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Introducao Aos SIG - UFMG PDF
Introducao Aos SIG - UFMG PDF
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XWLOL]DomR p IHLWD GH PDQHLUD GLQkPLFD SDUD FDGD HOHPHQWR TXH HQWUD D TXDQWLGDGH
Lista 1 2 4 3 5 5
D SHUFRUUHU WRGRV RV HOHPHQWRV ,VWR RFRUUH SRUTXH QmR H[LVWLQGR RUGHQDomR HQWUH RV
3RGHVH WHU OLVWDV TXH VmR PDQWLGDV RUGHQDGDV 1HVWH FDVR GLVSHQGHVH PDLV HVIRUoR
HOHPHQWR QRYR PDV SRGHVH WHU HFRQRPLD QD SHVTXLVD HVWD SRGH VHU LQWHUURPSLGD
DVVLP TXH R YDORU GR LWHP H[FHGD R YDORU SHVTXLVDGR 1R HQWDQWR QmR H[LVWHP
JDUDQWLDV GH TXH QmR VHUi QHFHVViULR SHUFRUUHU WRGD D OLVWD 3HVTXLVDU XP HOHPHQWR
PDLRU TXH R PDLRU HOHPHQWR GD OLVWD SRU H[HPSOR DLQGD GHPDQGDULD LQVSHFLRQDU
WRGRV RV HOHPHQWRV
$ YDQWDJHP p SRGHU QDYHJDU OLYUHPHQWH QD OLVWD SDUD IUHQWH RX SDUD WUiV GH
Lista 1 2 4 3 4 3
)LODV
8PD ILOD p XPD OLVWD OLQHDU HP TXH WRGDV DV LQVHUo}HV VmR IHLWDV HP XP H[WUHPR
HQTXDQWR DV UHWLUDGDV VmR IHLWDV QR RXWUR H[WUHPR 2 PRGHOR LQWXLWLYR GH XPD ILOD p
DTXHOD TXH PDLV QRV LQFRPRGD D ILOD GH SHVVRDV SDUD XP DWHQGLPHQWR SRU H[HPSOR
HP XP EDQFR $ SULPHLUD SHVVRD D VHU DWHQGLGD p DTXHOD TXH FKHJRX SULPHLUR 3RU
HVWD UD]mR ILODV VmR jV YH]HV FKDPDGDV GH OLVWDV ),)2 GH ILUVWLQ ILUVWRXW )LJXUD
LQtFLR H QD ILOD SUHFLVDPRV WHU GRLV XP SDUD R LQtFLR H RXWUR SDUD R ILQDO
8PD DOWHUQDWLYD p HQ[HUJDU D ILOD FRPR XPD OLVWD FLUFXODU ID]HQGR XPD OLJDomR OyJLFD
Frente 1 2 4 3 5 5
Trs
3LOKDV
8PD SLOKD p XPD OLVWD OLQHDU HP TXH WRGDV DV LQVHUo}HV UHWLUDGDV H DFHVVRV D LWHQV
RFRUUHP VHPSUH HP XP H[WUHPR GD OLVWD 2V LWHQV GD SLOKD VmR FRORFDGRV XQV VREUH
RV RXWURV VHQGR TXH R LWHP LQVHULGR PDLV UHFHQWHPHQWH VHUi R SULPHLUR D VHU
UHWLUDGR 3RU LVVR DV SLOKDV VmR jV YH]HV FKDPDGDV GH OLVWDV /,)2 GH ODVWLQ ILUVWRXW
Fundo = 1 x1
2 x2
...
Topo xn
...
Mximo
*UDIRV
1DV OLVWDV OLQHDUHV LPSOHPHQWDGDV FRP DSRQWDGRUHV FDGD HOHPHQWR SRVVXtD XP ~QLFR
DSRQWDGRU TXH LQGLFDYD VHX VXFHVVRU *UDIRV VmR HVWUXWXUDV GH GDGRV IXQGDPHQWDLV
YpUWLFHV H $ p XP FRQMXQWR GH DUFRV RX DUHVWDV TXH FRQHFWDP GRLV QyV (VWHV DUFRV
SRGHP VHU GLUHFLRQDGRV QHVWH FDVR R JUDIR SRGH VHU FKDPDGR GH GtJUDIR RX QmR
4XDQGR VmR GLUHFLRQDGRV HQWmR D FDGD DUFR FRUUHVSRQGH XP SDU RUGHQDGR GH QyV
TXDQGR QmR VmR GLUHFLRQDGRV HQWmR R SDU GH QyV DVVRFLDGR DR DUFR QmR HVWi HP
XP Qy FRQVLJR PHVPR VmR SHUPLWLGDV PDV VRPHQWH QR FDVR GRV JUDIRV GLUHFLRQDGRV
2EVHUYHVH TXH D FDGD DUFR FRUUHVSRQGHP VHPSUH H H[DWDPHQWH GRLV QyV 3RU RXWUR
VHMD VDLQGR GHOH $ )LJXUD FRQWpP XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR YLVXDO GH XP JUDIR VHJXLGD
LPSRUWDQWH GHVGH TXH D OLVWD FRQWHQKD UHIHUrQFLD D FDGD Qy TXH SRGH VHU DWLQJLGR D
SDUWLU GR Qy GH SDUWLGD
TXH GHOH VDL p VHX JUDX GH VDtGD 2 JUDX GR Qy p R Q~PHUR GH DUFRV TXH QHOH
1 4 7
3 6
1 2 3
2 4 5
3 4 6
4 5 6
5 7
6 7
5HGHV
5HGHV VmR JUDIRV FRP XPD GLIHUHQoD IXQGDPHQWDO DRV QyV HRX DRV DUFRV SRGHVH
DVVRFLDU FXVWRV RX SHVRV ,VWR YLDELOL]D XPD VpULH GH DSOLFDo}HV LPSRUWDQWHV FRPR R
5
2
3
1 4 7
3
2
1
4
6
3 6
1 2 2 3 4
2 4 3 5 5
3 4 2 6 6
4 5 3 6 2
5 7 5
6 7 4
UYRUHV
(VWD PRGLILFDomR DR FRQFHLWR GH JUDIRV JHUD XP WLSR GH HVWUXWXUD GH GDGRV FRP YiULDV
DSHQDV XP FDPLQKR HQWUH HVWH Qy H TXDOTXHU RXWUR FRQVHJXHVH PDLV XPD VpULH GH
GHILQLo}HV ~WHLV
XP Qy TXH QmR WHP ILOKRV p FKDPDGR GH IROKD RX Qy H[WHUQR WRGRV RV GHPDLV VmR
VmR DTXHODV FRP DOJXPDV SURSULHGDGHV IL[DV 8PD GDV PDLV FRPXQV p D iUYRUH ELQiULD
HP TXH FDGD Qy VRPHQWH SRGH WHU GRLV ILOKRV )LJXUD 2 FDVR JHUDO GD iUYRUH
8PD iUYRUH ELQiULD FRPSOHWD p DTXHOD HP TXH WRGDV DV IROKDV WrP D PHVPD
SURIXQGLGDGH H WRGRV RV QyV LQWHUQRV WrP JUDX 8PD iUYRUH ELQiULD FRPSOHWD WHP
K K
QyV LQWHUQRV H IROKDV RQGH K p D DOWXUD GD iUYRUH
15 66
11 22 88
5 13 72 99
FULDomR GH VXEGLYLV}HV GHVWHV QyV LQWHUQRV TXH ID] FRP TXH D iUYRUH HVWHMD VHPSUH
EDODQFHDGD LVWR p VHPSUH FRP D PtQLPD DOWXUD SRVVtYHO SDUD FRQWHU WRGRV RV VHXV QyV
H[FHWR R EORFR UDL] TXH SRGHUi FRQWHU HQWUH H P FKDYHV $ HVFROKD GR YDORU GH P
OHYD HP FRQVLGHUDomR IDWRUHV OLJDGRV DR GLVSRVLWLYR GH DUPD]HQDPHQWR ItVLFR TXH VHUi
XVDGR R LGHDO p IRUPDU EORFRV GR PHVPR WDPDQKR TXH DV SiJLQDV TXH VmR D XQLGDGH
E\WHV $ )LJXUD PRVWUD XPD iUYRUH% GH RUGHP P RQGH WRGRV RV EORFRV WrP
RX FKDYHV HQTXDQWR D UDL] WHP DSHQDV XPD 2EVHUYHVH TXH WRGRV RV EORFRV
IROKD DSDUHFHP QR PHVPR QtYHO H DV FKDYHV QR QtYHO GDV IROKDV DSDUHFHP HP RUGHP
30
10 20 40 50
3489 11 13 17 25 28 33 36 43 45 48 52 55
8P REMHWR p XPD HVWUXWXUD TXH UHSUHVHQWD XPD ~QLFD HQWLGDGH H GHVFUHYH WDQWR VHXV
DWULEXWRV TXDQWR VHX FRPSRUWDPHQWR >'D%R@ &DGD REMHWR SHUWHQFH D XPD FODVVH
TXH GHILQH XPD HVWUXWXUD H XP FRQMXQWR GH RSHUDo}HV TXH VmR FRPXQV D XP JUXSR
RULHQWDGR D REMHWRV FDGD LQVWkQFLD GH REMHWR GHYH FRQWHU VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV JUiILFDV
UHJLVWURV UHGXo}HV ERPEDV HWF GH XPD UHGH GH iJXD 3RGHULDP VHU GHILQLGDV
SURFHVVDPHQWR 3RU H[HPSOR XP SURJUDPD SRGH WHU DFHVVR DR DWULEXWR cdigo VHP
HVVHQFLDO SDUD R XVR GH LPDJHQV HP 6,* HP DSOLFDo}HV TXH YmR GHVGH D FRQYHUVmR GH
YLVXDOL]DomR GH GDGRV YHWRULDLV TXH SRU VXD YH] VH EHQHILFLDP GRV DYDQoRV REWLGRV HP
GDGRV SDUD UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV JHRPpWULFRV GLYHUVRV 1HVWH SDUWLFXODU WHP XP SRQWR
LPSRUWDQWH GH FRQWDWR FRP D iUHD GH SURMHWR H DQiOLVH GH DOJRULWPRV XPD YH] TXH
REMHWRV
([LVWH WDPEpP PXLWR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR QD iUHD GH LQGH[DomR HVSDFLDO SDUD 6,* 6mR
LQGH[DomR HVSDFLDO
GDV HVWUXWXUDV LQFOXL WLSRV DEVWUDWRV SDUD UHWkQJXORV H SDUD VHJPHQWRV TXH VHUmR
GHILQLGR XP WLSR DEVWUDWR HVSHFtILFR SDUD SROtJRQRV XPD YH] TXH FRUUHVSRQGH D
FDGD HL[R
(VWH UHWkQJXOR p XVXDOPHQWH GHQRPLQDGR UHWkQJXOR HQYROYHQWH PtQLPR 5(0 H p R PHQRU
UHWkQJXOR FRP ODGRV SDUDOHORV DRV HL[RV TXH FRQWpP R REMHWR HP TXHVWmR
estrutura Ponto
incio
inteiro x;
inteiro y;
fim;
estrutura Segmento
incio
Ponto p1;
Ponto p2;
fim;
estrutura Retngulo
incio
inteiro x1;
inteiro y1;
inteiro x2;
inteiro y2;
fim;
estrutura Poligonal
incio
inteiro numPontos;
Retngulo retnguloEnvolventeMnimo;
Ponto[] vertice;
fim;
p ILQLWD XPD YH] TXH XPD VHTrQFLD ILQLWD GH ELWV DSHQDV FRQVHJXH UHSUHVHQWDU XPD
UHSUHVHQWDU FRRUGHQDGDV SRU PHLR GH YDULiYHLV LQWHLUDV ,VVR YLDELOL]D FiOFXORV PDLV
(VWD RSomR WDPEpP p IHLWD QHVWH WUDEDOKR FRQVLGHUDQGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH TXH p D DOWHUQDWLYD
HVWDEHOHFLGR XVDQGR PHWURV FRPR XQLGDGHV 2 HL[R \ RX VHMD 1RUWH WHP RULJHP QR
PHWURV
0XLWRV 6,* DGRWDP LQWHLURV GH ELWV VHP VLQDO SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU FRRUGHQDGDV ,VWR
UHSUHVHQWDGRV SHOD DGRomR GH XP Q~PHUR IL[R GH FDVDV GHFLPDLV YDOLGRV SDUD WRGRV
RV GDGRV JUiILFRV 3RU H[HPSOR SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU FRRUGHQDGDV 870 FRP SUHFLVmR GH
PDV WRGRV RV FiOFXORV LQWHUQRV VHUmR UHDOL]DGRV XVDQGR DV FRRUGHQDGDV LQWHLUDV &RP
TXLO{PHWURV VXILFLHQWH SDUD GDU D YROWD DR PXQGR H FODUDPHQWH PDLV GR TXH
D UHWD VH WRUQD PDLV YHUWLFDO 2 YDORU GH E WDPEpP SRGH VHU JUDQGH GHSHQGHQGR GR
(VWH SUREOHPDV SRGHULDP VHU UHVROYLGRV FRP XPD PXGDQoD GH HL[RV PDV R SURFHVVR
WDPEpP SRVVtYHO XVDU YDULiYHLV GH SRQWR IOXWXDQWH SDUD HVWDV RSHUDo}HV PDV QHVWH
FDVR HVWDULDP VHQGR LQWURGX]LGRV HUURV GH DUUHGRQGDPHQWR H PDLV HVIRUoR
FRPSXWDFLRQDO
SUREOHPDV PDLV VLPSOHV HP VXD VROXomR $OJXQV GHVWHV UHVXOWDGRV EiVLFRV YrP GD
DQiOLVH JHRPpWULFD GR PDLV VLPSOHV GRV SROtJRQRV H R ~QLFR TXH VHPSUH p SODQR R
WULkQJXOR
UHD 8PD YH] TXH QD UHSUHVHQWDomR YHWRULDO VH WUDEDOKD FRP YpUWLFHV H VXDV
D iUHD GH XP WULkQJXOR p LJXDO j PHWDGH GR SURGXWR HQWUH VXD EDVH H VXD DOWXUD
QmR p PXLWR SUiWLFD (P YH] GHOD VHUmR XWLOL]DGRV GRLV UHVXOWDGRV HTXLYDOHQWHV GD
iOJHEUD OLQHDU 2 SULPHLUR XVD R SURGXWR GH GRLV YHWRUHV TXH GHWHUPLQD D iUHD GH
2 SULPHLUR PpWRGR SRGH VHU GHVFULWR FRPR VH VHJXH 6HMDP 8 H 9 YHWRUHV $ iUHD GR
SDUDOHORJUDPR FRP ODGRV 8H9p U V )LJXUD 2 SURGXWR YHWRULDO SRGH VHU
i j k
xU yU zU = ( yU zV zU yV )i + ( zU xV xU zV ) j + ( xU yV yU xV ) k
xV yV zV
( xU yV yU xV )
S=
2
UHHVFULWD FRPR
1
S= ( x y y A x B + y A xC x A yC + x B yC y B xC )
2 A B
$ iUHD FDOFXODGD SHOD H[SUHVVmR DFLPD VHUi SRVLWLYD VH RV YpUWLFHV $ % H & IRUPDUHP
XP FLUFXLWR HP VHQWLGR DQWLKRUiULR H QHJDWLYD VH IRUPDUHP XP FLUFXLWR QR VHQWLGR
xA yA 1
1 1
S = xB yB 1 = ( x A y B y A x B + y A xC x A y C + x B yC y B x C )
2 2
xC yC 1
7DPEpP QHVWH FDVR D iUHD VHUi QHJDWLYD VH D VHTrQFLD GH YpUWLFHV HVWLYHU RULHQWDGD
SRGH VHU IHLWR XVDQGR D IXQomR reaTringulo 3URJUDPD &RPR SRGH VHU
LQWHUHVVDQWH REWHU D iUHD RULHQWDGD RX VHMD FRP VLQDO R 3URJUDPD WDPEpP LQFOXL
D IXQomR reaOrientadaTringulo.
incio
retorne ((A.x*C.y - A.y*C.x + A.y*B.x - A.x*B.y +
C.x*B.y - C.y*B.x) / 2);
fim;
incio
retorne abs(reaOrientadaTringulo(A, B, C));
fim.
7HRUHPD 6HMDP S S H S SRQWRV QmR FROLQHDUHV QR SODQR (QWmR FDGD SRQWR S
p = 1 p1 + 2 p2 + 3 p3
1 x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 = xp
1 y1 + 2 y 2 + 3 y 3 = yp
S ( pp2 p3 ) S ( p1 pp3 ) S ( p1 p2 p)
1 = 2 = H 3 =
S ( p1 p2 p3 ) S ( p1 p2 p3 ) S ( p1 p2 p3 )
1 > 0
0
2 < 0
=
1 > 0
3
3 < 0
2 < 0
3 > 0
p1
1= 0 1 < 0
1 > 0 2 < 0
1 > 0
2 > 0
2 > 0 2 = 0 3 > 0
3 > 0 p3
3 < 0
p2 1 < 0
2 > 0
3 > 0
1 < 0
2 > 0
3 < 0
(VWH UHVXOWDGR OHYD j LPSOHPHQWDomR GH XPD IXQomR EDVWDQWH ~WLO TXH GHWHUPLQD VH
incio
real lambda1, lambda2, lambda3, S;
UHODWLYR HQWUH SRQWRV H VHJPHQWRV GH UHWD SRU PHLR GH SUHGLFDGRV (VWHV SUHGLFDGRV
VHJPHQWR
P
A
7DEHOD 3RVLFLRQDPHQWR UHODWLYR HQWUH GRLV VHJPHQWRV
C
A
D
B seEncontram(AB, CD) &RPSDUWLOKDP H[DWDPHQWH XP SRQWR
H[WUHPR
C
A
C FRPXP
A
VHJPHQWR
C
D B disjuntos(AB, CD) 1mR VmR LJXDLV QHP VH HQFRQWUDP QHP VH
A
LQWHUFHSWDP QHP VH VXSHUS}HP
3RU H[HPSOR SDUD GHWHUPLQDU VH R SRQWR & HVWi j GLUHLWD RX j HVTXHUGD GR VHJPHQWR
RULHQWDGR $% EDVWD FDOFXODU D iUHD GR WULkQJXOR $&% SHOD (TXDomR 6H HVWD IRU
SRVLWLYD R SRQWR & HVWi j HVTXHUGD )LJXUD D VH IRU QHJDWLYD & HVWi j GLUHLWD
)LJXUD E 6H D iUHD FDOFXODGD IRU QXOD HQWmR $ % H & HVWmR DOLQKDGRV )LJXUD
B B B
C
C
S > 0
S < 0 S = 0
C
A A A
8PD LPSOHPHQWDomR SRVVtYHO SDUD HVWH WHVWH HVWi DSUHVHQWDGD QR 3URJUDPD
$ PHVPD IRUPXODomR YDOH SDUD GHWHUPLQDU D SRVLomR UHODWLYD HQWUH GRLV YHWRUHV 8 H 9
6H R UHVXOWDGR GR SURGXWR YHWRULDO U V IRU SRVLWLYR HQWmR R JLUR GH 8 D 9 p DQWL
KRUiULR )LJXUD D FDVR FRQWUiULR R JLUR p QR VHQWLGR KRUiULR )LJXUD E
7DPEpP DTXL VH R UHVXOWDGR IRU QXOR VLJQLILFD TXH RV YHWRUHV VmR FROLQHDUHV )LJXUD
F
A
C C
U
V
V
B
B
U A
A B U V
C
7DEHOD 3URJUDPD H XWLOL]DQGR HVWHV SRGHVH LPSOHPHQWDU DOJXQV GRV
fim ento
seno
retorne falso;
fim.
y B y A y D yC
=
xB xA xD xC
H SRUWDQWR
(y B y A ) (x D x C ) ( y D y C ) ( x B x A ) = 0
x A ( y D yC ) + x B ( yC y D ) + xC ( y A y B ) + x D ( y B y A ) = 0
YHWRULDO SDUD GHWHFWDU D LQWHUVHomR HQWUH GRLV VHJPHQWRV ID]HQGR R H[DPH GRV
WULkQJXORV TXH SRGHP VHU IRUPDGRV SRU TXDLVTXHU WUrV GRV TXDWUR SRQWRV H[WUHPRV
6HUi XWLOL]DGD SDUD LVVR D IXQomR lado GHVFULWD DQWHULRUPHQWH 3URJUDPD
&XLGDGRV HVSHFLDLV GHYHUmR VHU WRPDGRV SDUD JDUDQWLU TXH D LQWHUVHomR p SUySULD 6H R
SRQWR GH LQWHUVHomR QmR p SHUWHQFH D SHOR PHQRV XP GRV VHJPHQWRV GL]VH TXH D
LQWHUVHomR SUySULD HP JHUDO QmR LQFOXL R FDVR HP TXH D LQWHUVHomR RFRUUH HP XP GRV
SRQWRV H[WUHPRV )LJXUD E TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DR FDVR GRV SUHGLFDGRV seTocam H
seEncontram
P
B
A B
C
P B
D
(a) (b)
(x 2 x 3 ) (x 4 x1 ) ( y 2 y 3 ) ( y 4 y1 )
RQGH
x1 = min( x A , x B ) x3 = min( x C , x D )
x 2 = max ( x A , x B ) x4 = max ( x C , x D )
y1 = min( y A , y B ) y3 = min( y C , y D )
y 2 = max ( y A , y B ) y4 = max ( y C , y D )
RX VHMD 3 [
\ H 4 [ \ VmR
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH R FDQWR LQIHULRU HVTXHUGR H
Q' Q
Q
Q'
P P
P'
P'
(a) (b)
QR 3URJUDPD
funo interseoRetngulos(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D):
booleano
incio
Ponto P, Ponto Q, Ponto P1, Ponto Q1;
UHWD GHILQLGD SHOR RXWUR H YLFHYHUVD 2V UHVXOWDGRV GR SURGXWR YHWRULDO WrP TXH WHU
VLQDLV RSRVWRV )LJXUD D 6H DSHQDV XP GRV SURGXWRV IRU QXOR HQWmR XP SRQWR
H[WUHPR GH XP VHJPHQWR HVWi FRQWLGR QD UHWD GHILQLGD SHOR RXWUR )LJXUD E 6H
DPERV RV SURGXWRV IRUHP QXORV RV VHJPHQWRV VmR FROLQHDUHV )LJXUD F FRP
GRV UHWkQJXORV 2 WHVWH SUHFLVD VHU DSOLFDGR GXDV YH]HV XVDQGR FDGD VHJPHQWR FRPR
C B C B D
B
D
D C
A A A
(a) (b) (c)
(B-A) x (D-A) < 0 (B-A) x (D-A) = 0 (B-A) x (D-A) = 0
(B-A) x (C-A) > 0 (B-A) x (C-A) > 0 (B-A) x (C-A) = 0
IXQomR HVWi FRQWLGD XPD FKDPDGD DR WHVWH UiSLGR GH LQWHUVHomR GH UHWkQJXORV SDUD
incio
inteiro abc, abd, cda, cdb;
se no interseoRetngulos(A, B, C, D)
ento retorne falso;
6H HP DOJXPD VLWXDomR R FDVR GH LQWHUVHomR HP XP GRV SRQWRV H[WUHPRV SXGHU VHU
incio
retorne (seEncontram(A, B, C, D) ou
seTocam(A, B, C, D) ou
seInterceptam(A, B, C, D));
fim.
FKHJDQGR D XPD FRQFOXVmR SRU H[FOXVmR GRLV VHJPHQWRV VmR GLVMXQWRV VH QmR VmR
LJXDLV QHP VH HQFRQWUDP QHP VH WRFDP QHP VmR SDUDOHORV QHP VH LQWHUFHSWDP
incio
retorne (no iguais(A, B, C, D) e
no seEncontram(A, B, C, D) e
no seTocam(A, B, C, D) e
no paralelos(A, B, C, D) e
no superpostos(A, B, C, D) e
no seInterceptam(A, B, C, D));
fim.
$ SULPHLUD H PDLV yEYLD VROXomR p EDVHDGD HP JHRPHWULD DQDOtWLFD 'DGRV GRLV SDUHV
GDV UHWDV H UHVROYHU XP VLVWHPD GH GXDV HTXDo}HV H GXDV LQFyJQLWDV FXMD VROXomR p R
SRQWR GH LQWHUVHomR
y = a1 x + b1
y yA yB y A
=
x xA xB x A
HQWmR
yB yA
a1 = H b1 = y A a1 x A
xB x A
y = a 2 x + b2
H
y D yC
a2 = H b2 = y C a 2 x C
x D xC
b2 b1 b2 a1 b1 a 2
x= H y=
a1 a 2 a1 a 2
$ VROXomR SDUD R VLVWHPD LQGLFD R SRQWR GH LQWHUVHomR HQWUH DV UHWDV $% H &' TXH QmR
QHFHVVDULDPHQWH SHUWHQFH DRV VHJPHQWRV $% H &' $VVLP XP WHVWH DGLFLRQDO p
QHFHVViULR SDUD YHULILFDU VH D LQWHUVHomR p RX QmR SUySULD ,VWR SRGH VHU IHLWR
RX VHMD
H WDPEpP
(PERUD D IRUPXODomR DFLPD SDUHoD VHU XPD ERD PDQHLUD GH UHVROYHU R SUREOHPD
[ [
$ % D UHWD &' p YHUWLFDO & [ [ ' RX DV UHWDV $% &'H VmR SDUDOHODV
D D
1RV FDVRV H R SRQWR GH LQWHUVHomR SRGH VHU FDOFXODGR GH IRUPD
WULYLDO DSOLFDQGR D DEVFLVVD GD UHWD YHUWLFDO j HTXDomR GD RXWUD UHWD 1R FDVR ILFD
FODUR TXH DV UHWDV QmR WrP SRQWR GH LQWHUVHomR H SRUWDQWR R SUREOHPD QmR WHP
VROXomR LH QmR H[LVWH SRQWR GH LQWHUVHomR SUySULR RX LPSUySULR (P WRGRV RV FDVRV
TXDVH ]HUR /LGDU FRP HVWDV H[FHo}HV QR FyGLJR SRGH VHU SUREOHPiWLFR OHYDQGR DR
DQDOtWLFD PDV DSOLFD XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR SDUDPpWULFD SDUD RV VHJPHQWRV TXH HYLWDUi DV
4XDOTXHU SRQWR 3 DR ORQJR GD UHWD TXH SDVVD SRU $ H % SRGH VHU REWLGR D SDUWLU GD
VRPD YHWRULDO P( s) = A + sU RQGH V p GHQRPLQDGR R SDUkPHWUR GD HTXDomR 0DV
WHPRV TXH P(0) = A H P (1) = A + U = B H p SRVVtYHO FKHJDU D TXDOTXHU SRQWR GR
x A ( y D yC ) + xC ( y A y D ) + x D ( yC y A )
s=
denom
t=
(x ( yA C y B ) + x B ( y A yC ) + xC ( y B y A ))
denom
RQGH
denom = x A ( y D y C ) + x B ( y C y D ) + x C ( y A y B ) + x D ( y B y A )
x I = x A + s(x B x A )
y I = y A + s( y B y A )
H PDLV XPD YH] p PDLV FRQYHQLHQWH LPSOHPHQWiOD VRE D IRUPD GD (TXDomR
6H GHQRP IRU LJXDO D ]HUR HQWmR RV VHJPHQWRV VmR SDUDOHORV H QmR H[LVWH SRQWR GH
IXQomR paralelas SDUD GHWHFWDU HVWH FDVR HVSHFLDO XPD YH] TXH GHQRP VHUi XWLOL]DGR
QR FiOFXOR GH V H W
$ LPSOHPHQWDomR HVWi QR 3URJUDPD $ IXQomR pontoInterseo UHWRUQDUi XP
(P XPD WHQWDWLYD GH HYLWDU TXH R FiOFXOR VHMD IHLWR LQXWLOPHQWH RX VHMD SDUD HYLWDU
SUREOHPDV QXPpULFRV QmR VmR WRWDOPHQWH HOLPLQDGRV FRP HVWD LPSOHPHQWDomR $LQGD
SUREOHPiWLFDV
funo pontoInterseo(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D, Ponto I):
booleano
incio
real s, t, denom;
se no seInterceptam(A, B, C, D)
ento retorne falso;
SUREOHPD H SDVVD D FRQYLYHU FRP XPD VpULH GH SUREOHPDV TXH VmR WUDWDGRV FDVR D
0XLWDV HQWLGDGHV GR PXQGR UHDO SRGHP VHU PRGHODGDV FRPR OLQKDV RX PDLV
JHQHULFDPHQWH SROLJRQDLV (VVDV HQWLGDGHV VmR IUHTHQWHV HP EDVHV GH GDGRV
JHRJUiILFDV RQGH FRUUHVSRQGHP WLSLFDPHQWH D FHUFD GH GR YROXPH GH GDGRV
YHWRULDLV >0F6K@ 6mR XVDGDV SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU IHLo}HV WDLV FRPR ULRV HVWUDGDV UXDV
OLQKDV GH WUDQVPLVVmR H DGXWRUDV 2V QRPHV GDGRV SHORV 6,* FRPHUFLDLV D HVVDV
HQWLGDGHV QR HQWDQWR YDULDP PXLWR OLQKD SROLOLQKD SRO\OLQH OLQH VWULQJ DUFR FHOO
SROLJRQDO FDGHLD FKDLQ H RXWURV >'DYLF@ $ FRPSOH[LGDGH GDV UHSUHVHQWDo}HV
2V DOJRULWPRV TXH WUDEDOKDP FRP SROLJRQDLV VmR PXLWR LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD RV 6,*
XPD YH] TXH GLYHUVDV RSHUDo}HV EiVLFDV IUHTHQWHPHQWH UHSHWLGDV VmR EDVHDGDV
2XWUR REMHWLYR p R GH JHUDU XPD QRYD YHUVmR GD OLQKD XPD YHUVmR PDLV DGHTXDGD
HVFDOD RULJLQDO GH GLJLWDOL]DomR 1HVWH FDVR HVWi VHQGR REWLGD XPD JHQHUDOL]DomR GD
YpUWLFHV GD SROLJRQDO GH WDO IRUPD TXH VHMD SRVVtYHO SURGX]LU GLQDPLFDPHQWH YHUV}HV
'HVWH SRQWR HP GLDQWH VHUi XWLOL]DGR R WHUPR SROLJRQDO HP OXJDU GH VLPSOHVPHQWH OLQKD
SDUD HYLWDU FRQIXVmR FRP D GHILQLomR JHRPpWULFD GD OLQKD UHWD LQILQLWD
>2RVW 2R6F@ FRQVHJXLQGR SRUWDQWR JHUDU P~OWLSODV UHSUHVHQWDo}HV JHRPpWULFDV
GR Q~PHUR GH YpUWLFHV GD OLQKD SRGHP QmR VHU DGHTXDGRV SDUD DOFDQoDU R REMHWLYR GH
JHRPpWULFD H SRUWDQWR GHYHP VHU DQDOLVDGRV FXLGDGRVDPHQWH TXDQWR D HVWH DVSHFWR
REWHU XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR PDLV JURVVHLUD IRUPDGD SRU PHQRV YpUWLFHV H SRUWDQWR PDLV
FRPSDFWD GH XPD SROLJRQDO D SDUWLU GH XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR PDLV UHILQDGD DWHQGHQGR
SHUPLWLGR )LJXUD E 1D )LJXUD D R YpUWLFH VHUi PDQWLGR XPD YH] TXH D
GLVWkQFLD HQWUH HOH H D UHWD TXH SDVVD SHORV YpUWLFHV H p VXSHULRU j SHUPLWLGD 1D
PtQLPR WROHUiYHO 8PD DOWHUQDWLYD PDLV UDUD p D iUHD HQWUH DV SROLJRQDLV )LJXUD
3 3
2 2 4
4
distncia mxima ngulo mnimo
1 1
(a) (b)
3
2 4
deslocamento de
rea mximo
1
(c)
3DUD DX[LOLDU QD PDQXWHQomR GR DVSHFWR QDWXUDO GD SROLJRQDO H[LVWHP HQIRTXHV TXH
SROLJRQDO TXH FRQWpP WRGRV RV SRQWRV GR SODQR VLWXDGRV D XPD GLVWkQFLD PHQRU TXH
TXH WHP ODUJXUD GHILQLGD >3HXF@ )RL WDPEpP GHILQLGR TXH XPD SROLJRQDO p
FRQYH[D VH WRGRV RV SRQWRV GHOD WLYHVVHP UDLR GH FXUYDWXUD VXSHULRU D &DVR LVVR QmR
VLPSOLILFDGD
ILQDOLGDGH SUiWLFD IRL WHQWDGD VXD DGDSWDomR SDUD GHWHUPLQDU D YDULDomR GD WROHUkQFLD
8P DOJRULWPR EDVHDGR QHVWHV FRQFHLWRV IRL LPSOHPHQWDGR HP XP VRIWZDUH FKDPDGR
WHIRLPOOL [%HDU] PDV VXD XWLOL]DomR p FRPSURPHWLGD SRU VXD WHQGrQFLD HP DOWHUDU D
VLWXDo}HV HP TXH FDQDLV HVWUHLWRV H SHQtQVXODV VmR HVWUDQJXODGRV H LOKDV LQH[LVWHQWHV VmR
IRUPDGDV 'HYLGR D HVWH SUREOHPD R DOJRULWPR GH 3HUNDO QmR VHUi DERUGDGR SRU HVWH
WUDEDOKR
8P HQIRTXH PDLV LQWHUHVVDQWH p R TXH GHWHUPLQD D WROHUkQFLD FRP EDVH QR WDPDQKR
GR PHQRU REMHWR YLVtYHO HP XPD GHWHUPLQDGD HVFDOD >/L2S@ (VWH WDPDQKR SRGH
GHILQLGD XPD FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD OLQHDU HQWUH D HVFDOD H D WROHUkQFLD OLQHDU DGRWDGD 1mR
H[LVWH FRQWXGR FRQVHQVR VREUH HVWH FULWpULR ([LVWHP LQGLFDo}HV TXH R YDORU LGHDO
SROLJRQDO PDLV FRPSOH[D (VWH IHQ{PHQR SRGH RFRUUHU DWp PHVPR GHQWUR GH XPD
WROHUkQFLD SDUHFH VHU PDLV LQGLFDGR SDUD DSOLFDo}HV SUiWLFDV GR TXH SRU H[HPSOR D
GLVWkQFLD HQWUH XP SRQWR GDGR H XPD UHWD GHILQLGD SRU RXWURV GRLV SRQWRV $
SRU XP SRQWR $ H XPD UHWD GHILQLGD SRU RXWURV GRLV % H & GH DFRUGR FRP D
HTXDomR $VVLP D GLVWkQFLD GR SRQWR $ j UHWD GHILQLGD SHORV SRQWRV % H & SRGH
| S|
d=
dist ( B, C )
RQGH GLVW% & p D GLVWkQFLD HXFOLGLDQD HQWUH RV SRQWRV % H & H R ~QLFR YDORU TXH WHP
TXH VHU WHVWDGR FRQWUD ]HUR SDUD HYLWDU HUURV QXPpULFRV QR SURFHVVDPHQWR
(P VHJXLGD VHUmR DSUHVHQWDGRV DOJXQV GRV DOJRULWPRV GH VLPSOLILFDomR GH OLQKDV
SURSRVWRV QD OLWHUDWXUD $ VHOHomR GRV DOJRULWPRV IRL IHLWD FRP EDVH QD VXD
VLPSOLILFDGD
(VWH DOJRULWPR SURSRVWR SRU /DQJ >/DQJ@ UHTXHU GRLV SDUkPHWURV GH HQWUDGD
GH ORRNDKHDG RX VHMD XPD TXDQWLGDGH GH YpUWLFHV TXH GHYHP VHU FRQVLGHUDGRV D FDGD
FDGD XPD GDV HWDSDV LQWHUPHGLiULDV )LJXUD E H F YpUWLFHV IRUD GD IDL[D GH
6
tolerncia tolerncia
D E
3
4
8
tolerncia
tolerncia
F G
YDORU GH S
&RP UHODomR DR JUDX GH FRPSDFWDomR REVHUYHVH TXH HVWH DOJRULWPR Vy VHUi FDSD] GH
LQWHUYDOR SUHMXGLFD D DSDUrQFLD ILQDO GD SROLJRQDO SRLV VXD VHOHomR p WmR DUELWUiULD
iUHD GH FDUWRJUDILD
incio
se ((f - a) == 1) ento retorne;
maxd = 0;
maxp = 0;
para i = a+1 at f-1 faa
incio
d = distncia(linha[i], linha[a], linha[f]);
se d > maxd ento
incio
maxd = d;
maxp = i;
fim se;
fim para;
se maxd > tol ento
incio
vrtice maxp selecionado;
DP(a, maxp, tol);
DP(maxp, f, tol);
fim
seno retorne;
fim;
incio
vrtice 1 selecionado;
vrtice numvert selecionado;
DP(1, numvert, tol);
fim.
QHQKXP YpUWLFH ILFD IRUD GR FRUUHGRU HQWmR WRGRV RV YpUWLFHV LQWHUPHGLiULRV VmR
GHVFDUWDGRV &DVR DOJXPD GLVWkQFLD VHMD PDLRU TXH D WROHUkQFLD R YpUWLFH PDLV
YpUWLFH PDLV GLVWDQWH QRYR IOXWXDQWH H HQWUH R YpUWLFH PDLV GLVWDQWH QRYR kQFRUD H
R IOXWXDQWH 'H DFRUGR FRP HVWH SURFHVVR RV SRQWRV WLGRV FRPR FUtWLFRV SDUD D
JHRPHWULD GD OLQKD D FDGD SDVVR VmR PDQWLGRV HQTXDQWR RV GHPDLV VmR GHVFDUWDGRV
15
16
14
13 17
12
18
11 19
3 29
4
10 20
2
9 21 28
22
1
5 23 27
6 8 24 26
7
25
3DUD D DQiOLVH GHVWH DOJRULWPR H GRV SUy[LPRV VHUi XWLOL]DGD D SROLJRQDO GD )LJXUD
DWp D UHWD GHILQLGD SHORV YpUWLFHV H 2 YpUWLFH PDLV GLVWDQWH QHVWD SULPHLUD
LWHUDomR p R D XPD GLVWkQFLD PXLWR VXSHULRU j WROHUkQFLD )LJXUD $VVLP R
UHFXUVLYDV VmR IHLWDV H DJRUD HVWmR HPSLOKDGRV RV LQWHUYDORV H 1R
LQWHUYDOR WHPRV WDPEpP TXH SUHVHUYDU R YpUWLFH H SRUWDQWR ILFDPRV QD SLOKD
FRP RV LQWHUYDORV H )LJXUD $QDOLVDQGR DJRUD R LQWHUYDOR
YHULILFDPRV TXH R YpUWLFH SRGH VHU GLVSHQVDGR )LJXUD $R ILQDO VmR
SUHVHUYDGRV RV YpUWLFHV H RX VHMD GR
Q~PHUR RULJLQDO GH YpUWLFHV )LJXUD
$ XWLOL]DomR GH UHFXUVLYLGDGH QR SURFHVVDPHQWR GR DOJRULWPR Mi LQVSLURX
LPSOHPHQWDo}HV SDUDOHODV >0RZH@ HP TXH FDGD QRYD VXEGLYLVmR GR SUREOHPD YDL
VHQGR DWULEXtGD D XP SURFHVVDGRU GLIHUHQWH VHQGR JHUDGD DR ILQDO XPD OLVWD GRV
YpUWLFHV VHOHFLRQDGRV 1R HQWDQWR D JUDQGH GLIHUHQoD HQWUH R PHOKRU H R SLRU FDVR GH
SURFHVVDPHQWR YLGH DQiOLVH GH FRPSOH[LGDGH FRPSXWDFLRQDO SRGHP VHU XP
SUREOHPD XPD YH] TXH SRGHUi KDYHU SRXFR HTXLOtEULR HQWUH DV WDUHIDV DWULEXtGDV D
FDGD SURFHVVDGRU >+H6Q@
15
29
tolerncia
29
9
1
tolerncia
15
3
29
9
1
tolerncia
3
2 29
9
1
tolerncia
2 UHVXOWDGR GHVWH DOJRULWPR p DFODPDGR SHOD OLWHUDWXUD FRPR VHQGR R TXH PDLV
VLWXDomR R DOJRULWPR SRGH VHU OHYDGR D HVFROKHU YpUWLFHV TXH WHUPLQDP SRU GHL[DU D
OLQKD FRP XPD DSDUrQFLD SRXFR QDWXUDO >9L:K@ FRP WHQGrQFLD D DSUHVHQWDU
SLFRV FRPR QR H[HPSOR GD )LJXUD HQWUH RV YpUWLFHV H FRP kQJXORV
17
3 29
4
9
22
1
6 24
tolerncia
6H D PHVPD OLQKD GD )LJXUD IRU SURFHVVDGD QRYDPHQWH FRP XPD WROHUkQFLD SRU
YpUWLFHV H WRGRV SHUWHQFHQWHV j VROXomR DQWHULRU )LJXUD
VHOHFLRQDGRV QD PHVPD RUGHP H D WROHUkQFLD VHUYH SDUD GHWHUPLQDU DWp TXH SRQWR R
17
29
9
1
24
tolerncia
VHOHomR TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DR YDORU maxd GR 3URJUDPD )LJXUD 7HQGR VLGR
9 24
1.614 2.705
3 11 17 27
0.750 0.213 1.094 0.514
2 6 10 13 16 22 25 28
0.177 0.894 0.070 0.267 0.354 0.256 0.247 0.078
4 8 12 14 18 23 26
0.371 0.224 0.224 0.100 0.238 0.108 0.054
5 7 19
0.250 0.094 0.062
21
0.044
20
0.028
FRQVLGHUDGRV FUtWLFRV SRU KXPDQRV QHP VHPSUH FRLQFLGHP FRP RV VHOHFLRQDGRV SHOR
DOJRULWPR 0DLV JUDYH GR TXH LVVR p D FRQVWDWDomR GH TXH RV YpUWLFHV VmR VHOHFLRQDGRV
iUHDV PDLV ULFDV HP GHWDOKHV H YpUWLFHV GH PHQRV QDV UHJL}HV JHRPHWULFDPHQWH PDLV
H[FHVVLYR GH iUHDV SRXFR VLJQLILFDWLYDV QR VHQWLGR JOREDO ,VWR p H[SOLFDGR SHOR IDWR GR
YH] GH IHLo}HV PHQRV VLJQLILFDWLYDV H QR SURFHVVR YDL GHL[DQGR SDUD WUiV YpUWLFHV
YpUWLFHV FUtWLFRV SUHFLVDP VHU HOLPLQDGRV SDUD TXH VH SRVVD REWHU OLQKDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV
YDULDomR TXH VH SRGH REWHU QR UHVXOWDGR ILQDO TXDQGR VH YDULD D OLQKD kQFRUD
REWLGR
(VWH DOJRULWPR SURS}H XPD LQYHUVmR GD OyJLFD XWLOL]DGD SHOD PDLRULD GRV GHPDLV
YLVWRV DWp DJRUD TXH WUDWDP GH VHOHFLRQDU RV YpUWLFHV GD SROLJRQDO TXH VmR QHFHVViULRV
v i+1
v i-1
7DPEpP QR FULWpULR GH SUR[LPLGDGH HVWH DOJRULWPR VH GLVWLQJXH GRV GHPDLV XPD YH]
TXH XWLOL]D R FRQFHLWR GH iUHD HIHWLYD HP YH] GH GLVWkQFLDV RX kQJXORV $ iUHD HIHWLYD
FRUUHVSRQGHQWH D XP YpUWLFH Y L
p D iUHD GR WULkQJXOR IRUPDGR SHORV YpUWLFHV Y YL
L
H
YL )LJXUD $ FDGD SDVVR R YpUWLFH FRP PHQRU iUHD HIHWLYD p HOLPLQDGR H D
iUHD HIHWLYD GRV GRLV YpUWLFHV DGMDFHQWHV D HOH p UHFDOFXODGD GHVFRQVLGHUDQGR R YpUWLFH
incio
para i = 1 at numvert - 2 faa
calcular a rea efetiva do vrtice i;
repita
min = vrtice com menor rea efetiva correspondente;
se area_efetiva(min) < tol_area
eliminar o vrtice min;
recalcular as reas efetivas dos vizinhos do ponto eliminado;
at que (area_efetiva(min) >= tol_area) ou
(todos os vrtices intermedirios foram eliminados);
fim.
DYDOLDomR p IHLWD D FDGD SDVVR RX VHMD HQWUH D YHUVmR DQWHULRU GD OLQKD H D YHUVmR
GRV YpUWLFHV VLPSOLILFDGRV TXH VHMD XQLYHUVDOPHQWH DFHLWiYHO H GHPRQVWUDP HVWH IDWR
RXWURV YpUWLFHV SHUFHSWLYHOPHQWH PDLV FUtWLFRV SRU H[HPSOR QDV H[WUHPLGDGHV GHVVDV
HVFROKD GR YDORU GH SDUDGD D SDUWLU GH TXH iUHD HIHWLYD R SURFHGLPHQWR GHYH VHU
FRPR XWLOL]DGD QR 'RXJODV3HXFNHU QmR SRGH VHU IHLWD SRLV D GLVWkQFLD HQWUH RV
iUHD HIHWLYD FRQVLGHUDGD JOREDOPHQWH D FDGD SDVVR HOLPLQDQGR R SRQWR FRP PHQRU
)LJXUD E IRL XWLOL]DGD WROHUkQFLD GH PHWURV HTXLYDOHQWH D PP HP HVFDOD
FRPR D JHUDomR GH SLFRV )LJXUD E 3RU RXWUR ODGR D HOLPLQDomR GH
)LJXUD /DJR GLJLWDOL]DGR FRP YpUWLFHV D H VLPSOLILFDGR SHORV DOJRULWPRV
GH 'RXJODV3HXFNHU E H 9LVYDOLQJDP:K\DWW F
PDQWHQGR GRV YpUWLFHV RULJLQDLV
$ HVFDOD GH GLJLWDOL]DomR GR ODJR GD )LJXUD IRL $ )LJXUD FRPSDUD
D E F G
)LJXUD G SRU H[HPSOR D UHSUHVHQWDomR XWLOL]RX R GREUR GRV YpUWLFHV TXH IRUDP
PDQWLGRV QD )LJXUD E H )LJXUD F REWHQGR XPD DSDUrQFLD PDLV QDWXUDO PDV
(VWHV WLSRV GH REMHWRV VmR PXLWR FRPXQV HP 6,* VHQGR PXLWDV YH]HV GHQRPLQDGRV
VROR H JHQHULFDPHQWH WRGR WLSR GH GLYLVmR WHUULWRULDO WDLV FRPR HVWDGRV PXQLFtSLRV
GDGRV JHRJUiILFRV VmR PXLWR VLPSOHV PDV SRGHP H[LVWLU REMHWRV SROLJRQDLV PXLWR
FRPSOLFDGRV 3RU H[HPSOR p PXLWR SURYiYHO TXH R IRUPDWR GH XPD HGLILFDomR VHMD
PXLWR PDLV VLPSOHV TXH D IURQWHLUD HQWUH GRLV PXQLFtSLRV XPD YH] TXH R SULPHLUR p
SROtJRQR HP SDUWHV PDLV VLPSOHV FRPR WULkQJXORV 1HVWD VHomR VHUmR DSUHVHQWDGRV
SHORV SRQWRV H[WUHPRV $ FXUYD p IHFKDGD SRUTXH R ~OWLPR VHJPHQWR FRQHFWD R ~OWLPR
$ GHILQLomR DFLPD SRGHULD VHU EDVHDGD QD GHILQLomR GH OLQKD SROLJRQDO XPD YH] TXH R
(a) (b)
1RWHVH TXH R SROtJRQR VHQGR D UHJLmR GR SODQR OLPLWDGD SHODV DUHVWDV FRQWpP WRGRV
FRQFOXtPRV TXH R SROtJRQR HQWHQGLGR FRPR VHQGR D UHJLmR GLYLGH R SODQR HP GXDV
GH LOKDV RX EXUDFRV QR SROtJRQR XPD YH] TXH R SROtJRQR GHYH FRQWHU WRGRV RV
SRQWRV GR SODQR QR LQWHULRU GD IURQWHLUD (P DOJXPDV GHILQLo}HV GH SROtJRQRV
XPD UHJUD TXH DILUPD TXH QHQKXP VXEFRQMXQWR GDV DUHVWDV GR SROtJRQR FRPSDUWLOKD
HGLItFLR WHP XP EXUDFR HP VHX FRQWRUQR TXH IXQFLRQD FRPR FROXQD GH YHQWLODomR
$ iUHD RFXSDGD SHOR HGLItFLR SRGH VHU DSUR[LPDGD SRU XP SROtJRQR QR TXDO R TXH
VHQWLGR DQWLKRUiULR SRU FRQYHQomR (VWH QmR p R FDVR GD PDLRULD GRV SURGXWRV GH
6,* TXH QmR H[LJHP TXDOTXHU RUGHQDomR HVSHFLDO GRV YpUWLFHV GH XP SROtJRQR SDUD
RX QmR VLPSOHV DQWHV GH DFHLWDU VXD LQFOXVmR ,VWR SRGH OHYDU D SUREOHPDV FRPR
YHUHPRV SRVWHULRUPHQWH
$ iUHD GH XP SROtJRQR SRGH VHU FDOFXODGD HP WHPSR OLQHDU FRP UHODomR DR Q~PHUR
1 n 1
A ( P ) = ( x i y i +1 y i x i +1 )
2 i =0
IHFKDPHQWR
KRUiULR H[DWDPHQWH FRPR QR FDVR GD iUHD GR WULkQJXOR (TXDomR &RPR Mi IRL
HQFRQWUDGD HP >)L&D@
VHX FHQWUR GH JUDYLGDGH RX FHQWUR GH PDVVD PDLV FRQKHFLGR HP 6,* FRPR FHQWUyLGH (P
XVDQGR VXDV iUHDV FRPR SHVR 2 FHQWUR GH JUDYLGDGH GH FDGD WULkQJXOR p
x A + x B + xC y A + y B + yC
xG = H yG =
3 3
x G1 S (T1 ) + x G 2 S (T2 )
xG =
S (T1 ) + S (T2 )
y G1 S (T1 ) + y G 2 S (T2 )
yG =
S (T1 ) + S (T2 )
FHQWUyLGH GR FRQMXQWR
OHYD HP FRQWD WULkQJXORV FRP iUHDV SRVLWLYDV H QHJDWLYDV FRPR QR FiOFXOR GD iUHD GR
SROtJRQR 2 PHVPR SURFHVVR GH PpGLD SRQGHUDGD SHOD iUHD SRGH VHU XVDGR
(VWH UHVXOWDGR SRGH VHU GHPRQVWUDGR XVDQGR DV FRRUGHQDGDV EDULFrQWULFDV FRQIRUPH
(x
i =0
i +1 + x i ) ( x i y i +1 y i x i +1 )
xC =
3 A( P )
n 1
(y
i =0
i +1 + y i ) ( x i y i +1 y i x i +1 )
yC =
3 A( P)
S = S + parcela;
xc = xc + (P.fronteira[i].x +P.fronteira[i1].x) * parcela;
yc = yc + (P.fronteira[i].y +P.fronteira[i1].y) * parcela;
fim;
se (S != 0) ento incio
xc = xc / (3 * S);
yc = yc / (3 * S);
fim seno incio
xc = 0;
yc = 0;
sinalizar erro e retornar;
fim;
S = S / 2;
pt.x = xc;
pt.y = yc;
retorne (pt);
fim.
0DV DSHVDU GD VLPSOLFLGDGH GR SURFHVVR QmR H[LVWH JDUDQWLD GH TXH R FHQWUyLGH VHUi
Y LY M
DUPD]HQDU YM HP T VH HVWD GLVWkQFLD IRU XP QRYR PtQLPR
DR ILQDO GR SURFHVVR VH DOJXP SRQWR LQWHULRU D Y YLYL
L
IRU HQFRQWUDGR
R PpWRGR DSUHVHQWDGR QHVWD VHomR R SURFHVVR GD PpGLD WHP VHXV UHVXOWDGRV DIHWDGRV
SROtJRQRV &RPR VH SRGH SHUFHEHU QD )LJXUD D H[LVWrQFLD SRU DOJXPD UD]mR GH
SRQWR HVWi GHQWUR RX IRUD GH XP SROtJRQR e UHVROYLGR SRU H[HPSOR YiULDV YH]HV
FDGD YH] TXH VH XVD R ERWmR GR PRXVH SDUD VHOHFLRQDU XP REMHWR QD WHOD (PERUD D
VROXomR VHMD UHODWLYDPHQWH VLPSOHV p QHFHVViULR WRPDU PXLWR FXLGDGR FRP FDVRV
HQWmR R SRQWR HVWi GHQWUR GR SROtJRQR FDVR FRQWUiULR RX VHMD FDVR H[LVWD XP
3RU FRQYHQLrQFLD DGRWDVH HP JHUDO XPD VHPLUHWD SDUDOHOD DR HL[R GRV [ SDVVDQGR
IHLWD FRP IDFLOLGDGH YHULILFDQGR TXDQWRV VHJPHQWRV WrP XP SRQWR H[WUHPR DFLPD H
(a) (b)
P P
Q
(c) (d)
3DUD HVWHV FDVRV D VROXomR HVWi HP DGRWDU XP FULWpULR SDUD D FRQWDJHP GH LQWHUVHo}HV
GH PRGR TXH
VH D UHWD SDVVD SRU XP YpUWLFH D LQWHUVHomR GHYH VHU FRQVLGHUDGD DSHQDV VH IRU R
2 FDVR HP TXH 4 FRLQFLGH FRP XP YpUWLFH SRGH VHU WUDWDGR SHOR SULPHLUR FULWpULR 2
WHUFHLUR FULWpULR ID] FRP TXH WRGRV RV SRQWRV GD IURQWHLUD VHMDP FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR
SHUWHQFHQWHV DR SROtJRQR
funo pontoEmRetngulo(Ponto Q, Ponto A, Ponto B): booleano
/* testa se Q est contido no retngulo definido por A e B */
incio
Ponto C, D;
SROtJRQR 3URJUDPD 2EVHUYHVH TXH IRL LQFOXtGR XP WHVWH GH UHMHLomR UiSLGD
(VWH VLPSOHV WHVWH SRGH UHSUHVHQWDU XP JDQKR GH GHVHPSHQKR LPSRUWDQWH SDUD 6,*
se (C.y != D.y)
ento incio
calcular interseo;
se (interseo for direita de Q)
ento numIntersees = numIntersees + 1;
fim ento;
fim;
retorne ((numIntersees mod 2) != 0);
fim.
DEDL[R GD VHPLUHWD HQTXDQWR R RXWUR SRGH HVWDU GR ODGR RSRVWR RX VREUH D VHPLUHWD
3URJUDPD 'HVWD IRUPD p LQWHQFLRQDOPHQWH IRUoDGD XPD VLWXDomR HP TXH
&RPR H[HPSOR FRQVLGHUHVH XP UHWkQJXOR FRP ODGRV SDUDOHORV DRV HL[RV 3HOR
DOJRULWPR GR 3URJUDPD SRQWRV QDV ODWHUDLV HVTXHUGD H LQIHULRU VmR FRQVLGHUDGRV
GHQWUR H SRQWRV QDV ODWHUDLV GLUHLWD H VXSHULRU VmR FRQVLGHUDGRV IRUD GR SROtJRQR
TXH VH GHVHMD TXH TXDOTXHU SRQWR SHUWHQoD D H[DWDPHQWH XP SROtJRQR 3HOR FULWpULR
DQWHULRU SRQWRV VREUH D IURQWHLUD FRPXP HQWUH GRLV SROtJRQRV SHUWHQFHULDP D DPERV
2 3URJUDPD HPERUD XVH RV PHVPRV FULWpULRV GH VROXomR GH FDVRV GHJHQHUDGRV GLIHUH
GR DSUHVHQWDGR HP >25RX@ SRLV QmR UHDOL]D D PXGDQoD GH HL[RV SURSRVWD TXH SRGH VHU
DGRWDGR SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU HQWLGDGHV GH iUHD &DVR DSHQDV VHMDP SHUPLWLGRV SROtJRQRV
VLPSOHV R WHVWH FRQIRUPH DSUHVHQWDGR SRGHUi VHU XVDGR 1R HQWDQWR FDVR R PRGHOR
3RQWR FRQWLGR HP DSHQDV XP SROtJRQR QHVWH FDVR R SROtJRQR Vy SRGHUi VHU XPD
LOKD H SRUWDQWR R SRQWR HVWi GHQWUR GD UHJLmR &DVR R SROtJRQR VHMD XP EXUDFR
GH EXUDFRV R SRQWR HVWi IRUD GD UHJLmR )LJXUD E VH R Q~PHUR GH LOKDV IRU
PDLRU TXH R Q~PHUR GH EXUDFRV R SRQWR HVWi GHQWUR GD UHJLmR )LJXUD D 2
WRSROyJLFR
Q Q
(a) (b)
SDUD HYLWDU FRQIOLWRV HP VLWXDo}HV HP TXH R SRQWR ILTXH QD IURQWHLUD HQWUH GRLV
(VWDV HVWUXWXUDV H RSHUDo}HV VREUH HODV VHUmR DSUHVHQWDGDV QD VHomR $V IXQo}HV GH
HP WHOD 2 FDVR JHUDO p R UHFRUWH GH XP SROtJRQR SRU RXWUR DPERV JHQpULFRV QmR
VtQWHVH GH LPDJHQV ' 2XWUR XVR SDUD R UHFRUWH GH SROtJRQRV p D TXHEUD GH REMHWRV
FRPSXWDomR JUiILFD R SUREOHPD SRGH DLQGD LQFOXLU RV FDVRV GH SROtJRQRV QmR VLPSOHV
IRU SRVVtYHO TXH GRLV SROtJRQRV 3 H 4 WHQKDP LQWHUVHomR HQWmR SRGHPRV FRQFOXLU
PDQHLUD VLPSOHV GH WHVWDU VH GRLV SROtJRQRV WrP RX QmR LQWHUVHomR p XVDU LQLFLDOPHQWH
VLPSOHV SRGHP JHUDU GLYHUVRV SROtJRQRV FRPR UHVXOWDGR 0DLV DLQGD RV SROtJRQRV
GLIHUHQoD
P
Q
(a) P U Q (b) Q - S
(c) P Q (d) P - R
OLQKDV TXH SDVVDP SHORV YpUWLFHV H SHORV SRQWRV GH LQWHUVHomR HQWUH DUHVWDV
IDWLD >/D7K@
SROtJRQRV TXH SRGHP WHU LOKDV RX EXUDFRV 2 DOJRULWPR p VHQVtYHO j RULHQWDomR GRV
3ROtJRQRV 2SHUDo}HV
3 4 P Q P Q PQ Q P
RX SDUWH GHOD 1HVWH FDVR DPERV RV SRQWRV H[WUHPRV GD DUHVWD GHYHP VHU
FODVVLILFDGD FRPR H[WHULRU DR RXWUR SROtJRQR FDVR SHOR PHQRV XP GH VHXV YpUWLFHV
HVWHMD FODVVLILFDGR FRPR IRUD 6H DPERV RV YpUWLFHV HVWLYHUHP FODVVLILFDGRV FRPR QD
GHFLGLU R TXH ID]HU QHVWHV FDVRV RX VHMD VH LQWHUVHo}HV FRP GLPHQVmR GH VHJPHQWR
UHWRUQDGDV VHUmR IRUPDGDV SRU XP FLFOR GH GXDV DUHVWDV VREUHSRVWDV FDGD XPD
DUHVWDV FDGD XPD HP XPD GLUHomR OLJDQGR GRLV YpUWLFHV VREUHSRVWRV 'HVWD IRUPD
5/ XVDQGR DSHQDV DV DUHVWDV TXH LQWHUHVVDP SDUD D RSHUDomR FRQIRUPH GHILQLGR
QD 7DEHOD
3DUD XPD DQiOLVH PDLV FRPSOHWD LQFOXVLYH FRP DV FRPELQDo}HV GH KLSyWHVHV QRV FDVRV GH
3ROtJRQRV 2SHUDo}HV
P Q P Q PQ Q P
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
LOKD EXUDFR LQWHULRU LQWHULRU H[WHULRU H[WHULRU H[WHULRU LQWHULRU LQWHULRU H[WHULRU
LOKD EXUDFR H[WHULRU LQWHULRU LQWHULRU H[WHULRU LQWHULRU LQWHULRU H[WHULRU H[WHULRU
EXUDFR LOKD LQWHULRU H[WHULRU H[WHULRU LQWHULRU H[WHULRU H[WHULRU LQWHULRU LQWHULRU
EXUDFR EXUDFR H[WHULRU H[WHULRU LQWHULRU LQWHULRU LQWHULRU H[WHULRU H[WHULRU LQWHULRU
EDVWDQWH FRQYHQLHQWH
P
p2
p5
p3 q3 p6
i2
i1 q2
i3
p4
p7
i4
q 0= q 4 Q p8
q1
'H DFRUGR FRP D 7DEHOD SDUD UHDOL]DU RSHUDo}HV GH XQLmR H LQWHUVHomR VREUH GRLV
S S S S S S S S S S
3/ I I I I G I I G I I
T T T T T
4/ I I G G I
S S S S L S L S S L S L S S
3/ I I I I QI G QI I I QI G QI I I
T T L T L L T L T
4/ I I QI G QI QI G QI I
S S S S L S L S S L S L S T T L T L L T L
S S S L S L S S L S L S S T L T L L T L T
5/ H H H H L L H H H L L H H H H L L H L L H
2EVHUYHVH D FODVVLILFDomR GD DUHVWD LL TXH VRPHQWH S{GH VHU IHLWD DQDOLVDQGR D
S S S S L S S L S T T L L
S S S L S S L S S T L L T
P Q H H H H H H H H H H H H H
LQWHULRUHV
L S L S L T L T
S L S L T L T L
P Q L L L L L L L L
SROtJRQR FXMRV YpUWLFHV VmR S S S S L T T T L S S S 1R HQWDQWR UHVWD
DLQGD QD OLVWD RXWUR SROtJRQR FRP YpUWLFHV L S S L L 2V YpUWLFHV GR SULPHLUR
URGRYLD HVWHMD UHSUHVHQWDGD SHOD OLQKD GH VHX HL[R p SUHFLVR HQFRQWUDU XPD GLVWkQFLD
VHJPHQWR H FDGD YpUWLFH (VWHV EXIIHUV HOHPHQWDUHV VmR VLPSOHVPHQWH FtUFXORV DR UHGRU
GRV YpUWLFHV H UHWkQJXORV DR UHGRU GRV VHJPHQWRV FRP ODGRV SDUDOHORV D HVWHV )LJXUD
(a) (b)
)LJXUD 1R FDVR GH SROtJRQRV D XQLmR GHYH VHU IHLWD WDPEpP FRP R SUySULR
SROtJRQR SDUD TXH WRGRV RV SRQWRV LQWHULRUHV D HOH VHMDP FRQVLGHUDGRV )LJXUD
)LJXUD %XIIHU DR UHGRU GH OLQKD
GH FULDomR GH EXIIHUV SRGH VHU IRUPDGR SRU YiULRV SROtJRQRV VHSDUDGRV RX SRU
(a) (b)
SUR[LPLGDGH
(VWD VHomR YDL DQDOLVDU XPD VpULH GH SUREOHPDV FRUUHODFLRQDGRV H TXH HQYROYHP R
GHVWDFDU D LPSRUWkQFLD GHVWD HVWUXWXUD SDUD 6,* >*ROG *ROG 2%6@ PDV DWp R
ORFDLV RX VLWHV 2 SODQR SRGH VHU SDUWLFLRQDGR GH PRGR TXH FDGD SRQWR HVWHMD
V ( pi ) = x dist ( pi x ) dist ( p j x ), j i
([LVWH D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH VH WHU SRQWRV TXH VmR LJXDOPHQWH SUy[LPRV D GRLV RX PDLV
)LJXUD 7RGRV RV SRQWRV GD UHWD VmR LJXDOPHQWH SUy[LPRV D S H D S 3RQWRV QR
(VWHV SROtJRQRV UHFHEHP GLYHUVRV QRPHV DOWHUQDWLYRV QD OLWHUDWXUD UHJL}HV GH 'LULFKOHW
p1
([SDQGLQGR SDUD WUrV ORFDLV p IiFLO SHUFHEHU TXH R GLDJUDPD GH 9RURQRL VHUi
p2
M 12
M 23
p1
p3
M 13
FRQVWUXomR GHYH OHYDU HP FRQWD DV PHGLDWUL]HV GRV VHJPHQWRV GHILQLGRV HQWUH FDGD
GH S L
p QHFHVViULR FRPELQDU WRGRV RV VHPLSODQRV 6 LM
FRP i j H SRUWDQWR
V ( pi ) = S
i j
ij
&RPR VHPLSODQRV VmR SRU GHILQLomR FRQYH[RV QmR H[LVWH QHQKXP VHJPHQWR
GHILQLGR HQWUH GRLV SRQWRV GR VHPLSODQR H TXH FRQWpP SRQWRV TXH QmR SHUWHQoDP D
TXH H[LVWHP SROtJRQRV XP SDUD FDGD ORFDO 2V YpUWLFHV GRV SROtJRQRV HVWmR
OLJDGRV HP JHUDO D WUrV DUHVWDV H[FHWR TXDQGR VH WHP TXDWUR RX PDLV ORFDLV FR
FLUFXODUHV HP 3 )LJXUD D (VWD VLWXDomR p FRQVLGHUDGD GHJHQHUDGD PDV SRGH VHU
HOLPLQDGD FRP D LQWURGXomR GH SHUWXUEDo}HV LQILQLWHVLPDLV QRV SRQWRV FRFLUFXODUHV
)LJXUD E
$VVLP FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH R Pi[LPR JUDX GH XP YpUWLFH VHMD LJXDO D WUrV GHILQHVH R
ORFDLV H FXMRV DUFRV FRQHFWDP ORFDLV FXMRV SROtJRQRV GH 9RURQRL FRPSDUWLOKDP XPD
DUHVWD GR GLDJUDPD 'HPRQVWUDVH TXH HVWH JUDIR p SODQDU H SRUWDQWR YDOH D IyUPXOD
GH (XOHU HP XP JUDIR SODQDU FRP Q YpUWLFHV H[LVWHP 3n 6 DUFRV H 2n 4 IDFHV
>25RX@
7UDoDQGR * FRP OLQKDV UHWDV HQWUH RV YpUWLFHV ORFDLV DVVXPLQGR TXH QmR H[LVWDP
OLQKDV SRQWLOKDGDV
$SOLFDo}HV
EiVLFD SDUD UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV GH SUR[LPLGDGH SRGH VHU HPSUHJDGD VHPSUH TXH R
GH HVJRWDU R DVVXQWR
3RQWR PDLV SUy[LPR 'DGR XP FRQMXQWR 3 GH ORFDLV GHVHMDVH VDEHU TXDO p R PDLV
SUy[LPR GH XP SRQWR T GDGR 7UDWDVH GH XPD FRQVXOWD WUDGLFLRQDO HP
GLDJUDPD GH 9RURQRL SRGH VHU PXLWR YDQWDMRVR 8P H[HPSOR SUiWLFR LQIRUPDU DRV
9L]LQKRV PDLV SUy[LPRV (VWH SUREOHPD FRQVLVWH HP GDGR XP FRQMXQWR 3 GH ORFDLV
HQFRQWUDU R ORFDO S M
PDLV SUy[LPR GH FDGD ORFDO S L
R YL]LQKR PDLV SUy[LPR GH S L
VHQGR XP JUDIR HP TXH RV QyV VmR RV ORFDLV H DV DUHVWDV VmR GLUHFLRQDGDV HQWUH FDGD
ORFDO H VHX YL]LQKR PDLV SUy[LPR (VWH JUDIR SRGH VHU XVDGR SDUD UHVSRQGHU FRP
IDFLOLGDGH D TXHVW}HV FRPR TXDO p R ORFDO PDLV SUy[LPR GHVWH H TXH ORFDLV VmR PDLV
2EVHUYH TXH HVWH JUDIR QmR p QHFHVVDULDPHQWH FRQH[R H WDPEpP TXH DV OLJDo}HV
GD )LJXUD
GLVWkQFLD HQWUH RV ORFDLV VHSDUDGRV SRU DTXHOD DUHVWD H PDQWHU RV PHQRUHV YDORUHV HP
1DWXUDOPHQWH HVWD WDUHID VHUi IDFLOLWDGD SHOD FRQVWUXomR GH XPD HVWUXWXUD GH GDGRV
D XP ORFDO TXDO p D DUHVWD GH PHQRU FRPSULPHQWR TXH LQFLGH VREUH HOH 2 ORFDO QD
RXWUD H[WUHPLGDGH GHVWD DUHVWD p R YL]LQKR PDLV SUy[LPR $ YDOLGDGH GHVWD HVWUDWpJLD
0DLRU FtUFXOR YD]LR &RQVLVWH HP GHWHUPLQDU R PDLRU FtUFXOR FXMR FHQWUR SHUWHQFH DR
IHFKR FRQYH[R GRV ORFDLV GH 3 H TXH QmR FRQWpP QHQKXP ORFDO )RL GHPRQVWUDGR TXH
FDVR R FHQWUR GR FtUFXOR VHMD LQWHULRU DR IHFKR FRQYH[R HQWmR GHYH FRLQFLGLU FRP XP
YpUWLFH GH 9RURQRL 2 FHQWUR GR PDLRU FtUFXOR YD]LR SRGH WDPEpP HVWDU VREUH DOJXPD
DUHVWD GR IHFKR FRQYH[R H QHVWH FDVR HVWDUi VLWXDGR QR SRQWR PpGLR GD DUHVWD
HTLGLVWDQWH D GRLV YpUWLFHV > 25RX@ 8P DOJRULWPR SDUD UHVROYHU HVWH SUREOHPD D
GHILQLGR VREUH FDGD YpUWLFH TXH FRUUHVSRQGH j GLVWkQFLD GR YpUWLFH D XP GRV WUrV
ORFDLV HTLGLVWDQWHV D HOH 7DPEpP GHYH VHU YHULILFDGR R UDLR GH FDGD FtUFXOR GHILQLGR
FRP FHQWUR QR SRQWR PpGLR GH FDGD DUHVWD GR IHFKR FRQYH[R $R ILQDO R UHVXOWDGR p R
(VWD WpFQLFD SRGH VHU XVDGD SDUD HVFROKHU R SRQWR GH LPSODQWDomR GH XP QRYR
HVWDV VLPSOLILFDo}HV QmR VHMDP DFHLWiYHLV WRUQDVH QHFHVViULR XWLOL]DU WpFQLFDV PDLV
GHVHMDVH FRQVWUXLU XPD VXSHUItFLH TXH UHSUHVHQWH R UHOHYR GR ORFDO 3DUD LVVR p
TXH R UHOHYR YDULD OLQHDUPHQWH HQWUH GRLV SRQWRV FRWDGRV FRQKHFLGRV R TXH p
VXILFLHQWH SDUD D PDLRULD GDV DSOLFDo}HV 6H R JUDX GH DSUR[LPDomR REWLGR QmR IRU
GD FXUYD GH QtYHO TXH VH SUHWHQGH WUDoDU (VWD LQWHUVHomR SRGH VHU QXOD )LJXUD
D SRGH VHU XP SRQWR )LJXUD E XP VHJPHQWR GH UHWD )LJXUD F RX
PHVPR WRGR R WULkQJXOR )LJXUD G %RXU 1RV FDVRV HP TXH D LQWHUVHomR p XP
FDVRV SRGHP VHU LJQRUDGRV SDUD HIHLWR GH WUDoDGR GDV FXUYDV $ FRQWLQXLGDGH GH FDGD
FXUYD HVWi JDUDQWLGD SHOR IDWR GH TXH RV SRQWRV H[WUHPRV GR VHJPHQWR GH LQWHUVHomR
TXDQWR PDLV WULkQJXORV PDLV UHILQDGR VHUi R DVSHFWR GD FXUYD JHUDGD HVSHFLDOPHQWH
QDV UHJL}HV RQGH R UHOHYR PXGD PDLV EUXVFDPHQWH 0HVPR DVVLP FXUYDV GH QtYHO
WUDoDGDV SRU HVWH SURFHVVR WHQGHP D DGTXLULU XP DVSHFWR DQJXORVR SRXFR QDWXUDO
XPD VSOLQH RX RXWUR SURFHVVR TXDOTXHU 2EVHUYHVH TXH p QHFHVViULR TXH D VXDYL]DomR
GR WHUUHQR HP XP SRQWR T GDGR ,VWR SRGH VHU IHLWR GHWHUPLQDQGR TXDO WULkQJXOR
FRQWpP T H ID]HQGR XPD LQWHUSRODomR OLQHDU HQWUH RV YpUWLFHV GR WULkQJXOR SDUD REWHU
2 PHVPR SURFHVVR GHVFULWR SDUD 0'7 SRGH VHU XVDGR SDUD WUDWDU RXWUDV YDULiYHLV GH
GLVWULEXLomR FRQWtQXD H TXH VmR PHGLGDV HP SRQWRV GLVFUHWRV WDLV FRPR WHPSHUDWXUD
2 SUREOHPD GH HQFRQWUDU R FDPLQKR PDLV FXUWR HQWUH GRLV QyV GH XP JUDIR RX XPD
FRQVLGHUDQGR D VRPD GRV FXVWRV DVVRFLDGRV DRV DUFRV SHUFRUULGRV
DUFRV FRPR YLDV H RV FXVWRV DVVRFLDGRV DRV DUFRV FRUUHVSRQGHP D WHPSR GH WUDMHWR RX
GLVWkQFLD SHUFRUULGD H D VROXomR VHUi R FDPLQKR PDLV FXUWR RX R FDPLQKR PDLV UiSLGR
(PERUD HVWH SUREOHPD SRVVD VHU DQDOLVDGR FRQVLGHUDQGR JUDIRV QmR GLUHFLRQDGRV HVWH DUWLJR
GR SHUFXUVR GD UHGH
5
2 5
5
2
3
1 4 7
3
5
1
4
6
3 6
DGDSWD DRV SUREOHPDV SUiWLFRV TXH VH EXVFD UHVROYHU FRP R DX[tOLR GH XP VLVWHPD GH
SHOR XVR GH HVWUXWXUDV GH GDGRV PDLV HILFLHQWHV (VWH DOJRULWPR TXH VHUi DSUHVHQWDGR
HP PDLV GHWDOKHV D VHJXLU DSHQDV IXQFLRQD VH RV FXVWRV DVVRFLDGRV DRV DUFRV IRUHP
)RUG DGPLWH R FDVR PDLV JHUDO GH FXVWRV QHJDWLYRV &RPR HP JHUDO DV
JUDQGH]DV ItVLFDV DVVRFLDGDV DRV DUFRV VmR QDWXUDOPHQWH QmR QHJDWLYDV R DOJRULWPR GH
) VmR YHULILFDGRV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU TXDO VHULD D PHOKRU RSomR SDUD H[SDQGLU D
SHVTXLVD 6HUi HVFROKLGR H WUDQVIHULGR SDUD 9 DTXHOH Qy FXMR FXVWR DFXPXODGR VHMD R
PHQRU GHQWUH RV FDQGLGDWRV H VHXV YL]LQKRV VHUmR HQWmR WUDQVIHULGRV GR FRQMXQWR '
KRXYHU PDLV QyV D SHUFRUUHU QHVWH FDVR QmR H[LVWH FDPLQKR YLiYHO HQWUH R H G
HVWmR DUPD]HQDGRV QR YHWRU nodos TXH WHP GLYHUVRV FDPSRV sit VLWXDomR GR Qy
DGMDFrQFLD FXMR SRQWR LQLFLDO HVWi DUPD]HQDGR QR FDPSR adj GR YHWRU nodos 2
struct NODO
{
INT id; /* identificacao do n */
INT x; /* coordenada geogrfica x do n */
INT y; /* coordenada geogrfica y do n */
INT acum; /* custo acumulado */
INT pai; /* n anterior (resultado) */
unsigned char sit; /* situacao do n */
struct ADJ *adj; /* lista de adjacncia */
};
struct NODO nodos[MAXNODOS]; /* vetor de ns */
struct ADJ
{
INT nodo; /* no adjacente */
INT idarc; /* identificador do arco */
INT custo; /* custo associado ao arco */
struct ADJ *link; /* continuao da lista */
};
3URJUDPD (VWUXWXUDV GH GDGRV SDUD R DOJRULWPR GH 'LMNVWUD
SDVVR D H[SDQVmR GR FXVWR DFXPXODGR DWp DTXHOH SRQWR (VWH FULWpULR p WtSLFR GRV
DOJRULWPRV GLWRV JXORVRV JUHHG\ H HPERUD VHMD GLItFLO DFUHGLWDU j SULPHLUD YLVWD R
UHGH
&RQIRUPH Mi GLWR R DOJRULWPR VHJXQGR DSUHVHQWDGR DWp DTXL XWLOL]D GDGRV TXH Mi
DWLYLGDGHV PDLV FUtWLFDV SDUD D SHUIRUPDQFH GR VLVWHPD FRPR XP WRGR IXQo}HV TXH
VHUmR XVDGDV PDLV IUHTHQWHPHQWH WDLV FRPR URWLQDV GH GLVSOD\ LQGH[DomR HVSDFLDO H
LQWHUIDFH FRP R XVXiULR $OpP GLVVR SDUD PRQWDU HP PHPyULD DV HVWUXWXUDV GH GDGRV
DLQGD DVVLP WRGD D HVWUXWXUD SUHFLVD VHU UHFXSHUDGD SRLV QmR VH VDEH D SULRUL TXDO
YLVLWDGRV
UHDOPHQWH ID]HU D UHFXSHUDomR GRV GDGRV j PHGLGD HP TXH VHMDP GHPDQGDGRV SHOR
$ RSomR SHOD UHFXSHUDomR GR JUDIR D SDUWLU GR EDQFR GH GDGRV WDPEpP WHP PDLV
GXDV UD]}HV GH RUGHP SUiWLFD 8PD GHODV p D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH VH WHU JUDIRV PDLRUHV
1HVWH FDVR D H[LVWrQFLD GH XPD FySLD GR JUDIR HP PHPyULD SRGHULD UHVXOWDU HP XPD
JUDIR D SDUWLU GR EDQFR GH GDGRV SURGX]LQGR DUTXLYRV TXH VHUmR OLGRV SHOR
HVWUXWXUDomR GH GDGRV H RWLPL]DomR GH FyGLJR GLVSRQtYHLV $OpP GLVWR R 6,* GHYH VHU
QD EDVH JHRJUiILFD 6HUi SRXFR SUiWLFR ID]HU D H[SRUWDomR GR JUDIR SDUD DUTXLYRV
H[WHUQRV FRQVWDQWHPHQWH SRLV HVWD RSHUDomR SRGH VHU D PDLV GHPRUDGD $VVLP R
JUDIR VmR HVSRUiGLFDV QmR VHQGR FUtWLFR SDUD D DSOLFDomR PDQWHU R JUDIR
ULJRURVDPHQWH DWXDOL]DGR
HVFROKD VHMD IHLWD GH PRGR TXH R Qy HVFROKLGR VHMD DTXHOH SDUD R TXDO D VRPD GR FXVWR
&DVR
)LJXUD 3DGUmR GH H[SDQVmR GD SHVTXLVD QR DOJRULWPR GH
7RSRORJLD
VHomR VHJXLQWH DSUHVHQWD XPD GHILQLomR IRUPDO GRV WLSRV GH UHODFLRQDPHQWRV HVSDFLDLV
WUDEDOKDU RV UHODFLRQDPHQWRV TXH RFRUUHP HQWUH REMHWRV GR PXQGR UHDO H TXH VmR
XVR HP 6,* p EDVWDQWH IUHTHQWH 3RU H[HPSOR VmR FRPXQV FRQVXOWDV TXH SURFXUDP
XPD GHWHUPLQDGD UHJLmR 7DLV WLSRV GH FRQVXOWDV VmR IRUPXODGRV GHVGH TXH H[LVWH
HQHUJLD D HVWUDGD FRUWD XPD ID]HQGD H DVVLP SRU GLDQWH $SHVDU GH LQWXLWLYRV HVVHV
YH] TXH SUHFLVDP VHU IRUPXODGRV FRP XPD SUHFLVmR TXH SHUPLWD VXD DYDOLDomR SHOD
PiTXLQD
HQWUH RV REMHWRV
VLVWHPDV JHUHQFLDGRUHV GH EDQFRV GH GDGRV 6*%' XVXDLV 3RU H[HPSOR EDVWD LQVHULU
TXH VH HVWDEHOHoD XPD UHODomR HQWUH DTXHOH IXQFLRQiULR H VHX GHSDUWDPHQWR 'HVVD
VLPSOHV UHJUD GHFRUUHP DOJXPDV UHVWULo}HV TXH GHYHP VHU LPSOHPHQWDGDV SHOR 6*%'
H[LVWLU DQWHV TXH R IXQFLRQiULR SRVVD VHU PHPEUR GHOH H VH R GHSDUWDPHQWR IRU
H[FOXtGR RV IXQFLRQiULRV OLJDGRV D HOH GHYHP VHU DQWHV WUDQVIHULGRV SDUD RXWURV
FDUUHJD XP VLJQLILFDGR GHILQLGR SRU FDGD XP GH QyV LQWXLWLYDPHQWH PDV QHP VHPSUH
3RU H[HPSOR TXDQGR VH XVD D H[SUHVVmR FUX]D TXDLV GDV VLWXDo}HV DSUHVHQWDGDV QD
GHQRPLQDGR FUX]D
+RUL]RQWH XP DWULEXWR WH[WXDO IRL GHILQLGR SDUD FRQWHU XPD GHVFULomR GD ORFDOL]DomR
GH XP SRQWR GH {QLEXV TXH SXGHVVH VHU XVDGD SDUD RULHQWDomR DRV XVXiULRV SHOR
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Mdulo
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Linguagem de
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Mdulo
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Mdulo
Mdulo
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