of RK-4 method for max. Time Figure 4.5 Solutins of RK-4 method for Max. Distance

Sayfa 12
4.5 Correction
For all solutions, Cl was considered constant. For changing Cl, a way was determined.

When higher than identified value, Cl would be less. And When less than identified
value, Cl would be higher.

After some iteration, the way was determined ;

Cl0= 2.28

(/3) Cl=1.81

-(/3) Cl=2.5

This way increase euler method result, but the best range is result of RK-4 Method.

Result of this way is 1137,925 m.

Cl
3

2.5
CL

1.5

0.5

0
0.69

7.15
0.01
0.35
1.03
1.37
1.71
2.05
2.39
2.73
3.07
3.41
3.75
4.09
4.43
4.77
5.11
5.45
5.79
6.13
6.47
6.81
7.49
7.83
8.17
8.51
8.85

Time

Figure 4.6 Cl vs Time Graph

Sayfa 13
5. Result
Maximum value of distance is 1175,913 m for b=10 m , c=0,2 m and cl=2,5 so

S=2 and AR=50

Figure 5.1 Aircraft Configuration for Max. Distance

Figure 5.2 Cl vs angle of attack Graph

Sayfa 14
 Altitutde CL

10
15
20
25
30

0
5

10
20
30
40
50
60

-20
-10
0.5
1.5
2.5

1
2
3

0
0.01
0.1 2.67
36.44460 5.33
98.91056 7.99
137.5907 10.65
178.3225 13.31
238.8796 15.97
278.5240 18.63
322.7483 21.29
381.3379 23.95
421.9309 26.61
468.8622 29.27
525.5549 31.93

Time
v

Figure 5.4 CL changing respect to time

567.1209 34.59
616.0731 37.25

Figure 5.5 Altitude changing respect to time

Figure 5.3 Velocity changing respect to time
671.0311 39.91

Time
713.5957 42.57
763.9820 45.23
817.4216 47.89
860.9919 50.55
912.3248 53.21
964.4859 55.87
1009.042 58.53
1060.930
1112.054
1157.550

Cl
v

1209.693
1260.006
1306.370

Sayfa 15