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Math Tricks Syllogism

To Solve Syllogism Questions with the help of

Rules
By Shubhra - November 15, 2015

Hello Aspirants,
In all of your exams, 5 questions come from the topic Syllogism in Reasoning Section. In these
questions you are given some statements and conclusions, and based on the statements you are
asked to tell the correctness of the conclusions.

Here are the rules which will help you to answer these questions accurately.

First identify the type of statements as:

Statement Type
A All A are B
E No A is B
I Some A are B
O Some A are not B

When the subject and predicate of a conclusion are present in a single statement, the rules are:
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A(All A are B) I(Some A are B)
E(No A is B) O(Some A are not B)
I(Some A are B) A(All A are B) with Possibility & O(Some A are not B) with Possibility
O(Some A are not B) E(No A is B) with Possibility & I(Some A are B) with Possibility

Examples

1. Statements: All trees are plants. Some plants are owers.

Conclusions: Some trees are plants
Conclusions subject (trees) and predicate (plants) present in a single statement (All trees are
plants). Now since in the rules we have A I. This gives that if All trees are plants, then Some
trees are plants is true
2. Statements: All trees are plants. Some plants are owers.
Conclusions:All plants are owers. All plants are owers is a possibility.
Since in the rules we have I A with possibility. So All plants are owers is a possibility is true.
And All plants are owers is not true.

When two or more statements are required to answer the correctness of conclusion, the rules are:

First, check whether all statements are aligned i.e. the subject of one statement should be same as the
predicate of previous statement
For example: Consider statements
All A are B. Some B are C. All C are D. No D is E
These statements are aligned. But if the statements are given like
All A are B. Some C are B. All C are D. No D is E
We see that the second statement (Some C are B) is not aligned with rst statement (All A are B) and
then third statement is also not aligned with second statement. So we must align the second
statement.
During the alignment or conversion of statements, the subject and the predicate changes. Rules for
alignment or conversion of statements are
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A(All A are B) I(Some B are A)
E(No A is B) E(No B is A)
I(Some A are B) I(All B are A)
O(Some A are not B) not convertible
So, in the statements All A are B. Some C are B. All C are D. No D is E.
Some C are B (I type) will be converted to Some B are C. and the statements will be now written as
All A are B. Some B are C. All C are D. No D is E.

After the alignment is done, the conclusions can be checked as:

First see the subject and predicate of the conclusion, then see where that subject and that predicate is
present and then apply following rules to check the correctness of that conclusion:

A(All A are B) + A(All B are C) A(All A are C)

A(All A are B) + E(No B is C) E(No A is C)
A(All A are B) + I(Some B are C) No conclusion
A(All A are B) + O(Some B are not C) No conclusion

E(No A is B) + A(All B are C) O reverse(Some C are not A)

E(No A is B) + E(No B is C) No conclusion
E(No A is B) + I(Some B are C) O reverse(Some C are not A)
E(No A is B) + O(Some B are not C) No conclusion

I(Some A are B) + A(All B are C) I(Some A are C)

I(Some A are B) + E(No B is C) O(Some A are not C)
I(Some A are B) + I(Some B are C) No conclusion
I(Some A are B) + O(Some B are not C) No conclusion

O(Some A are not B) + A(All B are C) No conclusion

O(Some A are not B) + E(No B is C) No conclusion
O(Some A are not B) + I(Some B are C) No conclusion
O(Some A are not B) + O(Some B are not C) No conclusion

O reverse(Some B are not A) + A(All B are C) O reverse(Some C are not A)

O reverse(Some B are not A) + E(No B is C) No conclusion
O reverse(Some B are not A) + I(Some B are C) No conclusion
O reverse(Some B are not A) + O(Some B are not C) No conclusion

Example:
Statements: Some horses are goats. All goats are dogs. All dogs are cats. Some cats are tigers.
Conclusions:
I. Some tigers are horses.
II. Some cats are goats.
III. Some dogs are horses.
IV. No tigers is goats.
All the statements are aligned. The statement type is respectively I, A, A, I
To check:
1st conclusion for this conclusion, see that tigers is present in last statement and horses is present
in rst statement. So we have to see all statements. Now I (Some horses are goats) + A (All goats are
dogs) I (Some horses are dogs).
I (Some horses are dogs) + A (All dogs are cats) I (Some horses are cats).
I (Some horses are cats) + I (Some cats are tigers) No conclusion
Since we have got no conclusion, the conclusion Some tigers are horses does not follow.
2nd conclusion this can be checked by only 2nd and 3rd statement.
A (All goats are dogs) + A (All dogs are cats) A (All goats are cats).
So we get that All goats are cats is true. Remember from the conversion rules A I. So All goats are
cats Some cats are goats
So the conclusion Some cats are goats follows.
3rd conclusion this can be checked by only 1st and 2nd statements.
I (Some horses are goats) + A (All goats are dogs) I (Some horses are dogs)
So we get that Some horses are dogs is true. Remember from the conversion rules I I. So Some
horses are dogs Some dogs are horses
So the conclusion Some dogs are horses follows.
4th conclusion this can be checked by 2nd , 3rd and 4th statements.
A (All goats are dogs) + A (All dogs are cats) A (All goats are cats).
A (All goats are cats) + I (Some cats are tigers) No conclusion
Since we have got no conclusion, the conclusion No tigers is goats does not follow.

If two conclusions contain same subject and predicate, then check:

If both conclusions are incorrect applying the above rules.

If one conclusion is positive and the other is negative.
If there is complementary pair A,O I,O I,E

If all of these conditions are true in case of two conclusions with same subject and predicate, the
answer will be either of the two conclusions is correct.

Example:
Statements: All A are B, Some B are C, All C are D, No D is F.
Conclusions:
I. No B is F
II. Some B are F
To solve for these 2 conclusions, we will see the last three statements as:
Some B are C (I) + All C are D (A) I
I + No D is F (E) O
This means O (Some B are not F) will be correct.
This means both conclusions I and II are incorrect. This satises the 1st condition.
2nd condition says that one should be positive and the other negative. In this, I conc. is negative and II
is positive. This satises the 2ndcondition.
Third condition is also satised, the conclusions I and II make pair E,I which satises the 3rd condition.
Since all the three conditions satises, so answer will be either I or II is correct.

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