AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

2012, Science Hu, http://www.scihub.org/AJSIR

ISSN: 2153-649X, doi:10.5251/ajsir.2012.3.6.464.473

Earth, portals, parallel universes

Alexander A. Antonov
Research Center of Information Technologies TELAN Electronics
P. O. Box 73, Kiev, 03142, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
A new hypothesis of a structure of the Multiverse which is based on the theoretically and
experimentally established assumption the existence of hidden extra dimensions in our
Universe is suggested. The suggested hypothesis of the Multiverse, contrary to earlier
hypotheses of the Multiverse which were mostly developing the principles of the string theory
and many-world interpretation of quantum mechanics, ensues from principle to physical reality of
imaginary and complex numbers. Therefore such Multiverse allows for its experimental
verification and, most likely, really exists. The parallel Universes entering into it according to a
principle of similarity of the Universes are governed by the same laws of physics, in they there
are elementary particles, atoms and molecules, there are planets and stars, and even there are
reasonable inhabitants who, possibly, already found ways of visit of Earth. Therefore inhabitants
of Earth also can visit the adjacent parallel Universes through natural and artificial portals.
Possible mechanisms of portal formation are discussed.

Keywords: Complex numbers, Hidden extra dimensions, Universe, Multiverse, Parallel

Universes, Portals, Earth

INTRODUCTION Steinhardt and Turok 2009; Carr 2009; Lucash and

The term Multiverse was suggested in 1895 by William
James (1842 1910), an American philosopher
psychologist, and put into practice by Michael John
Moorcock (born 1939), a science fiction writer.
Hypotheses about Multiuniverse existence after
science fiction writers also experts in cosmology and
astronomy, philosophy and physics, other scientists
recently began to offer. It turned out that descriptions
of the Multiverse can be found even in some religions.
In science, the term is usually understood as a
multitude of parallel universes the amount of which
differs in various hypotheses, but most often is
infinitely large. The most substantial hypotheses are
described in (Lewis 1986; Linde 1990; Greene 1999;
Deutsch 2002; Tegmark 2003; Ellis et al. 2004;
Mikheyeva 2010; Greene 2011). However in the
physicist and cosmology their general fundamental
lack total absence of any possibility of experimental
verification by detection of other parallel Universes
(Conley et al. 2007; Ellis 2011) is marked.
The hypothesis suggested in the manuscript, based
on the theoretically and experimentally established
principle of physical reality of complex numbers, as
well as the ensuing fact of presence of hidden extra
dimensions in our Universe, allows experimentally
verifying existence of parallel Universes, and even
describes the suggested mechanism of operation of
portals between them.
Proof of the principle of physical reality of
complex numbers: Complex numbers discovered

over 500 years ago have a complicated and dramatic
history first, their existence was denied by the
Inquisition, then by the special theory of relativity
(STR). Even at present, these exemptions have not
yet been overcome. However, below we give proof
that complex numbers actually in nature really exist.
Mathematic experiment: We can state that
oscillations are one of the most important processes in
physics. They are present everywhere, in this or that
form. Indeed, without oscillations people would not be
able to see or hear, warm up by the fire or measure
time, use modern communication means or electricity.
Neither our planet nor the Solar system, neither atoms
nor molecules would exist without oscillations, nothing
would exist. in some religions.
To give mathematic description of oscillation
processes of any physical nature, differential
equations are used. Processes in linear oscillation
systems are described with linear differential
equations, the solutions of which, as is well known, are
a sum of two components the so called forced and
free components of response. They are found in a
different way.
However, for the purpose of this report, we shall be
interested only in the free component of response,
which is often referred to as a transition process. In the
case when a pulse action takes place, it is also
referred to as shock oscillation. A well known example
of shock oscillations is a tsunami.
Finding a concrete type of the free component of
response begins with creation of the so called
characteristic algebraic equation corresponding to the
initial differential equation, and solution it for variable
p , which, in the case when it takes values in the form
of complex numbers, is often referred to as complex
frequency.
465
Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473
The solutions of the characteristic algebraic equation
are used to write down the time function describing
transition process. If the solutions of the characteristic
equation, e.g., of the second order equation, are
different real numbers, the transition process in
question is aperiodic. If the solutions of the same
characteristic equation are real and equal (i.e.
multiple) numbers, the transition process is critical. If
the solutions of the same characteristic equations are
complex conjugate numbers, the transition process is
oscillating. The solutions of characteristic algebraic
equations of higher degrees can be any combination
of the above particular cases, and, therefore, the
corresponding transition processes may include both
aperiodic and critical, as well as oscillation
components.
All of the above is explained in detail in the respective
textbooks. However, they do not explain why of the
two variants of solving algebraic equations known
even from the school course of algebra (on the set of
real numbers and on the set of complex numbers), the
theory of linear differential equations uses only one to
solve characteristic differential equations (on the set of
complex numbers).
This is an extremely important circumstance. The
matter is that quadratic characteristic equations
solved on the set of real numbers for the case of a
negative discriminant have no solutions. This result is
illustrated by the graphic solution (see Figure 1) of the
equation as the absence of intersection points of the
parabola y a2 p 2 a1 p a0 and the real numbers
axis p . In all other cases, when the discriminant is
positive or zero, the parabola y a2 p 2 a1 p a0
accordingly has two intersection points with the p
axis or concerns it.

Fig 1: Graphic solution of a quadratic equation on the
Fig 2: Graphic solution of a quadratic equation on the set of complex numbers
It is easy to see that these two solutions are mutually
exclusive for the case of a negative discriminant.
Consequently, only one of them can be true. But which
one? It is impossible to prove the validity of one
solution and the falsity of the other in terms of pure
mathematics. And therefore, without being able to
make a well founded choice, in algebra till now use
both algorithms.
In order to give an answer to this question, let us
clarify the criterion of validity, i.e., let us define the
meaning of the words the solution exists or the
solution does not exist. Where does it exist? The
answer is obvious in nature, in the physical world
we live in. Thus, we are speaking about the solution
as a physical reality.
Then it is logical to conclude that in order to answer
the question it is necessary to resort to a physical
466
Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473
set of real numbers
However, the same quadratic characteristic equation
solved on the set of complex numbers (see Figure 2)
always has solutions they are points of a contact of a
surface y a2 ( j )2 a1 ( j ) a0 and the
plane of complex numbers p .
experiment. And such experiment is known for all. Let
us recollect in this respect that in the case of a
negative discriminant, when the solutions of the
characteristic equation are complex conjugate
numbers p j (also referred to as complex
frequencies of free oscillations), oscillation transitional
processes always physically exist.
However, for that same case, the solutions of the
same equation on the set of real numbers do not exist
(as in Figure 1, where the upper parabola does not
intersect the p axis). Consequently, corresponding
processes in the nature shouldn't exist.
However oscillatory transient processes in the nature
exist! This is, for example, a tsunami we mentioned
earlier. Therefore, physically real and existing in
nature solutions of algebraic equations are the
solutions in the form of complex
 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473

numbers p j , a particular case of which are but feel the real component. However, both
the solutions in the form of real numbers p . In components are explicitly mutually interrelated by the
other words, complex numbers are physically real. Euler formula

Thus, an unsolvable in terms of pure mathematics

ix cos x i sin x (1)
question on which of the two mutually exclusive ways
of solving algebraic equations is correct, turned out to
which can be obviously transformed into formula
be solvable with the help of common sense and a

i t e t cost i sint
reference to tsunami (Antonov 2010a; 2010b).
(2)
In this respect, it is appropriate to recollect a saying
by a prominent scientist, developer of operational This circumstance is an indirect possibility to get
calculus Oliver Heaviside (1850 1925): evidence of the existence of the imaginary component
Mathematics is an experimental science. of an oscillation process, since people do feel the real
component.
Other proofs of a physical reality of complex numbers
(Antonov 1974; 2008; 2009; 2010c; 2011a) are Moreover, in the left part of formula (2) the exponent,
as can be seen, contains the number j , which
published also.
is complex frequency, and which is, as has been
Explanation of results of mathematic experiment:
proven above, a physically real complex number.
Due to the above, an obvious question arises: how
Thus, the right side of formula (2) is also a physically
shall we understand the statement on physical reality
real complex number. Furthermore, the statement is
of concrete (i.e., having a reference to a measurement
true even for the case 0 , i.e. with regard to
unit meter, gram, etc.) complex numbers? In other
sustained oscillations, as well.
words, how them to see or somehow differently to
feel? Oscillation processes, as is well known, take place
not only in the world we see without microscopes or
Unfortunately, we cannot. People do not have such
telescopes, but also in the macrocosm (e.g., rotation
sense organs. However, let us recollect that this is not
of celestial bodies around their stars) and in
a singular situation. People cannot see or touch the
microcosm (e.g., rotation of electrons around the
magnetic field, the electromagnetic radiation (except
atomic nucleus). onsequently, these worlds must
for the optical and thermal ranges), the electric
have their own physical realities (not yet discovered at
current (if it is small enough), the black holes, the
present, because they exist in parallel Universes
elementary particles, and many other things.
see below) measured by complex and imaginary
Nevertheless, people believe in their existence based
numbers.
on the theoretical and experimental results obtained
by scientists. Finally, since concrete imaginary numbers are
physically real, they must measure something. In
And also it is necessary to believe in a physical reality
other words, they must correspond to certain
of complex numbers.
dimensions, which, according to the Euler formula,
The case under consideration, however, has an are supplementary to the dimensions measured with
important peculiarity people do not feel only the real numbers. However, as these measurements we
imaginary component of concrete complex numbers, don't see and in any way differently we do not feel,

467

they in essence are hidden extra dimensions
(Antonov 2011b; 2011c; 2011d), similar in this respect
to the hidden extra dimensions which are described in
(Randall 2005) and which are supposed to be opened
during experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. But
the hidden extra dimensions described in the
present paper are different from those expected to be
discovered at the Large Hadron Collider, as the latter
exist only in the microcosm.
The real multiverse: Since the structure of the
Multiverse described below is defined in view of an
experimentally established assumption the principle
of physical reality of complex numbers, there is
reason to believe that the suggested model of the
Multiverse is also physically real. Therefore, it is quite
possible for people in this Multiverse to visit other
parallel Universes (through portals see below).
Comments to the OPERA and ICARUS
experiments: In the context of research of the
Multiverse structure, it is hardly possible not to
mention the OPERA and ICARUS experiments.
On 22 Sept 2011 a report (Adam et al. 2011) was
published, stating that during the OPERA experiment
(Oscillation Project with Emulsion tRacking Apparatus)
superluminal neutrinos were registered. However,
later, on 16 Mar 2012, these results were disproved
(Antonello et al. 2012) by the ICARUS experiment
(Imaging Cosmic And Rare Underground Signal).
Nevertheless, regardless of which of the two
experiments is correct, the current interpretation of
the STR is erroneous, which was proven by other
experiments (described above) performed before the
OPERA and ICARUS (memento tsunami).
It is interesting to note that, actually, this opinion is
shared by some theoretical physicists (Fox et al. 1969;
Camenzind et al. 1970; Bers et al. 1971; Recami et al.
2000; Liberati et al. 2002; Hill and Cox 2012), who
468
Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473
have suggested their variants of correcting the STR in
order to explain the corresponding physical
phenomena at superluminal speeds. However, in their
interpretations of the STR, similar to the traditional
STR, the physical reality of complex numbers is still
denied without any evidence. Both in the traditional
interpretation of the STR and in the corrected
interpretations of the STR mentioned above, this
statement is not justified, and results from the inability
to explain the physical meaning of complex numbers.
The invalidity of this statement of the STR, including
the corrected STR, has been proven above, both
theoretically and experimentally. The interpretation of
the STR suggested herein, which accounts for the
physical reality of complex numbers, at
v c coincides with the current interpretation, and at
v c is quite explainable (Antonov 2011e; 2011f). Let
us demonstrate this. According to formulae of the STR
describing relativistic effects, the corresponding
physical values at v c will be measured by
imaginary numbers. For instance, in accordance with
the Lorentz-Einstein formula
m0
m (3)
1 v c 2
relativistic mass m of a physical object having rest
mass m0 at v c becomes an imaginary number.
However, it just means that as a result of exceeding
the velocity of light by physical objects mentioned
above (e.g., by a neutrino), in accordance with the
foregoing, they make a transition to a hidden extra
dimension, or, in other words, to a tachyon Universe
of imaginary numbers. Moreover, this is possible only
in the case when their rest mass m0 is zero. Then,
their relativistic mass, due to the equality
m im0 f v i 0 0 , is also zero, and, consequently,
remains a real number. This is why these physical
objects will be possible to register in our tardyon
 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473

Universe of real numbers. Other tachyons

having v c and m0 0 are unobservable from our
Universe of real numbers.
The Multiverse, parallel Universes:
Acknowledgement of the existence of the tachyon
Universe requires at least some basic principles of its
structure to be explained (Antonov 2011g; 2012). Let
us assume that the fundamental principle is the
similarity of the tachyon Universe of imaginary Fig 3: Graphs of function m f ( v ) for tardyon and
numbers and the tardyon Universe of real numbers, tachyon Universes, corresponding to the
i.e. let us suppose that tachyon Universe is governed Lorentz-Einstein formula (3)
by the same basic physical laws as our tardyon
im0
Universe, and, therefore, it has its own rational beings m 0 v c (4)
1 v c 2
(who else can be the so called aliens?).
The tardyon, the tachyon and other Universes Formulae (3) and (4) can be merged into the formula
altogether form the Multiverse. (where n is a certain function of the argument v )
However, the Lorentz-Einstein formula (3), as well as
m m0
i n 0 v c (5)
other formulae describing relativistic effects in the
1 v c 2
STR, does not correspond to the adopted assumption
of similarity of Universes. Indeed, the graph (Figure 3) where n 0 for the tardyon Universe, and n 1 for
which corresponds to function (3) for argument v the tachyon Universe.
has a gap. Two of its branches, corresponding to the
Other formulae of the STR which describe relativistic
tardyon Universe (when 0 v c ) of real numbers
effects can be generalized in a similar way.
and the tachyon Universe (when v c ) of imaginary
Graph of function (5) is given in Figure 4. As is seen,
numbers look differently. Moreover, the tachyon
for the structure of the Multiverse to be complete, two
Universe corresponding to this graph, as can be seen,
more particular cases corresponding to n 2 and
is dynamically unstable, as all physical objects in it
n3 must be added to the graph. They are
have a superluminal speed v , and as the
described by the formulae
velocity v increases, their relativistic mass m
decreases down to zero. Consequently, this tachyon m0
m for which 0 v c (6)
Universe is physically unrealizable for physical 1 v c 2
objects with a non zero rest mass m0 .
According to the above principle of similarity of im0
m for which 0 v c (7)
Universes, the tachyon Universe should have the 1 v c 2
corresponding formula
where v is the local velocity for each Universe (but
this velocity, for instance, for the tachyon Universe,
measured, as in the OPERA experiment, from the
conjugate tardyon Universe, will already be

469

superluminal), since it is beyond the point of
singularity v c .
Further on, for n 4 once again we get the law (2a),
which corresponds to the tardyon Universe, and so
on.
Thus, eventually, the Multiverse includes:
our tardyon Universe, corresponding to formula (3);
the tachyon Universe, corresponding to formula (4);
the tardyon Antiverse, corresponding to formula (6);
the tachyon Antiverse, corresponding to formual (7).
Transition from one adjacent Universe to another is
made as a result of mathematical transformations
descried by formula (5) at points of singularity
v ( n 1 )c .
Portals: But real transitions from one Universe in
another for physical objects with non zero rest mass
Fig 4: Graphs of function m f ( v ) for the Multiverse,
corresponding to the formula (5)
m0 at points of singularity v c are physically
impossible, because for achievement of a velocity of
light infinitely large energy is required to them.
This is why in the Multiverse transition from one
Universe into another occurs in a different way to be
precise, through the portals. The principle of their
operation may be explained by the Euler formula,
which:
for the tardyon Universe has the form (1),
for the tachyon Universe the form
470
Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473
i x 2 sin x i cos x (8)
for the tardyon Antiverse the form
i x cos x i sin x
(9)
for the tachyon Antiverse the form
i x 3 2 x sin x i cos x (10)
As can be seen, oscillations in adjacent universes are
in quadrature to each other. However, it is quite
possible that due to the physical reality of complex
numbers (not just real numbers alone and imaginary
numbers alone) intermediate variants of parallel
universes also really exist (not just the tardyon, the
tachyon and other universes mentioned above),
corresponding to a different phase shift in relation to
our tardyon universe. In this case, the number of
parallel universes in the Multiverse will exceed four.
This statement seems to repeat the statement of
many world interpretation of quantum mechanics
about the infinitely large number of parallel universes,
about the transition of people from one parallel
universe into another literally at every step. This is not
so. In accordance with the suggested hypothesis,
people can move from one parallel universe into
another only through portals which appear on Earth
quite seldom and exist for a relatively short time. This
is why most people live their lives with their families
and relatives, with their friends and colleagues in one
and the same parallel universe.
What are the oscillations corresponding to formulae (1,
8, 9, 10)? As we mentioned above, people live in the
world of many various oscillations. Thus, the answer
is obvious: since parts of adjacent Universes which
open up for people on the surface of Earth through
the portals are relatively large and exist for quite a
long period of time, these are infra low frequency
oscillations (mechanical, hydraulic, electromagnetic,
may be some other types of oscillations yet unknown)

caused by the rotation of the Earth around its axis. In
other words, these are resonance oscillations (they
are confirmed by regular tides) of the Earths surface.
Moreover, in places of geotectonic dislocations of the
Earth surface, shock oscillations may appear at
frequencies close to the resonance frequency.
Therefore the phase of sum (resonant and shock) of
fluctuations can sometimes appear considerably a
distinct from phase dominating on a surface of the
Earth of fluctuations. It is due to this that an adjacent
tachyon Universe or tachyon Antiverse may appear
on certain relatively small patches of the Earth surface.
And smooth borders of these patches on the surface
of Earth turn to be the portals which close after the
shock oscillations dampen; as a result, initial
fragments of our tardyon Universe recover on these
patches.
Apart from the abovementioned natural portals
created by processes taking place on Earth, there
obviously can be artificial portals (including those in
other frequency ranges) created by reasonable
beings of parallel worlds who have learned the
processes of natural doorway formation. It is very
likely that UFOs are vehicles carrying on board
devices for artificial portal formation.
This is why deep space flights science fictionists are
so fond of will most likely be implemented not with the
superluminal spaceships (these ships have not
reached either the Earth, the Moon or Mars, at least,
so far), but through movement of other vehicles
through portal labyrinths among parallel worlds.
CONCLUSION
Thus, analysis of solutions of linear differential
equations which correspond to processes in
oscillation systems of any physical nature allowed
proving the physical reality of complex frequencies
and other concrete complex numbers. Since any
physically real numbers, including imaginary and
471
Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473
complex numbers, are always a measurement tool,
this allowed proving the existence of hidden extra
dimensions in the Universe.
Implementation of the principle of physical reality of
complex numbers allowed correcting the STR and
developing a hypothesis of the structure of the
Multiverse, where, apart from our tardyon Universe,
three other Universes exist simultaneously. At that,
the Lorentz Einstein formula (and other formulae of
the STR describing relativistic effects) is not
applicable to these parallel Universes. Thus, a
generalized formula which is true for all Universes is
suggested instead. It is shown that on Earth the
physical transition from one Universe into another is
possible through the portals, and the principle of their
operation is explained.
Finally, we cannot rule out that in fact the Multiverse
under consideration includes a larger amount of
parallel universes the coexistence of which can be
described with the help of hyper complex numbers
(Kantor and Solodovnikov 1989).
REFERENCES
Adam, T. et al. (2011). Measurement of the neutrino velocity
with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam.
(http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.4897)
Antonello, M. et al. (2012). Measurement of the neutrino
velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam.
(http://arXiv:1203.3433v2)
Antonov, A.A. & Bazhev, V.. (1974). USSR Pat. # 433650.
Antonov, A.A. (2008). Physical Reality of Resonance on
Complex Frequencies. European Journal of Scientific
Research. 21. 4: 627 641.
(http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_21_4_06Alexander.
pdf)
Antonov, A.A. (2009). Resonance on Real and Complex
Frequencies. European Journal of Scientific Research.
 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473

28(2), 193 204. (http://www.naupers.ru/6archive.html)

(http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_28_2_03.pdf) Antonov, A.A. (2011e). Comment on the OPERA

Experiment. American Journal of Scientific and
Antonov, A.A. (2010a). Solution of Algebraic Quadratic
Industrial Research. 1, 13 14.
Equations Taking into Account Transitional Processes
in Oscillation Systems. General Mathematics Notes. (http://www.scihub.org/AJSIR/PDF/2011/6/AJSIR-2-6-8
1(2), 11 16. 90-891.pdf)

(http://geman.in/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/2_Solu Antonov, A.A. (2011f). Using the Principle of Physical

tion_of_algebraic_quadraticAntonov.31223248.pdf)
Antonov, A.A. (2010b). Oscillation Processes as a Tool of
Physics Cognition. American Journal of Scientific and
Industrial Research. 1(2), 342 349.
(http://scihub.org/AJSIR/PDF/2010/2/AJSIR-1-2-342-3
49.pdf)
Antonov, A.A. (2010c). New Interpretation of Resonance.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and
Technology. 1(2), 1 12 .
Reality of Complex Numbers to Explain the OPERA
Experiment. European Journal of Scientific Research.
65(3), 321 328.
(http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com/I
SSUES/EJSR_65_3_03.pdf)
Antonov, A.A. (2011g). Structure of the Multiverse. British
Journal of Science. 2(2), 51 60.
(http://www.ajournal.co.uk/pdfs/BSvolume2%282%29/
BSVol.2%20%282%29%20Article%206.pdf)

(http://ijopaasat.in/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Anto Antonov, A.A. (2012). Discovery of the Real Multiuniverse.

nov_Paper-1.18191424.pdf) Encyclopedia of Russian Thought: Reports to Russian
Physical Society. 16(3), pp. 3 20.
Antonov, A.A. (2011a). Resonant Processes as a Tool for
Revealing the Universes Hidden Dimensions. (http://www.rusphysics.ru/files/Antonov.Otkrytiye.pdf)
American Journal of Scientific and Industrial
Bers, A., Fox, R., Kuper, C. G. & Lipson, S. G. 1971 The
Research. 2(4), 567 572.
impossibility of free tachyons. In Relativity and
(doi:10.5251/ajsir.2011.2.4.567.572) gravitation (eds Kuper C.G. & Peres A.). New York, NY:
Gordon and Breach.
Antonov, A.A. (2011b). Transitional Processes as a Tool for
Revealing Universes Hidden Dimensions. International Carr, B. ed. (2009). Universe or Multiverse? Cambridge
Journal of Emerging Sciences. 1(2), 83 94. Univ. Press.
(http://ijes.info/1/2/4254124.pdf)
Camenzind, M. 1970 Relativity and free tachyons. Gen.
Antonov, A.A. (2011c). Evidence of Existence of the Relativ. Gravit. 1, 41-62. (doi:10.1007/BF00759202)
Universes Extra Dimensions. International Journal of
Conley, A. et al. (2007). Is There Evidence for a Hubble
Advances in Science and Technology. Special Issue.
Bubble? The Nature of Type Ia Supernova Colors and
2(6), 1 11.
Dust in External Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal.
(http://www.docstoc.com/docs/87753782/Paper-1) 664(1), L13 L16.

Antonov, A.A. (2011d). Extra dimensions in physics have (doi:10.1086/520625)

been discovered. Science Perspective. 9, 60 64.

472
 Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2012, 3(6): 464-473

Deutsch, D. (2002). The structure of the multiverse. Blackwell,

Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 458, 2911 2923.
(http://www.arXiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0104033)
Ellis, G.F.R. et al, (2004). Multiverses and physical
cosmology. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society. 347(3), 921 936.
(http://arXiv:astro-ph/0305292)
Ellis, G.F.R. (2011). Does the Multiverse Really Exist?
Scientific American. 305, 38 43.
(http://www.scientificamerican.com)
Fox, R., Kuper, C.G. & Lipson, S. G. 1969. Do faster than
-light group velocities imply violation of causality?
Nature 223, 597. (doi:10.1038/223597a0)
Greene, B. (1999). The Elegant Universe: Superstrings,
Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate
Theory. W.W. Norton & Company.
Greene, B. (2011). The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes
and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos. Knopf.
Hill J.M. and Cox B.J., 2012. Einstein's special relativity
beyond the speed of light. Proceeding of the Royal
Society A. (doi: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0340)
Linde, A. D. (1990). Particle Physics and Inflationary
Cosmology. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic
Publishers.
Liberati, S., Sonego, S. & Visser, M. 2002 Faster than
signals, special relativity, and causality. Ann. Phys. 298,
167-185. (doi:10.1006/aphy.2002.6233)
Lucash, V.N. & Mikheyeva E.V. (2010). Physical cosmology.
Moscow: Physmathlit.
Randall, L. (2005). Warped Passages: Unraveling the
Mysteries of the Universes Hidden Dimensions. NY:
Ecco.
Recami, E., Fontana, F. & Garavaglia, R. 2000 Special
relativity and superluminal motions: a discussion of
some recent experiments. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 15,
2793-2812. (doi:10.1142/S0217751X00001403)
Steinhardt, P.J. & Turok, N. (2007). Endless Universe:
Beyond the Big Bang. Doubleday.
Tegmark, M. (2003). Parallel Universes. Scientific American.
288(5), 40 51.
(http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0302131)

Kantor, I.L. & Solodovnikov, A.S. (1989). Hypercomplex

numbers. Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Lewis, D. (1986). On the Plurality of Worlds. Oxford: Basil

473